2027届高考英语一轮复习之阅读理解（说明文）10篇（天津专用）

**基本信息** 聚焦说明文高频话题，通过10篇精选文本系统训练细节理解、推理判断等核心题型，构建“话题-题型-能力”三维备考逻辑，提升语言理解与思维分析能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |自然科学类|6篇（恐龙化石等）|以细节题为主，含词义猜测、推理判断|按“现象描述-原理分析-应用/影响”逻辑展开，培养信息定位与科学思维| |社会现象类|1篇（秋季旅游）|结合数据与原因分析，考查主旨归纳|遵循“现象呈现-驱动因素-趋势总结”链条，提升社会认知能力| |环境问题类|3篇（昆虫迁移等）|含因果分析与作者态度题|围绕“问题表现-成因探究-警示反思”展开，强化生态意识与批判思维|

2027届高考英语一轮复习（天津专用） 阅读理解说明文10篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 意大利新发现大型肉食恐龙 Saltriovenator 的化石、体型特征与生存习性 2 中国科学家研发出兼顾环保、制冷效果与传热速度的新型液态固态结合制冷技术 3 跳出传统计时方式，介绍以阿拉斯加河流流量为基准的生态计时系统及其环保意义 4 探究群体智慧现象，说明人际信息交流对群体判断准确度的影响以及合理利用群体智慧的方法 5 介绍脑机接口 (BCI) 技术原理、双向发展前景以及伴随而来的伦理隐私难题 6 科研发现每个人拥有独一无二的鼻呼吸指纹，呼吸模式和身份识别、身心健康指标相关 7 气候变化驱使大量昆虫向高海拔地区迁移，分析当前昆虫气候适应研究现存短板 8 秋季旅行从小众隐秘选择转变为大众热门出游时段，解析秋季旅游兴起的多重驱动因素 9 列举全球频发的各类自然灾害，剖析灾害加剧成因，并警示未来或将出现更严重的灾难 10 按照时间线讲述地球诞生、水体出现、生命演化历程，指出人类活动对地球生态构成威胁 Passage 1 Scientists are studying fossils (化石) of a large meat-eating dinosaur that they describe as interesting, both in life and in death. The dinosaur probably lived and hunted 198 million years ago in what is now northern Italy. The fossils were discovered in 1996 near the village of Saltrio, in Italy’s northern Lombardy area. They were found in an area where miners cut rock to use for building. This led to a long, struggling process of removing the creature’s remains from the surrounding rock. The scientists reported that the dinosaur, called Saltriovenator, weighed at least one ton and was 7.5 meters long. This means that during the period when it lived, Saltriovenator was the largest-known meat-eating dinosaur that had ever existed, making it quite unusual throughout the Age of Dinosaurs. After dying, Saltriovenator somehow floated into the sea and sank to the bottom. There the remains provided meals for numerous sea creatures before fossilizing. The bones show marks likely left by attacking sharks and fish: They also show signs of feeding by smaller creatures. And there are small holes in the bones apparently left by even smaller marine worms. In scientific writings, there are reports of some dinosaur bones being attacked on land by other animals and, more rarely, insects. At least three kinds of marine animals left those traces on the bones of Saltriovenator. Saltriovenator is the second dinosaur of its kind ever found in Italy. It’s a transitional (过渡期的) dinosaur, synthesizing the qualities of early meat-eating dinosaurs with those of more developed ones. And the name Saltriovenator means “hunter from Saltrio”. The creature walked on two legs. Each hand had four fingers, three of which possessed claws. Its head was about 80 centimeters long, while its mouth had sharp teeth. The creature was about 24 years old at the time of death, and had still not fully grown. It lived in a coastal environment and likely hunted plant-eating dinosaurs and possibly smaller meat-eating dinosaurs. 1．What can we infer from Paragraph 1? A．Italy used to be a place heavily populated by ancient dinosaurs. B．The fossils of the dinosaur were found 198 million years ago. C．Miners had taken great pains to find some fossils around Italy. D．The digging process of those fossils was really hard work. 2．The dinosaur Saltriovenator is special mainly in ______. A．the times it lived B．the large size it had C．the difficulty it suffered D．the food it lived on 3．What happened to Saltriovenator after its death? A．It floated to the shore. B．It was eaten by various sea creatures. C．It turned into fossils in the rocks. D．It’s attacked by other meat-eating dinosaurs. 4．What does the underlined word “synthesizing” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Comparing B．Maintaining. C．Combining. D．Assessing. 5．What do we know about Saltriovenator from the last paragraph? A．It was still young at death. B．It has very long teeth. C．All its fingers have claws. D．It fed on both plants and animals. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 5．A 【导语】文章主要介绍意大利发现的大型肉食恐龙 Saltriovenator的体型、死后经历、物种特点与外形习性。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“This led to a long, struggling process of removing the creature’s remains from the surrounding rock.(这导致从周围岩石中取出这种生物遗骸的过程漫长且艰难)”可知，从岩石中取出恐龙化石困难重重，挖掘过程着实辛苦。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“This means that during the period when it lived, Saltriovenator was the largest - known meat - eating dinosaur that had ever existed, making it quite unusual throughout the Age of Dinosaurs.(这意味着在它生活的时期，Saltriovenator是已知存在过的最大的食肉恐龙，这使得它在整个恐龙时代都相当与众不同)”可知，Saltriovenator的特别之处主要在于其庞大的体型。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“After dying, Saltriovenator somehow floated into the sea and sank to the bottom. There the remains provided meals for numerous sea creatures before fossilizing.(死后，Saltriovenator不知何故漂入海中并沉入海底。在那里，它的遗骸在石化之前成为了众多海洋生物的食物)”可知，Saltriovenator死后被各种海洋生物食用。 4．词句猜测题。根据第四段“It’s a transitional (过渡期的) dinosaur, synthesizing the qualities of early meat-eating dinosaurs with those of more developed ones.(它是一种过渡性恐龙，synthesizing早期食肉恐龙的特征与更进化的食肉恐龙的特征)”可知，“过渡性”暗示它融合了不同阶段恐龙的特点，“synthesizing”的意思是“结合”。 5．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The creature was about 24 years old at the time of death, and had still not fully grown.(这种生物死亡时大约24岁，还没有完全长大)”可知，Saltriovenator死亡时还年轻。 Passage 2 Chinese scientists have developed a new refrigeration method that solves a long-standing challenge in cooling technology. Published in Nature, the study responds to rising energy demands in applications ranging from food preservation to data center cooling. Traditional vapor-compression systems consume vast amounts of electricity and rely on harmful refrigerants. In China, refrigeration accounts for nearly 20% of the nation’s electricity use and 7.8% of its carbon emissions. While solid-state cooling avoids harmful gases, it suffers from poor heat transfer, limiting its real-world application. Led by Professor Li Bing from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the research team overcame this by combining solid cooling effects with liquid flow. They used a common, non-toxic salt whose dissolution (溶解) in water absorbs large amounts of heat. Conversely, applying pressure causes the salt to come out and release heat. Cycling this pressure achieves continuous cooling. “Unlike traditional solid methods, where heat moves slowly, our system integrates the refrigerant and heat-transfer medium into a single liquid,” Li said. “This solves the ‘impossible triangle’ — achieving low pollution, strong cooling, and fast heat transfer all at once.” Lab tests showed a temperature drop of nearly 30°C in just 20 seconds at room temperature, and up to 54°C at higher temperatures — significantly outperforming existing solid coolers. A prototype cycle achieved a cooling capacity of 67 joules per gram with nearly 77% efficiency. The system also proved stable, reversible, and instantly responsive to pressure changes. “This technology moves beyond traditional refrigeration principles,” Li added. “By turning the coolant into a fluid, it opens the door to high - performance, zero-emission cooling for homes and industry.” He noted the method’s strong high-temperature performance makes it an ideal candidate for heat management in next-generation AI computing facilities. While engineering challenges remain, especially in achieving rapidly switchable pressure cycles, the principle could be adapted to other materials for diverse cooling needs. 1．What is the main problem with traditional solid-state cooling systems? A．They transfer heat poorly. B．They produce harmful gases. C．They fail at high temperature. D．They use too much electricity. 2．What is the key innovation of the new cooling method? A．Using salt instead of chemical refrigerants. B．Increasing pressure inside traditional systems. C．Replacing pressure cycles with continuous flow. D．Combining solid cooling with liquid heat transfer. 3．Why does the author mention the “impossible triangle” in the text? A．To highlight the value of the new system. B．To illustrate the design of the new system. C．To explain why old systems are still in use. D．To show the limitations of previous systems. 4．What does Li Bing see as a promising application of the new technology? A．Preserving food in supply chains. B．Replacing traditional home refrigerators. C．Cooling future AI data centers. D．Achieving rapidly switchable pressure cycles. 5．What can we infer about the new refrigeration technology? A．It has already been widely used in industry. B．It balances cooling effect, efficiency and environmental friendliness. C．It completely gets rid of the use of any liquid materials. D．Its high efficiency means no further engineering research is needed. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 【导语】文章主要讲述中国科学家研发新型高效环保制冷技术。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“While solid-state cooling avoids harmful gases, it suffers from poor heat transfer, limiting its real-world application.(虽然固态制冷避免了有害气体，但它存在传热性能差的问题，限制了其实际应用。)”可知，传统固态制冷系统的主要问题是传热性能差。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Led by Professor Li Bing from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the research team overcame this by combining solid cooling effects with liquid flow.(由中国科学院李冰教授带领的研究团队，将固态制冷效应与液体流动相结合，克服了这一难题。)”可知，新技术的核心创新是将固态制冷与液体传热结合起来。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中““This solves the ‘impossible triangle’ — achieving low pollution, strong cooling, and fast heat transfer all at once.”(这解决了“不可能三角”——一次性实现低污染、强制冷和快速传热。)”可知，作者提到“不可能三角”是为了突出新系统的价值。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“He noted the method’s strong high-temperature performance makes it an ideal candidate for heat management in next-generation AI computing facilities.(他指出该方法在高温下的优异性能使其成为下一代AI计算设施热管理的理想选择。)”可知，李冰认为该技术未来有望用于冷却AI数据中心。 5．推理判断题。根据第四段中““This solves the “impossible triangle” — achieving low pollution, strong cooling, and fast heat transfer all at once.”(这解决了“不可能三角”——一次性实现低污染、强制冷和快速传热。)”及第五段“Lab tests showed a temperature drop of nearly 30°C in just 20 seconds at room temperature, and up to 54°C at higher temperatures — significantly outperforming existing solid coolers. A prototype cycle achieved a cooling capacity of 67 joules per gram with nearly 77% efficiency. The system also proved stable, reversible, and instantly responsive to pressure changes.(实验室测试显示，在室温下仅20秒内温度下降近30°C，在更高温度下可达54°C——显著优于现有固态制冷器。原型循环实现了每克67焦耳的制冷量，效率接近77%。该系统还被证明稳定、可逆，且能即时响应压力变化。)”可知，这项技术在制冷效果、效率和环保之间取得了平衡。 Passage 3 Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today’s state-of-the-art atomic (原子的) clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can’t decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you’re asking. Forget about time as an absolute. What if, instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo (节奏) of human life? We’re increasingly aware of the fact that we can’t control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate (调节) our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that? Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that’s connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We’re now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers, which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We’ve programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, you’ll see the opposite effect. The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It’s a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame (时间框架), and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies. Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars, early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece, for instance, people “corrected” official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems we’re developing may encourage environmental awareness. When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time, he highlighted one of time’s most noticeable qualities: Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose. 1．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A．Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature. B．Everyone can define time on their own terms. C．The qualities of time vary with how you measure it. D．Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists. 2．The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to ________. A．present an assumption B．evaluate an argument C．highlight an experiment D．introduce an approach 3．What can we know about the new river clock? A．It mainly records seasonal changes of rivers. B．It runs faster when rivers flow more slowly. C．It can show both instant and long-term river changes. D．It has already been widely used in people’s daily life. 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life. B．New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems. C．Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower. D．Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame. 5．What is the author’s attitude towards the new river timekeeping system? A．Doubtful. B．Favourable. C．Uncaring. D．Cautious. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 5．B 【导语】本文主要介绍了作者由时间难定义引出生态计时新理念，介绍阿拉斯加河流时钟的原理与作用，佐证依托自然计时可提升环保意识。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today’s state-of-the-art atomic (原子的) clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can’t decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you’re asking.(阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦增加了新的复杂性，即时间会随着测量地点的不同而变化。今天最先进的原子钟已经证明爱因斯坦是对的。即使是高级物理学也不能明确地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你问的问题)”可知，第一段主要讲述了时间属性随测量方式改变。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“What if, instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo (节奏) of human life? We’re increasingly aware of the fact that we can’t control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate (调节) our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that?(如果我们不从天文学的角度考虑时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们让环境条件决定人类生活的节奏呢？我们越来越意识到，仅靠工程无法控制地球系统，并意识到，如果我们希望生活在平衡中，我们需要适度调整我们的行动。如果我们对时间的定义反映了这一点呢？)”以及第三段“Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that’s connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming.(最近，我提出了一种新的计时方法，这种方法与我们星球上的环境有关，这些环境可能会因全球变暖而发生变化)”可知，设问的目的是引出新型计时方案。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. (这款时钟既能记录河水短期不规则波动，也能记录河流长期动态变化趋势)”可知，河流时钟可展现短期与长期河水变化。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段“Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies. (任何认为河流时间与原子时间相关的人都会遇到严重的不平衡，并可能有动力通过减少燃料消耗或支持更环保的政策来抵消这种不平衡)”可知，新式计时有益于调控地球生态系统。 5．推理判断题。根据第五段“Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems we’re developing may encourage environmental awareness. (同样，我们正在开发的河流时间和其他计时系统可能会鼓励环保意识)”以及最后一段“Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose. (任何计时体系只要契合自身目标就合理、值得肯定)”可推知，作者对河流计时持赞同态度。 Passage 4 If you ask someone to guess the number of sweets in a glass, the chance of guessing correctly is low. But if you ask many people to take guesses, something odd happens. Even though their individual answers differ greatly, the average of their varied guesses tends to be surprisingly accurate. This phenomenon is called “wisdom of the crowd”. Examples of this range from counting beans in a glass to guessing the weight of an elephant. However, these examples are somewhat artificial, because they involve decisions that are made in a social vacuum (社会真空). But in reality, people see what others around them are doing or intend to do. We actively seek out what others are saying, and we have a natural tendency to follow successful individuals. So what happens to the wisdom of the crowd when the crowd talk to one another? Andrew King from the Royal Veterinary College conducted a study with 82 participants guessing the number of sweets in a glass. Without extra information, the crowd’s median (中间值的) guess (751) nearly matched the actual number (752). However, when different groups were informed about previous random guesses, their median guesses ranged from 882 to 1109. King compares this effect to real-world situations where people collectively drive prices far above their true value and create economic bubbles (经济泡沫). Is the crowd bound to fall into groupthink? Not quite. King found a way to restore accuracy. When participants were given the current best estimate, the median improved to 795. This mirrors what happens in real life. The crowd may be a social beast, but it doesn’t follow blindly. Certain individuals have dominant influence, and groups of soldiers, employees, players and even animals often rely on leaders or experts when making decisions. But King’s study still reflects an artificial situation, because he could provide the crowd with the closest guess. Real crowds rarely have that luxury. If anything, this study simply highlights how important it is to choose whom we follow. If we pick poorly, our decisions are worse. If we pick well, we perform better. Maybe the real trick to using the wisdom of the crowd is to recognize the most knowledgeable individuals. 1．What does “wisdom of the crowd” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A．The explanation for people’s being fond of making guesses. B．The phenomenon of people following others’ decisions. C．The process of averaging varied guesses out in a meaningful way. D．The tendency for group average guesses to be surprisingly accurate. 2．What is the situation of a social vacuum like? A．People share resources with each other. B．People are cut off from others’ opinions. C．People are guided by successful individuals. D．People discuss their ideas freely with others. 3．What happened to participants after knowing previous random guesses? A．Their guesses became more random. B．They overestimated the number of sweets. C．They became more cautious about their own guesses. D．Their responses showed great variation from each other. 4．What can be inferred from Andrew King’s study about the “wisdom of the crowd”? A．Groupthink is unavoidable once the crowd is exposed to others’ guesses ahead of time. B．The median guess is more reliable than the average guess in economic bubble situations. C．Offering the best estimate to the crowd can help correct the influence of misleading information. D．The crowd’s guesses are always more accurate when members communicate as freely as possible. 5．What does the author think of the real-world effectiveness of “wisdom of the crowd”? A．It is dependent on the context. B．It can always achieve good outcomes. C．It is useless without external intervention. D．It works better in large groups than in small groups. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 5．A 【导语】本文介绍“群体智慧”现象，说明其在实际场景中受交流影响，提供最佳估算可纠正偏差，强调选择正确参考对象对其效果的重要性。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Even though their individual answers differ greatly, the average of their varied guesses tends to be surprisingly accurate. This phenomenon is called “wisdom of the crowd”.(尽管每个人的答案差异很大，但众人五花八门猜测的平均值往往惊人地准确。这种现象被称为“群体智慧”。)” 可知，“群体智慧”指群体猜测平均值往往出奇准确的趋势。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“However, these examples are somewhat artificial, because they involve decisions that are made in a social vacuum (社会真空). But in reality, people see what others around them are doing or intend to do.(这些例子有些人为刻意，因为它们的决策处于社会真空状态。但现实中人们会观察身边人的做法与想法。)”可知，社会真空状态下人们无法获知他人观点、彼此隔绝。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Andrew King from the Royal Veterinary College conducted a study with 82 participants guessing the number of sweets in a glass.Without extra information, the crowd’s median (中间值的) guess (751) nearly matched the actual number (752). However, when different groups were informed about previous random guesses, their median guesses ranged from 882 to 1109.(来自英国皇家兽医学院的安德鲁・金开展了一项研究，共有 82 名参与者参与猜测玻璃杯里糖果的数量。无额外信息时群体中间值751与实际752几乎一致。但获知他人随机猜测后，各组中间值在882至1109之间。)” 可知，在获知他人随机猜测后，参与者高估了糖果数量。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“When participants were given the current best estimate, the median improved to 795.(当给到参与者当前最佳估算值时，猜测中间值改善到了795。)”可知，向群体提供最佳估值，有助于纠正误导信息带来的负面影响。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If anything, this study simply highlights how important it is to choose whom we follow. If we pick poorly, our decisions are worse. If we pick well, we perform better.(如果非要说的话，这项研究只是着重强调了选择追随对象的重要性。若是择人不善，我们的决策就会更糟糕；若是选对对象，我们的表现则会更加出色。)”可知，现实中群体智慧是否有效取决于所处情境与选择的参考对象。 Passage 5 Brain-computer interfaces (接口) (BCIs), once the stuff of science fiction, are rapidly transitioning into reality. This technology, which enables direct communication between the brain and an external device, is often met with a mix of awe and unease. The popular imagination, fueled by dramatic media portrayals (画像), tends to view BCIs either as a path to superhuman abilities or as a threat to privacy and human autonomy. This polarized (两极分化的) view, however, overlooks the nuanced and profoundly human-centered potential of this emerging field. At its core, a BCI system decodes electrical signals generated by the brain. When we think, move, or even intend to move, our neurons fire in specific patterns. Electrodes, placed on the scalp (头皮) or implanted within the brain, can detect these patterns. Sophisticated algorithms (算法) then act as translators, converting this neural “language” into commands that can control a computer cursor, a robotic arm, or a speech synthesizer. The primary and most immediate application has been in the medical field, restoring lost functions. Individuals paralyzed by spinal cord (脊髓) injuries or suffering from neurodegenerative diseases like ALS have regained the ability to communicate, control their environment, and even move robotic limbs through thought alone. The true challenge and frontier of BCI research lie not merely in detection, but in achieving a perfect, two-way flow of information. Current systems are largely “one-way streets,” reading brain signals outwards. The next generation aims to be a “two-way dialogue,” where the device can also send carefully calibrated (校准的) signals back into the brain. This closed-loop system could, for instance, provide sensory feedback from a prosthetic (假肢的) hand, allowing a user to “feel” the texture and pressure of an object they are grasping. This requires moving beyond simple signal decoding to understanding the brain’s complex sensory coding — how it represents touch, temperature, and proprioception (本体感觉). This pursuit of a two-way interface naturally raises profound questions. If a device can influence neural activity, where do we draw the line between therapy and enhancement? While restoring movement to a paralyzed (瘫痪的) patient is universally seen as good, using similar technology to monitor focus or memory in a healthy individual enters an ethical (伦理的) gray area. Furthermore, the extremely private nature of neural data — a direct window into our intentions, emotions, and potentially our private thoughts — demands extremely high levels of security and ethical management. The data generated by a BCI is arguably the most personal data imaginable. Ultimately, the development of BCIs forces us to confront fundamental questions about what it means to be human. The technology does not seek to replace humanity but to extend its reach, to heal, and to deepen our connection with the world. Its success will depend not only on engineering breakthroughs but also on our collective wisdom to guide its integration into society, ensuring it strengthens human agency (能动性) rather than weakens it. 1．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning the popular imagination of BCIs in paragraph 1? A．To acknowledge the public’s creative engagement with the topic. B．To trace the evolution of BCI concepts in popular culture. C．To illustrate how media shapes public understanding of emerging tech. D．To introduce a common but one-sided view. 2．How does a basic BCI system primarily function? A．By stimulating neurons to produce targeted signals. B．By translating neural patterns into device commands. C．By implanting computers directly into human neurons. D．By using the brain to power external machines wirelessly. 3．What is the key difference between current BCIs and the next-generation ones? A．The use of more comfortable scalp electrodes versus implants. B．The shift from medical use to consumer entertainment applications. C．The ability to both read from and write signals to the brain. D．The focus on movement restoration rather than sensory feedback. 4．Why does the author discuss the “ethical gray area” in paragraph 4? A．To question the safety of using BCIs for paralyzed patients. B．To illustrate the difficulty in distinguishing restoration from enhancement. C．To emphasize the extremely private nature of neural data. D．To warn about the potential risks of too heavy reliance on BCI technology in daily life. 5．Which of the following best captures the author’s attitude towards the future of BCIs? A．Cautiously optimistic about its integration into human society. B．Deeply skeptical about its potential to replace human functions. C．Entirely confident that engineering breakthroughs will solve all issues. D．Indifferent to the philosophical questions it raises about humanity. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．A 【导语】文章主要说明了脑机接口已成现实，可解码脑信号修复人体机能，未来将实现双向信息传输，同时带来伦理与隐私难题，作者对其社会应用谨慎乐观。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The popular imagination, fueled by dramatic media portrayals (画像), tends to view BCIs either as a path to superhuman abilities or as a threat to privacy and human autonomy. This polarized (两极分化的) view, however, overlooks the nuanced and profoundly human-centered potential of this emerging field.(大众的想象因媒体的精彩描绘而产生了这样的印象：脑机接口要么被视为通往超凡能力的途径，要么被视为对隐私和人类自主权构成威胁。然而，这种两极对立的观点却忽略了这一新兴领域所具有的复杂且深深植根于人类本位的潜在价值)”可知，作者提及脑机接口的普遍想象的目的是介绍一种常见但片面的观点。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Electrodes, placed on the scalp (头皮) or implanted within the brain, can detect these patterns. Sophisticated algorithms (算法) then act as translators, converting this neural “language” into commands that can control a computer cursor, a robotic arm, or a speech synthesizer.(将电极放置在头皮上或植入大脑内部，就能检测到这些模式。随后，复杂的算法会起到翻译器的作用，将这种神经“语言”转化为能够控制电脑光标、机器人手臂或语音合成器的指令)”可知，基本的脑机接口系统主要通过将神经活动模式转化为设备指令运作。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Current systems are largely “one-way streets,” reading brain signals outwards. The next generation aims to be a “two-way dialogue,” where the device can also send carefully calibrated (校准的) signals back into the brain.(目前的系统基本上都是“单向通道”，即向外读取大脑信号。而下一代系统则旨在实现“双向交流”，即设备还能向大脑发送经过精心校准的信号)”可知，当前的脑机接口与下一代脑机接口之间的关键区别是具备从大脑读取信号以及向大脑发送信号的能力。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“If a device can influence neural activity, where do we draw the line between therapy and enhancement? While restoring movement to a paralyzed (瘫痪的) patient is universally seen as good, using similar technology to monitor focus or memory in a healthy individual enters an ethical (伦理的) gray area.(如果一种设备能够影响神经活动，那么我们该如何界定治疗与增强之间的界限呢？虽然让瘫痪患者恢复行动能力在所有人看来都是好事，但利用类似的技术来监测健康个体的注意力或记忆力则会进入一个伦理上的灰色地带)”可知，作者在第4段探讨“伦理灰色地带”是为了说明区分修复与增强的难度。 5．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, the development of BCIs forces us to confront fundamental questions about what it means to be human. The technology does not seek to replace humanity but to extend its reach, to heal, and to deepen our connection with the world. Its success will depend not only on engineering breakthroughs but also on our collective wisdom to guide its integration into society, ensuring it strengthens human agency (能动性) rather than weakens it.(最终，脑机接口技术的发展促使我们不得不面对一些关于人类本质的深刻问题。该技术并非旨在取代人类，而是旨在拓展人类的能力、治愈疾病，并加深我们与世界的联系。其成功不仅取决于工程技术上的突破，还取决于我们共同的智慧来引导其融入社会，确保它增强而非削弱人类的能动性)”可知，作者对脑机接口未来融入人类社会持谨慎乐观的态度。 Passage 6 A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint” a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96. 8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 1．Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A．To explain how the brain processes smell. B．To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C．To show a link between breathing and depression. D．To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 2．What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 mean? A．Connected. B．Powered. C．Controlled. D．Trained. 3．What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A．Changes in breath cure anxiety. B．Their exact relationship remains unclear. C．Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. D．Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 4．What is a limitation of the current wearable device? A．It cannot track nasal airflow for 24 hours straight. B．It is too heavy to be worn during daily activities. C．It fails to monitor breathing through the mouth. D．It can only be used to test healthy young adults. 5．What is the main finding of this research? A．Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B．Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C．A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D．Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新研究发现呼吸模式具有独特性，可用于身份识别，且与身心健康指标存在关联。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint” a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health.(以色列魏茨曼科学研究所的科学家发现，每个人都有独特的呼吸模式，即鼻呼吸“指纹”，这是一种独特的模式，能揭示一个人的身心健康状况)”可推知，提到呼吸“指纹”是为了强调个人呼吸模式的独特性。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us?(人类的大脑在吸气过程中处理气味信息，大脑与呼吸之间的这种紧密联系让研究团队产生了一个疑问：我们的呼吸模式是否能反映出大脑的wired——并且每个人的模式都是独一无二的呢？)”可知，此处“wired”指的是大脑内部的神经连接方式，与“connected”意思相近。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety.(重要的是，研究人员指出，他们只知道呼吸与情绪之间存在关联，但并不清楚因果关系的方向——是感到焦虑改变了呼吸，还是某种呼吸模式导致了焦虑)”可推知，呼吸和情绪之间的确切关系目前仍不明确。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing.(然而，目前的这款设备存在一些缺陷：其在鼻子下方使用的软管佩戴起来可能会让人感到不适，而且在睡眠时还容易滑落，而且它也无法监测出是通过嘴巴呼吸的)”可知，当前可穿戴设备的一个局限性是无法通过监测口腔呼吸来进行监测。故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs— it could even be used to identify who you are. (一项新研究发现，呼吸的作用绝不仅仅是让空气在肺部进出——它甚至还能用来识别个人身份)”以及第四段“Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression.(除了用于身份识别外，该研究还发现呼吸模式与身体质量指数、睡眠-觉醒周期以及焦虑、抑郁等心理健康特征之间存在明显关联)”可知，这项研究的主要发现是呼吸模式与身份识别和健康状况都存在关联。故选B。 Passage 7 In the Alps and Apennines of southern Europe, longhorn beetles are moving uphill, and a rare brown butterfly with orange-tipped wings is facing extinction due to isolation (隔离) at high peaks. This is a picture of a global trend. With temperatures rising and pressure on biodiversity growing, insects vital to our ecosystems are not only moving north and south, but up. Research shows many animals are making similar moves, but insects’ high levels of mobility and short generation times allow them to respond quickly to change. Bumblebees in the Pyrenees have moved upwards on average by more than a metre a year, with some species making significantly greater journeys. All of this shows the speed of climate change and its ecological impacts at higher altitudes. In ecology, finding the “smoking gun” to neatly explain any phenomenon is generally difficult. Prof. Christy McCain, who runs Colorado University’s Mountain Lab, said: “One thing that people don’t think about as much is context: how climate affects insects at different life stages, such as eggs and larvae. Measuring adults in summer might not reveal the most critical impacts of climate change, especially in cold and dry mountain environments.” McCain believes the way data has been collected historically is preventing their understanding, with too many museum specimens (标本) from low altitudes, and far fewer from higher up. And many groups other than butterflies and moths have been neglected. To support her view, she cites research on carrion (食腐类) beetles by a student in her lab. The study shows that climate tolerance might be passed down in these insects, which play a key role in decomposition and protect them from extreme conditions. Their long history since the Cretaceous (白垩纪) also aids their adaptation today. There is no such thing as a standard insect or response to environmental change. For some groups, it might be a case of the bigger and more mobile they are, the better their chances. There is also no universal upland habitat and this too could prove a saving grace. 1．What is the main idea conveyed in the first paragraph? A．Insects are moving to cooler places as temperatures rise. B．Most rare species in Europe have already died out. C．The Alps and Apennines have the richest biodiversity. D．Butterflies are more important than other insects. 2．Why does the author refer to bumblebees in the Pyrenees? A．To confirm their adaptability to high-altitude habitats. B．To identify a threat to particular species in mountain areas. C．To illustrate insects’ rapid response to climate shifts. D．To clarify the link between climate and ecosystem health. 3．Which statement may McCain agree with according to paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Study context is beyond grasp. B．Research data are hard to obtain. C．Collection method is unconventional. D．Insect samples are unrepresentative. 4．According to the passage, the research on carrion beetles shows that ________. A．they are unable to survive in extreme conditions B．climate tolerance may be inherited by them C．they move uphill faster than other insects D．they have the same life stages as butterflies 5．What does “a saving grace” in the last paragraph mean? A．A method used to collect data. B．A feature that helps improve a situation. C．A problem that needs to be solved. D．A type of insect that adapts well to change. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了随着气温上升，昆虫为适应环境变化而向更高海拔地区迁移的现象，分析了昆虫快速响应气候变化的原因，指出了当前昆虫研究数据存在的问题，并提及了食腐类昆虫对气候变化的适应特点。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“With temperatures rising and pressure on biodiversity growing, insects vital to our ecosystems are not only moving north and south, but up. (随着气温上升和生物多样性压力的增加，对我们生态系统至关重要的昆虫不仅在向南北迁移，还在向上迁移。)”可知本段讲述昆虫随着气温升高在向更凉爽的地方移动。。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Research shows many animals are making similar moves, but insects’ high levels of mobility and short generation times allow them to respond quickly to change. Bumblebees in the Pyrenees have moved upwards on average by more than a metre a year, with some species making significantly greater journeys. (研究表明，许多动物都有类似的移动，但昆虫的高移动性和短世代时间使它们能够迅速对变化做出反应。比利牛斯山脉的大黄蜂平均每年向上移动超过一米，有些物种移动的距离要大得多。)”可推知，这是用比利牛斯山脉的大黄蜂为例来具体说明昆虫对气候变化的快速反应。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Prof. Christy McCain, who runs Colorado University’s Mountain Lab, said: “One thing that people don’t think about as much is context: how climate affects insects at different life stages, such as eggs and larvae. Measuring adults in summer might not reveal the most critical impacts of climate change, especially in cold and dry mountain environments.” (科罗拉多大学山地实验室主任克里斯蒂·麦凯恩教授指出：“人们往往忽视一个关键因素——环境背景：气候变化如何影响昆虫不同发育阶段（如卵和幼虫）。若仅在夏季对成虫进行测量，可能无法揭示气候变化的最显著影响，特别是在寒冷干燥的山区环境中。” )”和第四段“McCain believes the way data has been collected historically is preventing their understanding, with too many museum specimens (标本) from low altitudes, and far fewer from higher up. And many groups other than butterflies and moths have been neglected. (麦凯恩认为，历史上数据收集的方式阻碍了他们的理解，来自低海拔的博物馆标本太多，而来自高海拔的标本则少得多。除了蝴蝶和飞蛾之外，许多其他群体都被忽视了。)”可知麦凯恩认为昆虫样本不具有代表性。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据第五段“To support her view, she cites research on carrion (食腐类) beetles by a student in her lab. The study shows that climate tolerance might be passed down in these insects, which play a key role in decomposition and protect them from extreme conditions. (为了支持她的观点，她引用了她实验室里一名学生对食腐甲虫的研究。研究表明，这些昆虫的气候耐受性可能会遗传下来，它们在分解过程中起着关键作用，并保护它们免受极端条件的影响。)”可知，食腐甲虫的气候耐受性可能会遗传。故选B项。 5．词句猜测题。最后一段提到“There is no such thing as a standard insect or response to environmental change. For some groups, it might be a case of the bigger and more mobile they are, the better their chances. There is also no universal upland habitat and this too could prove a saving grace. (没有标准的昆虫，也没有对环境变化的标准反应。对于一些群体来说，可能是体型越大、移动性越强，生存的机会就越大。也没有普遍的高地栖息地，这也可能证明是一种‘a saving grace’。)”可知，前文指出没有普遍的高地栖息地，这看似不利，但也可能证明是有助于改善情况的特点。由此猜测划线部分意为“一个有助于改善情况的特点”。故选B项。 Passage 8 Cinque Terre Italy, in thermal layers. Ireland in ceaseless rain. For decades, I limited most of my European travels to fall because, whatever the weather, I enjoyed the feeling of having the hotel, trail, restaurant or cathedral to myself. But I won’t be alone this year. From resort towns in Europe to popular summer destinations in the United States, places once emptied by October are now filled with guests. Booking.com reported notable growth in searches for traditional beach trips such as the Hamptons — up 78% year-over-year in September and 45% in October — and Cape Cod. Searches for rooms in Dublin are up 35% in the fall over summer, according to Expedia, and Virtuoso, a consortium of high-end travel agencies, says that fall bookings have climbed 30% this year. Fall’s popularity owes some credit to the broader boom in travel. Last year, 1.4 billion people traveled internationally, up from 673 million in 2000, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council. With more of them seeking better access and fewer crowds, the off-season is now its own season. In some destinations, climate change has encouraged fall travel by extending milder weather. In the Italian Alps, with diminished early snows, the Grand Hotel Courmayeur Mont Blanc will remain open this fall for the first time, rather than closing in mid-September and reopening in December for the ski season. The fallout from overtourism — including shoulder-to-shoulder summer crowds in places like Venice and Dubrovnik, Croatia, and anti-tourism protests in Spain — has pushed some travelers to delay departures to later in the year. To ease the pressure, sustainability-minded operators have introduced trips to lesser-traveled destinations such as Uzbekistan and Romania. While taking extended vacations during back-to-school season remains a challenge for many families, travel industry experts credit the shift in flexible work patterns for introducing travelers to the joys of fall trips. “Travelers are no longer bound by school calendars or 9-to-5 routines,” said Melissa Krueger, the CEO of a travel agency based in California. “They also want more meaningful trips — harvest festivals, culinary events, wildlife encounters — that don’t follow a summer-only mindset.” October is no longer a secret whispered among in-the-know travelers. It has confidently taken its place as the crown jewel of the year. 1．What can we know about the author’s past European travels in fall? A．He often faced unpleasant weather like ceaseless rain in Ireland. B．He found it hard to book hotels due to limited autumn openings. C．He enjoyed far less crowded tourist attractions during those trips. D．He preferred visiting Cinque Terre to other European destinations. 2．What do sustainability-minded operators do to ease the pressure of overtourism? A．They raise the prices of summer tours to reduce the number of visitors. B．They encourage travelers to book trips in fall by offering discounts. C．They develop new travel routes to less-visited destinations. D．They promote off-season travel to balance visitor numbers across the year. 3．Which of the following does NOT account for the growing popularity of fall travel? A．Flexible work schedules allow people to travel during the offseason. B．Lower international travel costs make fall journeys more budget-friendly. C．Mild weather lasts longer in some destinations because of climate change. D．The problems caused by overtourism causes travelers to avoid summer trips. 4．According to the passage, it can be inferred that ____________. A．travel agencies are struggling to meet the rising demand for fall trips. B．the author plans to avoid European travel this fall due to greater crowds. C．climate change has reduced the appeal of the Alps in fall among visitors. D．tourists now favor experiences over seasonal routines when planning trips. 5．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Fall Travel: From a Well-Kept Secret to a Beloved Choice. B．The Rise of European Travel: Destinations and Highlights. C．Overtourism: What Drives Travelers Towards Offseason Trips. D．Embrace the Season: The Latest Data and Trend of Fall Travel. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．A 【导语】本文介绍了秋季旅行从小众选择逐渐成为受大众欢迎的旅行时间，并分析了秋季旅行兴起的多重原因。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“For decades, I limited most of my European travels to fall because, whatever the weather, I enjoyed the feeling of having the hotel, trail, restaurant or cathedral to myself.(几十年来，我把大部分欧洲旅行都限制在秋季，因为无论天气如何，我都喜欢独自享用酒店、小径、餐厅或大教堂的感觉)”和第二段“places once emptied by October are now filled with guests(曾经到了十月就空无一人的地方现在挤满了客人)”可知，作者过去秋季在欧洲旅行时，旅游景点的人很少，他可以享受不那么拥挤的景点。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“To ease the pressure, sustainability-minded operators have introduced trips to lesser-traveled destinations such as Uzbekistan and Romania.(为了缓解压力，具备可持续发展理念的运营商推出了前往乌兹别克斯坦、罗马尼亚等较少有人旅行的目的地的旅行项目)”可知，这些运营商开发了前往冷门目的地的新旅行路线来缓解过度旅游的压力。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“In some destinations, climate change has encouraged fall travel by extending milder weather.(在一些目的地，气候变化通过延长温和天气鼓励了秋季旅行)”以及第五段“The fallout from overtourism — including shoulder-to-shoulder summer crowds in places like Venice and Dubrovnik, Croatia, and anti-tourism protests in Spain — has pushed some travelers to delay departures to later in the year.(过度旅游的后果——包括在威尼斯和克罗地亚杜布罗夫尼克等地夏季人挤人，以及西班牙的反旅游抗议——促使一些旅行者将出发时间推迟到今年晚些时候)”和第六段“While taking extended vacations during back-to-school season remains a challenge for many families, travel industry experts credit the shift in flexible work patterns for introducing travelers to the joys of fall trips. (虽然在返校季延长假期对许多家庭来说仍然是一个挑战，但旅游业专家认为，灵活工作模式的转变让旅行者体验到了秋季旅行的乐趣)”可知，灵活的工作安排、气候变化延长了温和天气以及过度旅游问题都促使秋季旅行越来越受欢迎，而文中并未提及国际旅行成本降低使秋季旅行更具预算友好性。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“They also want more meaningful trips — harvest festivals, culinary events, wildlife encounters — that don’t follow a summer-only mindset.(他们也想要更有意义的旅行——丰收节、美食活动、野生动物邂逅——不再遵循只在夏季旅行的思维定式)”可推知，现在游客规划旅行时，比起常规的季节安排，更看重旅行体验。 5．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“October is no longer a secret whispered among in-the-know travelers. It has confidently taken its place as the crown jewel of the year.(十月不再是懂行的旅行者口中私下相传的秘密。它已经稳稳占据了一年中最受欢迎旅行时间的位置)”并结合全文内容可知，本文主要介绍了秋季旅行从只有小众知晓的秘密选择变成大众喜爱的热门旅行时间的现象，因此“Fall Travel: From a Well-Kept Secret to a Beloved Choice(秋季旅行：从严守的秘密到备受喜爱的选择)”最符合全文主旨。 Passage 9 In the last few years, we have seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting worse to come. Thunderstorms, floods, earthquakes, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and forest fires have become increasingly common. There have been terrible floods in Asia, Africa, America and Oceania. Storms have been getting worse everywhere too, with more hurricanes hitting the US and Central America. Reduced rainfall has affected Africa for years, with severe droughts (干旱) in Somalia and Kenya in 2017, as well as many other zones becoming drier. Reduced rainfall in Canada resulted in a huge forest fire in May 2016. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes have always been a threat. In 2016, there were three volcanic eruptions at almost the same time in Indonesia. There have been serious earthquakes in many parts of Asia, Europe and South America. A massive earthquake hit central Italy in August 2016, killing at least 247 people. So why is nature beginning to turn on us? One answer is overpopulation. The population of the world is growing at the rate of 10,000 people an hour, nearly 90 million a year. Most of the growth is in the developing world. Poor people in agricultural areas often move to the cities. They build homes from whatever materials they can find. These homes can easily collapse during earthquakes or slip and slide downhill in landslides, especially after heavy rain. On top of that, there is the added aspect of global warming. This has mainly been caused by the huge amounts of carbon dioxide produced by factories and vehicles. The destruction of the world’s forests plays a part, too. As a result, a hotter ocean causes stronger winds. Atlantic hurricanes are 40% stronger now than they were 30 years ago. Landslides and earthquakes are even more dangerous now than in the past because around half of the world’s population now live in cities. Many people in cities and towns in South America and Asia are at risk from landslides. In April 2017, the city of Mocoa in Colombia was hit by a landslide, leaving many dead and injured. A great number of people live at risk from earthquakes too. These have claimed more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundred years. Most disaster experts believe that things could get a lot worse. Professor Hou Ming of Peking University studies volcanoes. He warns that the world has not seen the worst yet. The worst eruption in human history was probably Mt Tambora in 1815, in Indonesia. Dust from the volcano rolled across the Earth’s skies. There was no summer in Europe and America the following year. But evidence shows that 73,000 years ago there was a much greater eruption. “It reduced temperatures by maybe 6℃ in some places, and the whole planet was sent into winter for years. And there are about two of these events every 100,000 years...” 1．What does the author mainly discuss in Paragraph 1? A．The most destructive natural disaster in history. B．The causes of recent floods and storms worldwide. C．Examples of natural disasters happening around the world. D．The difference between typhoons and hurricanes. 2．What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A．Urban migration of the poor increases disaster risks indirectly. B．Slow population growth helps prevent global warming effectively. C．Forest destruction has little to do with extreme weather. D．Hurricanes’ strength is unrelated to ocean temperature changes. 3．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The huge death toll caused by global earthquakes in a century. B．Differences between landslides and earthquake damages. C．Typical disaster cases in South American coastal cities. D．Reasons for increased dangers of landslides and earthquakes. 4．Why does the author mention Mt Tambora and ancient eruptions? A．To prove current volcanic activities are far less frequent. B．To explain ancient disasters had no global influences. C．To support the warning of upcoming worse natural disasters. D．To compare different causes of historic volcanic eruptions. 5．What is the best title for the passage? A．Global Warming’s Impact B．Volcanoes in History C．Overpopulation Only Risk D．Rising Disaster Threats 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．D 【导语】文章主要讲述全球灾害频发及背后成因与未来严峻趋势。 1．主旨大意题‌。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中“Thunderstorms, floods, earthquakes, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and forest fires have become increasingly common. There have been terrible floods in Asia, Africa, America and Oceania. Storms have been getting worse everywhere too, with more hurricanes hitting the US and Central America. Reduced rainfall has affected Africa for years, with severe droughts (干旱) in Somalia and Kenya in 2017, as well as many other zones becoming drier.(雷暴、洪水、地震、台风、火山爆发、海啸和森林火灾已变得越来越常见。亚洲、非洲、美洲和大洋洲都曾遭遇严重洪灾。全球各地的风暴也在加剧，更多飓风袭击了美国和中美洲。非洲多年来受降雨减少影响，2017年索马里、肯尼亚等地遭遇严重干旱，大量区域持续干旱化。)”可知，第一段列举了世界各地发生的各类自然灾害实例。 2．推理判断题‌。根据第二段中“Poor people in agricultural areas often move to the cities. They build homes from whatever materials they can find. These homes can easily collapse during earthquakes or slip and slide downhill in landslides, especially after heavy rain.(农业区域的贫困人口大量涌入城市，只能用随手可得的材料搭建住所，这类房屋在地震中极易坍塌，暴雨过后也很容易在山体滑坡中顺坡滑落。)”可知，贫困人口的城市迁移间接增加了灾害风险。 3．主旨大意题‌。根据第三段“Landslides and earthquakes are even more dangerous now than in the past because around half of the world’s population now live in cities. Many people in cities and towns in South America and Asia are at risk from landslides. In April 2017, the city of Mocoa in Colombia was hit by a landslide, leaving many dead and injured. A great number of people live at risk from earthquakes too. These have claimed more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundred years.(如今山体滑坡和地震的危险性远超以往，原因是全球约半数人口居住在城市。南美洲和亚洲的众多城镇居民都面临山体滑坡的威胁：2017年4月，哥伦比亚莫科阿市遭遇山体滑坡，造成大量人员伤亡。还有大量人口身处地震风险区，过去百年间地震已夺走超160万人的生命。)”可知，第三段主要说明滑坡和地震危险性上升的原因。 4．推理判断题‌。根据第四段“Most disaster experts believe that things could get a lot worse. Professor Hou Ming of Peking University studies volcanoes. He warns that the world has not seen the worst yet. The worst eruption in human history was probably Mt Tambora in 1815, in Indonesia. Dust from the volcano rolled across the Earth’s skies. There was no summer in Europe and America the following year. But evidence shows that 73,000 years ago there was a much greater eruption. “It reduced temperatures by maybe 6℃ in some places, and the whole planet was sent into winter for years. And there are about two of these events every 100,000 years...”(多数灾害专家认为情况还会进一步恶化。北京大学研究火山的侯明教授提醒，人类尚未经历最极端的灾害。人类历史上最严重的火山喷发大概率是1815年印度尼西亚的坦博拉火山喷发，当时火山灰席卷全球天空，次年欧美地区甚至没有夏季。但有证据显示，7.3万年前曾发生过一次强度大得多的喷发：“它让部分区域气温下降约6摄氏度，整个地球连续数年陷入寒冬，这类事件大约每10万年就会发生两次……”)”可知，作者提及坦博拉火山和远古喷发，是为了支撑“未来会有更严重自然灾害”的警示。 5．主旨大意题‌。全文围绕全球自然灾害愈发频发、威胁不断上升展开论述，最贴合的标题是“Rising Disaster Threats(日益加剧的灾害威胁‌)”。 Passage 10 No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen (氮), water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They were followed in time by land animals. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians (两栖动物), were able to live on land as well as in the water. Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced young generally by laying eggs. After that, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. However, 65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals (哺乳动物) on the earth. These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them. Finally about 2.6 million years ago some small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. As a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved. 1．What happened to the earth between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago? A．It was still a cloud of dust without any shape. B．It exploded loudly and completely disappeared. C．It violently transformed from dust into a solid globe. D．It began to produce carbon and nitrogen gases. 2．Why was the continued presence of water so important for the earth? A．Because it made the earth cooler than other planets. B．Because it broke down dangerous gases and acids in seas. C．Because it disappeared later just like on Mars. D．Because it produced carbon dioxide for the atmosphere. 3．What can be inferred about dinosaurs from Paragraph 4? A．They laid eggs and fed their young with milk. B．They appeared after mammals rose on earth. C．They disappeared because the earth got too hot. D．They lived on earth for over 140 million years. 4．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning “small clever animals” in the last paragraph? A．To show that humans are the most important animals. B．To explain how hands and feet developed over time. C．To prove that life will continue for millions of years. D．To suggest that humans are harming the planet. 5．What does the passage mainly focus on? A．How the universe began with a huge explosion. B．Why water disappeared on Mars but not on Earth. C．How life developed on Earth and what threatens it. D．The differences between dinosaurs and mammals. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 5．C 【导语】本文按照时间顺序介绍了地球从形成到生命演化的全过程，包括地球的诞生、水的出现、生命的起源与发展，以及人类出现后对地球造成的威胁，最后提出地球未来能否延续生命取决于人类能否解决当前的环境问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.(它的未来形态一直不确定，直到45亿至38亿年前，尘埃凝聚成一个固体的球体。地球变得如此剧烈动荡，以至于不清楚这个形态能否持续下去。)”可知，在45亿至38亿年前，地球从尘埃剧烈地转变为一个固体的球体。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.(许多科学家认为，水的持续存在使得地球能够将有害气体和酸溶解到海洋中。)”可知，水的持续存在对地球非常重要，因为它能分解海洋中的有害气体和酸。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“After that, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.(之后，一些巨大的动物——恐龙——出现了。它们也产卵，并在地球上存在了超过1.4亿年。)”可知，恐龙在地球上存在了超过1.4亿年。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.(因此，它们依次成为了这个星球上最重要的动物。但它们并没有很好地照顾地球。它们向大气中排放过多的二氧化碳，这阻碍了热量从地球散发到太空中。)”可知，作者提到“小型聪明动物”是为了说明人类正在伤害地球。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章依次介绍地球形成、水体出现、生命从低级到高级逐步演化，最后指出人类活动带来隐患，威胁地球上生命的延续，因此文章主要围绕地球上生命如何演化以及如今面临何种威胁展开。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2027届高考英语一轮复习（天津专用） 阅读理解说明文10篇 序号 核心内容总结 1 意大利新发现大型肉食恐龙 Saltriovenator 的化石、体型特征与生存习性 2 中国科学家研发出兼顾环保、制冷效果与传热速度的新型液态固态结合制冷技术 3 跳出传统计时方式，介绍以阿拉斯加河流流量为基准的生态计时系统及其环保意义 4 探究群体智慧现象，说明人际信息交流对群体判断准确度的影响以及合理利用群体智慧的方法 5 介绍脑机接口 (BCI) 技术原理、双向发展前景以及伴随而来的伦理隐私难题 6 科研发现每个人拥有独一无二的鼻呼吸指纹，呼吸模式和身份识别、身心健康指标相关 7 气候变化驱使大量昆虫向高海拔地区迁移，分析当前昆虫气候适应研究现存短板 8 秋季旅行从小众隐秘选择转变为大众热门出游时段，解析秋季旅游兴起的多重驱动因素 9 列举全球频发的各类自然灾害，剖析灾害加剧成因，并警示未来或将出现更严重的灾难 10 按照时间线讲述地球诞生、水体出现、生命演化历程，指出人类活动对地球生态构成威胁 Passage 1 Scientists are studying fossils (化石) of a large meat-eating dinosaur that they describe as interesting, both in life and in death. The dinosaur probably lived and hunted 198 million years ago in what is now northern Italy. The fossils were discovered in 1996 near the village of Saltrio, in Italy’s northern Lombardy area. They were found in an area where miners cut rock to use for building. This led to a long, struggling process of removing the creature’s remains from the surrounding rock. The scientists reported that the dinosaur, called Saltriovenator, weighed at least one ton and was 7.5 meters long. This means that during the period when it lived, Saltriovenator was the largest-known meat-eating dinosaur that had ever existed, making it quite unusual throughout the Age of Dinosaurs. After dying, Saltriovenator somehow floated into the sea and sank to the bottom. There the remains provided meals for numerous sea creatures before fossilizing. The bones show marks likely left by attacking sharks and fish: They also show signs of feeding by smaller creatures. And there are small holes in the bones apparently left by even smaller marine worms. In scientific writings, there are reports of some dinosaur bones being attacked on land by other animals and, more rarely, insects. At least three kinds of marine animals left those traces on the bones of Saltriovenator. Saltriovenator is the second dinosaur of its kind ever found in Italy. It’s a transitional (过渡期的) dinosaur, synthesizing the qualities of early meat-eating dinosaurs with those of more developed ones. And the name Saltriovenator means “hunter from Saltrio”. The creature walked on two legs. Each hand had four fingers, three of which possessed claws. Its head was about 80 centimeters long, while its mouth had sharp teeth. The creature was about 24 years old at the time of death, and had still not fully grown. It lived in a coastal environment and likely hunted plant-eating dinosaurs and possibly smaller meat-eating dinosaurs. 1．What can we infer from Paragraph 1? A．Italy used to be a place heavily populated by ancient dinosaurs. B．The fossils of the dinosaur were found 198 million years ago. C．Miners had taken great pains to find some fossils around Italy. D．The digging process of those fossils was really hard work. 2．The dinosaur Saltriovenator is special mainly in ______. A．the times it lived B．the large size it had C．the difficulty it suffered D．the food it lived on 3．What happened to Saltriovenator after its death? A．It floated to the shore. B．It was eaten by various sea creatures. C．It turned into fossils in the rocks. D．It’s attacked by other meat-eating dinosaurs. 4．What does the underlined word “synthesizing” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Comparing B．Maintaining. C．Combining. D．Assessing. 5．What do we know about Saltriovenator from the last paragraph? A．It was still young at death. B．It has very long teeth. C．All its fingers have claws. D．It fed on both plants and animals. Passage 2 Chinese scientists have developed a new refrigeration method that solves a long-standing challenge in cooling technology. Published in Nature, the study responds to rising energy demands in applications ranging from food preservation to data center cooling. Traditional vapor-compression systems consume vast amounts of electricity and rely on harmful refrigerants. In China, refrigeration accounts for nearly 20% of the nation’s electricity use and 7.8% of its carbon emissions. While solid-state cooling avoids harmful gases, it suffers from poor heat transfer, limiting its real-world application. Led by Professor Li Bing from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the research team overcame this by combining solid cooling effects with liquid flow. They used a common, non-toxic salt whose dissolution (溶解) in water absorbs large amounts of heat. Conversely, applying pressure causes the salt to come out and release heat. Cycling this pressure achieves continuous cooling. “Unlike traditional solid methods, where heat moves slowly, our system integrates the refrigerant and heat-transfer medium into a single liquid,” Li said. “This solves the ‘impossible triangle’ — achieving low pollution, strong cooling, and fast heat transfer all at once.” Lab tests showed a temperature drop of nearly 30°C in just 20 seconds at room temperature, and up to 54°C at higher temperatures — significantly outperforming existing solid coolers. A prototype cycle achieved a cooling capacity of 67 joules per gram with nearly 77% efficiency. The system also proved stable, reversible, and instantly responsive to pressure changes. “This technology moves beyond traditional refrigeration principles,” Li added. “By turning the coolant into a fluid, it opens the door to high - performance, zero-emission cooling for homes and industry.” He noted the method’s strong high-temperature performance makes it an ideal candidate for heat management in next-generation AI computing facilities. While engineering challenges remain, especially in achieving rapidly switchable pressure cycles, the principle could be adapted to other materials for diverse cooling needs. 1．What is the main problem with traditional solid-state cooling systems? A．They transfer heat poorly. B．They produce harmful gases. C．They fail at high temperature. D．They use too much electricity. 2．What is the key innovation of the new cooling method? A．Using salt instead of chemical refrigerants. B．Increasing pressure inside traditional systems. C．Replacing pressure cycles with continuous flow. D．Combining solid cooling with liquid heat transfer. 3．Why does the author mention the “impossible triangle” in the text? A．To highlight the value of the new system. B．To illustrate the design of the new system. C．To explain why old systems are still in use. D．To show the limitations of previous systems. 4．What does Li Bing see as a promising application of the new technology? A．Preserving food in supply chains. B．Replacing traditional home refrigerators. C．Cooling future AI data centers. D．Achieving rapidly switchable pressure cycles. 5．What can we infer about the new refrigeration technology? A．It has already been widely used in industry. B．It balances cooling effect, efficiency and environmental friendliness. C．It completely gets rid of the use of any liquid materials. D．Its high efficiency means no further engineering research is needed. Passage 3 Early fifth-century philosopher St. Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him. Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it. Today’s state-of-the-art atomic (原子的) clocks have proven Einstein right. Even advanced physics can’t decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you’re asking. Forget about time as an absolute. What if, instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology? What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo (节奏) of human life? We’re increasingly aware of the fact that we can’t control Earth systems with engineering alone, and realizing that we need to moderate (调节) our actions if we hope to live in balance. What if our definition of time reflected that? Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that’s connected to circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming. We’re now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers, which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes. We’ve programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate. If the rivers run faster in the future on average, the clock will get ahead of standard time. If they run slower, you’ll see the opposite effect. The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics. It’s a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame (时间框架), and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones. Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet. Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies. Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars, early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena. In pre-Classical Greece, for instance, people “corrected” official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season. Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival. Likewise, river time and other timekeeping systems we’re developing may encourage environmental awareness. When St. Augustine admitted his inability to define time, he highlighted one of time’s most noticeable qualities: Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context. Any timekeeping system is valid, and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose. 1．What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A．Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature. B．Everyone can define time on their own terms. C．The qualities of time vary with how you measure it. D．Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists. 2．The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to ________. A．present an assumption B．evaluate an argument C．highlight an experiment D．introduce an approach 3．What can we know about the new river clock? A．It mainly records seasonal changes of rivers. B．It runs faster when rivers flow more slowly. C．It can show both instant and long-term river changes. D．It has already been widely used in people’s daily life. 4．What can we learn from this passage? A．Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life. B．New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems. C．Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower. D．Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame. 5．What is the author’s attitude towards the new river timekeeping system? A．Doubtful. B．Favourable. C．Uncaring. D．Cautious. Passage 4 If you ask someone to guess the number of sweets in a glass, the chance of guessing correctly is low. But if you ask many people to take guesses, something odd happens. Even though their individual answers differ greatly, the average of their varied guesses tends to be surprisingly accurate. This phenomenon is called “wisdom of the crowd”. Examples of this range from counting beans in a glass to guessing the weight of an elephant. However, these examples are somewhat artificial, because they involve decisions that are made in a social vacuum (社会真空). But in reality, people see what others around them are doing or intend to do. We actively seek out what others are saying, and we have a natural tendency to follow successful individuals. So what happens to the wisdom of the crowd when the crowd talk to one another? Andrew King from the Royal Veterinary College conducted a study with 82 participants guessing the number of sweets in a glass. Without extra information, the crowd’s median (中间值的) guess (751) nearly matched the actual number (752). However, when different groups were informed about previous random guesses, their median guesses ranged from 882 to 1109. King compares this effect to real-world situations where people collectively drive prices far above their true value and create economic bubbles (经济泡沫). Is the crowd bound to fall into groupthink? Not quite. King found a way to restore accuracy. When participants were given the current best estimate, the median improved to 795. This mirrors what happens in real life. The crowd may be a social beast, but it doesn’t follow blindly. Certain individuals have dominant influence, and groups of soldiers, employees, players and even animals often rely on leaders or experts when making decisions. But King’s study still reflects an artificial situation, because he could provide the crowd with the closest guess. Real crowds rarely have that luxury. If anything, this study simply highlights how important it is to choose whom we follow. If we pick poorly, our decisions are worse. If we pick well, we perform better. Maybe the real trick to using the wisdom of the crowd is to recognize the most knowledgeable individuals. 1．What does “wisdom of the crowd” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A．The explanation for people’s being fond of making guesses. B．The phenomenon of people following others’ decisions. C．The process of averaging varied guesses out in a meaningful way. D．The tendency for group average guesses to be surprisingly accurate. 2．What is the situation of a social vacuum like? A．People share resources with each other. B．People are cut off from others’ opinions. C．People are guided by successful individuals. D．People discuss their ideas freely with others. 3．What happened to participants after knowing previous random guesses? A．Their guesses became more random. B．They overestimated the number of sweets. C．They became more cautious about their own guesses. D．Their responses showed great variation from each other. 4．What can be inferred from Andrew King’s study about the “wisdom of the crowd”? A．Groupthink is unavoidable once the crowd is exposed to others’ guesses ahead of time. B．The median guess is more reliable than the average guess in economic bubble situations. C．Offering the best estimate to the crowd can help correct the influence of misleading information. D．The crowd’s guesses are always more accurate when members communicate as freely as possible. 5．What does the author think of the real-world effectiveness of “wisdom of the crowd”? A．It is dependent on the context. B．It can always achieve good outcomes. C．It is useless without external intervention. D．It works better in large groups than in small groups. Passage 5 Brain-computer interfaces (接口) (BCIs), once the stuff of science fiction, are rapidly transitioning into reality. This technology, which enables direct communication between the brain and an external device, is often met with a mix of awe and unease. The popular imagination, fueled by dramatic media portrayals (画像), tends to view BCIs either as a path to superhuman abilities or as a threat to privacy and human autonomy. This polarized (两极分化的) view, however, overlooks the nuanced and profoundly human-centered potential of this emerging field. At its core, a BCI system decodes electrical signals generated by the brain. When we think, move, or even intend to move, our neurons fire in specific patterns. Electrodes, placed on the scalp (头皮) or implanted within the brain, can detect these patterns. Sophisticated algorithms (算法) then act as translators, converting this neural “language” into commands that can control a computer cursor, a robotic arm, or a speech synthesizer. The primary and most immediate application has been in the medical field, restoring lost functions. Individuals paralyzed by spinal cord (脊髓) injuries or suffering from neurodegenerative diseases like ALS have regained the ability to communicate, control their environment, and even move robotic limbs through thought alone. The true challenge and frontier of BCI research lie not merely in detection, but in achieving a perfect, two-way flow of information. Current systems are largely “one-way streets,” reading brain signals outwards. The next generation aims to be a “two-way dialogue,” where the device can also send carefully calibrated (校准的) signals back into the brain. This closed-loop system could, for instance, provide sensory feedback from a prosthetic (假肢的) hand, allowing a user to “feel” the texture and pressure of an object they are grasping. This requires moving beyond simple signal decoding to understanding the brain’s complex sensory coding — how it represents touch, temperature, and proprioception (本体感觉). This pursuit of a two-way interface naturally raises profound questions. If a device can influence neural activity, where do we draw the line between therapy and enhancement? While restoring movement to a paralyzed (瘫痪的) patient is universally seen as good, using similar technology to monitor focus or memory in a healthy individual enters an ethical (伦理的) gray area. Furthermore, the extremely private nature of neural data — a direct window into our intentions, emotions, and potentially our private thoughts — demands extremely high levels of security and ethical management. The data generated by a BCI is arguably the most personal data imaginable. Ultimately, the development of BCIs forces us to confront fundamental questions about what it means to be human. The technology does not seek to replace humanity but to extend its reach, to heal, and to deepen our connection with the world. Its success will depend not only on engineering breakthroughs but also on our collective wisdom to guide its integration into society, ensuring it strengthens human agency (能动性) rather than weakens it. 1．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning the popular imagination of BCIs in paragraph 1? A．To acknowledge the public’s creative engagement with the topic. B．To trace the evolution of BCI concepts in popular culture. C．To illustrate how media shapes public understanding of emerging tech. D．To introduce a common but one-sided view. 2．How does a basic BCI system primarily function? A．By stimulating neurons to produce targeted signals. B．By translating neural patterns into device commands. C．By implanting computers directly into human neurons. D．By using the brain to power external machines wirelessly. 3．What is the key difference between current BCIs and the next-generation ones? A．The use of more comfortable scalp electrodes versus implants. B．The shift from medical use to consumer entertainment applications. C．The ability to both read from and write signals to the brain. D．The focus on movement restoration rather than sensory feedback. 4．Why does the author discuss the “ethical gray area” in paragraph 4? A．To question the safety of using BCIs for paralyzed patients. B．To illustrate the difficulty in distinguishing restoration from enhancement. C．To emphasize the extremely private nature of neural data. D．To warn about the potential risks of too heavy reliance on BCI technology in daily life. 5．Which of the following best captures the author’s attitude towards the future of BCIs? A．Cautiously optimistic about its integration into human society. B．Deeply skeptical about its potential to replace human functions. C．Entirely confident that engineering breakthroughs will solve all issues. D．Indifferent to the philosophical questions it raises about humanity. Passage 6 A new study has found that breathing does more than just move air in and out of your lungs — it could even be used to identify who you are. Scientists at Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science discovered that each person has a distinct breathing pattern, known as a nasal (鼻的) breathing “fingerprint” a unique pattern that reveals clues about a person’s physical and mental health. Notably, brain scientist Timna Soroka shared, “We were able to identify differences between less depressed and non-depressed individuals.” The researchers originally set out to better understand how our sense of smell works. In humans, the brain processes smell during inhalation (吸入), and this close connection between the brain and breathing led the team to wonder: could our breathing patterns reflect the way our brains are wired — and be unique to each of us? To explore this question, they developed a lightweight, wearable device that tracks nasal airflow continuously for 24 hours. The study, published in the journal Current Biology, tested 100 healthy young adults as they went about their regular routines — running, studying, resting, and more. The results showed breathing patterns can identify individuals with 96. 8 percent accuracy. “I thought it would be really hard to identify someone because everyone is doing different things,” said Soroka. “But it turns out their breathing patterns were remarkably distinct!” Beyond individual identification, the study also found clear links between breathing patterns and body mass index (BMI), sleep-wake cycles, and mental health traits such as anxiety and depression. For example, people who scored higher on anxiety tests tended to have shorter inhalation periods. Importantly, the researchers noted that they only know there is an association between breathing and mood, but they don’t know the cause-and-effect direction — whether feeling anxious changes breathing, or a certain breathing pattern causes anxiety. If the latter is true, changing how we breathe could potentially improve mood. However, the current device has drawbacks: it uses soft tubes under the nose that can be uncomfortable to wear and may slip during sleep, and it doesn’t track mouth breathing. The team is working on improving the device and further exploring the breathing-mood connection to unlock more practical applications. 1．Why is breathing “fingerprint” mentioned? A．To explain how the brain processes smell. B．To introduce a newly-invented tracking device. C．To show a link between breathing and depression. D．To stress the uniqueness of personal breathing pattern. 2．What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 mean? A．Connected. B．Powered. C．Controlled. D．Trained. 3．What can we infer about the relationship between breathing and mood? A．Changes in breath cure anxiety. B．Their exact relationship remains unclear. C．Anxiety always causes abnormal breathing. D．Breathing is responsible for negative mood. 4．What is a limitation of the current wearable device? A．It cannot track nasal airflow for 24 hours straight. B．It is too heavy to be worn during daily activities. C．It fails to monitor breathing through the mouth. D．It can only be used to test healthy young adults. 5．What is the main finding of this research? A．Our fingerprints tell a lot about our health. B．Breathing patterns link to identity and health. C．A groundbreaking device reveals mental health. D．Anxiety levels link to shorter inhalation periods. Passage 7 In the Alps and Apennines of southern Europe, longhorn beetles are moving uphill, and a rare brown butterfly with orange-tipped wings is facing extinction due to isolation (隔离) at high peaks. This is a picture of a global trend. With temperatures rising and pressure on biodiversity growing, insects vital to our ecosystems are not only moving north and south, but up. Research shows many animals are making similar moves, but insects’ high levels of mobility and short generation times allow them to respond quickly to change. Bumblebees in the Pyrenees have moved upwards on average by more than a metre a year, with some species making significantly greater journeys. All of this shows the speed of climate change and its ecological impacts at higher altitudes. In ecology, finding the “smoking gun” to neatly explain any phenomenon is generally difficult. Prof. Christy McCain, who runs Colorado University’s Mountain Lab, said: “One thing that people don’t think about as much is context: how climate affects insects at different life stages, such as eggs and larvae. Measuring adults in summer might not reveal the most critical impacts of climate change, especially in cold and dry mountain environments.” McCain believes the way data has been collected historically is preventing their understanding, with too many museum specimens (标本) from low altitudes, and far fewer from higher up. And many groups other than butterflies and moths have been neglected. To support her view, she cites research on carrion (食腐类) beetles by a student in her lab. The study shows that climate tolerance might be passed down in these insects, which play a key role in decomposition and protect them from extreme conditions. Their long history since the Cretaceous (白垩纪) also aids their adaptation today. There is no such thing as a standard insect or response to environmental change. For some groups, it might be a case of the bigger and more mobile they are, the better their chances. There is also no universal upland habitat and this too could prove a saving grace. 1．What is the main idea conveyed in the first paragraph? A．Insects are moving to cooler places as temperatures rise. B．Most rare species in Europe have already died out. C．The Alps and Apennines have the richest biodiversity. D．Butterflies are more important than other insects. 2．Why does the author refer to bumblebees in the Pyrenees? A．To confirm their adaptability to high-altitude habitats. B．To identify a threat to particular species in mountain areas. C．To illustrate insects’ rapid response to climate shifts. D．To clarify the link between climate and ecosystem health. 3．Which statement may McCain agree with according to paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Study context is beyond grasp. B．Research data are hard to obtain. C．Collection method is unconventional. D．Insect samples are unrepresentative. 4．According to the passage, the research on carrion beetles shows that ________. A．they are unable to survive in extreme conditions B．climate tolerance may be inherited by them C．they move uphill faster than other insects D．they have the same life stages as butterflies 5．What does “a saving grace” in the last paragraph mean? A．A method used to collect data. B．A feature that helps improve a situation. C．A problem that needs to be solved. D．A type of insect that adapts well to change. Passage 8 Cinque Terre Italy, in thermal layers. Ireland in ceaseless rain. For decades, I limited most of my European travels to fall because, whatever the weather, I enjoyed the feeling of having the hotel, trail, restaurant or cathedral to myself. But I won’t be alone this year. From resort towns in Europe to popular summer destinations in the United States, places once emptied by October are now filled with guests. Booking.com reported notable growth in searches for traditional beach trips such as the Hamptons — up 78% year-over-year in September and 45% in October — and Cape Cod. Searches for rooms in Dublin are up 35% in the fall over summer, according to Expedia, and Virtuoso, a consortium of high-end travel agencies, says that fall bookings have climbed 30% this year. Fall’s popularity owes some credit to the broader boom in travel. Last year, 1.4 billion people traveled internationally, up from 673 million in 2000, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council. With more of them seeking better access and fewer crowds, the off-season is now its own season. In some destinations, climate change has encouraged fall travel by extending milder weather. In the Italian Alps, with diminished early snows, the Grand Hotel Courmayeur Mont Blanc will remain open this fall for the first time, rather than closing in mid-September and reopening in December for the ski season. The fallout from overtourism — including shoulder-to-shoulder summer crowds in places like Venice and Dubrovnik, Croatia, and anti-tourism protests in Spain — has pushed some travelers to delay departures to later in the year. To ease the pressure, sustainability-minded operators have introduced trips to lesser-traveled destinations such as Uzbekistan and Romania. While taking extended vacations during back-to-school season remains a challenge for many families, travel industry experts credit the shift in flexible work patterns for introducing travelers to the joys of fall trips. “Travelers are no longer bound by school calendars or 9-to-5 routines,” said Melissa Krueger, the CEO of a travel agency based in California. “They also want more meaningful trips — harvest festivals, culinary events, wildlife encounters — that don’t follow a summer-only mindset.” October is no longer a secret whispered among in-the-know travelers. It has confidently taken its place as the crown jewel of the year. 1．What can we know about the author’s past European travels in fall? A．He often faced unpleasant weather like ceaseless rain in Ireland. B．He found it hard to book hotels due to limited autumn openings. C．He enjoyed far less crowded tourist attractions during those trips. D．He preferred visiting Cinque Terre to other European destinations. 2．What do sustainability-minded operators do to ease the pressure of overtourism? A．They raise the prices of summer tours to reduce the number of visitors. B．They encourage travelers to book trips in fall by offering discounts. C．They develop new travel routes to less-visited destinations. D．They promote off-season travel to balance visitor numbers across the year. 3．Which of the following does NOT account for the growing popularity of fall travel? A．Flexible work schedules allow people to travel during the offseason. B．Lower international travel costs make fall journeys more budget-friendly. C．Mild weather lasts longer in some destinations because of climate change. D．The problems caused by overtourism causes travelers to avoid summer trips. 4．According to the passage, it can be inferred that ____________. A．travel agencies are struggling to meet the rising demand for fall trips. B．the author plans to avoid European travel this fall due to greater crowds. C．climate change has reduced the appeal of the Alps in fall among visitors. D．tourists now favor experiences over seasonal routines when planning trips. 5．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．Fall Travel: From a Well-Kept Secret to a Beloved Choice. B．The Rise of European Travel: Destinations and Highlights. C．Overtourism: What Drives Travelers Towards Offseason Trips. D．Embrace the Season: The Latest Data and Trend of Fall Travel. Passage 9 In the last few years, we have seen environmental disasters on a grand scale, and experts are predicting worse to come. Thunderstorms, floods, earthquakes, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and forest fires have become increasingly common. There have been terrible floods in Asia, Africa, America and Oceania. Storms have been getting worse everywhere too, with more hurricanes hitting the US and Central America. Reduced rainfall has affected Africa for years, with severe droughts (干旱) in Somalia and Kenya in 2017, as well as many other zones becoming drier. Reduced rainfall in Canada resulted in a huge forest fire in May 2016. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes have always been a threat. In 2016, there were three volcanic eruptions at almost the same time in Indonesia. There have been serious earthquakes in many parts of Asia, Europe and South America. A massive earthquake hit central Italy in August 2016, killing at least 247 people. So why is nature beginning to turn on us? One answer is overpopulation. The population of the world is growing at the rate of 10,000 people an hour, nearly 90 million a year. Most of the growth is in the developing world. Poor people in agricultural areas often move to the cities. They build homes from whatever materials they can find. These homes can easily collapse during earthquakes or slip and slide downhill in landslides, especially after heavy rain. On top of that, there is the added aspect of global warming. This has mainly been caused by the huge amounts of carbon dioxide produced by factories and vehicles. The destruction of the world’s forests plays a part, too. As a result, a hotter ocean causes stronger winds. Atlantic hurricanes are 40% stronger now than they were 30 years ago. Landslides and earthquakes are even more dangerous now than in the past because around half of the world’s population now live in cities. Many people in cities and towns in South America and Asia are at risk from landslides. In April 2017, the city of Mocoa in Colombia was hit by a landslide, leaving many dead and injured. A great number of people live at risk from earthquakes too. These have claimed more than 1.6 million lives in the last hundred years. Most disaster experts believe that things could get a lot worse. Professor Hou Ming of Peking University studies volcanoes. He warns that the world has not seen the worst yet. The worst eruption in human history was probably Mt Tambora in 1815, in Indonesia. Dust from the volcano rolled across the Earth’s skies. There was no summer in Europe and America the following year. But evidence shows that 73,000 years ago there was a much greater eruption. “It reduced temperatures by maybe 6℃ in some places, and the whole planet was sent into winter for years. And there are about two of these events every 100,000 years...” 1．What does the author mainly discuss in Paragraph 1? A．The most destructive natural disaster in history. B．The causes of recent floods and storms worldwide. C．Examples of natural disasters happening around the world. D．The difference between typhoons and hurricanes. 2．What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A．Urban migration of the poor increases disaster risks indirectly. B．Slow population growth helps prevent global warming effectively. C．Forest destruction has little to do with extreme weather. D．Hurricanes’ strength is unrelated to ocean temperature changes. 3．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The huge death toll caused by global earthquakes in a century. B．Differences between landslides and earthquake damages. C．Typical disaster cases in South American coastal cities. D．Reasons for increased dangers of landslides and earthquakes. 4．Why does the author mention Mt Tambora and ancient eruptions? A．To prove current volcanic activities are far less frequent. B．To explain ancient disasters had no global influences. C．To support the warning of upcoming worse natural disasters. D．To compare different causes of historic volcanic eruptions. 5．What is the best title for the passage? A．Global Warming’s Impact B．Volcanoes in History C．Overpopulation Only Risk D．Rising Disaster Threats Passage 10 No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen (氮), water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They were followed in time by land animals. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians (两栖动物), were able to live on land as well as in the water. Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced young generally by laying eggs. After that, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. However, 65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals (哺乳动物) on the earth. These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them. Finally about 2.6 million years ago some small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. As a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved. 1．What happened to the earth between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago? A．It was still a cloud of dust without any shape. B．It exploded loudly and completely disappeared. C．It violently transformed from dust into a solid globe. D．It began to produce carbon and nitrogen gases. 2．Why was the continued presence of water so important for the earth? A．Because it made the earth cooler than other planets. B．Because it broke down dangerous gases and acids in seas. C．Because it disappeared later just like on Mars. D．Because it produced carbon dioxide for the atmosphere. 3．What can be inferred about dinosaurs from Paragraph 4? A．They laid eggs and fed their young with milk. B．They appeared after mammals rose on earth. C．They disappeared because the earth got too hot. D．They lived on earth for over 140 million years. 4．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning “small clever animals” in the last paragraph? A．To show that humans are the most important animals. B．To explain how hands and feet developed over time. C．To prove that life will continue for millions of years. D．To suggest that humans are harming the planet. 5．What does the passage mainly focus on? A．How the universe began with a huge explosion. B．Why water disappeared on Mars but not on Earth. C．How life developed on Earth and what threatens it. D．The differences between dinosaurs and mammals. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $