UNIT 5 WORKING THE LAND 突破疑难（PPT同步课件）-【学而思】2026-2027学年高二英语选择性必修第一册（人教版）

该高中英语课件聚焦高频词汇（如devote、shortage等）、主语从句及长难句解析，通过教材例句（如袁隆平事迹）与高考真题导入，构建“词汇-派生词-用法-练习”“语法规则-例句-辨析-应用”的学习支架，帮助学生衔接新旧知识。 其亮点在于融合语言能力与思维品质，通过词汇辨析（如expand、extend等）、语法引导词对比培养分析能力，结合袁隆平等实例渗透文化意识。采用“即时巩固+高考链接”方法，学生提升语言应用能力，教师可高效开展分层教学。

1 devote vt.把……献(给);把……专用于;专心于 Indeed, his slim but strong body was just like that of millions of Chinese farmers, to whom he had devoted his life.确实,他瘦削但结实的身躯看起来和他为之奉献了一生的千千万万的中国农 民的身躯一样。  教材P50 　　It is high time that we devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.是我们致力于保护海洋的 时候了。  ①devote oneself 　　    (doing) sth.献身于/致力于(做)某事 ②devote one’s life/time/energies/money to (doing) sth.把某人的生命/时间/精力/金钱用于(做) 某事 写作 海洋保护 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念   ①devoted adj.挚爱的;忠诚的;全心全意的 be devoted to...深爱……;对……忠诚 ②devotion n.奉献;忠诚;挚爱;关爱 one’s devotion to...某人对……的关爱/奉献   ①(2026江苏苏州月考)They had strict rules that were made to keep me 　　    (devote) to stud- ies—no phone after 9 P.M., and extra classes on weekends, for they believed good academic per- formance was the only path to success. ②It is his rich experience and 　　    (devote) to teaching that not only give us easy access to professional knowledge but also shape our character. 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ③袁隆平致力于研究杂交水稻,他深受全世界人民的尊敬。 Yuan Longping 　　     　　     　　     studying hybrid rice and he was highly respected by peo- ple all over the world. 答案 用法归纳:①to 即时巩固:①devoted　②devotion ③devoted himself to 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 However, what concerned him most was that farmers often had poor harvests and sometimes even had a serious shortage of food to eat.然而,最让他担忧的是农民经常歉收,有时甚至出现 严重的食物短缺。  教材P50 2 shortage n.不足;缺少;短缺 There being no shortage of gamers, China’s e-sports industry desperately needs people to fill po- sitions such as management staff, coaches and rebroadcasters.中国的电子竞技产业并不缺乏玩 家,但迫切需要人来充任管理人员、教练和转播员等职位。 (Global Times) ①a shortage 　　    ...缺乏…… ②There is 　　    shortage of...不缺少…… ③(a/an) food/water/labor/energy shortage食物/水/劳动力/能源短缺 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ①be short of...缺乏…… ②fall short of...未达到…… ③be short for...是……的简称 ④for short作为简称     •Maximilian is called Max for short. Maximilian被简称为Max。 ⑤in short总之;简而言之 ⑥shortly adv.立刻;不久 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ①(2021浙江1月)Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2,000 stTIF short 　　     the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. ②On the website Word Spy, fappy, which is short 　　    fat and happy, is defined as overweight and happy with one’s life. ③(2026江西调研)The Cornell Method involves dividing your page into three sections. This structure encourages you to review and summarize your notes 　　    (short) after class. 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ④(2025全国二)他见证了食物短缺。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       答案 用法归纳:①of　②no 即时巩固:①of　②for　③shortly ④He witnessed food shortage. 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 Yuan was convinced that the answer could be found in the creation of hybrid rice.袁隆平坚信答 案能够在杂交水稻的培育中找到。  教材P50 　　It would be beneficial to convince them of your ability to perform the job effectively.让他们 相信你有能力有效地完成这项工作是有益的。  　　Seeing Lily sitting alone on the bench, her hands tightly clutching dance shoes, I walked over and gently convinced her to step onto the stage—reminding her how hard she’d practiced for this performance.看到莉莉独自坐在长椅上,双手紧紧攥着舞鞋,我走上前去,温柔地说服她 踏上舞台——提醒她,为了这场表演,她曾多么努力地练习。  3 convince vt.使相信;使确信;说服 写作 建议信 读后续写 克服比赛胆怯 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ①convince sb. 　　    sth.说服某人去做某事 ②convince sb. 　　    sth.使某人确信某事 ③convince sb. that...使某人确信……   ①convincing adj.有说服力的;令人信服的 ②convinced adj.深信的;确信的;坚信的 be convinced of sth.确信/深信/坚信某事 be convinced that...确信/深信/坚信…… ①(2021新高考Ⅱ)Dirty shorts and old shoes gave him the appearance of a real beggar and his     　     (convince) dialect soon won him the trust of the beggars. 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ②(2026广东广州月考)　　    (convince) of the importance of environmental protection, more and more people have started to use public transport instead of private cars. ③我坚信,通过这次讲座,我们不仅可以更好地了解中国文学,而且可以提高我们对中国传统 文化的兴趣。 　　     　　     　　     　　     through the lecture not only can we get a better understanding of Chinese literature, but we can also boost our interest in traditional Chinese culture. 答案 用法归纳:①to do　②of 即时巩固:①convincing　②Convinced ③I am convinced that 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 This hybrid enabled farmers to expand their output greatly.这种杂交水稻使农民能够大大增加 产量。  教材P50 　　In my following speech, I will expand on/upon the reasons why we need to invest in renew- able energy.在我接下来的演讲中,我将详细阐述为什么我们需要投资可再生能源。  ①expand 　　    详述,详细阐明 ②expand (...) into...(把……)扩大/扩展/发展到…… ③expand one’s knowledge/horizons拓展知识/开阔视野 4 expand vt.&vi.扩大;增加;扩展,发展(业务) vi.详细阐明 用法归纳 写作 演讲稿 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念   ①expansion n.扩张;扩展;扩大 ②expansive adj.广阔的;扩张性的;广泛的   expand 指知识、业务等抽象概念的拓宽,或气球、容器等具体物体的膨胀;不强调单向延伸,更侧重整体扩大 extend “伸展,延伸”,指空间范围的扩大,以及长度、宽度的向外延伸,侧重向两端或一端延伸;也可指时间的延长 spread “传播;蔓延;铺开”,一般指向四面八方扩大范围,如传播疾病、散布信息等 stretch “拉直,拽宽,撑大;(身体)伸展”,一般指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展,不是加长 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念       ①(2022全国乙)In Wickenden’s book, she expanded 　　    the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ②It’s now a generally accepted fact that the universe’s 　　    (expand) is speeding up, mainly due to a force called “dark energy”. 选词填空(expand、extend、spread、stretch) ③She　　     her arms above her head to relieve the tension in her shoulders. ④The company plans to 　　    its operations into Asia next year, increasing its market share. ⑤The deadline for the project has been 　　    by two weeks. ⑥The news of the victory quickly 　　    through the small town. 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 答案 用法归纳:①on/upon 即时巩固:①on/upon　②expansion　③stretched/stretches　④expand ⑤extended　⑥spread(s) 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 Today, it is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan’s hybrid strains...据估算,现在中国国内消费的稻米有大约60% 来自袁隆平的杂交水稻品种形成的作物……  教材P50 　　The insurance company estimated the value of the stolen jewelry at $50,000.保险公司估计 被盗珠宝的价值为50,000美元。 　　The new highway is estimated to reduce the travel time between the two cities by up to 30 minutes.这条新公路估计将使这两座城市之间的旅行时间减少多达30分钟。  ①estimate sth. 　　    sth.估计……(人数/钱数等)为…… 5 estimate vt.&n.估计;估价;估算 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ②be estimated　　     sth.被估计会做…… ③it is estimated that...据估计……  ④an estimate of...对……的估计   ①estimation n.判断;评价;看法;(对水平、数量等的)估计 ②overestimate vt.高估n.过高的估计 underestimate vt.低估;轻视n.估计过低   ①(2023新课标Ⅰ)The experiment of 　　    (estimate) he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ②(2025全国一)据估计,到2050 年,全球电力需求可能会增长一倍以上。 　　     　　     　　     the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. 答案 用法归纳:①at　②to do 即时巩固:①estimation ②It􀆳s estimated that 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 They may look beautiful on the outside, but inside there is usually more water than essential min- erals, and they often have less flavour as well.它们外表可能看起来很美,但里面的水通常比必 需的矿物质多,味道也往往不那么鲜美。  教材P55 　　Generally speaking, students’ inner motivation and high expectations from others are essen- tial to/for their development.一般来说,学生的内在动力和来自他人的高期望对他们的发展极 其重要。 6 essential adj.完全必要的;极其重要的;必不可少的 n.必不可少的东西;必需品 It is essential that you (should) not be limited to the classroom but apply the knowledge to daily life.至关重要的是,你不要局限于课堂,而要将知识应用到日常生活中。   写作 学习建议 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ①be essential　　    ...对……极其重要/必不可少 ②It is essential to do sth.做某事是极其重要的。 ③It is essential that sb. 　　　    sth.某人做某事是至关重要的。   essentially adv.基本上;本质上   ①(2024新课标Ⅱ)A torch(手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential 　　    walking in the dark. ②(2024新课标Ⅱ改编)She says it is essential 　　    we keep control of artificial intelligence, or we’ll risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ③(2026湖南长沙名校联合体月考)Known as the Blessing Box, the cabinet serves as a place where anyone in need can find 　　    (essential) such as nonperishable food, hygiene products, baby items, and other daily necessities. ④(2023北京)This is the capacity for a system to create 　　    (essential) endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. 答案 用法归纳:①to/for　③(should) do 即时巩固:①to/for　②that ③essentials　④essentially 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 As an alternative, some farmers have switched to organic farming...作为一种替代选择,一些农 民已经转向有机农业……  教材P55 　　It helps to provide healthy alternatives to sugary drinks.它有助于提供含糖饮料的健康替 代品。 (2022北京) 　　We have no alternative but to face failure bravely and learn from it.我们别无选择,只能勇敢 地面对失败并从中吸取教训。  ①an alternative/alternatives 　　    sth.某物的替代品 ②have no alternative 　　    to do sth.除了做某事别无选择;只好去做某事 7 alternative n.可供选择的事物 adj.可供替代的;非传统的 读后续写 主旨升华 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念   alternatively adv.(引出第二种选择或可能的建议)要不,或者 •We can reduce plastic waste by bringing our own water bottles to school; alternatively, we can use cloth bags instead of plastic ones when shopping.我们可以通过自带水瓶到学校来减少塑 料垃圾;或者,购物时我们可以使用布袋而非塑料袋。    ①(2022全国乙)There are alternatives 　　    constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat. ②Since their own house is being rebuilt, they have no alternative but 　　    (live) with their par- ents for the moment. 写作 减少塑料垃圾 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ③I could go to your house, or 　　    (alternative), we could meet in the park.   答案 用法归纳:①to　②but 即时巩固:①to　②to live ③alternatively 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 词汇 释义 用法& 拓展 crisis(pl. crises) n.危机;危急关头 a financial/an economic/an energy crisis金融/经济/能源危机 boost vt.使增长;使兴旺 n.提高;增长;激励 boost one’s confidence增强某人的信心 boost profits增加利润 characteristic n.特征,特点;品质 adj.典型的;独特的 be characteristic of sb./sth.是某人/某物特有的 character n.文字,符号;角色;特色;特点 高频词汇积累 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 attain vt.(通常经过努力)获得,得到; 实现;达到(某年龄、水平、 状况) attain one􀆳s goal达到目标 attainable adj.可达到的;可获得的 unattainable adj.难以达到的 attainment n.达到;获得;成就   get, obtain, gain, acquire assumption n.假定;设定;(责任的)承担;(权力的)获得 on the assumption that...基于……的假设 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 intense adj.热切的;十分强烈的;激烈的 intense cold/heat/pain严寒/酷热/剧痛 intensely adv.非常;强烈地 intensity n.强度;剧烈,强烈 output n.产量;输出;输出量 vt.(output, output)输出 annual output年产量 data output数据输出 consumption n.消耗;消耗量;消费 energy/electricity/food consumption能源/电力/食物消耗 consume vt.消耗;消费;吃,喝;毁灭 consumer n.消费者 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 词汇 释义 用法&拓展 comprise vt.包括;包含;由……组成 同:be comprised of, be made up of, consist of, be composed of generate vt.产生;引起 generate electricity发电 generator n.发电机;发生器 generation n.(尤指电、热等的)产生;一代人 leisure n.闲暇;休闲;空闲 at leisure悠闲地;不慌不忙地 at one’s leisure某人有空时 leisurely adv.& adj.不慌不忙地/的 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 reality n.现实;实际情况;事实 in reality实际上,事实上 real adj.真实的;真正的;实际的 nutrition n.营养;滋养 nutritional adj.营养(物)的 nutritious adj.有营养的;营养丰富的 A dietitian will first assess the nutritional needs of elderly people, and then design nutritious meals that suit their di-gestion.营养师会先评估老年人的营养需求,再设计适合他们消化的有营养的餐食。 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 in turn 相应地;转而;依次;轮流 I post my work on social me-dia and, in turn, have met some of the kindest people.我把我的作品发布在社交媒体上,相应地,我也遇到了一些最善良的人。(2023新课标Ⅱ) digest vt.& vi.消化 vt.领会;领悟 n.摘要;文摘 digest food消化食物 digest information领会信息 a news digest新闻摘要 for instance 例如;比如 =for example 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 depth n.向下(或向里)的距离;深 (度);最深处 in depth全面地;深入地;详细地 at a depth of 30 metres在30米深处 deep adv.深深地;在深处adj.深的;有……深的 deeply adv.很;非常;极其;强烈地,深沉地 deepen v.(使)变深;(使情感、感觉等)加强;(使)变糟 类似deep→depth构词方式的有:long→length;wide→width;strong→strength;warm→warmth。 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 root n.根;根茎;根部;根源;起因;起源 v.(使)生根 the root of... ……的根源 take root植根;深入人心;生根 rooted adj.源于……的;稳固的 　be rooted in...根源在于……,起源于…… aspect n.方面;层面 look at the problem from ev-ery aspect从各个角度考虑这个问题   respect n.方面,细节 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 given that...考虑到/鉴于…… Given that Yuan􀆳s hybrids made him quite wealthy, one might think he would have retired to a life of leisure.考虑到袁隆平(研发)的杂交水稻让他变得相当富有,有人可能认为他会退休去 过悠闲的生活。  教材P51 Given that you are keen on the traditional Chinese festival, the Lantern Festival, I am writing to introduce it to you.鉴于你对中国的传统节日——元宵节感兴趣,我写信向你介绍这一节日。 　　given that意为“考虑到/鉴于……”,在句中用作连词,引导从句(注意given后的that不能 省略)。 　　given可用作介词,意为“考虑到;鉴于”,后接名词或wh-从句,此时可与considering互换。 写作 传统文化 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 　    •Given/Considering the present condition, I think she’s done rather well.考虑到目前的情 况,我认为她已经做得相当不错了。   considering (that)...考虑到……;鉴于…… •Considering/Given that we heavily rely on smartphones, it’s essential to develop self-disci- pline nowadays.鉴于我们对智能手机的严重依赖,如今培养自律至关重要。    ①(2024新课标Ⅱ)　　    (give) the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future. ②(2021新高考Ⅱ)Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as neces- sary 　　    (give) how cattlemen are aging. 写作 科技对生活的影响 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ③考虑到学生们需要更多的体育锻炼,我校计划下周末组织一次越野赛跑。 　　     　　     　　     　　     　　     　　     　　     , our school is scheduled to organize a cross- country race next weekend. 答案 即时巩固:①Given　②given　③Given that/Considering that students need more physical exercise 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 答案 ①body　②主语　③主语　④形式主语　⑤宾语　⑥定语 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 主语从句 　　在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句的作用相当于名词词组,在复合 句中充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语。复合句中用作主语的从句叫作主语从句。 主语从句的引导词有三类,即从属连词(that,whether,if)、连接代词(what,who,whom, whose, which,whatever,whoever,whichever)和连接副词(when,where,how,why)。 (一)从属连词 1.that引导的主语从句 一 主语从句的引导词 That he has recovered from such a serious illness is truly a wonder.他从这么严重的疾病中恢复 过来,真是一个奇迹。 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 That he said nothing at the meeting made me puzzled.他在会上一言不发使我迷惑不解。 　　that引导主语从句时无实际词义,且在从句中不充当成分,只起连接作用, 但①　　    省略。 2.whether/if引导的主语从句   用法归纳 Whether we can arrive there on time depends on the traffic.我们能否按时到达那里要由交通状 况决定。 It is uncertain whether/if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.明天他是否去北京还不确定。 　　whether和if引导主语从句时表示“②　　    ”,只起连接作用,在从句中不充当成分。 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 在句中的位置 与or not连用规则 whether 可位于句首;也可后置,用it作形式主语 可分开,也可直接连用,即whether...or not或whether or not... if 只能后置,用it作形式主语 只能分开,即if...or not (二)连接代词 1.what引导的主语从句 What color the door will be painted has not been decided yet.门被漆成什么颜色还没有决定。 What the situation will be puzzles me.情况会怎样令我困惑。 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 What caused the leak remains unanswered.导致泄漏的原因仍未得到解答。 What he said was brief but significant.他的讲话虽然简短但是意义重大。 　　what引导主语从句时起连接作用,并在从句中充当③　　    、④　　    、定语、表语, 表示“什么;……的事物”。 2.who, whom, whose, which引导的主语从句 It is still uncertain who will come/which he will choose/whom he went with/whose book it is.还 不确定谁会来/他会选择哪一个/他和谁一起去的/这是谁的书。 　　who, whom, whose, which引导主语从句时在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语,有一 定的词汇意义,含有疑问意味。 用法归纳 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 3.whatever, whoever, whichever引导的主语从句   Whoever wins the election will take on great responsibility.=Anyone who wins the election will take on great responsibility.无论谁赢得选举,都将承担巨大的责任。 Whatever he does from now on has nothing to do with me. =Anything that he does from now on has nothing to do with me.从现在起他做的任何事都与我无关。 (1)引导主语从句时whoever相当于“⑤　　    +who”或the person/people who(此处who为关 系代词,引导定语从句),意为“任何……的人”或“……的那个/些人”。 (2)引导主语从句时whatever相当于“anything/everything+that(此处that为关系代词,引导定语 从句)”,意为“任何/一切……的事/物”。what与whatever有时可互换,二者的区别是what- ever语气更强烈。 (3)whichever用来表示选择,通常前文会提供选择范围。 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 (三)连接副词   Why they didn’t come remained unclear. 他们为什么不来仍然不清楚。 When he will arrive doesn’t matter.他什么时候到无关紧要。 How it was done is a mystery.这是怎样做的是一个谜。 Where I spend my summer holiday is none of your business.我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。 　　连接副词引导主语从句时,保留了其疑问词的意思,why、when、how、where分别意为 “为什么(原因)”“什么时候(时间)”“怎样(方式)”“在哪里(地点)”,在从句中作⑥　　    。 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 二 注意事项 What he has accomplished is admirable. 他的成就令人钦佩。 What we badly need are doctors.我们急需的是医生。 Whoever made this cake is a real artist. 制作这个蛋糕的人是一位真正的艺术家。 (1)当主语是从句时,谓语动词通常用⑦　　    数;what引导的主语从句有时意义上表示复数, 这时谓语动词用⑧　　    数。 (2)主语从句的语序必须是⑨　　    语序。 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 三 使用形式主语 it的情况 It is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow.明天很可能会有一场暴风雪。 It is no wonder that he has achieved so much.他取得如此多的成就不足为奇。 It is reported that no passengers were injured in the accident.据报道,在那场事故中没有乘客受伤。 It occurred to the little girl that these were signs of an approaching tsunami.这个小女孩突然意识 到这些是海啸来临的前兆。  　　为避免头重脚轻,可以用it作形式主语,而把主语从句移到后面,构成以下句式: (1)It+be+⑩　　    +that从句.(It is necessary/clear/true/strange/important/possible/likely that...) (2)It+be+  　　    +that从句.(It is a fact/a good idea/a pity/a shame/no wonder/often the case that...) (3)It+be+ 　　    +that从句.(It is reported/hoped/thought/expected/said/believed/suggested that...) (4)It+特殊动词(短语)+that从句.(It doesn􀆳t matter/makes no difference/occurs to sb. that...) 用法归纳 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 　　“It+be+形容词/过去分词+that...”句型中,当形容词是important、necessary、strange等 时, that从句用“(should+)动词原形”的虚拟语气;当过去分词是表示建议、命令、要求的词 (如advised、suggested、ordered、required、demanded等)时,that从句用“(should+)动词原 形”的虚拟语气。   ①(2025全国一)But 　　　　    they do know has raised concerns. ②(2025全国二)It should be noted 　　　　    none of the items on wastED’s menu was techni- cally made from garbage. ③(2024新课标Ⅰ)　　　　     worked on a veterinarian (兽医) seemed likely to work on his patients. ④(2023新课标Ⅰ)It’s something of a cliché(陈词滥调) 　　　　    most people learn not from their successes but their mistakes. 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 ⑤(2022全国甲)　　　　     people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. ⑥(2022浙江)It suddenly became very clear to me 　　　　    lucky I was to be fluent in two languages. ⑦(2021新高考Ⅰ)　　　　     is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. ⑧(2021全国甲)It’s said 　　　　    history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. ⑨　　　　     started as a traditional Chinese treatment has become a major health trend today. ⑩(2026浙江舟山月考)It is impolite to urge (力劝) guests to take the dish but it’s acceptable to introduce the special dishes. 　　　　    they eat or not depends on themselves. 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念  　　　　     is known to us all that the old scientist, for whom life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties.  　　　　     they will come hasn’t been made public—probably tomorrow. 答案 用法归纳:①不能　②是否　③宾语　④主语　⑤anyone　⑥状语 ⑦单　⑧复　⑨陈述句　 ⑩形容词     名词短语     过去分词 即时巩固:①what　②that　③What ④that　⑤What　⑥how　⑦What ⑧that　⑨What　 ⑩Whether     It  When 第1讲　描述运动的基本概念 $