Unit 5 Section Ⅱ Using language(Word教参)-【学霸笔记·同步精讲】2026-2027学年高中英语选择性必修第一册（外研版）

本高中英语讲义核心聚焦过去完成时，通过“先感悟—会发现—善归纳—运用练”的学习支架，系统梳理其表“过去的过去”及“未实现愿望”的基本用法，结合hardly...when...等重点句型，并对比一般过去时差异，辅以例句解析与练习巩固。 该资料以“形式—意义—使用”三维语法观为特色，通过实例分析培养学生思维品质，听力结合微生物主题提升语言能力，分层作业（基础、语篇）助力课后查漏补缺，有效衔接课中教学与课后巩固，落实学习能力培养。

Section Ⅱ　Using language Part Ⅰ　Grammar 过去完成时 Tom had finished① his homework before dinner．He had wanted② to play games earlier， but his mom said no．No sooner had he sat③ at the table than he remembered it was the first time he had eaten④ fish．It tasted better than he’d imagined! ①②③④处均使用了过去完成时。 ——运用“形式—意义—使用”相结合的三维动态语法观 一、基本用法 【先感悟】 ①By the end of last week， they had finished the work． ②When Jack arrived， he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour． ③They had wanted to help but couldn’t get here in time． ④I had hoped to send him a Christmas card， but I forgot it． 【会发现】 ①②句中使用过去完成时，表示谓语动作发生在过去某一时间或某一动作之前，即“过去的过去”。 ③④句中使用过去完成时，表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。 【善归纳】 （1）过去完成时常用于描述在一个过去的参照点之前已经发生或完成的动作； （2）某些动词（如hope， expect， suppose， think， want， wish等）的过去完成时强调过去的意图或愿望未能实现。 【运用练】　完成句子 ①He said he had already given the book to the teacher． 他说他已经把书给老师了。 ②She didn’t go to Qingdao because she had been there before． 她没有去青岛，因为她以前去过那里。 ③He had hoped to become a doctor， but later on he became a teacher． 他本来希望成为一名医生，但后来成了一名教师。 ④We had expected to attend the meeting on time， but the traffic delayed us． 我们本来期望准时参加会议，但交通耽误了我们。 二、过去完成时在几个重点句型中的应用 【先感悟】 ①I had hardly stepped into the classroom when the bell rang． ②No sooner had he rushed out than the house fell down． ③It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tone． 【会发现】 ①句中使用了hardly ．．．when ．．．句型，②句中使用了no sooner ．．．than ．．．句型，主句均使用了过去完成时。 ③句中使用了it was the first time that ．．．句型，that从句使用了过去完成时。 【善归纳】 （1）在no sooner ．．．than ．．．和hardly ．．．when ．．．句型中，主句用过去完成时，意为“一……就；刚……就”。 （2）在it was the＋序数词＋time that ．．．句型中，that从句常用过去完成时，意为“第……次做某事”。 【运用练】　完成句子 ①It was the first time that I had tasted such delicious and healthy organic food in the countryside． 这是我第一次在乡村尝到如此美味且健康的有机食品。 ②I had hardly started my morning exercise in the park when it began to rain heavily． 我刚开始在公园进行晨练，天就开始下起了大雨。 ③No sooner had she started reading the book than her friend called． 她刚开始读这本书，她朋友就打电话来了。 三、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 【先感悟】 ①I had been waiting at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came． ②He once worked as a teacher for 5 years， but now he is a successful manager． 【会发现】 一般过去时侧重发生在过去的客观事实；而过去完成时强调动作发生在“过去的过去”，一定有一个表示过去的参照点。 【善归纳】 一般过去时用于描述过去发生的客观事实，不强调与其他动作的时间关系；而过去完成时用于表示某一动作发生在“过去的过去”，即在一个过去的动作或时间点之前已经完成。过去完成时通常需要一个明确的过去时间或动作作为参照点。 【运用练】　完成句子 ①She lived in London from 1990 to 1998. 她从1990年到1998年在伦敦居住。 ②He played basketball every weekend when he was in college． 他上大学时每周末都打篮球。 ③By the time the doctor arrived， the young man had recovered from his stomachache and felt much better． 医生赶到时，那个年轻人已经从胃痛中恢复过来，感觉好多了。 Ⅰ．用所给词的适当形式填空 1.I had hoped （hope） to go to the party， but I had to study for the exam． 2.Hardly had he opened the window when a bird flew （fly） in． 3.She was quite disappointed to find that they had left （leave） already． 4.No sooner had the bell rung than the students rushed （rush） out of the classroom． 5.By the time we arrived， everyone had received （receive） medical care． 6.Catherine came home happily， which suggested that she had passed （pass） the final exam． 7.I had intended （intend） to make a cake，but I ran out of time． 8.It was the third time that the neighbors had complained （complain） about noise． 9.Hardly had I saved the document when the computer crashed （crash）． 10.He had wanted （want） to visit his grandparents last weekend， but he was caught in the traffic． Ⅱ．完成句子 1.It was the first time that I had cooked dinner for my family． 这是我第一次为家人做晚餐。 2.Hardly had I opened the door when the dog ran out． 我刚打开门，狗就跑出去了。 3.By last year， he had published three books． 到去年为止，他已经出版了三本书。 4.The old photos reminded Tom of those happy days they had spent together． 这些旧照片让汤姆想起了他们一起度过的那些快乐的日子。 5.I had planned to go to the party，but I had to finish that tiresome paper first． 我本打算要去参加那个聚会的，但是我不得不先完成那篇烦人的论文。 Part Ⅱ　Listening and speaking 一、听力清障 1.break down分解 2.a science programme　　一档科学节目 3.at the level of　　在……水平上 4.the vast majority of　　绝大部分；绝大多数 5.at the other end of　　在……的另一端 6.have an important role　　发挥重要作用 二、教材听力二次开发 （一）听力测试 Listen to the podcast in the textbook and choose the best answers． 1.What is the possible relationship between the two speakers？（　　） A．Host and guest． B．Teacher and student． C．Friends． 2.What are they discussing in the programme？（　　） A．Science． B．Microscope． C．Microorganisms． 3.Why are bacteria useful？（　　） A．They consume cheese． B．They help people digest． C．They make people’s stomach turn． 答案：1－3　ACB （二）听力填空 Listen to the podcast in the textbook again and fill in the blanks with the words you hear． Jenny：Hello， and welcome to Science Under the Microscope， a science programme for teens．I’m Jenny． Josh：And I’m Josh． Jenny：This week， as part of our series on biodiversity， we are discussing microorganisms．They are the oldest form of life on Earth．Scientists believe they first 1.emerged around three and a half billion years ago! Josh：That’s incredible! Jenny：But you can only see them with a microscope， as these 2.living things are very very small．We’re talking about life at the level of the cell．Do you know about cells， Josh？ Josh：Erm ．．．I’m afraid not．What exactly is a cell？ Jenny：Every living thing 3.is made up of cells．They are like bricks that are used to build houses．By the way， most microorganisms are single－celled．This means that they 4.consist of just one cell． Josh：How strange! Jenny：Actually， we’re the ones who are unusual．The vast 5.majority of life on this planet is made up of single－celled microorganisms．They’re everywhere! In the air， in water， there are even microorganisms ．．．inside you．I’m talking about bacteria．Have you heard of bacteria， Josh？ Josh：I have， Jenny．But bacteria， inside me？ Yuck! Jenny：［laughs］That’s right．You have lots of them living in your body．In fact， an average human body 6.contains about thirty trillion human cells， and around thirty－nine trillion bacteria cells． Josh：Seriously？ Oh， this is making my stomach turn． Jenny：Speaking of which， most of the bacteria in your body help with digestion．And they help make the food that goes into your stomach， too.7.Without bacteria， we wouldn’t be able to make cheese， yoghurt， vinegar ．．． Josh：Really？ I didn’t know that! Jenny：Oh， and bacteria are also 8.useful at the other end of the food production process．They have an important role dealing with your waste and that of other organisms． Josh：Euw! You mean what goes down the toilet？ Jenny：Yes．Bacteria 9.break down this waster and other dead， organic matter， like fallen leaves， into nutrients． Josh：Oh I get it．And these nutrients go back into the soil where they can be used by plants! Jenny：That’s it exactly． Josh：All right．Although some of the bacteria may 10.cause diseases in humans， plants and animals， they aren’t all bad ．．． ◇blame v．责怪，指责；把……归咎于 n．过失；责备 教材原句　The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans． 平塔岛龟的灭绝归咎于人类。 【用法】 （1）blame sb/sth for sth因某事而责备某人/物 blame sth on sb　　把某事怪到某人头上 be to blame （for ．．．）　　（因为……）应受指责 （2）take the blame for ．．．　　为……承担责任 lay/put the blame on sb 把责任归咎于某人 【点津】 （1）be to blame for sth意为“应为某事负责或受指责”，其中动词不定式是用主动形式表示被动意义。 （2）blame后跟介词on时，on后为应该受责怪的对象，后接介词for时，for后为应该受责怪的原因。 【练透】　单句语法填空 ①I am writing to blame the waiter for his rude service during my dinner at your restaurant． ②The driver is undoubtedly to blame （blame） for the serious car accident． 【写美】　完成句子 ③Some people lay/put the blame on social media for the decline in face－to－face communication． 一些人把面对面交流减少的责任归咎于社交媒体。　（社会现象） 维度一：基础题型练 用所给动词的正确时态填空 1.The old building had stood （stand） for over 100 years before it was pulled down． 2.He had spent （spend） all his money before he asked his parents for help． 3.They had waited （wait） for the flight for two hours when the announcement came． 4.By the end of last month， I had kept （keep） the old photo for more than 20 years． 5.By the time we got to the airport， the plane had taken （take） off． 6.That was really the first time I had tried （try） to explain science to the audience． 7.She thought she had been （be） more careful with her money before she found herself in debt． 8.No sooner had the race begun （begin） than one of the runners fell down， but he quickly got up and continued． 维度二：语法与写作 完成句子 1.It was the fifth time that I had been to this city． 这是我第五次到这个城市。 2.I had taken part in three similar contests before， so I was not too nervous． 我之前已经参加过三次类似的比赛，所以我不太紧张。 3.I had prepared for the contest for two months before it was held last week． 上周举行比赛前，我已经为它准备了两个月。 4.No sooner had I turned off the light and climbed into bed than the doorbell rang． 我刚关了灯爬上床，门铃就响了。 5.When I arrived at the railway station， I found that the train had left， so I had to take a bus instead． 当我到达火车站时，我发现火车已经离开了，所以我不得不改乘公交车。 6.I had hoped to finish reading this novel last night， but I was too tired and fell asleep． 我原本希望昨晚读完这本小说，但我太累了，睡着了。 7.When I got to the cinema， I realized that I had left my ticket in the car． 当我到达电影院时，我意识到我把电影票落在车里了。 8.By the end of last month， I had memorized the speech thoroughly and had practiced it many times with my teacher’s help． 到上个月底，我已经把演讲稿完全记住，并且在老师的帮助下练习了很多遍。 维度三：语法与语篇 用所给动词的正确时态完成下面短文 　　I 1.had never seen （see） such beautiful sights before I visited Paris in 2012.I 2.had saved （save） money for 5 years before I 3.booked （book） my trip to Paris．I was very excited! Before my trip to Paris， I 4.had never been （be） out of the United States． 　　When I went to Paris， I 5.spent （spend） many days touring the city．The city was big．Sometimes I 6.got （get） lost and asked for directions．I asked for directions in French．That was easy because I 7.had studied （study） French for 2 years before I visited Paris． 　　By the time I left Paris， I 8.had toured （tour） many beautiful places．The Eiffel Tower， Notre Dame Cathedral， and Luxembourg Gardens 9.were （be） just a few of the places I saw．Before I 10.visited （visit） Paris， I had only seen those places on television． Ⅰ．阅读理解 A 　　Researchers in Washington and British Columbia say they have solved a deadly unknown that scientists have explored for more than ten years．They have found the true reason behind one of the world’s largest oceanic disease outbreaks： a wasting disease that has turned billions of sea stars into something thick along North America’s West Coast．Among more than 20 species affected， the sunflower star was hardest hit， with over 90% of its global population lost． 　　Sunflower stars eat sea urchins （a kind of small sea creature）．When sunflower stars disappeared， the ocean’s balance broke．With fewer sunflower stars to eat them， sea urchins grew in number very fast．They ate huge areas of kelp （巨藻） forests， and this destroyed one of the ocean’s most lively homes for sea life．For years， scientists thought a virus （病毒） was the cause．But the new study shows the real problem is a type of bacterium （细菌） named Vibrio pectenicida．This bacterium is related to the kinds that hurt corals， shellfish， and even humans． 　　The result came from four summers of experiments at the US Geological Survey’s Marrowstone Marine Field Station．Researchers took strict measures to preclude outside pollution： each sea star lived in a separate box with treated clear seawater． 　　The research team looked at the liquid inside sea stars， not their outer parts （where many tiny living things live）．They found much more Vibrio pectenicida in sick sea stars than in healthy ones．In tests， they took the bacterium， grew it in a lab， and put it into healthy sunflower stars．This made the healthy stars get the sickness too — something earlier studies couldn’t prove．After studying data in January 2024， they finally made sure that there was a strong link between Vibrio pectenicida and the disease． 　　This discovery is a big step forward for understanding one of the worst oceanic“sickness outbreaks” ever written down．But problems still exist．Sunflower stars are now so few in number that taking more samples （样本） might harm the species．Also， plans to cut the US Geological Survey’s money put future research at risk．This makes people who protect the environment worried about the future of checking ocean health． 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了华盛顿和不列颠哥伦比亚省的研究人员发现北美西海岸海星大量死亡的元凶是一种细菌，并介绍了相关研究过程与未来挑战。 1.What is the main finding of the study？（　　） A．A virus caused sea stars’ death． B．Sunflower stars suffered a great loss． C．Sea urchins destroyed kelp forests． D．A bacterium led to the oceanic disease． 解析：D　主旨大意题。 根据第二段中的For years， scientists thought ．．．bacterium （细菌） named Vibrio pectenicida．可知，该研究的核心是发现了一种特定细菌导致了这场海星灾难。 2.What does the underlined word “preclude” in paragraph 3 probably mean？（　　） A．Record．　 B．Copy． C．Prevent．　 D．Show． 解析：C　词义猜测题。 根据第三段中的each sea star lived in a separate box with treated clear seawater可知，研究人员将海星单独放在处理过的清澈海水的箱子里，目的是排除或阻止外部污染对实验的干扰。故preclude与prevent意思相近。 3.How did the researchers confirm their discovery？（　　） A．By studying outer parts of sea stars． B．By reproducing the disease in healthy stars． C．By turning to other professionals to check the link． D．By comparing liquids in various sunflower star species． 解析：B　细节理解题。 根据第四段中的In tests， they took the bacterium ．．．earlier studies couldn’t prove．可知，研究人员通过在健康海星身上成功诱发该病，证实了细菌与该疾病之间的关联。 4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning the future research？（　　） A．Its possible achievements． B．Its sampling methods． C．Its major challenges． D．Its scientific principles． 解析：C　主旨大意题。 根据最后一段内容可知，本段列举了样本短缺和资金削减这两个影响未来研究的问题。 B 　　The idea of de－extinction， the big goal of bringing extinct species back to life， has fired global imagination．Pushed by advances in genetics， this field is no longer limited to science fiction．Companies like Colossal Biosciences have announced projects targeting famous animals such as the woolly mammoth （猛犸象） and the dodo．However， the scientific reality is more complex than the popular story． 　　True de－extinction， defined as creating a perfect genetic copy of a lost species， is currently out of reach for most extinct animals．The primary problem is the degradation of DNA over time， which prevents researchers from recovering a complete genome （基因组）．For species that disappeared long ago， the genetic blueprint is simply too broken． 　　Consequently， scientists are largely focusing on an alternative approach： creating ecological proxies （代替物）．This involves using gene－editing tools like CRISPR to change the genome of a closely related living species．The aim is not to revive an identical copy， but to engineer a new animal that can perform the ecological role of its extinct relative．For instance， the non－profit Revive & Restore is working on changing the band－tailed pigeon to be like the passenger pigeon， which once played a key part in shaping North American forests． 　　This big goal is not without argument．Critics argue that the resulting creatures are not truly brought－back species but rather genetically changed organisms．They question whether these “copies” would behave like the originals or be accepted by modern ecosystems．Furthermore， some scientists suggest that existing species could sometimes do similar ecological jobs， making de－extinction an unnecessary difficulty． 　　Despite the debates， research in this area continues．Supporters point out potential benefits beyond the impressive scene of seeing a woolly mammoth．The genetic tools developed could be critical for protecting endangered species， such as boosting genetic diversity．The knowledge gained might also help restore damaged ecosystems by reintroducing lost functions．Yet， a fundamental truth remains： the original passenger pigeon is gone forever．De－extinction， in its current form， offers not a revival， but a replacement， proving our growing power and responsibility over the natural world． 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了物种复生技术的现状与争议，指出由于DNA降解，完美复制已不可能，故主要采用基因编辑创造生态替代物，但此举存在伦理与生态风险，其潜在价值在于保护濒危物种及修复生态系统。 5.Why does the author say de－extinction is “no longer limited to science fiction”？（　　） A．To predict the exact timeline of its realization． B．To acknowledge the media’s role in promoting it． C．To highlight its transition to practical scientific pursuit． D．To showcase the commercial appeal of related businesses． 解析：C　细节理解题。 根据第一段内容可知，作者通过提及遗传学的进步和相关公司的实际项目，强调物种复生已从科幻构想转变为现实中的科学探索和追求。 6.What is the big challenge in true de－extinction？（　　） A．Developing advanced technology． B．Securing sufficient financial support． C．Reconstructing complete genetic sequences． D．Overcoming opposition from environmental groups． 解析：C　细节理解题。 根据第二段中的The primary problem is the degradation ．．．a complete genome．可知，物种复生面临的主要障碍是无法重建完整的基因序列。 7.Why is the passenger pigeon talked about in paragraph 3？（　　） A．To explain the reasons for its extinction． B．To suggest the relative ease of reviving bird species． C．To describe the lifestyle of its closest living relative． D．To provide a specific case of ecological proxy creation． 解析：D　推理判断题。 根据第三段中的Consequently， scientists are largely focusing on an alternative approach： creating ecological proxies （代替物）．以及下文提到的旅鸽案例可知，提及旅鸽是为了具体说明科学家如何通过改造现存物种来创造“生态替代物”。 8.What is a main future use of the new genetic tools？（　　） A．Saving endangered species from extinction． B．Expanding the population of urban pigeons． C．Commercializing the value of genetic research． D．Replacing traditional habitat restoration approaches． 解析：A　细节理解题。 根据最后一段中的The genetic tools developed could be critical for protecting endangered species， such as boosting genetic diversity．可知，这些新基因工具在未来的一个主要用途是保护濒危物种，提高其遗传多样性。 Ⅱ．完形填空 　　Last year， I joined a summer camp focusing on Guizhou’s karst ecology．Our teacher， Mr Li， a local ecologist， 　9　 us to a former rocky desert — once a “lifeless place” but now green again． 　　As we walked， Mr Li pointed to the 　10　 hills．“Years ago， rain washed soil away， leaving only rocks，” he said．“Many villagers had to move out to 　11　．” We fell silent， imagining the barren land．Suddenly， a group of goats appeared， eating grass on the hillside．A classmate 　12　， “Won’t they destroy the plants？” Mr Li smiled and explained： “These are special goats．Local farmers raise them 　13　 — not too many， so grass can regrow．It’s a way to balance ecology and 　14　．”We then visited a 　15　 by the stream．Workers there were growing walnut trees and peppers．“These plants have strong roots to hold soil，” Mr Li told us．“They’re called the ‘green bank’ for villagers， 　16　 both food and income．” 　　Later， we saw workers setting up fences．They were 　17　 the area to protect rare birds that had returned．A boy found a bird’s nest in a tree， and we all watched it 　18　 not to disturb the eggs inside． 　　On the last day， we planted saplings on a dry slope．My hands hurt after digging in the rocky soil， but I felt 　19　．Mr Li said， “Small actions 　20　 over time．This is how we turn deserts back to forests．” 　　Leaving the camp， I looked back at the green hills．I used to think nature’s recovery was 　21　， but now I know it’s possible with science and effort．Guizhou’s 　22　 from rocky desert to lush land tells us： humans and nature can 　23　 in harmony． 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者参加了一个以贵州喀斯特生态为重点的夏令营，在生态学家李老师的带领下，作者见证了贵州从岩质沙漠到绿地的转变，认识到人类与自然可以和谐共生的故事。 9.A．followed　 B．led C．forced　 D．pushed 解析：B　根据上文可知，作者参加的是夏令营，老师是组织者，所以会带领作者他们去一个岩质沙漠。 10.A．green　 B．bare C．high　 D．steep 解析：A　根据上文a former rocky desert — once a “lifeless place” but now green again可知，这里曾经是岩质沙漠，但现在山上长满青草，已经变绿了，所以指绿色的山。 11.A．survive　 B．play C．research　 D．travel 解析：A　根据上文Years ago， rain washed soil away， leaving only rocks和常识可知，雨水冲走了土壤，种不出庄稼，村民为了生存不得不搬出去。 12.A．apologized　 B．reminded C．asked　 D．argued 解析：C　根据Won’t they destroy the plants？可知，一个同学在问问题。 13.A．freely　 B．secretly C．carefully　 D．randomly 解析：C　根据not too many， so grass can regrow可知，要控制山羊数量以保证草可以重新生长，所以农民需要小心地饲养，不能太随意。 14.A．education　 B．economy C．technology　 D．medicine 解析：B　根据常识可知，农民需要饲养山羊发展经济，但也需平衡生态。 15.A．farm　 B．school C．hospital　 D．museum 解析：A　根据下文Workers there were growing walnut trees and peppers．可知，作者他们参观了一个种植核桃树和辣椒的农场。 16.A．wasting　 B．storing C．providing　 D．exchanging 解析：C　根据常识可知，核桃树和辣椒是经济作物，能提供食物和收入。 17.A．repairing　 B．protecting C．describing　 D．measuring 解析：B　根据to protect rare birds that had returned可知，设置围栏是为了保护这片区域。 18.A．quietly　 B．excitedly C．carelessly　 D．anxiously 解析：A　根据not to disturb the eggs inside可知，为了不打扰到它，大家静静地看着鸟巢。 19.A．proud　 B．bored C．nervous　 D．painful 解析：A　根据but可知，上下文构成转折关系。虽然手很疼，但作者感到很自豪。 20.A．pass　 B．change C．add　 D．disappear 解析：C　根据下文This is how we turn deserts back to forests．可知，作者参加了植树活动，植树这样的小小行动会随着时间积累，带来大的变化。 21.A．necessary　 B．impossible C．easy　 D．urgent 解析：B　根据but now I know it’s possible with science and effort可知，作者曾经认为大自然的恢复是不可能的，前后构成转折关系。 22.A．journey　 B．dream C．challenge　 D．promise 解析：A　根据from rocky desert to lush land可知，这是地貌转变的过程。 23.A．grow　 B．work C．meet　 D．live 解析：D　结合上文作者的见闻可推知，作者意识到人类与自然可以和谐共生。live in harmony意为“和谐共生”。 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $