人教版高一必修第一册核心词法，语法精讲与习题【教师版和学生版】2026-2027学年初高中英语衔接专项

单击此处输入文字。 初升高英语衔接 人教版高一必修一核心词法，语法精讲与习题 姓名： 班级： 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 目录 第一讲 走进高中英语 1 考点一 认识初高中英语的区别 1 第二讲 语音知识+听力测试 2 考点一 语音知识 2 第三讲 词性和句子成分 2 考点一 名词及其基本用法 2 1.可数名词 2 2 .不可数名词 3 考点二 名词所有格 3 1、有生命名词的3种所有格 3 2、无生命名词的2种所有格 3 3、双重所有格 4 考点三 冠词、代词、连词、介词及其基本用法 4 1.冠词 4 2.代词 5 3.连词 6 4.介词 7 考点三 形容词、副词及其基本用法 8 1.形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则 8 考点四 动词 9 考点五 谓语动词 11 谓语动词时态的构成和变化规则 12 1.一般现在时：（表示习惯性、经常的动作、讲述客观事实、真理时） 12 2.一般过去时：（动作发生在过去，现在不存在） 12 3.一般将来时：（动作发生在将来，将来打算做） 13 4.现在进行时：（确定到此时此刻，正在做的事情） 13 5.过去进行时：（过去在某时某刻，正在做的事情） 13 6.现在完成时：（动作发生在过去，现在依然存在，延续性的动作） 13 7.过去完成时：（过去的过去已经完成，在过去发生的事之前） 13 考点六 非谓语动词 14 考点七 数词 16 数词的用法 16 考点八 句子成分的定义 17 1.主语 17 2.谓语 18 3.表语 18 4.宾语 19 5.宾语补足语 19 6.定语 20 7.状语 20 8.同位语 20 第四讲 简单句、并列句和主从复合句篇 21 考点一 简单句 21 考点二 简单句的六种基本句型 21 考点三 并列句 23 1、并列句含义 23 2、并列句连词(或连接副词)根据不同含义, 分为如下几类: 23 考点四 主从复合句 24 1. 从句的基本概念及其结构 24 2. 复合句连词（名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词从句） 24 3. 从句的作用和种类 25 第五讲 定语从句 25 考点一 关系代词的用法 25 1.定语从句的概念： 25 2.定语从句的位置： 25 3.定语从句的功能： 25 4.定语从句的类别： 25 5.先行词： 25 6.关系词的三大作用： 26 7.关系代词的用法 26 考点二 关系副词的用法 28 考点三 介词+关系代词=关系副词 29 1.关系代词的确定 29 第六讲 必修一vocabulary 30 Welcome Unit 30 Unit1 31 Unit 2 32 Unit 3 34 Unit 4 35 Unit 5 37 第七讲 单元综合练习 39 Welcome Unit 39 Unit 1 Teenage Life 43 Unit 2 Travelling Around 48 Unit 3 Sports and Fitness 53 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 56 Unit 5 Languages Around the World 61 第八讲 句子成分和句子结构 65 第一部分 句子成分练习 65 一、【主语练习】 65 二、【谓语练习】 66 三、【宾语练习】 66 四、【表语练习】 67 五、【定语练习】 68 六、【状语】 68 七、【宾语补足语】 69 八、【同位语】 70 九、【判断句型】 70 十、完成句子 72 十一、定语从句翻译 74 十二、定语从句填空 77 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 第一讲 走进高中英语 考点一 认识初高中英语的区别 在初中阶段，英语学习主要重视对简单英语知识和语法的学习；而到了高中阶段，英语学科的学习容量大增且知识的深度和广度已发生了巨大的变化。 具体的区别主要表现在以下这些方面： 第二讲 语音知识+听力测试 考点一 语音知识 1.英语共有48个音素，分为元音和辅音两大类。元音有20个，分为单元音和 双 元音。辅音有28个，按声带振动情况分为浊辅音和清辅音。英语音素中半元音音素是 /w/和/j/鼻音是 /m/n/、/ŋ/。 2. 26个字母中有5个元音字母，分别为：a，e，i，o，u ，音标为 [ei]、[i:]、[ ai]、[eu]、[ju:]。一个半元音字母是y。 第三讲 词性和句子成分 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1.名词 noun n. student 学生 2. 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3. 冠词 article art. a 一个 4. 数词 numeral num. three 三 5. 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 6. 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 7. 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 8. 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 9. 介词 preposition prep. at 在... 10. 感叹词 interjection interj. oh哦 考点一 名词及其基本用法 1.可数名词 (1)可数名词的单、复数规则变化 变化规则 规则 例词 特例 一般情况下 在词尾直接加­s mouth→mouths月 house→houses房子 以­s，­x，­ch，­sh结尾的名词 在词尾加­es glass→glasses镜片 match→matches比赛 *【特例】胃stomach→stomachs 以“辅音字母＋­y”结尾的名词 变y为i，再加­es country→countries村 factory→factories工厂 以“元音字母＋­y”结尾的名词 在词尾直接加­s holiday→holidays假期 monkey→monkeys猴子 以­o结尾的名词 “无生命”名词词尾加­s piano→pianos钢琴 photo→photos照片 *【特例】 mosquito(e)s蚊子 bamboo→bamboos竹子 “有生命”名词词尾加­es hero→heroes英雄 potato→potatoes土豆 tomato→tomatoes西红柿 以-f/-fe结尾 变f/fe为v，再加-es leaf→leaves叶子 fly→flies苍蝇 wolf→wolves狼 half→halves几半 *【特例】 belief→beliefs信仰 roof→roofs屋顶 proof→proofs证明 【特记】下列可数名词的复数形式均变f或fe为v，再加­es：为了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。 (2)不规则名词的3种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 单复数同形 deer鹿, sheep羊, means方法, series系列, Chinese中国人, species类别, police警察，cattle牛 变内部元音 foot→feet, tooth→teeth, man→men, woman→women，mouse→mice老鼠 goose→geese鹅，basis→bases根据，child→children孩子 外来名词 medium→media媒体phenomenon→phenomena现象analysis→analyses分析 【特记】①fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes；而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同。②people指“人们”时单复数同形；指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。 (3)合成名词的3种复数形式 ①若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数； passer­by→passers­by成年人, look-on→looks-on旁观者 ②若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。 grown­up→grown­ups成年人 ③“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，构成合成名词的两个词都要变复数 如woman engineer→women engineers，man driver→men drivers男司机 2 .不可数名词 (1)常见的不可数名词 一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange(橙汁), meat, equipment, fun, luggage, luck, work(工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word(消息), room(空间), man(人类)等。 【特记】word意为“消息”、room意为“空间”、man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。 (2)抽象名词的具体化 具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。常考的有： 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 考点二 名词所有格 1、有生命名词的3种所有格 情况 构成 示例 不以­s结尾的名词 加­'s Mary's email children's books 以­s结尾的复数名词 加­' the girls' dormitory the teachers' reading­room 以­s结尾的单数名词 加­'s或­' our boss' office Engels's works 【注意】用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即①表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；②表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。 Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。 Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。 2、无生命名词的2种所有格 (1)通常用of所有格表示。 The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the north on the coast. 秘鲁的首都是利马，位于北部沿海地区。 (2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词，通常用­'s所有格表示。 the factory's output工厂的产量 3、双重所有格 双重所有格的构成形式： ①名词＋of＋名词所有格 ②名词＋of＋名词性物主代词。 a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧) a friend of mine(我的一个朋友) He is a friend of my father's. 他是我父亲的一个朋友。 【注意】名词所有格作定语主要表示事物之间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。 对点练　用名词所有格补全下列短语 ①一英里的距离                                                                    ②这个男孩的书包                                                                 ③学生们的书                                                                         ④汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间                                                ⑤我妻子的一个朋友                                                            巩固训练 1．The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we                        (human) are. 2.                      (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment. 3.Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and                      (watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines. 4.He saved my _________ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. 5.Boys, don't play with these ___________ (knife). They are dangerous. 6.When the old man was hit by the car, all ______ (passer-by) just stood by but only Jack came to rescue. 考点三 冠词、代词、连词、介词及其基本用法 1.冠词 （冠词是虚词，它不能脱离名词独立存在，不能单独作句子成分。） 考点 种类 常见用法 冠词 不定冠词 (a / an) 1. 用于第一次提到或出现的名词前，表泛指，不特别指明具体情况，修饰可数名词单数。以元音音素开头的单词前需要用an，而以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。如：an apple, a banana, an umbrella。 2. 与序数词连用，表示再一，又一”。如：You can try it a second time if you fail. 3. 固定搭配。如：all of a sudden; as a matter of fact; as a result; as a rule; as a whole; at a distance; in a way。 4.用于集体名词前、抽象名词前，使抽象名词具体化。 a success一个成功的人/事 定冠词 (the) 1. 表特指上文提到过的人或物。如：We have a cat and two dogs. The cat is black and the dogs are white. 2. 表特指说话双方都知道的人或物。如： Pass me the dictionary, please. 3. 用于独一无二的事物（天体和有影响的事物）the sun 4.在表示地点、方位时 in the hospital the east 5.the+序数词，the+最高级the first/the oldest 6.the+姓氏表示一家人the Smith史密斯一家人 7.the+年代/朝代/世纪in the1990/in the Tang dynasty/in the 20th century. 8.the+专有名词前the Spring Festival 9.the+固定搭配 1）含不定冠词的常考短语a/an have a cold 患感冒 have a god time 玩得高兴 have a word with... 与……谈话 have/take a rest 休息下 have a holiday 度假 as a result 结果是 2）含定冠词的常考短语 on the one hand… on the other hand... 一方面……，另一方面…… in the countryside 在乡下 in the end 最后，终于 make the most of 充分利用 on the right/left 在右/左边 go to the cinema 去看电影 巩固训练 1.Four and______half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and______break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar. 2.______Smiths don't usually stay at hotels.but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea. 3.Mr. Smith is ______ most learned scholar and you can turn to him for help. 4. Don’t lose heart. Please have ______ second try. 5.Those who are rich should help ______ poor. 6.He loved writing and his first novel was ______ great success when it came out. 2.代词 代词是代替名词的词。英语的代词按照其不同的含义与作用可分为9类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，相互代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词，关系代词。 反身代词的常见搭配 say to oneself 心里想 dress oneself 自己穿衣 seat oneself 坐下 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 in oneself 本质上，本身 by oneself 独自，单独 devote oneself to 致力于，献身于，专心于 teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随便吃；随便用 behave oneself 有礼貌；守规矩 of oneself 自动地 指示代词 指示代词分为单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可作代词 疑问代词 指人：who， whom， whose 指物：what 既可指人又可指物：which 巩固训练 1.If you ever find (you) yawning during a long video call,you may soon see yawns（哈欠）spread to the other faces on your screen. 2.Once she has made up _______ (she) mind, nothing can change it. 3.Aubrey Fontenot’s son,Jordan,told (we) a boy named Tamarion was teasing him. 4.If you see a young person in their early 20s driving a car in any Western city, you would not normally give (they) a second glance. 5.Ecotourism has (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. 3.连词 连词定义：连词是在词、短语、从句或句子之间起连接作用的词，是虚词，不单独作句子成分，按其在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词两种。 并列连词 表示并列、顺承、 递进 and，     both，    both...and ， neither...nor，  not only...but also...，      as well as 表转折 but，yet，  while，however， 表选择 or，either...or,otherwise, 表因果 for，so，therefore 4.介词 介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。 1）常见介词 ①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。 ②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。 ③to指到某处，去某处。 ④under在……下面，无接触面。 ⑤in在……里面。 ⑥into到……里面。 ⑦over在……正上方无接触面； on在……上面有接触面 ⑧around在/向……周围。 ⑨beneath在……下面有接触面 ⑩beside在……旁边。 ⑪out of在……外面。 ⑫from从……。 ⑬beyond 在/向……较远的一边，超出。 2）表示时间的介词 ①on指在具体的某一天及具体某一天的早中晚。 ②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。 ③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。 ④in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。 ⑤before在……之前。 ⑥until直到……时候。 ⑦during在……期间。 ⑧for表示延续一段时间。 ⑨over表示“在……期间”，表延续。 3）表示原因的介词 ①for表示原因，后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。 ②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面加名词(词组)。 ③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。 ④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。 4）其他重要介词 ①between表示两者之间。 ②for表示支持。 ③against表示反对;紧靠,倚；以…为背景, 衬托。④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。 ⑤despite表示尽管，等于in spite of。 ⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。 ⑦besides表示除此之外还。 ⑧within表示在……范围之内。 ⑨except表示同类事物除外。 ⑩except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。 5）其他常考的介词 with (1)(表示状态)具有，带有 (4)(表示关系)和……一起 (2)(表示伴随)随着 (5)构成with复合结构 (3)(表示原因)由于，因为 against (1)(表示态度)反对 (3)(表示方位)倚靠着…… (2)(表示对比)以……为背景 of (1)表示“……的” (2)“of＋n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词 for “for＋时间段”表示“长达……” despite 尽管，虽然 without 如果没有 beyond 超出，超越 巩固练习 1.Cycling is regarded ________ one of the best all-round forms of exercise. 2.Teenagers should be responsible ________ their actions. 3.Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing ________ your mistake. 4.The noise made it hard for me to focus ________ work. 5.I feel that women in all types of employment can benefit________ the policy. 考点三 形容词、副词及其基本用法 1.形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则 1）规则变化 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词末一般直接加­er和­est great greater greatest 单音节词以­e结尾，只加­r和­st brave wide braver wider bravest widest 以一个元音+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节时，双写辅音字母再加­er和­est big hot bigger hotter biggest hottest 以辅音字母加­y结尾的词，先变­y为­i，再加­er和­est happy happier happiest 多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和most difficult expensive more difficult more expensive most difficult most expensive 少数以­er，­ow结尾的双音节词，加­er和­est clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest 【注意】有些形容词没有程度可分，或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，favorite(最爱的)，perfect(完美的)等。 2）不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good, well better best bad, ill worse worst many, much许多的 more most little less least far farther距离远的 farthest距离最远 far further距离更远；程度更胜 furthest距离最远；程度最深 old older/elder oldest/eldest 巩固练习 1.Therefore,it is (importance) to capture,track and analyze all medical errors at the institutional level. 2.I think it’s (important)for students to have a supportive environment than a competitive one. 3.You may think about the people who have had the (great) positive effect on your life------ the ones who truly made a difference. 4.He could play (perfect) some of the children’s tunes he had heard. 5.The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the___________（hot） the spring! 考点四 动词 1.定义： 指表动作的词，还表状态和性质的词，有时态、语态和语气等的变化。 2.功能： 3.放在主语后充当谓语，称为谓语动词，充当其他句子成分时称为非谓语动词，此时有形式上的变化：doing, to do, done。 3.分类： ①根据在句中的功能，可分为：①实意动词（行为动词）②系动词③助动词④情态动词 实意动词 I live in Beijing with my mother.（我和我妈妈住在北京。） live，住 系动词 系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后须跟表语构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 1)状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，am,is,are；例如：He is a teacher. 2)持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。 3)表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。 4)感官系动词：感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.这个花非常香甜。 5）变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run 例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。 助动词 助动词协助主动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。它本身无词义，不可单独作谓语。基本动词有：be/do/have。 这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语，表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问，例如： He does not speak English well.（他英语讲得不好。）句中的does是助动词，既表示一般现在时，又与not一起构成否定形式。 A dog is running after a cat.（一条狗正在追逐一只猫。）句中的is 是助动词，和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。 情态动词 本身虽有意义，但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态，如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词（原形）一起作谓语，表示完整的意思，例如： I can dance.（我会跳舞。）can, 能, 会 He can’t walk because he is a baby.（因为他是个婴儿，不会走路。）can’t, 不必 May I come in？（我可以进来吗？）may, 可以 ②根据其后是否可直接跟宾语，可分为1）及物动词(vt.)2）不及物动词(vi.),有时同一个动词既可用作vt.，也可用作vi.。 及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，例如： Give me some ink, please.（请给我一些墨水。） 不及物动词后面不能跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。例如： He works hard.（他工作努力。） Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.（请看黑板，听我说。） 注：1）vt.不可单独使用，必须和其后的宾语一起使用，有被动语态。vi.后不能直接跟宾语，若跟宾语，必须借助于介词或其他词类；也可单独使用，无被动。 考点五 谓语动词 谓语动词 谓语动词，即：时态和语态是高考的必考点。 动词时态：英语中有 16 种时态，但是，高考常考的仍然是我们初中学过的时态。考频特别高的：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时。 被动语态：重点掌握一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时的被动语态的用法。 谓语动词时态的构成和变化规则 时态 主动语态 被动语态 时间标志词 1.一般现在时 do/does,(连系动词is/am/are) am/is/are done often、sometimes、usually、always、seldom、once a day、on Sunday等 2.一般过去时 did,(连系动词was/were) was/were done in the past、last day/year、yesterday、ago、 in+时间点、just now、 3.一般将来时 shall/will do is/am/are going to do is/am/are(about)to do shall/will be done is/am/are going to be done is/am/are(about)to be done tomorrow、in the future、 4.现在进行时 is/am/are doing am/is/are being done now、listen、look、at the moment 5.过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done at that time yesterday 6.现在完成时 has/have done have/has been done already、yet、up to now、 since+时间、for+一段时间、so far 7.过去完成时 had done had been done before、by the end of 1.一般现在时：（表示习惯性、经常的动作、讲述客观事实、真理时） 构成：一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加­s或­es，其变化规则如下表所示： 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加­s eat→eats, rise→rises 以s, sh, ch, x，o, z结尾的动词 加­es discuss→discusses；teach→teaches 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为i加­es carry→carries；fly→flies 注意：be的变化：am, is, are。have的变化：has (第三人称单数)。 2.一般过去时：（动作发生在过去，现在不存在） 一般过去时用动词的过去式构成，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示： 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加­ed pack→packed 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为i加­ed carry→carried 以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词 双写辅音字母加­ed plan→planned 以不发音的e结尾的动词 直接加­d like→liked provide→provided 注意：1. was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他人称。 2. 以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加­ed。如play→played。 3.一般将来时：（动作发生在将来，将来打算做） 构词will/shall＋动词原形，is/am/are going to＋动词原形 注意：be的变化：am, is, are。 4.现在进行时：（确定到此时此刻，正在做的事情） 构成：am/is/are+现在分词 现在分词构成规则： 规则 例词 一般情况加­ing try→trying 以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写辅音字母加­ing regret→regretting；ban→banning 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，加­ing hate→hating；date→dating 5.过去进行时：（过去在某时某刻，正在做的事情） 构成： was/were+现在分词 现在分词构成规则： 规则 例词 一般情况加­ing try→trying 以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写辅音字母加­ing regret→regretting；ban→banning 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，加­ing hate→hating；date→dating 6.现在完成时：（动作发生在过去，现在依然存在，延续性的动作） 构成： have/has＋过去分词 7.过去完成时：（过去的过去已经完成，在过去发生的事之前） 构成： had＋过去分词 8.“主谓一致”三原则 项目 主语 谓语动词 语法一致 不可数名词、单数可数名词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式、主语从句、the number of +复数可数名词 单数 复数可数名词，and连接的两个名词，a number of＋复数可数名词 复数 (together) with, as well as, but, except, along with, rather than, in addition to, including等连接的主语 与前面主语一致 意义一致 “the＋形容词 ”表示抽象概念；强调整体的集合名词 单数 “the＋形容词 ”表示一类人或物；强调个体的集合名词 复数 就近一致 neither... nor..., either... or..., not only... but also..., not... but...等连接的主语； “here/there＋谓语＋主语 ”结构中的主语不止一个时 与邻近主语一致 巩固练习 1.They ___________ (settle) in Shanghai last year. 2.He ________(watch) TV when someone knocked at the door. 3.In the past 10 years, frequent natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes ________ (destroy) countless homes. 4.Thanksgiving which Children all over the USA are looking forward to ________ (be) a traditional American holiday. 5.The students of our class ______ (visit) the museum now. 考点六 非谓语动词 一个句子当中，已经存在一个谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时,这些动词就充当了非谓语动词。 She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. leaving I have a lot of work to do. to do I have a radio made in China. made to do 不定式 动名词 非谓语动词的形式 doing 现在分词 分词 done过去分词 非谓语动词的含义 to do： 表目的、将来 doing：表主动、进行、令人...的 done： 表被动、完成、感到...的 　 　  不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 意义 相当于名词、形容词、副词，有将来意味 相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性动作 相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味 相当于形容词、副词，兼有被动、完成意义 成分 主、宾、表、宾补、定、状 主、宾、表、定 表、宾补、定、状 表、宾补、定、状 巧记跟动名词的动词：V+ing ①考虑建议盼原谅，②承认推迟没得想； ③避免错过继续练，④否认完成就欣赏； ⑤禁止想象才冒险，⑥不禁介意准逃亡 其他短语还有：feel like doing，succeed in，be fond of，set about doing，be tired of ，be worth，devote to等等 ①consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon, ②admit, delay/put off, fancy; ③avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, ④deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; ⑤forbid, imagine, risk, ⑥can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape. 跟动词不定式的动词：to do 口诀 动词 希望学会想决心 hope/wish/expect, learn, want, decide/determine 设法拒绝愿假装 manage, refuse, care, pretend 主动承诺选计划 offer, promise, choose, plan 请求同意来帮忙 ask/beg, agree , help 巩固练习 1.Where do you intend ________（go) this winter? 2.We can hear the children_____ (laugh) in the room at present. 3.The fashion world just keeps _____(recycle) old ideas. 4.He is used to_____(take) cold baths in winter. 5.I will attempt_________（answer）all your questions. 考点七 数词 表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。序数词表示排列的顺序 序数词的缩写形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。 如：first---1st; second---2nd; third-3rd; 基数词变序数词的巧记口诀：一二三要全变(one-first; two-second;three- third)；其余都加th, th里有例外， 8去t,(eight-eighth) 9去e(nine-ninth)；字母f代ve (five-fifth; twelve-twelfth);ty变成tie (twenty-twentieth) 若要变化几十几，只变个位就可以(twenty-one-twenty-first) 数词的用法 1)倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 2)分数表示法 构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one-third ；3/37 three and three-sevenths 考点八 句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补足语；次要成分有定语、状语、同位语。 1.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表明句子里所谈的是:“什么人”或“什么物”，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。如: Since the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular(名词) 自从 20 世纪 90 年代以来，美国乡村音乐已经变得越来越流行。 They often speak English after class. (代词) Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词) To swim in the deep river is a great pleasure.(不定式) Eating too much does harm to your health.(动名词)· The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词). What he needs is a book.(主语从句) It is necessary for us to master a foreign language(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式) 掌握一门外语对我们来说是必要的。 It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree(It形式主语，that 引导的主语从句是真正主语》 大象像树一样又圆又高，这一点是显然的。 2.谓语 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后(在倒装语序下，谓语可放于主语之前)。谓语的构成如下: (1)简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。 如:She practises running every morning.(单个动词 practise 做谓语) (2)复合谓语 ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:· You may keep the book for three weeks.(情态动词 may+动词原形keep 做谓语) The little girl has caught a bad cold.(助动词 has动词过去分词 caught做谓语) ②由系动词加表语构成。如: We are students now.(系动词 are+名词 students 构成系表结构做谓语) 3.表语 表语用以表述说明主语的身份、特征和状态，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，它一般位于系动词(如 be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem 等)之后，与系动词共同构成谓语。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。如: Our foreign teacher is an American.(名词) Are they yours? (代词)(They are yours.) The weather has turned warm.(形容词) The lecture is exciting.(分词) Three times seven is twenty-one.(数词)三乘七等于二十一。 Her job is to teach English.(不定式) Her hobby is singing popular songs.(动名词) The old machine must be out of order.(介词短语)这台老机器肯定运转不畅。 Time is up. Class is over.(副词) The truth is that she has never been abroad.(表语从句)事实是她从没去过国外。 4.宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象或承受者。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。如: He went to see a film yesterday.(名词) The thick fog prevented us from coming to school on time.(代词)浓雾使我们无法准时到校。 How many books do you have? -I have fifty.(数词) We helped the old with their housework.(名词化形容词)·She pretended not to see me.(不定式短语) He enjoys listening to popular songs.(动名词短语)·We think (that) she is fit for her job.(宾语从句) 宾语种类: 直接宾语和间接宾语--有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的通常为动词的间接承受者叫作间接宾语，指物的通常为动词的直接承受者叫直接宾语，在一起称为成为双宾语，一般间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，如: He gave me some ink.他给了我一些墨水。 间接宾语 直接宾语 Our teacher told us an interesting story. 老师给我妈讲了一个有趣的故事。 间接宾语 直接宾语 5.宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和它的补足语构成宾语复合宾语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如 make 等)+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。如: His father named him Jack. 谓语 宾语 宾补(名词) He painted his wall yellow.(形容词)· Let the dog out.(副词) You mustn't force her to lend her money to you.(不定式短语) 你不能强迫她借钱给你。 We saw him entering the room.(现在分词) He found everything in the lab in good order. 谓语 定语(修饰 everything) (介词短语) We will soon make our school what your school is now. (从句) 我们不久就要把我们的学校发展成你们学校目前的那个样子。 6.定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。可以作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。如: Hangzhou is a beautiful city.(形容词) China is a developing country while the USA is a developed country(分词) 中国是个发展中国家，而美国是个发达国家。 There are thirty men teachers in our school.(名词) Her progress in English made us surprised.(代词) Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)我们班长总是第一个进教室的人。 Our teaching plan for the next term has been worked out.(动名词) He is reading an article about how to learn a foreign language.(介词短语)他正在读一本关于如何学外语的书。 7.状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可以作状语的主要是副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。如: Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)· We have lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语) She is proud to have passed the examination.(不定式短语)· The boy is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)· Once you begin,you must continue.(状语从句)状语的种类如下: How about meeting again at seven?(时间状语) Last night she didn't go to the party because of the heavy rain.(原因状语). We shall go there if it doesn't rain.(条件状语)· Mrs.Green lives on the third floor.(地点状语) He put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语) He came in with a book in his hand.(伴随状语)手上拿着本书，他进来了。 In order to catch up with the others, we must work harder.(目的状语) She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.(结果状语) Tu Youyou works very hard though she is old.(让步状语) I am taller than she is.(比较状语) 8.同位语 把一个名词(短语)、代词或从句放在另一名词或代词后，对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释， 用以说明前者的性质或情况，这样的名词或代词叫同位语。如: ·We Chinese people love peace.(Chinese people 是主语 We 的同位语) You all should be punished.(代词做同位语) She herself went there.(反身代词做同位语) Our English teacher, Mr. Zhang, is very thin.(名词做同位语) Doctor Li, a kind and friendly girl, lives next to me.(名词短语做同位语)李医生，一个善良又待人友好的女孩儿，住在我家隔壁。 第四讲 简单句、并列句和主从复合句篇 考点一 简单句 只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语)的句子称为简单句(simple sentence)。 I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。 He usually does some English reading on Sunday. 他常常在星期日看一些英语阅读。 Tom and Mike are Australian boys. 汤姆和迈克是澳大利亚男孩。 考点二 简单句的六种基本句型 1.S+V→主语+谓语(不及物动词)，后可跟状语 The bus stopped suddenly. S Vi Tom hasn't arrived yet. S Vi 2.S+V+P→主语+系动词+表语，后可跟状语 连系动词主要有:be (am/is/are),look,sound,smell,taste,feel;stay/keep, seem, appear turn/get/become/grow。表语可以是名词，形容词，动词不定式，V-ing 形式，V-ed形式，介词短语或句子等)。 The skirt looks beautiful. S V P My dream is to be a teacher. S V P 3.S+V+O→主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语:谓语动词一般为及物动词，部分不及物动词后面跟介词后，也可接宾语。 I like English. S V O She likes watching TV. S V O She wants to go shopping. S V O 4. S+V+IO+DO→主语+谓语(双宾动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语。双宾语中指人的称为“间接宾语”，指物的称为“直接宾语”。接双宾语的动词有buy，give，show，tell，teach,offer等。 一般直接宾语(DO)为物(不能用人称代词代替)，间接宾语(IO)为人。 (1)以give，lend，tell，send，show，pass 为代表的动词可将间接宾语改为to引导的短语。(to 表示“方向”，侧重动作的方向) (2)如: She gave me a pen. S V IO DO She bought him a book. S V IO DO 5.S+V+O+OC→主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语，作宾语补足语的主要有adj./n./to do/adv./prep.和分词，变为被动语态后原来的宾语变成主语，宾语补足语也变成主语补足语。如: I find English [easy]. S V O OC They keep their eyes [closed]. S V O OC She makes me [laugh]. S V O OC 6.英语中 there be 句型结构表示“某处有某物 ”以通常被称为存在句。其中 be为谓语动词，there be 后面的名词为句子的主语。there be 句型中 be 还可以用其他词替代，如 live. exist, stand, lie, remain, go, come 等。【例】There stands a tower in the mountain. V S 考点三 并列句 1、并列句含义 由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子称为并列句(compound sentence)。并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立, 互不依从, 但它们表达的意思之间有一定的关系。 并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来。并列连词之前可用逗号, 也可不用逗号(但however、therefore、otherwise等并列连词前后都常有逗号)。常见的并列句结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。 I came here and he went there. 我来这儿, 他去那儿。 I like bread and milk, but I don’t like eggs at all. 我喜欢面包和牛奶, 但我一点儿也不喜欢鸡蛋。 This is our first lesson, so the teacher doesn’t know all our names. 这是我们的第一堂课, 因此l老师不知道我们大家的名字。 Hurry up or we will late for school. 快一点，否则我们要迟到了。 2、并列句连词(或连接副词)根据不同含义, 分为如下几类: （1）表并列、连接 ①表示并列、顺承、 递进 and，     both，    both...and ， neither...nor，  not only...but also...，      as well as The teacher even told us a funny story，and everyone laughed so much! 老师还给我们讲了个笑话，惹得每个人都哈哈大笑！ Not only had the countries found a path to the future that did not run over the relics of the past，but they had also learnt that it was possible for countries to work together to build a better tomorrow. 这些国家不仅找到了一条不以牺牲古迹为代价的未来发展之路，而且明白了多个国家合作创造美好未来的可能性。 Neither she nor her friends thought about moving the stone out of the road. 无论是她自己，还是她的同伴，都没有想到把石头从路中间挪开。 （2）表转折关系 ②表转折 but，yet，  while，however， This district used to be a poor area of town, but it is now a centre for art, music, and food. 这个区过去是城里的一个贫困区域，而现在是艺术、音乐和美食中心。 The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, yet he couldn’t find any work. 这个工人在纽约找工作已有数月之久, 但是仍然没有找到任何工作。 （3）表示选择 表选择 or，either...or,otherwise, They must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt. 必须把它们从炉火边拿走, 不然就有可能烤糊。 You need to pay your bill immediately，or else your water and electricity will be cut off. 你得马上付你的帐单，否则你的水和电将被切断。 （4）表示因果 表因果 for，so，therefore They had often heard of elephants, but they had never seen one, for being blind, how could they? 他们常常听说大象, 但从来没看到过, 因为他们是盲人, 怎么能看到呢? It was dark, so we went home. 天晚了, 所以我们就回家了。 The young boy worked day and night, therefore, he was able to buy so beautiful house. 那个年轻人夜以继日地工作, 所以他有能力买那个漂亮的房子。 考点四 主从复合句 主从复合句(complex sentence)由一个主句(main clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(subordinate clause)构成。主句是全句的主体, 通常可以独立存在; 从句则只用作句子的一个成分, 不能独立。 After she graduated，she worked at the China 毕业后，她就职于北京的中国中医研究院。 Many people who saw the film started to believe that sharks were bad animals that ate humans. 许多看过电影的人开始相信，鲨鱼是吃人的有害动物。 What he said is right. 他说的是正确的。 1. 从句的基本概念及其结构 从句不能独立成为一个句子, 虽然它也有主语部分和谓语部分。从句通常由关联词引导, 并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句的结构通常是关联词+主语+谓语。 When I came home, my mother was cooking dinner while my father was reading newspaper. 当我回家时, 我的妈妈在做晚饭，我的爸爸在看报纸。 Did you see the books that I sent to you ? 你看到我寄给你的书了吗? Whether the competition will be held depends on the weather. 比赛是否举行视天气而 2. 复合句连词（名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词从句） <1>名词性从句引导词类别 (1) 从属连词: that(无词义), whether(是否), if(假如; 是否) (2)连接代词: who, which, whom, what, whose等。 (3)连接副词: when, why, where, how <2>形容词性从句引导词类别(定语从句) (4)关系代词: who, which, whom, that, whose，as (5)关系副词: when, why, where <3>副词性从句引导词类别(状语从句) 时间：when，whenever，while，as soon as，before、since、till、after 地点：where，wherever 条件：if，unless,as long as 原因：because，as,since,now that 比较：as（同级比较），than（不同程度比较） 方式：how 目的：in order that，so that 结果：so...that,such...that 让步：although,though,even if,even though 3. 从句的作用和种类 从句在复合句中, 可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等, 因此, 可分为六类: 即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。 The dam, which is the biggest in the world, is 3, 830 metres long. 这座水坝是世界上最大的一座, 长3 830米。(含有which引导的定语从句) Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor. 当11楼起火的时候, 大楼内有500多人在工作。(含有when引导的时间状语从句) The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page. 由主编决定哪篇报导最重要, 应安排在头版。(含有which引导的宾语从句) Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。(含有whether引导的主从) That down is where he was born.那个乡镇就是他出生的地方。(含有where引导的表语从句) The news that our team had won came in the morning. 今早我们球队已经获胜的消息来了。(含有that 引导的同位语从句) 第五讲 定语从句 考点一 关系代词的用法 1.定语从句的概念： 在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。 2.定语从句的位置： 定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。 3.定语从句的功能： 相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。 4.定语从句的类别： 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。 5.先行词： 定语从句修饰的名词和代词叫先行词。 6.关系词的三大作用： 1)替代作用：在定语从句中替代先行词。 2)成分作用：在定语从句中充当句子成分。 3)连接作用：连接主句和定语从句。 7.关系代词的用法 关系代词/副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语、状语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 why the reason 原因状语 8.易混的关系代词辨析：that 和 which 两者都可用于指代物，大部分时候可以互换，但某些使用场合存在差别。 ★ 宜用 that 不用 which 的情况： 先行词是不定代词时，如: all, anything, everything, nothing, something, little, few, much I told him all (that) I know. He gave her everything (that) he had. 先行词被 all, every, any, the very, the only, the just 等修饰时 I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 先行词被序数词和形容词的最高级修饰时 This is the best book (that) I have ever read. The second place (that) I want to visit is Shanghai. 先行词既有人又有物时 We talked about the persons and things (that) we remember in the school. 在 Who, Which 引起的疑问句中 Who is the boy that helped you? Which is the book (that) you bought yesterday? 若有两个定语从句，一个用 which 引导，另一个须用 that 引导 He bought a book which could give him knowledge and that could help to kill the time. 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。 Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be. 9.★ 宜用 which 不用 that 的情况： (1) 引导非限制性定语从句时（有逗号）。 例：The library provides all kinds of books, which makes our life colorful. (2) 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时例：I am looking for a box in which I can put all these books. (3) 若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是 which ，另一个须用 that。例：The book (that) he bought yesterday was the one (which) he liked best. 10.★ 当先行词为指人的关系代词时, 引导词只用 who/whom 不用 that 。 (1) 先行词为人称代词,anyone, one / ones, those, 时，例：Anyone who knows how to do it can do it now. Those who want to see the film put up your hands. (2) 在非限制性定语从句中， 例：Tom's father, who is over sixty, still works hard. Mr Green, whom you saw in the library, will teach us physics next term. (3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时， 例：I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province. (4) 在 there be 开头的句子中， 例：There is a young man who wants to see your father. (5) 一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是 that ，另一个宜用who。 例：The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. (6) 介词后指人， 例：The man with whom I just talked is a dancer. 11.★ 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。 非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充、说明，删去非限制性定语从句，主句的意思仍是概念清晰、结构完整的。非限制性定语从句的引导词有 who，whom，which， whose ，as ，when ，where 等，that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，从句之前要用逗号。 （1）. 关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。 You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多，对此我很感激。（be grateful for） The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。 There they met people from other parts of the country, who had also volunteered to help.（先行词不一定就是从句前面那个词，根据从句去判断） （2）. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时，使用非限制性定语从句。 China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。 Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了，他是明星。 12.【注意】限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词 that 不可用关系代词 that 关系代词可以省略（that ，who ，which 在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代（whom作宾语可用 who 或 that 替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由 which 或 as 引导。 巩固练习 1.Is this the museum was built last year? 2.This house windows face the street is my uncle's. 3.Finally he reached a lonely island was completely cut off from the outside world. 4.Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 5.This is the museum was built in 1950. 考点二 关系副词的用法 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。 关系副词 先行词 作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which； where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 表地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)＋which； why the reason 原因状语 表原因的介词(如：for)＋which。 巩固训练 1.Do you know the reason John is so angry? 2.Is this the museum the exhibition was held? 3.It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently. 4.This is the museum my mother worked 10 years ago. 5.I will never forget the days I was taken good care of in that village. 考点三 介词+关系代词=关系副词 1.关系代词的确定 在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。 This is the train on which I went to Shanghai. 这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。 This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary. 这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。 第六讲 必修一vocabulary 7 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Welcome Unit exchange[ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ] n.交换; 交流      vt.  交换; 交流；交易; 兑换 lecture[ˈlɛkʧə] n.  讲座；讲课；教训 vi.  (开)讲座；讲课 vt. 训斥 registration[ˌrɛʤɪsˈtreɪʃən] n.登记；注册；挂号 register[ˈrɛʤɪstə]  vt.& vi. 登记；注册 sex[sɛks] n. 性别 female[ˈfiːmeɪl] adj. 女(性)的; 雌的   n.  雌性动（植）物；女子 male[meɪl]  adj.  男(性)的; 雄的    n.  雄性动（植）物；男子 nationality[ˌnæʃəˈnælɪti] n. 国籍; 民族 nation[ˈneɪʃən] n. 国家; 民族; 国民 design[dɪˈzaɪn] n. 设计; 设计方案     vt.  设计；筹划 designer[dɪˈzaɪnə] n. 设计者 campus[ˈkæmpəs] n.  校园; 校区 formal[ˈfɔːməl] adj. 正式的；正规的 anxious[ˈæŋkʃəs] adj.  焦虑的; 不安的 annoyed[əˈnɔɪd] adj.  恼怒的；生气的 annoy[əˈnɔɪ] vt. 使恼怒；打扰 frightened[ˈfraɪtnd] adj. 惊 吓的；害怕的 p.m.[piː.ɛm.]下午；午后 a.m[eɪ.ɛm]上午；午前；午夜至正午 senior[ˈsiːnjə] adj. 级别（或地位）高的   n.  较年长的人 senior high school[ˈsiːnjə haɪ skuːl]（美国）高中 at last[æt lɑːst] 终于; 最终 outgoing[aʊtˈgəʊɪŋ] adj.  爱交际的；外向的 impression[ɪmˈprɛʃən] n. 印象；感想 impress[ˈɪmprɛs] vt. 使钦佩；给……留下深刻的好印象vi. 留下印象；引人注目 make an impression留下好印象 what if[wɒt ɪf]要是……会怎么样呢？ guy[gaɪ] n.  小伙子；男人；家伙 concentrate[ˈkɒnsəntreɪt] vi.& vt.  集中（注意力）；聚集会神 concentrate on集中精力于 experiment[ɪksˈpɛrɪmənt] n.  实验；试验 leave… alone不打扰；不惊动 awkward[ˈɔːkwəd] adj.  令人尴尬的; 难对付的 junior[ˈʤuːnjə] adj. 地位（或职位、级别）低下的     n.  职位较低者; （体育运动中）青少年 junior high school（美国）初级中学 explore[ɪksˈplɔː]  vt.& vi. 探索；勘探 confident[ˈkɒnfɪdənt] adj.  自信的；有把握 confidence[ˈkɒnfɪdəns] n.  信心; 信任 forward[ˈfɔːwəd] adv. （also forwards）向前；前进      adj.  向前的；前进的 look forward to 盼望；期待 take notes[teɪk nəʊts]记笔记 flash[flæʃ] n. 光; 信号       vi. 闪耀； 闪光；发出信号    vt. 使闪耀；发出（信号） flash card[flæʃ kɑːd]教学卡片；识字卡 organize[ˈɔːgənaɪz] vt. 组织；筹备； 安排；组建vi. 组建；成立 organization[ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃən]  n.  组织; 团体; 机构 goal[gəʊl] n.  目标; 球门;  射门 strategy[ˈstrætɪʤi] n.  策略；策划 partner[ˈpɑːtnə]  n.  同伴; 配偶；合伙人 improve[ɪmˈpruːv]  vi.&vt.改进；改善 curious[ˈkjʊərɪəs] adj.  好奇的; 求知欲强的 company[ˈkʌmpəni] n.  公司；商行; 陪 personality[ˌpɜːsəˈnælɪti]  n.  性格；个性 style[staɪl] n. 方式; 作风 revise[rɪˈvaɪz] v.修改; 修订；复习 Unit1 teenage[ˈtiːnˌeɪʤ] adj. 十几岁的(指13至19岁); 青少年的 teenager[ˈtiːnˌeɪʤə] n. (13至19岁之间的) 青少年 ballet[ˈbæleɪ] n. 芭蕾舞；芭蕾舞剧 volunteer[ˌvɒlənˈtɪə] n. 志愿者 debate[dɪˈbeɪt] n.辩论；争论  vt.& vi.辩论；争论 prefer[priˈfɜː] vt. 较喜欢 prefer…to…… 喜欢……多于…… content[ˈkɒntɛnt] n.内容; [pl] 目录; (书、讲话、节目等的)主题 movement[ˈmuːvmənt] n. 动作；运动; 活动 greenhouse[ˈgriːnhaʊs] n. 温室；暖房 clean up打扫(或清除)干净 suitable[ˈsjuːtəbl] adj. 适合的；适用的 suitable for对……适合的 actually[ˈækʧʊəli] adv.事实上; 的确 challenge[ˈʧælɪnʤ] n. 挑战；艰巨任务  vt. 怀疑；向……挑战 title[ˈtaɪtl] n. (书、诗歌等的)名称；标题；职称；头衔 topic[ˈtɒpɪk] n. 话题; 标 freshman[ˈfrɛʃmən] n. (中学)九年级学生；(大学)一年级新生 confusing[kənˈfjuːzɪŋ] adj.难以理解的；不清楚的 confuse[kənˈfjuːz] vt.使糊涂；使迷惑 confused[kənˈfjuːzd]  adj.糊涂的；迷惑的 fluent[ˈflu(ː)ənt] adj. (尤指外语)流利的；熟练的 graduate[ˈgrædjʊət] vi. & vt.毕业；获得学位    n./'ɡrædʒʊət/ 毕业生 recommend[ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd] vt. 建议；推荐；介绍 sign up for[saɪn ʌp fɔː]报名(参加课程) advanced[ədˈvɑːnst]  adj. 高级的；高等的；先进的 advance[ədˈvɑːns] n. 前进；发展        vi. 前进；发展      vt. 发展；促进 literature[ˈlɪtərɪʧə] n. 文学; 文学作品 extra-curricular[ˈɛkstrə-kəˈrɪkjʊlə]adj. 课外的; 课程以外的 extra [ˈɛkstrə ] adj. 额外的；附加的 obviously[ˈɒbvɪəsli] adv. 显然地； 明显地 quit[kwɪt] vi. & vt.(quit, quit) 停止；戒掉；离开(工作职位、学校等) responsible[rɪsˈpɒnsəbl]  adj.负责的；有责任的 responsibility[rɪsˌpɒnsəˈbɪlɪti] n.责任；义务 be responsible for对……负责 solution[səˈluːʃən] n. 解决办法; 答案 schedule[ˈʃɛdjuːl] n.工作计划；日程安排            vt. 安排；预定 editor[ˈɛdɪtə] n.主编；编辑；编者 plate[pleɪt] n. 盘子，碟子 adventure[ədˈvɛnʧə] n. 冒险; 奇遇 expert[ˈɛkspɜːt]  n.专家；行家 adj.熟练的；内行的；专家的 youth[juːθ]  n. 青年时期; 青春 survival[səˈvaɪvəl] n. 生存；幸存；幸存事物 behaviour[bɪˈheɪvjə] n.行为; 举止 generation[ˌʤɛnəˈreɪʃən] n.一代(人) attract[əˈtrækt] vt. 吸引；引起……的注意(或兴趣) be attracted to喜爱 focus[ˈfəʊkəs] vi.& vt. 集中(精力、注意力等)；(使)调节焦距 n. 中心；重点；焦点 focus on[ˈfəʊkəs ɒn]集中；特别关注 addicted[əˈdɪktɪd] adj.有瘾的；上瘾的；入迷的 addict[ˈædɪkt] n. 对……入迷的人；吸毒成瘾的人 addicted to对……很入迷 adult[ˈædʌlt] n.成年人   adj.成年的；成熟的 Unit 2 castle[ˈkɑːsl] n. 城堡；堡垒 apply[əˈplaɪ] vi. & vt.申请；请求  vt. 应用; 涂(油漆、乳剂) apply for[əˈplaɪ fɔː]申请 visa[ˈviːzə]  n. 签证 rent[rɛnt] vt.租用；出租   vi.租用；租金为    n.租金 pack[pæk] vi. & vt. 收拾(行李) vt.包装 n. (商品的) 纸包；纸袋；大包 amazing[əˈmeɪzɪŋ] adj.令人惊奇的；令人惊喜的 amazed[əˈmeɪzd] adj.惊奇的；惊喜的 arrangement[əˈreɪnʤmənt] n. 安排；筹备 extremely[ɪksˈtriːmli] adv. 极其; 非常 source[sɔːs] n. 来源；出处 narrow[ˈnærəʊ] adj. 狭窄的  vi.& vt.(使)变窄 flat[flæt] adj. 平坦的; 扁平的  n. 公寓; 单元房 powerful[ˈpaʊəfʊl] adj. 强有力的；有权势的；有影响力的 empire[ˈɛmpaɪə] n. 帝国 emperor[ˈɛmpərə] n. 皇帝 site[saɪt] n. 地点；位置；现场 take control of控制; 接管 official[əˈfɪʃəl] adj.官方的；正式的; 公务的  n. 官员；要员 recognize[ˈrɛkəgnaɪz] vt. 辨别出; 承认; 认可 type[taɪp] n.类型; 种类  vi. & vt. 打字 flight[flaɪt] n. 空中航行; 航班；航程 accommodation[əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃ(ə)n] n. 住处；停留处；膳宿 unique[juːˈniːk] adj. 唯一的；独特的; 特有的 path[pɑːθ] n. 小路; 路线；道路 destination[ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən]  n. 目的地；终点 other than[ˈʌðə ðæn]除……以外 admire[ədˈmaɪə] vt. 钦佩；赞赏 architecture[ˈɑːkɪtɛkʧə] n. 建筑设计；建筑学 architect [ˈɑːkɪtɛkt ] n. 建筑设计师 brochure[ˈbrəʊʃjʊə] n. 资料(或广告)手册 package[ˈpækɪʤ] n. 包裹; 包装盒  vt. 将……包装好 package tour[ˈpækɪʤ tʊə]包价旅游 contact[ˈkɒntækt] vt. 联络；联系  n. 联系；接触 civilization[ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 文明；闻名世界 make up[meɪk ʌp]构成；形成 soldier[ˈsəʊlʤə] n.士兵; 军人 transport[ˈtrænspɔːt] vt. 运输；运送 hike[haɪk] vi. 徒步旅行 vt. 去……远足  n. 远足; 徒步旅行 economy[i(ː)ˈkɒnəmi] n. 经济；节约 economic[ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk] adj. 经济(上)的; 经济学的 credit[ˈkrɛdɪt]  n. 借款；信用; 称赞; 学分 credit card信用卡 detail[ˈdiːteɪl] n. 细节；详情；细微之处 check in[ʧɛk ɪn](在旅馆、机场等) 登记 check out[ʧɛk aʊt]结账离开(旅馆等) request[rɪˈkwɛst] n. (正式或礼貌的)要求；请求    vt.(正式或礼貌地)要求；请求 view[vjuː] n. 视野；景色；看法 sight[saɪt] n. 景象; 视野; 视力 statue[ˈstætjuː] n.雕塑；雕像 BCE [biː-siː-iː ] 公元前 tomb[tuːm] n. 坟墓 unearth[ʌnˈɜːθ]  vt. 挖掘；发掘 comment[ˈkɒmɛnt] n.议论；评论       vi.& vt. 发表意见；评论 the Eiffel Tower[ði ˈaɪf(ə)l ˈtaʊə]埃菲尔铁塔 Neuschwanstein[nɔɪˈʃvɑːnʃaɪn]新天鹅堡 Iceland[ˈaɪslənd]冰岛 Disneyland[ˈdɪzniːˌlænd]迪士尼乐园 Peru[pəˈruː]秘鲁 the Andes[ði ˈændiːz]安第斯山脉 the Amazon[ði ˈæməzən]亚马孙雨林 the Inca[ði ˈɪŋkə]印加帝国 Machu Picchu[mɑːʧuːˈpiːkʧuː]马丘比丘 Spain[peɪn]西班牙 Spanish[ˈspænɪʃ]西班牙语，西班牙人，西班牙的 Cusco[ˈkʊskəʊ]库斯科（秘鲁城市） Lake Titicaca[leɪk ˌtɪtɪˈkɑːkɑ]的的喀喀湖 the Uros[ði  ˈjuːrəʊz]乌鲁斯人 the Terracotta[ðə ˈtɛrəˈkɒtə]兵马俑 Unit 3 fitness[ˈfɪtnɪs] n.健康; 健壮；适合 soccer[ˈsɒkə] n. 足球；足球运动 stadium[ˈsteɪdiəm] n.体育场; 运动场 boxing[ˈbɒksɪŋ] n. 拳击(运动) badminton[ˈbædmɪntən] n. 羽毛球运动 marathon[ˈmərəθən]马拉松赛跑 event[ɪˈvɛnt] n. 比赛项目；大事；公开活动 come along[kʌm əˈlɒŋ]跟随；到达；进步；赶快 ski[skiː] adj. 滑雪的 vi.滑雪 host[həʊst] vt. 主办；主持   n.主人；东道主；节目主持人 track[træk] n. 跑道；足迹；铁路轨道  vt.& vi. 追踪; 跟踪 track and field[træk ænd fiːld]田径 gym[ʤɪm] n. 健身房; 体育馆  gymnastics[ʤɪmˈnæstɪks] n. 体操(训练) work out[wɜːk aʊt]锻炼；计算出；解决 sweat[swɛt] vt.使出汗；出汗弄湿   vi.出汗；流汗    n. 汗水; 出汗 make it[meɪk ɪt]获得成功；准时到达 legend[ˈlɛʤənd] n.传奇故事(或人物)；传说 athlete[ˈæθliːt] n. 运动员；运动健儿 master[ˈmɑːstə] n. 高手; 主人  vt. 精通；掌握 set an example树立榜样 honour[ˈɒnə] n.荣誉；尊敬；荣幸 glory[ˈglɔːri] n.荣誉；光荣；赞美 medal[ˈmɛdl] n. 奖章; 勋章 championship[ˈʧæmpiənʃɪp] n. 锦标赛; 冠军赛；冠军称号 champion[ˈʧæmpiən] n. 冠军; 优胜者 determination[dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən] n. 决心；决定 apart[əˈpɑːt] adv. 分离；分开；成碎片 fall apart[fɔːl əˈpɑːt]破裂；破碎；崩溃 injure[ˈɪnʤə] vt. 使受伤；损害 injured[ˈɪnʤəd] adj. 受伤的；有伤的 injury[ˈɪnʤəri] n. 伤害；损伤 captain[ˈkæptɪn] n. (运动队)队长；船长；机长 lose heart[luːz hɑːt]丧失信心；泄气 graceful[ˈgreɪsfʊl] adj. 优美的；优雅的 strength[strɛŋθ]  n.力量；体力 failure[ˈfeɪljə] n. 失败；失败的人(或事物) give up[gɪv ʌp]放弃；投降 compete[kəmˈpiːt] vi. 竞争；对抗 make sense[meɪk sɛns] 有道理；合乎情理；表述清楚 pretend[prɪˈtɛnd] vi.& vt.假装；装扮 pretend to do sth假装做某事 even if/though[ˈiːvən ɪf/ðəʊ]即使；虽然 million[ˈmɪljən] num. 一百万 cheat[ʧiːt] vi.作弊；舞弊vt. 欺骗；蒙骗  n. 欺骗手段；骗子 audience[ˈɔːdiəns] n. 观众；听众 positive[ˈpɒzətɪv] adj. 积极的；正面的；乐观的；肯定的 slim[slɪm] adj. 苗条的；单薄的 diet[ˈdaɪət] n.规定饮食；日常饮食  vi.节食 make a difference有作用或影响 rather[ˈrɑːðə]  adv. 相当；有点儿 rather than[ˈrɑːðə ðæn]而不是 push-up[pʊʃ-ʌp]俯卧撑 cut… out[kʌt… aʊt]停止做(或使用、食用)；剪下 now and then有时；偶尔 compare…with/to… 与……比较 jog[ʤɒg] vi. 慢跑  n.慢跑 stress[strɛs] n. 压力；紧张；重音    vt. 强调；重读；使焦虑不安  vi.焦虑不安 error[ˈɛrə]  n. 错误；差错 Unit 4 disaster[dɪˈzɑːstə] n.灾难；灾害 tornado[tɔːˈneɪdəʊ]龙卷风；旋风 drought[draʊt]  n.旱灾；久旱 landslide[ˈlændslaɪd] n. ( landfall) (山地或悬崖的)崩塌；滑坡 slide[slaɪd] vi. & vt. (使)滑行；滑动 tsunami[tsuːˈnɑːmi]  n. 海啸 flood[flʌd] n. 洪水；大量   vi.淹没；大量涌入  vt.使灌满水；淹没 volcanic eruption[ ɪˈrʌpʃən]火山喷发 magnitude[ˈmægnɪtjuːd] n. (地)震级；重大 rescue[ˈrɛskjuː] n.& vt.营救；救援 damage[ˈdæmɪʤ] vt.损害；破坏   n.损坏；损失 destroy[dɪsˈtrɔɪ] vt. 摧毁 ；毁灭 evacuate[ɪˈvækjʊeɪt] vt.疏散；撤出 vi.撤离 helicopter[ˈhɛlɪkɒptə] n. 直升机 death[dɛθ] n. 死；死亡 affect [əˈfɛkt ]  vt. 影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动 shelter[ˈʃɛltə] n.避难处；居所；庇护    vt.保护；掩蔽    vi. 躲避 (风、雨或危险) crack[kræk] n.裂纹；裂缝  vi. & vt. (使)破裂 as if[æz ɪf]似乎；好像；仿佛 ruin[rʊɪn] n.&vt. 破坏；毁坏 in ruins[ɪn rʊɪnz]严重受损；破败不堪 percent[pəˈsɛnt] n. 百分之…… adj.&adv.每一百种 brick[brɪk] n. 砖；砖块 metal[ˈmɛtl] n.金属 shock[ʃɒk] n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克  vt.(使)震惊 in shock[ɪn ʃɒk]震惊；吃惊 electricity[ɪlɛkˈtrɪsɪti] n.电；电能 trap[træp] vt.使落入险境；使陷入圈套     n. 险境；陷阱 bury[ˈbɛri] vt. 埋葬；安葬 breathe[briːð] vi.& vt.呼吸 revive[rɪˈvaɪv] v.复活，使苏醒 revival[rɪˈvaɪvəl] n.振兴；复苏 effort[ˈɛfət] n.努力；艰难的尝试；尽力 unify[ˈjuːnɪfaɪ] vi.& vt. 统一；(使)成一体 wisdom[ˈwɪzdəm] n.智慧；才智 context[ˈkɒntɛkst] n.上下文；语境；背景 suffer[ˈsʌfə] vt.遭受；蒙受 vi. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦 volcano[vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ]火山 erupt[ɪˈrʌpt] vi.& vt. (火山)爆发；(岩浆、烟等)喷出 supply[səˈplaɪ] n.供应(量)；补给；[pl.] 补给品   vt. 供应；供给 typhoon[taɪˈfuːn] n.台风 in the open air露天；在户外 hurricane[ˈhʌrɪkən] n . (尤指大西洋的)飓风 survive[səˈvaɪv] vi.生存；存活 vt. 幸存；艰难度过 power[ˈpaʊə] n.电力供应；力量；控制力 tap[tæp] vi.& vt. 轻叩；轻敲；轻拍  n.水龙头；轻叩；轻敲 pipe[paɪp] n.管子；管道 whistle[ˈwɪsl] vi.吹口哨；发出笛声vt. 吹口哨       n. 哨子(声)；呼啸声 emergency[ɪˈmɜːʤənsi] n.突发事件；紧急情况 calm[kɑːm] adj.镇静的；沉着的   vt.使平静；使镇静 aid[eɪd]  n.援助；帮助；救援物资  vi.& vt. (formal) 帮助；援助 kit[kɪt] n.成套工具；成套设备 first aid kit[fɜːst eɪd kɪt]急救箱 on hand[ɒn hænd]现有(尤指帮助) crash[kræʃ] vt.& vi.碰撞；撞击  n.撞车；碰撞 sweep[swiːp] vt. & vi. ( swept, swept) 打扫；清扫 sweep away消灭；彻底消除 wave[weɪv] n.海浪；波浪  vi.& vt.挥手；招手 strike[straɪk] vi侵袭；突击；击打  n. 罢工；罢课；袭击 deliver[dɪˈlɪvə] vt. & vi.递送；传达 vt.发表 summary[ˈsʌməri] n.总结；概括；概要 effect[ɪˈfɛkt] n.影响；结果；效果 length[lɛŋθ]  n.长；长度 Ecuador[ˈɛkwədɔː]厄瓜多尔 Sri Lanka[sri ˈlɑːŋkə]斯里兰卡 Indonesia[ˌɪndəˈnɪzɪə]印度尼西亚 Thailand[ˈtaɪlænd]泰国 Malaysia[məˈleɪʒə]马来西亚 Sumatra[sʊˈmɑːtrə]苏门答腊岛 Unit 5 billion[ˈbɪljən] n.十亿 native[ˈneɪtɪv] adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的  n.本地人 attitude[ˈætɪtjuːd] n.态度；看法 reference[ˈrɛfrəns] n.指称关系；参考 refer[rɪˈfɜː] vi.提到；参考；查阅 vt.查询;叫…求助于 refer to[rɪˈfɜː tuː]指的是；描述；提到；查阅 system[ˈsɪstɪm]  n.体系；制度；系统 despite[dɪsˈpaɪt] prep. 即使；尽管 ups and downs[ʌps ænd daʊnz]浮沉；兴衰；荣辱 factor[ˈfæktə] n. 因素；要素 based[beɪst] adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的 base[beɪs] vt. 以……为据点；以……为基础 n. 底部；根据 date back to 追溯到 bone[bəʊn] n.骨头；骨(质) shell[ʃɛl] n.壳；壳状物 symbol[ˈsɪmbəl] n. 符号；象征 carve[kɑːv] vt. & vi 雕刻 dynasty[ˈdɪnəsti]  n.王朝；朝代 variety[vəˈraɪəti] n. (植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化 major[ˈmeɪʤə] adj.主要的；重要的;大的  n.主修课程；主修学生  vi.主修；专门研究 no matter where , who, what, etc.不论……；不管…… dialect[ˈdaɪəlɛkt] n.地方话；方言 means[miːnz] n.方式；方法；途径 classic[ˈklæsɪk] adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的 n.经典作品；名著 regard[rɪˈgɑːd] n.尊重；关注   vt.把……视为；看待 character[ˈkærɪktə] n.文字；符号；角色；品质；特点 calligraphy[kəˈlɪgrəfi] n.书法；书法艺术 global[ˈgləʊbəl] adj.全球的；全世界的 affair[əˈfeə] n.公共事务；事件； appreciate[əˈpriːʃɪeɪt]  vt. 欣赏；重视；感激；领会  vi.增值 specific[spɪˈsɪfɪk] adj.特定的；明确的；具体的 CE[siː-iː]公元 struggle[ˈstrʌgl] n.&vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗 tongue[tʌŋ] n.舌头；语言 point of view[pɔɪnt ɒv vjuː]观点；看法 semester[sɪˈmɛstə]  n.学期 gas[gæs] n.汽油；气体；燃气 petrol[ˈpɛtrəl]汽油 subway[ˈsʌbweɪ] n.地铁 apartment[əˈpɑːtmənt] n.公寓套房 pants[pænts] n.内裤；短裤 beg[bɛg]  vt. 恳求；祈求；哀求 equal[ˈiːkwəl]  n.同等的人；相等物     adj. 相同的；同样的 gap[gæp] n.间隔；开口；差距 demand[dɪˈmɑːnd] n.要求；需求            vt. 强烈要求；需要 vi.查问 vocabulary[vəʊˈkæbjʊləri] n.词汇 description[dɪsˈkrɪpʃən] n.描写(文字)；形容 relate[rɪˈleɪt] vt.联系；讲述 relate to[rɪˈleɪt tuː] vt.联系；讲述 第七讲 单元综合练习 Welcome Unit 重点单词变形，词组，短语，句型练习 一、单词变形 1．design vt.& n．设计→ n．设计者 2．anxious adj.焦虑的；不安的→ adv.焦虑地→ n．焦虑 3．annoy vt.使恼怒→ adj.恼怒的→ adj.令人恼怒的→ n．恼怒 4．frighten vt.使害怕→ adj.惊吓的→ adj.令人害怕的 5．impress vt.给……留下深刻的好印象→ n．印象；感想→ adj.令人印象深刻的 6．confident adj.自信的→ n．信心；信任→ n.自信 7．organise vt.组织；筹备→ n．组织；团体→ n．组织者 8．improve vi.& vt.改进；改善→ n．提高；改善 9．curious adj.好奇的→ adv.好奇地→ n．好奇 重点词组 1．at last 2．make an impression 3．what if 4．concentrate on 5．leave...alone 6．junior high school 7．look forward to 8．take notes 重点单词 1． n．& vt.交换；交流 2． n．& vi.(开)讲座；讲课 3． adj.正式的；正规的 4． adj.级别(或地位)高的 n．较年长的人 5． adj.外向的 6． vi.& vt.集中(注意力)；聚精会神 7． n．试验 8． adj.令人尴尬的 9． adj.地位(或职位、级别)低下的 n．职位较低者 10． vt.& vi.探索；勘探 11． adv.向前；前进 12． n．光；信号 vi.& vt.(使)闪耀；发出(信号) 13． n．目标；球门；射门 14． n．同伴 15． n．公司；陪伴 16． n．方式；作风 二、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1．With the noise going, we can’t concentrate ________our studies. 2．All candidates have to undergo a ________ (personal) test. 3．Grandpa is looking forward ________another birthday. 4．His trip to India made a strong ________(impress) on him. 5．He got ________(annoy), saying it wasn’t his fault if he couldn’t play as well as me. 6．What ____________ we lack money to finish the project, as time is limited? 7．Most of the food for the homeless in the area is provided by a voluntary ________(organize). 8．There was an announcement that Flight 303 would be postponed due to the foggy weather, which made many people feel ________(anxiety). 9．The little girl felt ________ (frighten) at the sight of the dinosaur. 10．The new bridge________ (design) by the last month. 11．Moreover, practising tai chi has inspired him ________(explore) the Chinese culture behind it. 12．The children all have very different ________(person). 13．Your encouragement makes me more ______(confidence) of the coming interview. 14．Out of_____(curious), Alice ran after the rabbit. 15．The old man stood up and moved _____ (awkward) to the kitchen. 16．A marriage without ________(register)is not recognized by law. 17．I spent the whole weekend ________ (revise) for my exam. 18．________ last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket, which broke out at ten this morning. 19．They were given food and money in exchange ____________a week’s work. 20．You should fill in this application form very carefully and put down your ___________(national) in this blank. 21．It is necessary for every student to take ________ (note) in class. 22．We will be at Baker Street at 8：00 am, and we are looking forward to ________ (see) you there. 23．What’s your ______ (nation)? In other words, which country are you from? 24．He is a fashion________ (design), who concentrates on original (原创的) works. 25．Each of us can not leave ________ other people’s work and lives along in a civilized society. 三、根据汉语意思填写单词 1．Some schools are trying to make their ________ (校园) environment better. 2．Children are greatly encouraged to ________ (探索) the unknown world. 3．Having a hobby gives you focus, self-dependence and confidence and shapes your________(性格). 4．You’d better _________(修改)your program, because it doesn’t suit our boss. 5．The professor will give us a _________(讲座)on the origin the humans. 6．I felt a little_______(尴尬的), so I smiled at him. 7．Her expression on the face suggested that she was very ________ (害怕的). 8．People gathered round, _________(好奇的) to know what is happening. 9．Soldiers are moving ________ (向前) to fight against the enemy. 10．He seems ________________ (自信的) but deep down he’s quite insecure. 11．I hope that the expert will offer me some successful learning ________( 策略). 12．He is ________ (外向), and likes talking with others. 13．________ (女性的) education in the country is developing rapidly. 14．He wrote a very ________ (正式的) letter of apology to Douglas. 15．Of the two officers, James is the ________ (下级). 四、原课本文章 人教版高一英语必修一 Welcome Unit FIRST IMPRESSIONS -------（Han Jing’s World） 7:00 a.m. So this is it — senior high school at last! I’m not outgoing so I’m a little anxious right now. I want to make a good first impression. Will I make any friends? What if no one talks to me? 12:30 p.m. I just had my first maths class at senior high school! The class was difficult, but the teacher was kind and friendly. He even told us a funny story, and everyone laughed so much! I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful. 5:32 p.m. This afternoon, we had our chemistry class in the science lab. The lab is new and the lesson was great, but the guy next to me tried to talk to me the whole time. I couldn’t concentrate on the experiment. I really wanted to tell him to please be quiet and leave me alone! 10:29 p.m. What a day! This morning, I was worried that no one would talk to me. But I was wrong. I didn’t feel awkward or frightened at all. I miss my friends from junior high school, but I believe I will make new friends here, and there’s a lot to explore at senior high. I feel much more confident than I felt this morning. I think that tomorrow will be a great day! 五、语篇小练习 1.当我从初中毕业，进入高中时，我和汤姆成了朋友。当我们第一次见面时，他给我留下了深刻的印象。汤姆是个外向的家伙，他渴望探索新事物，对自己的未来充满信心。 When I graduated from① and entered② , I became friends with Tom. When we first met each other, he③ on me. Tom is a(n)④ guy, who⑤ new things and has great⑥ in his future. 2.在我上高中之前，我感到非常焦虑。我会交到朋友吗？我的老师和同学会很难对付吗？如果我不能集中精力上课怎么办？那么多的问题使我恼怒，以至于我睡不好觉。但在我上了高中后，所有的担心都没有发生。最终，我爱上了高中生活。 Before I went to① , I felt very② . Would I make any friends? Would my teachers and classmates be③ to deal with?④ I couldn’t⑤ my lessons? So many problems⑥ me that I couldn’t sleep well. However, all the worries didn’t happen after I attended senior high school.⑦ , I fell in love with the high school life. 3.在实验期间，当我被独自留在黑暗的森林里时，我吓得要死。 I was① to death when I was② in the dark forest during the③ . 4.去年10月，我加入了一个组织，它的目标是提高当地社区的生活水平。威廉是我的搭档。他在一家大公司里工作，他有鲜明的个性和工作风格。 Last October, I joined a(n)① , whose② is to③ the living standards of the local community. William is my④ . He works in a big⑤ and has a strong⑥ and work⑦ . 5.周亮有自己的学习策略。他经常在教学卡片上/记下老师教的内容，这样他就可以在空闲时间里复习。他对英国文化很好奇，期待着有一天去英国体验一下。 Zhou Liang has his own ① . He often② of what the teachers have taught on③ so that he can④ in his free time. He⑤ British culture and⑥ going to the UK to experience it one day. 六、Read the passage and analyse the structures of the underlined sentences. How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time?For Tim, that dream has come true! This term, Tim and his classmates are living on a ship! They take the same subjects as you do, like maths and English. They also learn about ships and the sea. Tim writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship.Tim loves living on the ship. There’s always something exciting to do. And, after a long day of study, he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out. Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea! 七、佳句仿写 ①What if no one talks to me? 意思： 1.要是我没法专心上课该怎么办？ 2.要是我考试出错了怎么办？ 3.如果没人愿意和我交朋友怎么办？ ②Mr Smith found his son doing an experiment in the garden.用法： 1.如果你你坚持练习，你就会发现剪纸很简单。 2.我发现他一直在不停地说话。 ③This is the first time that I have been away from home,so I find it hard to live here. 1.我觉得帮助别人是一件很快乐的事。 2.他发现适应高中生活是一件很难的事。 3.你会发现学习英语很简单 ④You’ll never see me without a book or a pen. 1.[谚语]无风不起浪。 2.我学习前一定会预习功课。 3.他回答问题前总会仔细思考。 4.只有坚持不懈，一切皆有可能。 5.[谚语]勇士面前无险路。 ⑤It is impolite of children to cut in when their senior are talking. 用法： It is hard for other drivers to predict conditions when driverless cars are moving. 用法： 1.你不可能在一个小时内完成这个工作。 2.你听从你父母的建议是很明智的。 3.汤姆十分聪明给老师们留下了很好的第一印象。 4.他很大方的去分享他的想法。 5.我们非常有必要每天坚持阅读。 6.你放弃致辞宝贵的学习机会，实在太不明智了。 ⑥There are some experiment to carry out. 用法： 1.没有时间可以浪费了。 2.高中还有许多困难等着我们去克服。 3.我们有很多宝贵的经验要去向别人学习。 Unit 1 Teenage Life 重点单词变形，词组，短语，句型练习 一、单词变形 1．suitable adj.合适的；适用的→ vt.适合；适宜于→【反】 adj.不合适的；不适用的→【同】 adj.合适的，健康的 2．challenge n．挑战 vt.向……挑战→ adj.有挑战性的→ n.挑战者 3．confuse vt.使糊涂；使迷惑→ adj.难以理解的；不清楚的→ adj.糊涂的；迷惑的→ n.困惑，迷惑 1． fluent adj.(尤指外语)流利的；熟练的→ adv.流利地→ n．流利；流畅 5．graduate vi.& vt.毕业；获得学位 n．毕业生→ n．毕业 6．recommend vt.建议；推荐→ n．建议；推荐 7．advance n．前进；发展 vi.前进；发展→ adj.高级的；高等的；先进的 8．responsible adj.负责的；有责任的→ n．责任；义务 9．solution n．解决办法；答案→ vt.解决 10．survival n．幸存；幸存事物→ vi.& vt.幸存；比……活得长→ n．幸存者 11．behaviour n．行为；举止→ v．举止，表现 12．attract vt.吸引→ n．吸引；吸引人的事物→ adj.有吸引力的 13．addict n．上瘾者；对……入迷的人→ adj.上瘾的；入迷的→ n．着迷； 重点词组 哈哈哈 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司40 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1．prefer...to... 2．clean up 3．be suitable for 4．sign up (for sth.) 5．be responsible for 6．be attracted to 7．focus on 8．be addicted to 重点单词 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司44 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1． n．(13至19岁之间的) 青少年 2． n．志愿者 3． n．辩论；争论 vt.& vi.辩论；争论 4． vt.较喜欢 5． n．内容；[pl.]目录；(书、讲话、节目等的)主题 adj.满意的，满足的 6． adv.事实上；的确 7． n．(书、诗歌等的)名称；标题；职称；头衔 8． n．话题；标题 9． adj.额外的；附加的 10． adv.显然；明显地 11． vi.& vt.(quit，quit)停止；戒掉；离开(工作职位、学校等) 12． n．工作计划；日程安排 vt.安排；预定 13． n．冒险；奇遇 14． n．专家 adj.熟练的 15． vi.& vt.集中(精力、注意力等) n．中心；焦点 二、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1．More importantly, it provides students with new skills to deal with future ________(challenge). 2．The adviser recommended that he should sign up for ______(advance) literature because he likes English and he’s good at it. 3．______(actual), this is not even his real name. 4．________ (obvious), we don’t want to spend too much money. 5．Every eye at the conference was focused ________ the chairman. 6．My parents prefer me ________ (finish) the work by myself. 7．Rather than stay at home, she preferred ________ (go) with us. 8．Obviously they didn’t realize that their ________(behave) had done great damage to the beauty of the park. 9．Like many new _________ (graduate), I left university full of hope for the future but with no real idea of what I wanted to do. 10．We have ________(responsible) for ensuring that the rules are enforced. 11．The instructions on the box were very ________ (confuse). 12．The programme isn’t ___________(suit) for children. 13．Human activity is partly responsible ________ the water shortage. 14．China has made an ________(amaze) achievement in the fight against poverty. 15．Mike is_______(responsibility) for designing the entire project. 16．My brother is very excellent. He __________ (recommend) good books to me. 17．This is the house where my family have lived for three ________(generation). 18．They have to come up with a ________ (solve) to the problem. 19．Sometimes the same word has a slightly different meaning, which can be __________ (confuse). 20．His official visit to Beijing is ________(schedule) to start on December 21st in New York city. 21．As a ________(teenage), he began searching for the deeper meaning of life. 三、根据汉语意思填写单词 1．This crazy bus schedule has got me completely ________ (迷惑的). 2．Most of our ________ (志愿者) are aged 17-24. 3．I could hardly wait to try this ________ (冒险) again. 4．______(显而易见), he was unhappy with the result. 5．I checked the train ______(时刻表)to find out when my cousin would arrive. 6．Ten years ago he ________(毕业) from university and became a professional writer. 7．Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big ________ (挑战) . 8．Now young people ________ (更喜欢) to celebrate western festivals. 9．This science and technology-based theme park in France uses the most ______ (先进的) technology. 10．______ (沉溺于) to playing the computer games, many kids have lost interest in study. 11．Human activities aren’t ____________ (负有责任的) for all water shortage. 12．Disagreements are natural and in fact, ____________ (辩论) and discussion should be encouraged. 13．I should be confident and ______(提高) my ability to achieve my goal. 14．He would do well to ___________ (集中) more on his work. 15．As a result of the scientific progress that occurs, the technology based on the science also ________ (改进) over time. 四、课本原文 人教版高一英语必修一 Unit1 THE FRESHMAN CHALLENGE Hi! My name is Adam and I’m a freshman at senior high school. Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge. The first week was a little confusing. First, I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take. The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese. I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I’m good at it. I had to choose extra‑curricular activities, too. I tried to join the school football team, but the coach told me that I didn’t play well enough. Obviously, I was unhappy, but I won’t quit. I’ll find a way to improve on my own so that I can make the team next year. I joined a volunteer club instead. Every Wednesday, we work at a soup kitchen and hand out food to homeless people in the community. I know I’ll have to study harder as a senior high school student and get used to being responsible for a lot more. I’m a bit worried about keeping up with the other students in my advanced course, and it’ll be quite difficult to get used to all the homework. Still, I’m happy to be here. Studying hard isn’t always fun, but I’ll be well‑prepared for university or whatever else comes in the future. 五、语篇小练习——生词串记（根据译文补全段落中所缺词语） 1.显然，在高中我们将面临许多挑战，这可能使我们非常困惑。我们需要做的是尽力找到解决它们的办法。同时，我们应该对我们将要做的事情负责。 ① , we will ② in senior high school, which may ③ us greatly. What we need to do is to ④ to them. At the same time, we should ⑤ what we will do. 2.大学毕业后，我姐姐在一家英文报社做记者，而不是当编辑。由于她流利的英语口语，她经常被要求采访外国人。她的日程太紧，以至于没时间跳舞，所以她不得不放弃了她的爱好。 After ① , my sister works in an English newspaper② rather than a(n) ③ __________.④ her ⑤ , she⑥ interview foreign people. Her ⑦ __________ is so tight that she has no time to dance, so she⑧ her hobby. 3.我对自己应该学什么感到困惑。因为我对写作很感兴趣，我最好的朋友爱丽丝建议我报名/高级文学。 I① what I should learn. My best friend Alice ②__________ that I should③ ④ _______________, because I⑤ . 4.不同年代的人有自己的生活。当今的年轻人都喜欢冒险故事。一些年轻人沉迷于互联网，专注于现代的生活方式。有些成年人不喜欢这些年轻人的行为。 Different ① have their own lives. The youth today ② adventure stories.Some young people ③ the Internet and ④ the modern lifestyle.⑤ don’t like . 5.这位专家说，这个破碎的盘子有可能来自宋朝。 The ①__________ said the broken ②__________ might come from the Song Dynasty. 6.高中生不仅要学习，还要参加课外活动。如果你第一次表现不好，不要放弃。你应该自主提升自己，学会对自己的选择负责。很多学生也会加入志愿者社团帮助他人。 ① need both study and ② . If you fail at first, never ③__________. You should ④__________ yourself on your own and⑤ your choices. Many students also join ⑥__________ clubs to help others. 7.高中学习是巨大的挑战。显然，课业压力很大，很多学生担心跟不上进度。但只要努力学习、主动分发学习资料互助、认真备考，你就能为未来做好准备。 Senior high study is a huge ①__________. ②__________, schoolwork is heavy and many students worry about ③ their classmates. But if you work hard, ④ _____learning materials to help each other and ⑤__________ carefully, you will be well prepared for your future. 六、先判断下列划线部分为什么词性短语，在句子中做什么成分（写出其功能）。 1. The first week was a little confusing. 2. The building is so big that I’m completely lost. 3.The students curious about English signed up for the contest. 4. The kids over there are putting something on a round paper plate. 5. Linda thinks and speaks quite quickly, and she can do well in the debate. 6.We made Lena our group leader. 7. The new coach told me that I didn’t play well enough. 8. My first French class was very confusing. The teacher spoke so fast! 9. Adam, a freshman, faces many challenges. 10.The courses difficult for freshmen need more attention.    11. Ms Wang, our school adviser, recommended advanced literature. 【练习】 1. All the students were invited to take part in the English speech contest. 2. Most of the little children are naturally curious about everything around them. 3. Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park. 4. I found maths quite easy and enjoyable because the teaching material was less advanced in the UK than in China. 5. It was raining very heavily on the day we moved. 6. The boy entered a shoe store which was big and tidy and bought a pair of shoes. 7. The boy is too young to understand clearly enough what his mother has said. 8. Mr Smith, the head teacher of our school, is to attend a meeting to be held next Friday. 七、佳句仿写 1. 动名词短语作主语 Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge. ①充分利用空闲时间帮助我们赶上同学。 ②加入志愿者社团对高一新生来说是一项有意义的活动。 ③报名课外活动丰富我们的校园生活。 ④对自己的决定负责会帮助你成长。 2.recommend that…(should) do…（虚拟语气，should可以省略） 用法： My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I’m good at it. ①老师建议我们多参加课外活动。 ②我建议任何对课程感到困惑的人去向课程指导老师求助。 ③学校要求每位高一新生报名课外社团。 ④他要求给自己一个加入足球队的机会。 ⑤老师建议我们参加志愿活动去提高社会责感。 ⑥班主任命令所有高一学生严格遵守日常计划表。 3.so that引导目的状语从句 I’ll find a way to improve on my own so that I can make the team next year. ①她每周三参加志愿活动，为了帮助无家可归的人。 ②我上课认真记笔记，以便课后复习。 ③许多青少年广泛阅读，为未来的挑战做好准备。 ④我定期和指导老师沟通，以便解决困扰我的问题。 4.With various activities,our English teacher makes it interesting to learn English. 用法： ①合理的时间规划能让我们完成课业时压力更小。 ②良好的沟通使我们解决问题更加便利。 ③志愿活动让青少年帮助有困难的人这件事变得很有意义。 ④繁多的高阶课程让学生适应高中生活变得很有挑战性。 Unit 2 Travelling Around 重点单词变形，词组，短语，句型练习 一、单词变形 1．apply vi.& vt.申请 vt.应用；涂→ n．申请；应用→ n．申请人 2．amazing adj.令人惊奇的→ adj.惊奇的→ vt.使惊奇→ n．惊奇；惊喜 3．arrangement n．安排；筹备→ vt.& vi.安排；筹备 4．extremely adv.极其；非常→ adj.极其的；极度的 5．powerful adj.强有力的；有权势的→ n．能力；力量；权力→ adj.无力的；无能的 6． official adj.官方的；正式的 n．官员→ n．办公室→ n．军官 7．recognize vt.辨别出；承认；认可→ n．承认；认可 8．accommodation n．住处；膳宿→ vt.提供住处 9．admire vt.钦佩；赞赏→ n．崇拜；赞赏→ adj.令人赞赏的 10．architecture n．建筑设计；建筑学→ n．建筑设计师 11．economy n．经济；节约→ adj.经济(上)的；经济学的→ adv.经济(上)地；节约地 重点词组 1．apply for 2．take control of 3．other than 4．make up 5．credit card 6．check in 7．check out 重点单词 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司49 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1． vt.租用；出租 vi.租用；租金为 n．租金 2． vi.& vt.收拾(行李) vt.包装 n．(商品的)纸包；纸袋；大包 3． n．来源；出处 4． adj.狭窄的 vi.& vt.(使)变窄 5． n．地点；位置；现场 6． n．类型；种类 vi.& vt.打字 7． n．空中航行；航班；航程 8． adj.唯一的；独特的；特有的 9． n．小路；路线；道路 10． n．目的地；终点 11． vt.联络；联系 n．联系；接触 12． n．士兵；军人 13． n．交通运输系统 vt.运输；运送 14． vi.徒步旅行 vt.去……远足 n．远足；徒步旅行 15． n．借款；信用；称赞；学分 16． n．细节；详情；细微之处 17． n．(正式或礼貌的)要求；请求 vt.(正式或礼貌地)要求；请求 18． n．视野；景色；看法 19． n．景象；视野；视力 20． n．议论；评论 vi.& vt.发表意见；评论 二、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1．Truth and love are the two most________(power) things in the world. 2．On the list is red imported fire ants, whose sting (叮咬) can be ______(extreme) painful and can even lead to deep shock. 3．The government is trying to promote political stability and ________(economy) growth. 4．The number of people ______ (apply) for the position is said to have reached over 500. 5．People are______(amaze) by the interesting actions of Panda Menglan. 6．In recent years, ________ (rent) clothes has become an increasingly popular trend among people of all ages. 7．Everyone wants to apply ________ the position. 8．It was an ________ (amazed) experience for me. 9．Up to now, Mr Scott has sent a great many ________(request) for spare parts. 10．It ________(recognize) that environmental pollution has become one of the most serious problems that people face. 11．Located in Qi County, the Qiao Family Courtyard is the best-known example of ________ (architect) in Shanxi Province. 12．They simply insist on mutual ________ (recognize) and regard. 13．________ (amazing), Harry Smith finished medical school in three years. 14．Some local ________(official) were present at the meeting. 15．—Hello!I’d like to have a talk with Mr. Smith staying in your hotel. —I’m sorry. He isn’t here. He checked ________this morning. 16．“View the River Lantern during the Zhongyuan Festival” was a poem written by the ____(empire) Qianlong. 17．They went through all the _________(detail) of the plan again and again to make sure that the project could go smoothly. 18．Students are encouraged to take control ________their own learning, rather than just depending on the teacher. 19．The book is recognised _____one of the greatest works of this century. 20．It is said that Mr Green has _____unique way of making his class interesting and lively. 21．There are two places of interest to ___________ (admire) in the area. 22．To our___________ (amaze), he took the book away without saying a word. 23．It is unwise of parents to arrange everything ___________their children in the daily life. 24．You can’t go to the island _______________than by boat. 25．Apart _______________ being a beautiful girl, Alice was very clever as well. 三、根据汉语意思填写单词 1．“Are you actively ________(寻找) jobs? ” she asked. 2．Another ________ (独有的) human characteristic is that we walk upright. 3．I prefer to ________ (申请) to be a volunteer for the voluntary work. 4．Through a narrow path, those travelers arrived at their______(目的地), tired and hungry. 5．______ (安排) for the trip have now been completed. 6．Police are still ________ (调查) how the accident happened. 7．Her health was ___________ (改善) day by day. 8．It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most ________(强有力的) animal on earth. 9．Last month, they signed an ____________ (官方的) cooperation agreement to jointly build a digital rural leading area in Zhejiang province. 10．The secretary was asked to______(打字) a letter in 10 minutes. 11．Her _________(评论) was uncomfortably close to the truth. 12．If we leave now, I can catch the earlier ________ (航班). 13．One of the island’s chief ________(特色) was its peaceful environment. 14．Thanks to the government’s effective measures, the ________(经济) of our country is showing a tendency to improve. 15．They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the ________ (建筑师) of the Battersea Power Station in London. 四、课本原文 Peru is a country on the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas: narrow, dry, flat land running along the coast, the Andes Mountains, and the Amazon rainforest. In the 1400s and 1500s, Peru was the centre of the powerful ancient Inca Empire. The Inca emperor lived in the now-famous site Machu Picchu. Spain took control of Peru in the 16th century and ruled until 1821. It is for this reason that Spanish is the main official language of Peru. 1. Machu Picchu Tour This four-day walking tour will take you on amazing paths through the Andes Mountains on the way to the city of Machu Picchu. After reaching your destination, you will have a day to explore and be amazed by this ancient city. Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building. Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones. 2. Cusco Tour Spend four days enjoying the unique Spanish and local Indian culture high in the Andes at Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th until the 16th century. Stay in a local hotel, visit the museums, admire the architecture, enjoy the excellent local food, and go shopping at the local markets. 3. Lake Titicaca Tour Enjoy the beautiful countryside as you spend a day driving along the new highway connecting Cusco to Lake Titicaca. There, a boat will take you to stay with a local Uros family on an island for three days. Both the island and the Uros homes are made of water plants from the lake. 4. Amazon Rainforest Tour A short flight from Cusco takes you from the Andes into the Amazon rainforest. From there, you’ll spend one day travelling by boat to your accommodation in the middle of the forest. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest. So come and experience what Peru has to offer: everything from the ancient Inca culture and centuries-old Spanish villages to deep rainforests, high mountains, and a beautiful coastline. For more brochures about package tours around Peru, contact us at tourinfo@travelperu.org. 五、语篇小练习——生词串记（根据译文补全段落中所缺词语） 1. 海伦的目的地是古印加帝国的所在地。在那里，她感受到了人类的古老文明。海伦首先沿着乡间小路/徒步旅行，然后乘任意交通工具旅行，最后乘坐了国际航班。在旅途中，海伦随身携带着包裹和一本旅行手册。 Helen’s ① was the② of the ancient Inca Empire. There, she felt the ancient③ of mankind. Helen first④ along the country⑤ , and then travelled by any type of ⑥ , and at last took an international⑦ . During the trip, Helen carried her package and⑧ with her. 2. 史密斯先生是一位著名的建筑设计师。今年夏天，他参加了一次由12人组成的包价旅游。除了欣赏美丽独特的风景，他们还参观了一个古代皇帝的坟墓。他的帝国非常强大，控制了大片土地。他的官员和士兵都忠于他。 Mr Smith is① . This summer, he went on a ② , which ③ 12 people. ④ admiring the beautiful and ⑤ scenery, they also visited a tomb of an ancient emperor. His empire was so ⑥ that it ⑦ lots of land.⑧ were loyal to him. 3. 沿着狭窄、平坦的小路来到了河的源头，李先生与他的朋友们失去了联系。他无法辨认出自己回去的路，因此只能向警察求助。在他们的帮助下，他安然无恙地回到了他的住处。 Following the ① to the ② of the river, Mr Lee lost ③ his friends. He couldn’t ④ his way back, so he had to⑤ . With their help, he returned to his⑥ safe and sound. 4.这场包价旅行体验极佳，除了欣赏绝美风景，我们还发掘古墓、观赏石雕。旅途细节被我记录下来，写下个人评论，由衷钦佩古时建筑师的精湛技艺。 This ① brought us a wonderful experience. ② enjoying③ , we④ ancient tombs and appreciated stone ⑤ . I recorded all tiny ⑥ and wrote⑦ , greatly admiring the skills of ancient ⑧ . 5.出行可选择各类交通工具环游世界，经济出行不必只依赖航班。随时和同伴保持联络，灵活调整计划，就能收获一场舒心难忘的旅行。 You can travel worldwide by① . For an ② trip, you need not only take③ . ④ all the time and adjust plans properly for a pleasant journey. 6.导游告诉了我们这次旅行的细节。在他的要求下，我们在一家酒店登记入住，一周后结账离开。我是用信用卡支付的。我们被山上的景色吸引。我们还游览了这个古镇的一些景点。 The guide told us the ① of the tour. At his ② , we ③ at a hotel and ④ a week later. I paid by credit card. We were attracted by the ⑤ in the mountains. We also visited some ⑥ in this ancient town. 六、佳句仿写 1.It引导的强调句 It is for the reason that Spanish is the main official language of Peru. 句型： ①正是有效的沟通帮助我们建立良好关系。 ②正是那些令人惊叹的古建筑，每年吸引成千上万游客来到秘鲁。 ③ 在旅途中，我们最想要体验的正是当地文化。 ④正是这场精彩的旅游，让我们更多地了解这座城市的历史。 ⑤许多游客最期待品尝的正是当地特色美食。 2.表语前置全部倒装句 Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building. 结构： ①极为震撼人心的是山顶之上的景色。 ②十分令人惊叹的是建造这座古城堡所用的技艺。 ③极具迷人魅力的是当地人的生活方式。 ④同样夺人眼球的是那些传统服饰鲜艳的色彩。 ⑤美得出人意料的是太平洋上空的落日。 3.so that 引导结果状语从句（表“因此、所以”） Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones. 含义：前半句动作带来后半句事实结果 ①我们提前数月预订门票，所以抢到了视野最佳的位置。 ②导游细致讲解文化，因此我们充分了解了当地风俗。 ③下午下起了大雨，于是我们放弃了登山计划。 ④这座小镇保留原始风貌，因此每年吸引成千上万的游客。 ⑤我们日出时分启程，所以天黑之前就抵达了目的地。 3.as 引导时间状语从句，含义：当……的时候；随着…… <1>as = 当…时：强调两个动作同时发生，一边…一边As we walked along the path, we admired the ancient buildings.（两件事同步进行） <2>as = 随着：强调状态慢慢变化 As the sun set, the whole mountain turned golden.随着（逐渐变化） ①当我们穿过山谷旅行时，看见了各种各样的野花。 ②随着我们越爬越高，城市的景色变得越发清晰。 ③当夜幕降临的时候，我们在湖边搭起了帐篷。 ④随着时间流逝，我们渐渐爱上了这座古城。 4.现在分词短语作结果状语 <1>结构：主句 , doing …（逗号+现在分词短语放句尾） <2>含义：前面整件事自然而然带来意料之中的结果，翻译：于是、因此、结果…… <3>doing：自然而然、顺理成章的结果 She travelled across Peru, collecting many photos of Inca ruins. ①我们游览了这座古城，因此了解到大量当地历史。 ②我们沿街漫步，找到了一家售卖特色美食的小咖啡馆。 ③导游给我们讲有趣的故事，让我们的旅途愉快了许多。 ④我们沿着河边漫步，欣赏着沿途美丽的风景。 ⑤她每天写旅行日记，记录下旅途每一个美好的瞬间。 5.It is amazing that …句型;It形式主语，真正主语是that后面的从句,翻译：令人惊叹的是…… It is amazing that the ancient buildings have stood for hundreds of years. 令人惊叹的是，这些古建筑已经矗立了数百年。 ①令人惊叹的是，每年有这么多游客前来游览这座小镇。 ②令人惊叹的是，在这么小的区域内能看到各式各样的植物。 ③令人惊叹的是，当地人依旧保留着古老的传统。 Unit 3 Sports and Fitness 重点单词变形，词组，短语，句型练习 一、单词变形 1．fitness n．健康；健壮；适合→ adj.适合的；健康的 vt.适合→ adj.不适合的 2．host vt.主办；主持 n．主人；东道主；节目主持人→ n．女主人 3．honour n．荣誉；尊敬；荣幸→ adj.可敬的；体面的→ adj.受尊敬的 4．championship n．锦标赛；冠军赛；冠军称号→ n．冠军；优胜者 5．determination n．决心；决定→ v．决心；决意→ adj.坚决的 6．injure vt.使受伤；损害→ adj.受伤的；有伤的→ n．伤害；损伤 7．strength n．力量；体力→ v．增强→ adj.强壮的 8．failure n．失败；失败的人(或事物)→ v．失败 9．compete vi.竞争；对抗→ n．竞争；比赛→ n．竞争者；对手→ adj.竞争的→ adj.有能力的；→ n.能力 10． stress n．压力；紧张；重音 vt.强调；重读；使焦虑不安 vi.焦虑不安→ adj.造成压力的 → adj.感到压力的 重点词组 1． come along 2．work out 3．make it 4．set an example 5．fall apart 6．lose heart 7．give up 8．make sense 9．pretend to do sth. 10．even if/though 11．make a difference 12．rather than 13．cut...out 14．now and then 15．compare...with/to... 重点单词 1． n．比赛项目；大事；公开活动 2． n．跑道；足迹；铁路轨道vi.& vt.追踪；跟踪 3． n．健身房；体育馆 4． vt.使出汗；出汗弄湿vi.出汗；流汗n．汗水；出汗 5． n．运动员；运动健儿 6． n．高手；主人vt.精通；掌握 7． n．奖章；勋章 8． n．冠军；优胜者 9． adv.分离；分开；成碎片 10． vi.& vt.假装；装扮 二、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1．It was his (determine) and patience that helped him succeed. 2．Even we all tried our best, we lost the game and our emotion was down. 3．When I invited her to a movie, she said she might not be able to make to the cinema. 4．It was his carelessness that caused his (fail) this time. 5．Standards in health care have improved enormously compared 40 years ago. 6．Only after the students (master) the rules of pronunciation can they memorize words more easily. 7．The boy was unwilling to give his seat in the bus to the old lady because he was sick. 8．A back (injure) prevented active participation in any sports for a while. 9．If you find it hard to face difficulties, you’d better list all your (strong) and weaknesses first. 10．If you prefer to visit France in winter, you can try (ski) on the mountains in the French Alps. 11．By working out every morning, I became healthier and (slim). 12．Considering my (strength) and weaknesses, I believe I can make it in this competition. 13．In contrast, people who play team sports often do not move on to a new sport once their teams break up for family, or (injure) reasons. 14．A small kindness can indeed make difference. 15．While they are golfing, I work in the gym. 16．Physical activity is an important factor in maintaining (fit) 17．So I carried around a book, and each night, just to be like my mom, I would pretend (read). 18．His wonderful (perform) on the stage has made a deep impression on the audience. 19．Radar is used for (track) planes and ships. 20．They were well trained by their (master) who had great experience with caring for these animals. 21．In nineteen sixty, Wilma Rudolph became the first American woman to win three gold (medal) in one Olympics. 22．The (positive) an article is on the Internet, the more likely it is to be shared. 23．He felt greatly (honour) to make a speech here. 24．The (host) at a party is the woman who has invited the guests and provides the food, drink, or entertainment. 25．It is often useful to make a (compare) between two things. 26．It takes kindness and courage to win and lose (graceful). 27．If someone (stress) a point in a discussion, they put extra emphasis on it because they think it is important. 28．More than 10,000 from different countries came to Beijing and with each other in the games for medals.(compete) 29．Thinking is one of the ways that we make sense the world. 30．She decided to go on diet every day to keep fit. 31．She says he’ll come on time,but she’ll never make . 32．I started thinking about fitness rather weight, things began to change. 33．You should be setting a good example your younger brother. 34．If you describe an event or a period of time as (event), you mean that a lot of interesting, exciting, or important things have happened during it. 35．Are you free tonight? Would you like to come with us to watch the film? 三、根据汉语意思填写单词 36．On the path towards success, we need (决心) and confidence. 37．It is my (荣誉) to deliver a lecture here. 38．We will not give up searching for the survivors as long as there is a (微小的) hope. 39．He Jie, a boy from Pingluo, won the (冠军) of the Shenzhen Marathon in 2022. 40．They were well trained by their (主人) who had great experience in caring for these animals. 41．The important (事件) of the week was the big storm. 42．It’s a great (荣耀) to receive that prize in such a big competition. 43．A man was seriously (受伤的) in the accident and died several days later. 44．He (假装) to be reading when his mother returned home. 45．Badminton is a traditional advantage (比赛项目) in China. 46．The (队长) led our team to victory. 47．The young tennis player has often (竞争) with famous players, but so far he has always been beaten. 48．To my astonishment, he (作弊) in the exam and got caught. 49．The police (跟踪) the man and knew what had happened. 50．When the game was over, the audience began to left the (体育场). 四、课本原文 Living Legends Help us choose some “Living Legends of Sports”. They must be athletes who are masters in their sports and also set good examples for others. Here are our first two choices. Lang Ping As a player, Lang Ping brought honour and glory to her country. As a coach, she led the China women’s volleyball team to medals at world championships and the Olympics. As a person, Lang Ping is loved by fans at home and abroad. When the Chinese team was preparing for the 2015 World Cup, her determination was tested. The team that Lang Ping had built was falling apart. One of the best players had been injured, and the team captain had to leave because of heart problems. Losing two important players was a big challenge, but Lang Ping did not lose heart. She had faced difficulties before, and she knew that her young players could win if they worked together as a team. Two weeks later, they were world champions! Then in 2016, Lang Ping led her volleyball team to Olympic gold in Brazil. Michael Jordan When Michael Jordan’s feet left the ground, time seemed to stand still. The player who became known as “Air Jordan” changed basketball with his graceful moves and jumps. Jordan’s skills were impressive, but the mental strength that he showed made him unique. In the final seconds of a game, Jordan always seemed to find a way to win. Jordan says that the secret to his success is learning from his failures. “I can accept failure; everyone fails at something. But I can’t accept not trying.” Losing games taught him to practise harder and never give up. In life, Jordan has learnt to share his success with others. The Boys and Girls Club which he started in Chicago has been helping young people since 1996. 五、语篇小练习——生词串记（根据译文补全段落中所缺词语） 1.李梅是一名优秀的中国运动员。她赢得了许多奖牌，给我们的祖国带来了荣誉和荣耀。即使受伤了，她也从不放弃训练。面对失败，她从不泄气。相反，她总是勇敢地面对它。有时，她觉得自己快要崩溃了，但她一直坚持到最后。 Li Mei is① in China. She has② and brought ③ to our motherland. She never ④ training even if she is ⑤ . Meeting with ⑥ , she never ⑦ . Instead, she always faces them bravely. At times, she feels that she is about to ⑧ , but she holds on to the end. 2.约翰逊通过刻苦训练掌握了这些技能。作为足球队的队长，他为其他球员树立了一个好榜样。他带领他的球队赢得了世界冠军的称号。有一次他在一场比赛中受伤了，但他的伤并没有阻止他。相反，他竭尽全力进行比赛，直到比赛结束。凭借他那顽强的决心，他们成了世界冠军。 Johnson ① the skills by training hard.② the soccer team, he ③ for other players. Once he④ in a match, but ⑤ didn’t stop him. Instead, he played the match with all his ⑥____ until the match was over. With his dogged ⑦ , he led his team to the world championship. That is to say, they became the world ⑧ . 3.我哥哥是个体育爱好者。他喜欢各种运动项目，如足球、拳击、羽毛球、滑雪，以及马拉松等田径运动。他曾经建议我为了我的健康/去健身房/锻炼。 英文挖空 My brother is a sports lover. He likes① , such as ② , , , , and ③ sports like the ④ . He once advised me to⑤ to ⑥ for my ⑦ . 4.苏珊是一名体操运动员。她通常和教练一起在体育场/训练。她参加了在许多国家举办的一些重要的体育赛事。当她成功时，她的汗水终于得到了回报。 英文挖空 Susan is a ① . She usually ② with her coach to train in the③ . She took part in some important sports events ④ in many countries. Her sweat was finally rewarded when she ⑤ . 六、佳句仿写 1.Why don’t you do sth.为什么不...? ①你为什么不提前预订机票呢？ ②你为什么不去向导游询问更多信息呢？ ③上山旅行你为什么不带几件保暖衣物？ ④你为什么不尝尝当地的没事呢？ 2.even if / even though 让步状语从句 <1>Even if the road ahead is full of challenges, we should stick to our goals.→even if即使（假设） <2>Even though he was hurt, he kept training.→even though（尽管，已成事实） ①尽管他受了重伤，他从未放弃自己的梦想。 ②尽管她输掉了比赛，却赢得了所有粉丝的尊重。 ③即使你遇到困难，也应该坚持你的健身计划。 ④尽管他身体虚弱，却拥有十分强大的意志。 ⑤即使比赛十分激烈，我们也会拼尽全力去争取胜利。 3.主句+rather than doing sth而不是做某事/Rather than doing sth , +主句，并非（没有）做某事，而是…… <1>She focused on improving her skills, rather than caring about the final score. <2>Rather than complaining about the pain, the athlete carried on with his training. ①他喜欢每天锻炼，而不是躺在沙发上。 ②没有在失败之后放弃，他而是坚持每日训练。 ③我更喜欢坚持运动，而不是熬夜。 ④他们没有虚度光阴，而是花大量时间提升运动技能。 ⑤她没有待在室内，而是选择到操场上锻炼身体。 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 重点单词变形，词组，短语，句型练习 一、单词变形 1．death n．死；死亡→ adj.已经死了的→ adj.垂死挣扎的；渴望的→ v．死亡 2．affect vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动→【辨析】 n．效果；影响→ adj.有效的→ n．喜欢；喜爱；感情 3．shock n．震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt.(使)震惊→ adj.令人震惊的→ adj.感到震惊的 4．electricity n．电；电能→ adj.电的；用电的→ adj.电子的 5．breathe vi.& vt.呼吸→ n．呼吸→ adj.气喘吁吁的 6．wisdom n．智慧；才智→ adj.明智的→ adj.不明智的 7．suffer vt.遭受；蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦→ n．受难；苦楚 8．erupt vi.& vt.(火山)爆发；(岩浆、烟等)喷出→ n．喷发 9．survive vi.生存；存活 vt.幸存→ n．幸存；生还→ n．幸存者；生还者 10．emergency n．突发事件；紧急情况→ adj.紧急的→ vi.浮现；出现 11．deliver vt.& vi.递送；传达 vt.发表→ n．投递；送交 12．length n．长；长度→ adj.长的→ v．(使)变长 重点词组 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司54 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1．volcanic eruption 2．as if 3．in ruins 4．in shock 5．in the open air 6．first aid kit 7．on hand 8．sweep away 重点单词 1． n．灾难；灾害 2． vi.& vt.(使)滑行；滑动 3． n．洪水；大量 vi.淹没；大量涌入 vt.使灌满水；淹没 4． n．& vt.营救；救援 5． vt.损害；破坏n．损坏；损失 6． vt.摧毁；毁灭 7． n．避难处；居所；庇护 vt.保护；掩蔽 vi.躲避(风雨或危险) 8． n．& vt.破坏；毁坏 9． n．百分之…… adj.& adv.每一百中 10． vt.使落入险境；使陷入圈套 n．险境；陷阱 11． vt.埋葬；安葬 12． n．努力；艰难的尝试；尽力 13． n．上下文；语境；背景 14． n．供应(量)；补给；[pl.]补给品 vt.供应；供给 15． vi.& vt.轻叩；轻敲；轻拍 n．水龙头；轻叩；轻敲 二、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1．More than seven million people (affect) by drought in that country last year. 2．Below is a (summarize) of what we talked about. 3．It (strike) me that I had left my key at home. 4．The (die) of two passengers resulted from the serious accident. 5．With knowledge and (wise), you can achieve great success. 6．If you have those health problems, it’s more difficult for you (breath) at night. 7．Undoubtedly, an unhappy home environment can (effect)children’s behaviour. 8．He suffered poor eyesight and could no longer read properly. 9．The insurance company has paid us (damage). 10．Heavy floods (sweep) away houses, roads, and took away the lives of many. 11．She was so (shock) that she could hardly say anything. 12．I’ll just (summary) the main points of the argument in a few words if I may. 13．Is there anyone in your class father is a director? 14．The only way for us (survive) is to respect nature. 15．We will learn some new Chinese poems were written in the Tang Dynasty. 16．Had I created all my characters and places upfront, I may (ruin) the whole thing. 17．Roy then suffered extreme poverty, but he never lost heart and stuck to his decision. 18．A lot of survivors (rescue) by the soldiers in the earthquake-stricken area since yesterday. 19．The (long) of the treatment depends on the problem. 20．The houses on the seaward side of the road were all ruins. 21．The beach was rapidly cleared of people, just before the huge waves (crash) into the coast. 22．It was here that the only violent incident of the day (erupt). 23．I have made a schedule is suitable for me. 24．Before discovering (electric), people relied on fire as a source of light. 25．The rescue worker you are waiting for has come. 26．He opened his mouth several times as if (tell) us something. 27．This is his first cinquain was composed in English. 28．I really love the newly built theme park we visited last weekend. 29．Her head was buried the book while she was reading. 30．He has great difficulty in catching (he) breath. 31．All things there gave him a feeling of security and (calm). 32．What the teacher says and does always has a great effect his students. 33．They have reduced pollution through (effect) measures. 34．Our headmaster (deliver) a lecture on how to become a responsible person in the future next Friday. 35．Amy caught sight of her close friend Jane in the distance and waved her. 三、根据汉语意思填写单词 36．Jane caught sight of her friend and (挥手) to her. 37．It is important to keep (镇定的) in face of danger. 38．Protesters attacked the police with stones and (砖头). 39．The collapse was disastrous, requiring the (紧急情况) medical team and good teamwork. 40．We moved into a cabin with (电) but no running water. 41．She was so nervous that she couldn’t (呼吸) freely. 42．Everything was going smoothly until suddenly the (灾难) struck. 43．The old tree was once (击中) by lightning. 44．Chinese people are well-known for hard work and (智慧). 45．What follows is a brief (总结) of the process. 46．The whole city was in (废墟) after the big earthquake. 47．They have received notice of an approaching (台风). 48．Rescuers built (避难所) for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. 49．You (挽救) me from an embarrassing situation. 50．As we all know,the flood really did great (损害) to the crops there. 四、课本原文 The Night the Earth Didn’t Sleep Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei. For several days, the water in the village wells rose and fell, rose and fell. There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls. At least one well had some smelly gas coming out of it. Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat, and dogs refused to go inside buildings. Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide, and fish jumped out of the water. At about 3:00 a.m., on 28 July 1976, bright lights were seen in the sky outside the city of Tangshan and loud noises were heard. But the city’s one million people were asleep as usual that night. At 3:42 a.m., everything began to shake. It seemed as if the world were coming to an end! Eleven kilometres directly below the city, one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun, a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing. Nearly one third of the whole nation felt it! A h$ 单击此处输入文字。 初升高英语衔接 人教版高一必修一核心词法，语法精讲与习题 姓名： 班级： 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 目录 第一讲 走进高中英语 3 考点一 认识初高中英语的区别 3 第二讲 语音知识+听力测试 4 考点一 语音知识 4 第三讲 词性和句子成分 4 考点一 名词及其基本用法 2 1.可数名词 2 2 .不可数名词 3 考点二 名词所有格 3 1、有生命名词的3种所有格 3 2、无生命名词的2种所有格 3 3、双重所有格 4 考点三 冠词、代词、连词、介词及其基本用法 4 1.冠词 4 2.代词 5 3.连词 6 4.介词 7 考点三 形容词、副词及其基本用法 8 1.形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则 8 考点四 动词 9 考点五 谓语动词 11 谓语动词时态的构成和变化规则 12 1.一般现在时：（表示习惯性、经常的动作、讲述客观事实、真理时） 12 2.一般过去时：（动作发生在过去，现在不存在） 12 3.一般将来时：（动作发生在将来，将来打算做） 13 4.现在进行时：（确定到此时此刻，正在做的事情） 13 5.过去进行时：（过去在某时某刻，正在做的事情） 13 6.现在完成时：（动作发生在过去，现在依然存在，延续性的动作） 13 7.过去完成时：（过去的过去已经完成，在过去发生的事之前） 13 考点六 非谓语动词 14 考点七 数词 16 数词的用法 16 考点八 句子成分的定义 17 1.主语 17 2.谓语 18 3.表语 18 4.宾语 19 5.宾语补足语 19 6.定语 20 7.状语 20 8.同位语 20 第四讲 简单句、并列句和主从复合句篇 21 考点一 简单句 21 考点二 简单句的六种基本句型 21 考点三 并列句 23 1、并列句含义 23 2、并列句连词(或连接副词)根据不同含义, 分为如下几类: 23 考点四 主从复合句 24 1. 从句的基本概念及其结构 24 2. 复合句连词（名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词从句） 24 3. 从句的作用和种类 25 第五讲 定语从句 25 考点一 关系代词的用法 25 1.定语从句的概念： 25 2.定语从句的位置： 25 3.定语从句的功能： 25 4.定语从句的类别： 25 5.先行词： 25 6.关系词的三大作用： 26 7.关系代词的用法 26 考点二 关系副词的用法 28 考点三 介词+关系代词=关系副词 29 1.关系代词的确定 29 第六讲 必修一vocabulary 30 Welcome Unit 30 Unit1 31 Unit 2 32 Unit 3 34 Unit 4 35 Unit 5 37 第七讲 单元综合练习 39 Welcome Unit 39 Unit 1 Teenage Life 43 Unit 2 Travelling Around 48 Unit 3 Sports and Fitness 53 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 57 Unit 5 Languages Around the World 61 第八讲 句子成分和句子结构 65 第一部分 句子成分练习 65 一、【主语练习】 65 二、【谓语练习】 66 三、【宾语练习】 67 四、【表语练习】 68 五、【定语练习】 69 六、【状语】 69 七、【宾语补足语】 70 八、【同位语】 71 九、【判断句型】 71 十、完成句子 73 十一、定语从句翻译 75 十二、定语从句填空 77 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 第一讲 走进高中英语 考点一 认识初高中英语的区别 在初中阶段，英语学习主要重视对于简单英语知识和语法的学习；而到了高中阶段，英语学科的学习容量大增且知识的深度和广度已发生了巨大的变化。 具体的区别主要表现在以下这些方面： 第二讲 语音知识+听力测试 考点一 语音知识 1.英语共有48个音素，分为元音和辅音两大类。元音有20个，分为单元音和 双 元音。辅音有28个，按声带振动情况分为浊辅音和清辅音。英语音素中半元音音素是 /w/和/j/，鼻音是 /m/、/n/、/ŋ/。 2. 26个字母中有5个元音字母，分别为：a，e，i，o，u ，音标为 [ei]、[i:]、[ ai]、[eu]、[ju:]。一个半元音字母是y。 第三讲 词性和句子成分 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司第 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1.名词 noun n. student 学生 2. 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3. 冠词 article art. a 一个 4. 数词 numeral num. three 三 5. 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 6. 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 7. 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 8. 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 9. 介词 preposition prep. at 在... 10. 感叹词 interjection interj. oh哦 考点一 名词及其基本用法 1.可数名词 (1)可数名词的单、复数规则变化 变化规则 规则 例词 特例 一般情况下 在词尾直接加­s mouth→mouths月 house→houses房子 以­s，­x，­ch，­sh结尾的名词 在词尾加­es glass→glasses镜片 match→matches比赛 *【特例】胃stomach→stomachs 以“辅音字母＋­y”结尾的名词 变y为i，再加­es country→countries村 factory→factories工厂 以“元音字母＋­y”结尾的名词 在词尾直接加­s holiday→holidays假期 monkey→monkeys猴子 以­o结尾的名词 “无生命”名词词尾加­s piano→pianos钢琴 photo→photos照片 *【特例】 mosquito(e)s蚊子 bamboo→bamboos竹子 “有生命”名词词尾加­es hero→heroes英雄 potato→potatoes土豆 tomato→tomatoes西红柿 以-f/-fe结尾 变f/fe为v，再加-es leaf→leaves叶子 fly→flies苍蝇 wolf→wolves狼 half→halves几半 *【特例】 belief→beliefs信仰 roof→roofs屋顶 proof→proofs证明 【特记】下列可数名词的复数形式均变f或fe为v，再加­es：为了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。 (2)不规则名词的3种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 单复数同形 deer鹿, sheep羊, means方法, series系列, Chinese中国人, species类别, police警察，cattle牛 变内部元音 foot→feet, tooth→teeth, man→men, woman→women，mouse→mice老鼠 goose→geese鹅，basis→bases根据，child→children孩子 外来名词 medium→media媒体phenomenon→phenomena现象analysis→analyses分析 【特记】①fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes；而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同。②people指“人们”时单复数同形；指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。 (3)合成名词的3种复数形式 ①若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数； passer­by→passers­by成年人, look-on→looks-on旁观者 ②若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。 grown­up→grown­ups成年人 ③“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，构成合成名词的两个词都要变复数 如woman engineer→women engineers，man driver→men drivers男司机 2 .不可数名词 (1)常见的不可数名词 一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange(橙汁), meat, equipment, fun, luggage, luck, work(工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word(消息), room(空间), man(人类)等。 【特记】word意为“消息”、room意为“空间”、man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。 (2)抽象名词的具体化 具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。常考的有： 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 考点二 名词所有格 1、有生命名词的3种所有格 情况 构成 示例 不以­s结尾的名词 加­'s Mary's email children's books 以­s结尾的复数名词 加­' the girls' dormitory the teachers' reading­room 以­s结尾的单数名词 加­'s或­' our boss' office Engels's works 【注意】用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即①表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加－’s 或’；②表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加－’s或’。 Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。 Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。 2、无生命名词的2种所有格 (1)通常用of所有格表示。 The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the north on the coast. 秘鲁的首都是利马，位于北部沿海地区。 (2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词，通常用­'s所有格表示。 the factory's output工厂的产量 3、双重所有格 双重所有格的构成形式： ①名词＋of＋名词所有格 ②名词＋of＋名词性物主代词。 a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧) a friend of mine(我的一个朋友) He is a friend of my father's. 他是我父亲的一个朋友。 【注意】名词所有格作定语主要表示事物之间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。 对点练　用名词所有格补全下列短语 ①一英里的距离           a distance of one mile                                                         ②这个男孩的书包 the boy's schoolbag ③学生们的书 the students' books ④汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间Tom and Jim's room ⑤我妻子的一个朋友 a friend of my wife's 巩固训练 1．The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we   humans   (human) are. 2.   Activities  (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment. 3.Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and   watchtowers  (watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines. 4.He saved my son’s (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. 5.Boys, don't play with these knives (knife). They are dangerous. 6.When the old man was hit by the car, all passers-by (passer-by) just stood by but only Jack came to rescue. 考点三 冠词、代词、连词、介词及其基本用法 1.冠词 （冠词是虚词，它不能脱离名词独立存在，不能单独作句子成分。） 考点 种类 常见用法 冠词 不定冠词 (a / an) 1. 用于第一次提到或出现的名词前，表泛指，不特别指明具体情况，修饰可数名词单数。以元音音素开头的单词前需要用an，而以辅音音素开头的单词前用a。如：an apple, a banana, an umbrella。 2. 与序数词连用，表示再一，又一”。如：You can try it a second time if you fail. 3. 固定搭配。如：all of a sudden; as a matter of fact; as a result; as a rule; as a whole; at a distance; in a way。 4.用于集体名词前、抽象名词前，使抽象名词具体化。 a success一个成功的人/事 定冠词 (the) 1. 表特指上文提到过的人或物。如：We have a cat and two dogs. The cat is black and the dogs are white. 2. 表特指说话双方都知道的人或物。如： Pass me the dictionary, please. 3. 用于独一无二的事物（天体和有影响的事物）the sun 4.在表示地点、方位时 in the hospital the east 5.the+序数词，the+最高级the first/the oldest 6.the+姓氏表示一家人the Smith史密斯一家人 7.the+年代/朝代/世纪in the1990/in the Tang dynasty/in the 20th century. 8.the+专有名词前the Spring Festival 9.the+固定搭配 1）含不定冠词的常考短语a/an have a cold 患感冒 have a good time 玩得高兴 have a word with... 与……谈话 have/take a rest 休息下 have a holiday 度假 as a result 结果是 2）含定冠词的常考短语 On the one hand… on the other hand... 一方面……，另一方面…… in the countryside 在乡下 in the end 最后，终于 make the most of 充分利用 on the right/left 在右/左边 go to the cinema 去看电影 巩固训练 1.Four and__an_ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and__a____break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar. 2._The_ Smiths don't usually stay at hotels.but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea. 3.Mr. Smith is ___a___ most learned scholar and you can turn to him for help. 4. Don’t lose heart. Please have ___a___ second try. 5.Those who are rich should help __the____ poor. 6.He loved writing and his first novel was __a____ great success when it came out. 2.代词 代词是代替名词的词。英语的代词按照其不同的含义与作用可分为9类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，相互代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词，关系代词。 反身代词的常见搭配 say to oneself 心里想 dress oneself 自己穿衣 seat oneself 坐下 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 in oneself 本质上，本身 by oneself 独自，单独 devote oneself to 致力于，献身于，专心于 teach oneself 自学 help oneself to 随便吃；随便用 behave oneself 有礼貌；守规矩 of oneself 自动地 指示代词 指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词 疑问代词 指人：who， whom， whose 指物：what 既可指人又可指物：which 巩固训练 1.If you ever find yourself (you) yawning during a long video call,you may soon see yawns（哈欠）spread to the other faces on your screen. 2.Once she has made up __her_____ (she) mind, nothing can change it. 3.Aubrey Fontenot’s son,Jordan,told us (we) a boy named Tamarion was teasing him. 4.If you see a young person in their early 20s driving a car in any Western city, you would not normally give them (they) a second glance. 5.Ecotourism has its (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s. 3.连词 连词定义：连词是在词、短语、从句或句子之间起连接作用的词，是虚词，不单独作句子成分，按其在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和从属连词两种。 并列连词 表示并列、顺承、 递进 and，     both，    both...and ， neither...nor，  not only...but also...，      as well as 表转折 but，yet，  while，however， 表选择 or，either...or,otherwise, 表因果 for，so，therefore 4.介词 介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。 1）常见介词 ①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。 ②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。 ③to指到某处，去某处。 ④under在……下面，无接触面。 ⑤in在……里面。 ⑥into到……里面。 ⑦over在……正上方无接触面； on在……上面有接触面 ⑧around在/向……周围。 ⑨beneath在……下面有接触面 ⑩beside在……旁边。 ⑪out of在……外面。 ⑫from从……。 ⑬beyond 在/向……较远的一边，超出。 2）表示时间的介词 ①on指在具体的某一天及具体某一天的早中晚。 ②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。 ③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。 ④in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。 ⑤before在……之前。 ⑥until直到……时候。 ⑦during在……期间。 ⑧for表示延续一段时间。 ⑨over表示“在……期间”，表延续。 3）表示原因的介词 ①for表示原因，后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。 ②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面加名词(词组)。 ③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。 ④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。 4）其他重要介词 ①between表示两者之间。 ②for表示支持。 ③against表示反对;紧靠,倚；以…为背景, 衬托。④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。 ⑤despite表示尽管，等于in spite of。 ⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。 ⑦besides表示除此之外还。 ⑧within表示在……范围之内。 ⑨except表示同类事物除外。 ⑩except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。 5）其他常考的介词 with (1)(表示状态)具有，带有 (4)(表示关系)和……一起 (2)(表示伴随)随着 (5)构成with复合结构 (3)(表示原因)由于，因为 against (1)(表示态度)反对 (3)(表示方位)倚靠着…… (2)(表示对比)以……为背景 of (1)表示“……的” (2)“of＋n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词 for “for＋时间段”表示“长达……” despite 尽管，虽然 without 如果没有 beyond 超出，超越 巩固练习 1.Cycling is regarded __as______ one of the best all-round forms of exercise. 2.Teenagers should be responsible ____for____ their actions. 3.Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing __to______ your mistake. 4.The noise made it hard for me to focus ___on_____ work. 5.I feel that women in all types of employment can benefit__from______ the policy. 考点三 形容词、副词及其基本用法 1.形容词、副词比较级和最高级的构成规则 1）规则变化 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 单音节词末一般直接加­er和­est great greater greatest 单音节词以­e结尾，只加­r和­st brave wide braver wider bravest widest 以一个元音+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节时，双写辅音字母再加­er和­est big hot bigger hotter biggest hottest 以辅音字母加­y结尾的词，先变­y为­i，再加­er和­est happy happier happiest 多音节词和少数双音节词在前面加more和most difficult expensive more difficult more expensive most difficult most expensive 少数以­er，­ow结尾的双音节词，加­er和­est clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest 【注意】有些形容词没有程度可分，或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right(正确的)，wrong(错误的)，excellent(优秀的)，possible(可能的)，empty(空的)，favorite(最爱的)，perfect(完美的)等。 2）不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good, well better best bad, ill worse worst many, much许多的 more most little less least far farther距离远的 farthest距离最远 far further距离更远；程度更胜 furthest距离最远；程度最深 old older/elder oldest/eldest 巩固练习 1.Therefore,it is important (importance) to capture,track and analyze all medical errors at the institutional level. 2.I think it’s more important (important)for students to have a supportive environment than a competitive one. 3.You may think about the people who have had the greatest (great) positive effect on your life------ the ones who truly made a difference. 4.He could play perfectly (perfect) some of the children’s tunes he had heard. 5.The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the_hotter_（hot） the spring! 考点四 动词 1.定义： 指表动作的词，还表状态和性质的词，有时态、语态和语气等的变化。 2.功能： 3.放在主语后充当谓语，称为谓语动词，充当其他句子成分时称为非谓语动词，此时有形式上的变化：doing, to do, done。 3.分类： ①根据在句中的功能，可分为：①实意动词（行为动词）②系动词③助动词④情态动词 实意动词 I live in Beijing with my mother.（我和我妈妈住在北京。） live，住 系动词 系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后须跟表语构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 1)状态系动词：用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，am,is,are；例如：He is a teacher. 2)持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。 3)表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look例如：He looks tired.他看起来很累。 4)感官系动词：感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.这个花非常的香甜。 5)变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run 例如：He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯了。 助动词 助动词协助主动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词。它本身无词义，不可单独作谓语。基本动词有：be/do/have。 这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语，表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问，例如： He does not speak English well.（他英语讲得不好。）句中的does是助动词，既表示一般现在时，又与not一起构成否定形式。 A dog is running after a cat.（一条狗正在追逐一只猫。）句中的is 是助动词，和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。 情态动词 本身虽有意义，但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态，如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词（原形）一起作谓语，表示完整的意思，例如： I can dance.（我会跳舞。）can, 能, 会 He can’t walk because he is a baby.（因为他是个婴儿，不会走路。）can’t, 不必 May I come in？（我可以进来吗？）may, 可以 ②根据其后是否可直接跟宾语，可分为1）及物动词(vt.)2）不及物动词(vi.),有时同一个动词既可用作vt.，也可用作vi.。 及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，例如： Give me some ink, please.（请给我一些墨水。） 不及物动词后面不能跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。例如： He works hard.（他工作努力。） Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.（请看黑板，听我说。） 注：1）vt.不可单独使用，必须和其后的宾语一起使用，有被动语态。vi.后不能直接跟宾语，若跟宾语，必须借助于介词或其他词类；也可单独使用，无被动。 考点五 谓语动词 谓语动词 谓语动词，即：时态和语态是高考的必考点。 动词时态：英语中有 16 种时态，但是，高考常考的仍然是我们初中学过的时态。考频特别高的：一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时。 被动语态：重点掌握一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时的被动语态的用法。 谓语动词时态的构成和变化规则 时态 主动语态 被动语态 时间标志词 1.一般现在时 do/does,(连系动词is/am/are) am/is/are done often、sometimes、usually、always、seldom、once a day、on Sunday等 2.一般过去时 did,(连系动词was/were) was/were done in the past、last day/year、yesterday、ago、 in+时间点、just now、 3.一般将来时 shall/will do is/am/are going to do is/am/are(about)to do shall/will be done is/am/are going to be done is/am/are(about)to be done tomorrow、in the future、 4.现在进行时 is/am/are doing am/is/are being done now、listen、look、at the moment 5.过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done at that time yesterday 6.现在完成时 has/have done have/has been done already、yet、up to now、 since+时间、for+一段时间、so far 7.过去完成时 had done had been done before、by the end of 1.一般现在时：（表示习惯性、经常的动作、讲述客观事实、真理时） 构成：一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加­s或­es，其变化规则如下表所示： 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加­s eat→eats, rise→rises 以s, sh, ch, x，o, z结尾的动词 加­es discuss→discusses；teach→teaches 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为i加­es carry→carries；fly→flies 注意：be的变化：am, is, are。have的变化：has (第三人称单数)。 2.一般过去时：（动作发生在过去，现在不存在） 一般过去时用动词的过去式构成，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示： 情况 规则 例词 一般情况 加­ed pack→packed 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词 变y为i加­ed carry→carried 以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词 双写辅音字母加­ed plan→planned 以不发音的e结尾的动词 直接加­d like→liked provide→provided 注意：1. was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他人称。 2. 以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加­ed。如play→played。 3.一般将来时：（动作发生在将来，将来打算做） 构词will/shall＋动词原形，is/am/are going to＋动词原形 注意：be的变化：am, is, are。 4.现在进行时：（确定到此时此刻，正在做的事情） 构成：am/is/are+现在分词 现在分词构成规则： 规则 例词 一般情况加­ing try→trying 以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写辅音字母加­ing regret→regretting；ban→banning 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，加­ing hate→hating；date→dating 5.过去进行时：（过去在某时某刻，正在做的事情） 构成： was/were+现在分词 现在分词构成规则： 规则 例词 一般情况加­ing try→trying 以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写辅音字母加­ing regret→regretting；ban→banning 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，加­ing hate→hating；date→dating 6.现在完成时：（动作发生在过去，现在依然存在，延续性的动作） 构成： have/has＋过去分词 7.过去完成时：（过去的过去已经完成，在过去发生的事之前） 构成： had＋过去分词 8.“主谓一致”三原则 项目 主语 谓语动词 语法一致 不可数名词、单数可数名词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式、主语从句、the number of +复数可数名词 单数 复数可数名词，and连接的两个名词，a number of＋复数可数名词 复数 (together) with, as well as, but, except, along with, rather than, in addition to, including等连接的主语 与前面主语一致 意义一致 “the＋形容词 ”表示抽象概念；强调整体的集合名词 单数 “the＋形容词 ”表示一类人或物；强调个体的集合名词 复数 就近一致 neither... nor..., either... or..., not only... but also..., not... but...等连接的主语； “here/there＋谓语＋主语 ”结构中的主语不止一个时 与邻近主语一致 巩固练习 1.They __settled_(settle) in Shanghai last year. 2.He _was watching_ (watch) TV when someone knocked at the door. 3.In the past 10 years, frequent natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes _have destroyed_ (destroy) countless homes. 4.Thanksgiving which Children all over the USA are looking forward to ___is_____ (be) a traditional American holiday. 5.The students of our class _are visiting_____ (visit) the museum now. 考点六 非谓语动词 一个句子当中，已经存在一个谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时,这些动词就充当了非谓语动词。 She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat. leaving I have a lot of work to do. to do I have a radio made in China. made to do 不定式 动名词 非谓语动词的形式 doing 现在分词 分词 done过去分词 非谓语动词的含义 to do： 表目的、将来 doing：表主动、进行、令人...的 done： 表被动、完成、感到...的 　 　  不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 意义 相当于名词、形容词、副词，有将来意味 相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性动作 相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味 相当于形容词、副词，兼有被动、完成意义 成分 主、宾、表、宾补、定、状 主、宾、表、定 表、宾补、定、状 表、宾补、定、状 巧记跟动名词的动词：V+ing ①考虑建议盼原谅，②承认推迟没得想； ③避免错过继续练，④否认完成就欣赏； ⑤禁止想象才冒险，⑥不禁介意准逃亡 其他短语还有：feel like doing，succeed in，be fond of，set about doing，be tired of ，be worth，devote to等等 ①consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon, ②admit, delay/put off, fancy; ③avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, ④deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; ⑤forbid, imagine, risk, ⑥can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape. 跟动词不定式的动词：to do 口诀 动词 希望学会想决心 hope/wish/expect, learn, want, decide/determine 设法拒绝愿假装 manage, refuse, care, pretend 主动承诺选计划 offer, promise, choose, plan 请求同意来帮忙 ask/beg, agree , help 巩固练习 1.Where do you intend __to go______（go) this winter? 2.We can hear the children_laughing____ (laugh) in the room at present. 3.The fashion world just keeps _recycling____(recycle) old ideas. 4.He is used to_taking____(take) cold baths in winter. 5.I will attempt__to answer_ （answer）all your questions. 考点七 数词 表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。序数词表示排列的顺序 序数词的缩写形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。 如：first---1st; second---2nd; third-3rd; 基数词变序数词的巧记口诀：一二三要全变(one-first; two-second;three- third)；其余都加th, th里有例外， 8去t,(eight-eighth) 9去e(nine-ninth)；字母f代ve (five-fifth; twelve-twelfth);ty变成tie (twenty-twentieth) 若要变化几十几，只变个位就可以(twenty-one-twenty-first) 数词的用法 1)倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. d. 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 2)分数表示法 构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one-third ；3/37 three and three-sevenths 考点八 句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补足语；次要成分有定语、状语、同位语。 1.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表明句子里所谈的是:“什么人”或“什么物”，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。如: Since the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular(名词) 自从 20 世纪 90 年代以来，美国乡村音乐已经变得越来越流行。 They often speak English after class. (代词) Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词) To swim in the deep river is a great pleasure.(不定式) Eating too much does harm to your health.(动名词)· The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词). What he needs is a book.(主语从句) It is necessary for us to master a foreign language(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式) 掌握一门外语对我们来说是必要的。 It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree(It形式主语，that 引导的主语从句是真正主语》 大象像树一样又圆又高，这一点是显然的。 2.谓语 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后(在倒装语序下，谓语可放于主语之前)。谓语的构成如下: (1)简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。 如:She practises running every morning.(单个动词 practise 做谓语) (2)复合谓语 ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:· You may keep the book for three weeks.(情态动词 may+动词原形keep 做谓语) The little girl has caught a bad cold.(助动词 has动词过去分词 caught做谓语) ②由系动词加表语构成。如: We are students now.(系动词 are+名词 students 构成系表结构做谓语) 3.表语 表语用以表述说明主语的身份、特征和状态，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，它一般位于系动词(如 be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem 等)之后，与系动词共同构成谓语。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。如: Our foreign teacher is an American.(名词) Are they yours? (代词)(They are yours.) The weather has turned warm.(形容词) The lecture is exciting.(分词) Three times seven is twenty-one.(数词)三乘七等于二十一。 Her job is to teach English.(不定式) Her hobby is singing popular songs.(动名词) The old machine must be out of order.(介词短语)这台老机器肯定运转不畅。 Time is up. Class is over.(副词) The truth is that she has never been abroad.(表语从句)事实是她从没去过国外。 4.宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象或承受者。由名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起构成谓语，说明主语“做什么”。如: He went to see a film yesterday.(名词) The thick fog prevented us from coming to school on time.(代词)浓雾使我们无法准时到校。 How many books do you have? -I have fifty.(数词) We helped the old with their housework.(名词化形容词)·She pretended not to see me.(不定式短语) He enjoys listening to popular songs.(动名词短语)·We think (that) she is fit for her job.(宾语从句) 宾语种类: 直接宾语和间接宾语--有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，一个指人，一个指物，指人的通常为动词的间接承受者叫作间接宾语，指物的通常为动词的直接承受者叫直接宾语，在一起称为成为双宾语，一般间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，如: He gave me some ink.他给了我一些墨水。 间接宾语 直接宾语 Our teacher told us an interesting story. 老师给我妈讲了一个有趣的故事。 间接宾语 直接宾语 5.宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和它的补足语构成宾语复合宾语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如 make 等)+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。如: His father named him Jack. 谓语 宾语 宾补(名词) He painted his wall yellow.(形容词)· Let the dog out.(副词) You mustn't force her to lend her money to you.(不定式短语) 你不能强迫她借钱给你。 We saw him entering the room.(现在分词) He found everything in the lab in good order. 谓语 定语(修饰 everything) (介词短语) We will soon make our school what your school is now. (从句) 我们不久就要把我们的学校发展成你们学校目前的那个样子。 6.定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。可以作定语的除形容词外，还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。如: Hangzhou is a beautiful city.(形容词) China is a developing country while the USA is a developed country(分词) 中国是个发展中国家，而美国是个发达国家。 There are thirty men teachers in our school.(名词) Her progress in English made us surprised.(代词) Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)我们班长总是第一个进教室的人。 Our teaching plan for the next term has been worked out.(动名词) He is reading an article about how to learn a foreign language.(介词短语)他正在读一本关于如何学外语的书。 7.状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可以作状语的主要是副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等。如: Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)· We have lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语) She is proud to have passed the examination.(不定式短语)· The boy is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)· Once you begin,you must continue.(状语从句)状语的种类如下: How about meeting again at seven?(时间状语) Last night she didn't go to the party because of the heavy rain.(原因状语). We shall go there if it doesn't rain.(条件状语)· Mrs.Green lives on the third floor.(地点状语) He put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语) He came in with a book in his hand.(伴随状语)手上拿着本书，他进来了。 In order to catch up with the others, we must work harder.(目的状语) She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.(结果状语) Tu Youyou works very hard though she is old.(让步状语) I am taller than she is.(比较状语) 8.同位语 把一个名词(短语)、代词或从句放在另一名词或代词后，对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释， 用以说明前者的性质或情况，这样的名词或代词叫同位语。如: ·We Chinese people love peace.(Chinese people 是主语 We 的同位语) You all should be punished.(代词做同位语) She herself went there.(反身代词做同位语) Our English teacher, Mr. Zhang, is very thin.(名词做同位语) Doctor Li, a kind and friendly girl, lives next to me.(名词短语做同位语)李医生，一个善良又待人友好的女孩儿，住在我家隔壁。 第四讲 简单句、并列句和主从复合句篇 考点一 简单句 只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语)的句子称为简单句(simple sentence)。 I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。 He usually does some English reading on Sunday. 他常常在星期日看一些英语阅读。 Tom and Mike are Australian boys. 汤姆和迈克是澳大利亚男孩。 考点二 简单句的六种基本句型 1.S+V→主语+谓语(不及物动词)，后可跟状语 The bus stopped suddenly. S Vi Tom hasn't arrived yet. S Vi 2.S+V+P→主语+系动词+表语，后可跟状语 连系动词主要有:be (am/is/are),look,sound,smell,taste,feel;stay/keep, seem, appear turn/get/become/grow。表语可以是名词，形容词，动词不定式，V-ing 形式，V-ed形式，介词短语或句子等)。 The skirt looks beautiful. S V P My dream is to be a teacher. S V P 3.S+V+O→主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语:谓语动词一般为及物动词，部分不及物动词后面跟介词后，也可接宾语。 I like English. S V O She likes watching TV. S V O She wants to go shopping. S V O 4. S+V+IO+DO→主语+谓语(双宾动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语。双宾语中指人的称为“间接宾语”，指物的称为“直接宾语”。接双宾语的动词有buy，give，show，tell，teach,offer等。 一般直接宾语(DO)为物(不能用人称代词代替)，间接宾语(IO)为人。 (1)以give，lend，tell，send，show，pass 为代表的动词可将间接宾语改为to引导的短语。(to 表示“方向”，侧重动作的方向) (2)如: She gave me a pen. S V IO DO She bought him a book. S V IO DO 5.S+V+O+OC→主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语，作宾语补足语的主要有adj./n./to do/adv./prep.和分词，变为被动语态后原来的宾语变成主语，宾语补足语也变成主语补足语。如: I find English [easy]. S V O OC They keep their eyes [closed]. S V O OC She makes me [laugh]. S V O OC 6.英语中 there be 句型结构表示“某处有某物 ”以通常被称为存在句。其中 be为谓语动词，there be 后面的名词为句子的主语。there be 句型中 be 还可以用其他词替代，如 live. exist, stand, lie, remain, go, come 等。【例】There stands a tower in the mountain. V S 考点三 并列句 1、并列句含义 由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子称为并列句(compound sentence)。并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立, 互不依从, 但它们表达的意思之间有一定的关系。 并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来。并列连词之前可用逗号, 也可不用逗号(但however、therefore、otherwise等并列连词前后都常有逗号)。常见的并列句结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。 I came here and he went there. 我来这儿, 他去那儿。 I like bread and milk, but I don’t like eggs at all. 我喜欢面包和牛奶, 但我一点儿也不喜欢鸡蛋。 This is our first lesson, so the teacher doesn’t know all our names. 这是我们的第一堂课, 因此l老师不知道我们大家的名字。 Hurry up or we will late for school. 快一点，否则我们要迟到了。 2、并列句连词(或连接副词)根据不同含义, 分为如下几类: （1）表并列、连接 ①表示并列、顺承、 递进 and，     both，    both...and ， neither...nor，  not only...but also...，      as well as The teacher even told us a funny story，and everyone laughed so much! 老师还给我们讲了个笑话，惹得每个人都哈哈大笑！ Not only had the countries found a path to the future that did not run over the relics of the past，but they had also learnt that it was possible for countries to work together to build a better tomorrow. 这些国家不仅找到了一条不以牺牲古迹为代价的未来发展之路，而且明白了多个国家合作创造美好未来的可能性。 Neither she nor her friends thought about moving the stone out of the road. 无论是她自己，还是她的同伴，都没有想到把石头从路中间挪开。 （2）表转折关系 ②表转折 but，yet，  while，however， This district used to be a poor area of town, but it is now a centre for art, music, and food. 这个区过去是城里的一个贫困区域，而现在是艺术、音乐和美食中心。 The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, yet he couldn’t find any work. 这个工人在纽约找工作已有数月之久, 但是仍然没有找到任何工作。 （3）表示选择 表选择 or，either...or,otherwise, They must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt. 必须把它们从炉火边拿走, 不然就有可能烤糊。 You need to pay your bill immediately，or else your water and electricity will be cut off. 你得马上付你的帐单，否则你的水和电将被切断。 （4）表示因果 表因果 for，so，therefore They had often heard of elephants, but they had never seen one, for being blind, how could they? 他们常常听说大象, 但从来没看到过, 因为他们是盲人, 怎么能看到呢? It was dark, so we went home. 天晚了, 所以我们就回家了。 The young boy worked day and night, therefore, he was able to buy so beautiful house. 那个年轻人夜以继日地工作, 所以他有能力买那个漂亮的房子。 考点四 主从复合句 主从复合句(complex sentence)由一个主句(main clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(subordinate clause)构成。主句是全句的主体, 通常可以独立存在; 从句则只用作句子的一个成分, 不能独立。 After she graduated，she worked at the China 毕业后，她就职于北京的中国中医研究院。 Many people who saw the film started to believe that sharks were bad animals that ate humans. 许多看过电影的人开始相信，鲨鱼是吃人的有害动物。 What he said is right. 他说的是正确的。 1. 从句的基本概念及其结构 从句不能独立成为一个句子, 虽然它也有主语部分和谓语部分。从句通常由关联词引导, 并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句的结构通常是关联词+主语+谓语。 When I came home, my mother was cooking dinner while my father was reading newspaper. 当我回家时, 我的妈妈在做晚饭，我的爸爸在看报纸。 Did you see the books that I sent to you ? 你看到我寄给你的书了吗? Whether the competition will be held depends on the weather. 比赛是否举行视天气而 2. 复合句连词（名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词从句） <1>名词性从句引导词类别 (1) 从属连词: that(无词义), whether(是否), if(假如; 是否) (2)连接代词: who, which, whom, what, whose等。 (3)连接副词: when, why, where, how <2>形容词性从句引导词类别(定语从句) (4)关系代词: who, which, whom, that, whose，as (5)关系副词: when, why, where <3>副词性从句引导词类别(状语从句) 时间：when，whenever，while，as soon as，before、since、till、after 地点：where，wherever 条件：if，unless,as long as 原因：because，as,since,now that 比较：as（同级比较），than（不同程度比较） 方式：how 目的：in order that，so that 结果：so...that,such...that 让步：although,though,even if,even though 3. 从句的作用和种类 从句在复合句中, 可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等, 因此, 可分为六类: 即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。 The dam, which is the biggest in the world, is 3, 830 metres long. 这座水坝是世界上最大的一座, 长3 830米。(含有which引导的定语从句) Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor. 当11楼起火的时候, 大楼内有500多人在工作。(含有when引导的时间状语从句) The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page. 由主编决定哪篇报导最重要, 应安排在头版。(含有which引导的宾语从句) Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。(含有whether引导的主从) That down is where he was born.那个乡镇就是他出生的地方。(含有where引导的表语从句) The news that our team had won came in the morning. 今早我们球队已经获胜的消息来了。(含有that 引导的同位语从句) 第五讲 定语从句 考点一 关系代词的用法 1.定语从句的概念： 在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。 2.定语从句的位置： 定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。 3.定语从句的功能： 相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。 4.定语从句的类别： 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。 5.先行词： 定语从句修饰的名词和代词叫先行词。 6.关系词的三大作用： 1)替代作用：在定语从句中替代先行词。 2)成分作用：在定语从句中充当句子成分。 3)连接作用：连接主句和定语从句。 7.关系代词的用法 关系代词/副词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语、状语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 why the reason 原因状语 8.易混的关系代词辨析：that 和 which 两者都可用于指代物，大部分时候可以互换，但某些使用场合存在差别。 ★ 宜用 that 不用 which 的情况： 先行词是不定代词时，如: all, anything, everything, nothing, something, little, few, much I told him all (that) I know. He gave her everything (that) he had. 先行词被 all, every, any, the very, the only, the just 等修饰时 I have read all the books (that) you gave me. 先行词被序数词和形容词的最高级修饰时 This is the best book (that) I have ever read. The second place (that) I want to visit is Shanghai. 先行词既有人又有物时 We talked about the persons and things (that) we remember in the school. 在 Who, Which 引起的疑问句中 Who is the boy that helped you? Which is the book (that) you bought yesterday? 若有两个定语从句，一个用 which 引导，另一个须用 that 引导 He bought a book which could give him knowledge and that could help to kill the time. 当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。 Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be. 9.★ 宜用 which 不用 that 的情况： (1) 引导非限制性定语从句时（有逗号）。 例：The library provides all kinds of books, which makes our life colorful. (2) 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时例：I am looking for a box in which I can put all these books. (3) 若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是 which ，另一个须用 that。例：The book (that) he bought yesterday was the one (which) he liked best. 10.★ 当先行词为指人的关系代词时, 引导词只用 who/whom 不用 that 。 (1) 先行词为人称代词,anyone, one / ones, those, 时，例：Anyone who knows how to do it can do it now. Those who want to see the film put up your hands. (2) 在非限制性定语从句中， 例：Tom's father, who is over sixty, still works hard. Mr Green, whom you saw in the library, will teach us physics next term. (3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时， 例：I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province. (4) 在 there be 开头的句子中， 例：There is a young man who wants to see your father. (5) 一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是 that ，另一个宜用who。 例：The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. (6) 介词后指人， 例：The man with whom I just talked is a dancer. 11.★ 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。 非限制性定语从句是对意义已经非常明确的先行词给予补充、说明，删去非限制性定语从句，主句的意思仍是概念清晰、结构完整的。非限制性定语从句的引导词有 who，whom，which， whose ，as ，when ，where 等，that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，从句之前要用逗号。 （1）. 关系代词指代整个主句时，使用非限制性定语从句。 You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多，对此我很感激。（be grateful for） The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知，钓鱼岛属于中国。 There they met people from other parts of the country, who had also volunteered to help.（先行词不一定就是从句前面那个词，根据从句去判断） （2）. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时，使用非限制性定语从句。 China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国，正在快速发展。 Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了，他是明星。 12.【注意】限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词 that 不可用关系代词 that 关系代词可以省略（that ，who ，which 在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代（whom作宾语可用 who 或 that 替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由 which 或 as 引导。 巩固练习 1.Is this the museum that/which was built last year? 2.This house whose windows face the street is my uncle's. 3.Finally he reached a lonely island that/which was completely cut off from the outside world. 4.Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 5.This is the museum that/which was built in 1950. 考点二 关系副词的用法 当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。 关系副词 先行词 作用 when 时间名词 时间状语 表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which； where 地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 表地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)＋which； why the reason 原因状语 表原因的介词(如：for)＋which。 巩固训练 1.Do you know the reason why John is so angry? 2.Is this the museum where the exhibition was held? 3.It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently. 4.This is the museum where my mother worked 10 years ago. 5.I will never forget the days when I was taken good care of in that village. 考点三 介词+关系代词=关系副词 1.关系代词的确定 在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。 This is the train on which I went to Shanghai. 这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。 This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary. 这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。 第六讲 必修一vocabulary Welcome Unit exchange[ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ] n.交换; 交流      vt.  交换; 交流；交易; 兑换 lecture[ˈlɛkʧə] n.  讲座；讲课；教训 vi.  (开)讲座；讲课 vt. 训斥 registration[ˌrɛʤɪsˈtreɪʃən] n.登记；注册；挂号 register[ˈrɛʤɪstə]  vt.& vi. 登记；注册 sex[sɛks] n. 性别 female[ˈfiːmeɪl] adj. 女(性)的; 雌的   n.  雌性动（植）物；女子 male[meɪl]  adj.  男(性)的; 雄的    n.  雄性动（植）物；男子 nationality[ˌnæʃəˈnælɪti] n. 国籍; 民族 nation[ˈneɪʃən] n. 国家; 民族; 国民 design[dɪˈzaɪn] n. 设计; 设计方案     vt.  设计；筹划 designer[dɪˈzaɪnə] n. 设计者 campus[ˈkæmpəs] n.  校园; 校区 formal[ˈfɔːməl] adj. 正式的；正规的 anxious[ˈæŋkʃəs] adj.  焦虑的; 不安的 annoyed[əˈnɔɪd] adj.  恼怒的；生气的 annoy[əˈnɔɪ] vt. 使恼怒；打扰 frightened[ˈfraɪtnd] adj. 惊 吓的；害怕的 p.m.[piː.ɛm.]下午；午后 a.m[eɪ.ɛm]上午；午前；午夜至正午 senior[ˈsiːnjə] adj. 级别（或地位）高的   n.  较年长的人 senior high school[ˈsiːnjə haɪ skuːl]（美国）高中 at last[æt lɑːst] 终于; 最终 outgoing[aʊtˈgəʊɪŋ] adj.  爱交际的；外向的 impression[ɪmˈprɛʃən] n. 印象；感想 impress[ˈɪmprɛs] vt. 使钦佩；给……留下深刻的好印象vi. 留下印象；引人注目 make an impression留下好印象 what if[wɒt ɪf]要是……会怎么样呢？ guy[gaɪ] n.  小伙子；男人；家伙 concentrate[ˈkɒnsəntreɪt] vi.& vt.  集中（注意力）；聚集会神 concentrate on集中精力于 experiment[ɪksˈpɛrɪmənt] n.  实验；试验 leave… alone不打扰；不惊动 awkward[ˈɔːkwəd] adj.  令人尴尬的; 难对付的 junior[ˈʤuːnjə] adj. 地位（或职位、级别）低下的     n.  职位较低者; （体育运动中）青少年 junior high school（美国）初级中学 explore[ɪksˈplɔː]  vt.& vi. 探索；勘探 confident[ˈkɒnfɪdənt] adj.  自信的；有把握 confidence[ˈkɒnfɪdəns] n.  信心; 信任 forward[ˈfɔːwəd] adv. （also forwards）向前；前进      adj.  向前的；前进的 look forward to 盼望；期待 take notes[teɪk nəʊts]记笔记 flash[flæʃ] n. 光; 信号       vi. 闪耀； 闪光；发出信号    vt. 使闪耀；发出（信号） flash card[flæʃ kɑːd]教学卡片；识字卡 organize[ˈɔːgənaɪz] vt. 组织；筹备； 安排；组建vi. 组建；成立 organization[ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃən]  n.  组织; 团体; 机构 goal[gəʊl] n.  目标; 球门;  射门 strategy[ˈstrætɪʤi] n.  策略；策划 partner[ˈpɑːtnə]  n.  同伴; 配偶；合伙人 improve[ɪmˈpruːv]  vi.&vt.改进；改善 curious[ˈkjʊərɪəs] adj.  好奇的; 求知欲强的 company[ˈkʌmpəni] n.  公司；商行; 陪 personality[ˌpɜːsəˈnælɪti]  n.  性格；个性 style[staɪl] n. 方式; 作风 revise[rɪˈvaɪz] v.修改; 修订；复习 Unit1 teenage[ˈtiːnˌeɪʤ] adj. 十几岁的(指13至19岁); 青少年的 teenager[ˈtiːnˌeɪʤə] n. (13至19岁之间的) 青少年 ballet[ˈbæleɪ] n. 芭蕾舞；芭蕾舞剧 volunteer[ˌvɒlənˈtɪə] n. 志愿者 debate[dɪˈbeɪt] n.辩论；争论  vt.& vi.辩论；争论 prefer[priˈfɜː] vt. 较喜欢 prefer…to…… 喜欢……多于…… content[ˈkɒntɛnt] n.内容; [pl] 目录; (书、讲话、节目等的)主题 movement[ˈmuːvmənt] n. 动作；运动; 活动 greenhouse[ˈgriːnhaʊs] n. 温室；暖房 clean up打扫(或清除)干净 suitable[ˈsjuːtəbl] adj. 适合的；适用的 suitable for对……适合的 actually[ˈækʧʊəli] adv.事实上; 的确 challenge[ˈʧælɪnʤ] n. 挑战；艰巨任务  vt. 怀疑；向……挑战 title[ˈtaɪtl] n. (书、诗歌等的)名称；标题；职称；头衔 topic[ˈtɒpɪk] n. 话题; 标 freshman[ˈfrɛʃmən] n. (中学)九年级学生；(大学)一年级新生 confusing[kənˈfjuːzɪŋ] adj.难以理解的；不清楚的 confuse[kənˈfjuːz] vt.使糊涂；使迷惑 confused[kənˈfjuːzd]  adj.糊涂的；迷惑的 fluent[ˈflu(ː)ənt] adj. (尤指外语)流利的；熟练的 graduate[ˈgrædjʊət] vi. & vt.毕业；获得学位    n./'ɡrædʒʊət/ 毕业生 recommend[ˌrɛkəˈmɛnd] vt. 建议；推荐；介绍 sign up for[saɪn ʌp fɔː]报名(参加课程) advanced[ədˈvɑːnst]  adj. 高级的；高等的；先进的 advance[ədˈvɑːns] n. 前进；发展        vi. 前进；发展      vt. 发展；促进 literature[ˈlɪtərɪʧə] n. 文学; 文学作品 extra-curricular[ˈɛkstrə-kəˈrɪkjʊlə]adj. 课外的; 课程以外的 extra [ˈɛkstrə ] adj. 额外的；附加的 obviously[ˈɒbvɪəsli] adv. 显然地； 明显地 quit[kwɪt] vi. & vt.(quit, quit) 停止；戒掉；离开(工作职位、学校等) responsible[rɪsˈpɒnsəbl]  adj.负责的；有责任的 responsibility[rɪsˌpɒnsəˈbɪlɪti] n.责任；义务 be responsible for对……负责 solution[səˈluːʃən] n. 解决办法; 答案 schedule[ˈʃɛdjuːl] n.工作计划；日程安排            vt. 安排；预定 editor[ˈɛdɪtə] n.主编；编辑；编者 plate[pleɪt] n. 盘子，碟子 adventure[ədˈvɛnʧə] n. 冒险; 奇遇 expert[ˈɛkspɜːt]  n.专家；行家 adj.熟练的；内行的；专家的 youth[juːθ]  n. 青年时期; 青春 survival[səˈvaɪvəl] n. 生存；幸存；幸存事物 behaviour[bɪˈheɪvjə] n.行为; 举止 generation[ˌʤɛnəˈreɪʃən] n.一代(人) attract[əˈtrækt] vt. 吸引；引起……的注意(或兴趣) be attracted to喜爱 focus[ˈfəʊkəs] vi.& vt. 集中(精力、注意力等)；(使)调节焦距 n. 中心；重点；焦点 focus on[ˈfəʊkəs ɒn]集中；特别关注 addicted[əˈdɪktɪd] adj.有瘾的；上瘾的；入迷的 addict[ˈædɪkt] n. 对……入迷的人；吸毒成瘾的人 addicted to对……很入迷 adult[ˈædʌlt] n.成年人   adj.成年的；成熟的 Unit 2 castle[ˈkɑːsl] n. 城堡；堡垒 apply[əˈplaɪ] vi. & vt.申请；请求  vt. 应用; 涂(油漆、乳剂) apply for[əˈplaɪ fɔː]申请 visa[ˈviːzə]  n. 签证 rent[rɛnt] vt.租用；出租   vi.租用；租金为    n.租金 pack[pæk] vi. & vt. 收拾(行李) vt.包装 n. (商品的) 纸包；纸袋；大包 amazing[əˈmeɪzɪŋ] adj.令人惊奇的；令人惊喜的 amazed[əˈmeɪzd] adj.惊奇的；惊喜的 arrangement[əˈreɪnʤmənt] n. 安排；筹备 extremely[ɪksˈtriːmli] adv. 极其; 非常 source[sɔːs] n. 来源；出处 narrow[ˈnærəʊ] adj. 狭窄的  vi.& vt.(使)变窄 flat[flæt] adj. 平坦的; 扁平的  n. 公寓; 单元房 powerful[ˈpaʊəfʊl] adj. 强有力的；有权势的；有影响力的 empire[ˈɛmpaɪə] n. 帝国 emperor[ˈɛmpərə] n. 皇帝 site[saɪt] n. 地点；位置；现场 take control of控制; 接管 official[əˈfɪʃəl] adj.官方的；正式的; 公务的  n. 官员；要员 recognize[ˈrɛkəgnaɪz] vt. 辨别出; 承认; 认可 type[taɪp] n.类型; 种类  vi. & vt. 打字 flight[flaɪt] n. 空中航行; 航班；航程 accommodation[əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃ(ə)n] n. 住处；停留处；膳宿 unique[juːˈniːk] adj. 唯一的；独特的; 特有的 path[pɑːθ] n. 小路; 路线；道路 destination[ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən]  n. 目的地；终点 other than[ˈʌðə ðæn]除……以外 admire[ədˈmaɪə] vt. 钦佩；赞赏 architecture[ˈɑːkɪtɛkʧə] n. 建筑设计；建筑学 architect [ˈɑːkɪtɛkt ] n. 建筑设计师 brochure[ˈbrəʊʃjʊə] n. 资料(或广告)手册 package[ˈpækɪʤ] n. 包裹; 包装盒  vt. 将……包装好 package tour[ˈpækɪʤ tʊə]包价旅游 contact[ˈkɒntækt] vt. 联络；联系  n. 联系；接触 civilization[ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n. 文明；闻名世界 make up[meɪk ʌp]构成；形成 soldier[ˈsəʊlʤə] n.士兵; 军人 transport[ˈtrænspɔːt] vt. 运输；运送 hike[haɪk] vi. 徒步旅行 vt. 去……远足  n. 远足; 徒步旅行 economy[i(ː)ˈkɒnəmi] n. 经济；节约 economic[ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk] adj. 经济(上)的; 经济学的 credit[ˈkrɛdɪt]  n. 借款；信用; 称赞; 学分 credit card信用卡 detail[ˈdiːteɪl] n. 细节；详情；细微之处 check in[ʧɛk ɪn](在旅馆、机场等) 登记 check out[ʧɛk aʊt]结账离开(旅馆等) request[rɪˈkwɛst] n. (正式或礼貌的)要求；请求    vt.(正式或礼貌地)要求；请求 view[vjuː] n. 视野；景色；看法 sight[saɪt] n. 景象; 视野; 视力 statue[ˈstætjuː] n.雕塑；雕像 BCE [biː-siː-iː ] 公元前 tomb[tuːm] n. 坟墓 unearth[ʌnˈɜːθ]  vt. 挖掘；发掘 comment[ˈkɒmɛnt] n.议论；评论       vi.& vt. 发表意见；评论 the Eiffel Tower[ði ˈaɪf(ə)l ˈtaʊə]埃菲尔铁塔 Neuschwanstein[nɔɪˈʃvɑːnʃaɪn]新天鹅堡 Iceland[ˈaɪslənd]冰岛 Disneyland[ˈdɪzniːˌlænd]迪士尼乐园 Peru[pəˈruː]秘鲁 the Andes[ði ˈændiːz]安第斯山脉 the Amazon[ði ˈæməzən]亚马孙雨林 the Inca[ði ˈɪŋkə]印加帝国 Machu Picchu[mɑːʧuːˈpiːkʧuː]马丘比丘 Spain[peɪn]西班牙 Spanish[ˈspænɪʃ]西班牙语，西班牙人，西班牙的 Cusco[ˈkʊskəʊ]库斯科（秘鲁城市） Lake Titicaca[leɪk ˌtɪtɪˈkɑːkɑ]的的喀喀湖 the Uros[ði  ˈjuːrəʊz]乌鲁斯人 the Terracotta[ðə ˈtɛrəˈkɒtə]兵马俑 Unit 3 fitness[ˈfɪtnɪs] n.健康; 健壮；适合 soccer[ˈsɒkə] n. 足球；足球运动 stadium[ˈsteɪdiəm] n.体育场; 运动场 boxing[ˈbɒksɪŋ] n. 拳击(运动) badminton[ˈbædmɪntən] n. 羽毛球运动 marathon[ˈmərəθən]马拉松赛跑 event[ɪˈvɛnt] n. 比赛项目；大事；公开活动 come along[kʌm əˈlɒŋ]跟随；到达；进步；赶快 ski[skiː] adj. 滑雪的 vi.滑雪 host[həʊst] vt. 主办；主持   n.主人；东道主；节目主持人 track[træk] n. 跑道；足迹；铁路轨道  vt.& vi. 追踪; 跟踪 track and field[træk ænd fiːld]田径 gym[ʤɪm] n. 健身房; 体育馆  gymnastics[ʤɪmˈnæstɪks] n. 体操(训练) work out[wɜːk aʊt]锻炼；计算出；解决 sweat[swɛt] vt.使出汗；出汗弄湿   vi.出汗；流汗    n. 汗水; 出汗 make it[meɪk ɪt]获得成功；准时到达 legend[ˈlɛʤənd] n.传奇故事(或人物)；传说 athlete[ˈæθliːt] n. 运动员；运动健儿 master[ˈmɑːstə] n. 高手; 主人  vt. 精通；掌握 set an example树立榜样 honour[ˈɒnə] n.荣誉；尊敬；荣幸 glory[ˈglɔːri] n.荣誉；光荣；赞美 medal[ˈmɛdl] n. 奖章; 勋章 championship[ˈʧæmpiənʃɪp] n. 锦标赛; 冠军赛；冠军称号 champion[ˈʧæmpiən] n. 冠军; 优胜者 determination[dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən] n. 决心；决定 apart[əˈpɑːt] adv. 分离；分开；成碎片 fall apart[fɔːl əˈpɑːt]破裂；破碎；崩溃 injure[ˈɪnʤə] vt. 使受伤；损害 injured[ˈɪnʤəd] adj. 受伤的；有伤的 injury[ˈɪnʤəri] n. 伤害；损伤 captain[ˈkæptɪn] n. (运动队)队长；船长；机长 lose heart[luːz hɑːt]丧失信心；泄气 graceful[ˈgreɪsfʊl] adj. 优美的；优雅的 strength[strɛŋθ]  n.力量；体力 failure[ˈfeɪljə] n. 失败；失败的人(或事物) give up[gɪv ʌp]放弃；投降 compete[kəmˈpiːt] vi. 竞争；对抗 make sense[meɪk sɛns] 有道理；合乎情理；表述清楚 pretend[prɪˈtɛnd] vi.& vt.假装；装扮 pretend to do sth假装做某事 even if/though[ˈiːvən ɪf/ðəʊ]即使；虽然 million[ˈmɪljən] num. 一百万 cheat[ʧiːt] vi.作弊；舞弊vt. 欺骗；蒙骗  n. 欺骗手段；骗子 audience[ˈɔːdiəns] n. 观众；听众 positive[ˈpɒzətɪv] adj. 积极的；正面的；乐观的；肯定的 slim[slɪm] adj. 苗条的；单薄的 diet[ˈdaɪət] n.规定饮食；日常饮食  vi.节食 make a difference有作用或影响 rather[ˈrɑːðə]  adv. 相当；有点儿 rather than[ˈrɑːðə ðæn]而不是 push-up[pʊʃ-ʌp]俯卧撑 cut… out[kʌt… aʊt]停止做(或使用、食用)；剪下 now and then有时；偶尔 compare…with/to… 与……比较 jog[ʤɒg] vi. 慢跑  n.慢跑 stress[strɛs] n. 压力；紧张；重音    vt. 强调；重读；使焦虑不安  vi.焦虑不安 error[ˈɛrə]  n. 错误；差错 Unit 4 disaster[dɪˈzɑːstə] n.灾难；灾害 tornado[tɔːˈneɪdəʊ]龙卷风；旋风 drought[draʊt]  n.旱灾；久旱 landslide[ˈlændslaɪd] n. ( landfall) (山地或悬崖的)崩塌；滑坡 slide[slaɪd] vi. & vt. (使)滑行；滑动 tsunami[tsuːˈnɑːmi]  n. 海啸 flood[flʌd] n. 洪水；大量   vi.淹没；大量涌入  vt.使灌满水；淹没 volcanic eruption[ ɪˈrʌpʃən]火山喷发 magnitude[ˈmægnɪtjuːd] n. (地)震级；重大 rescue[ˈrɛskjuː] n.& vt.营救；救援 damage[ˈdæmɪʤ] vt.损害；破坏   n.损坏；损失 destroy[dɪsˈtrɔɪ] vt. 摧毁 ；毁灭 evacuate[ɪˈvækjʊeɪt] vt.疏散；撤出 vi.撤离 helicopter[ˈhɛlɪkɒptə] n. 直升机 death[dɛθ] n. 死；死亡 affect [əˈfɛkt ]  vt. 影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动 shelter[ˈʃɛltə] n.避难处；居所；庇护    vt.保护；掩蔽    vi. 躲避 (风、雨或危险) crack[kræk] n.裂纹；裂缝  vi. & vt. (使)破裂 as if[æz ɪf]似乎；好像；仿佛 ruin[rʊɪn] n.&vt. 破坏；毁坏 in ruins[ɪn rʊɪnz]严重受损；破败不堪 percent[pəˈsɛnt] n. 百分之…… adj.&adv.每一百种 brick[brɪk] n. 砖；砖块 metal[ˈmɛtl] n.金属 shock[ʃɒk] n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克  vt.(使)震惊 in shock[ɪn ʃɒk]震惊；吃惊 electricity[ɪlɛkˈtrɪsɪti] n.电；电能 trap[træp] vt.使落入险境；使陷入圈套     n. 险境；陷阱 bury[ˈbɛri] vt. 埋葬；安葬 breathe[briːð] vi.& vt.呼吸 revive[rɪˈvaɪv] v.复活，使苏醒 revival[rɪˈvaɪvəl] n.振兴；复苏 effort[ˈɛfət] n.努力；艰难的尝试；尽力 unify[ˈjuːnɪfaɪ] vi.& vt. 统一；(使)成一体 wisdom[ˈwɪzdəm] n.智慧；才智 context[ˈkɒntɛkst] n.上下文；语境；背景 suffer[ˈsʌfə] vt.遭受；蒙受 vi. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦 volcano[vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ]火山 erupt[ɪˈrʌpt] vi.& vt. (火山)爆发；(岩浆、烟等)喷出 supply[səˈplaɪ] n.供应(量)；补给；[pl.] 补给品   vt. 供应；供给 typhoon[taɪˈfuːn] n.台风 in the open air露天；在户外 hurricane[ˈhʌrɪkən] n . (尤指大西洋的)飓风 survive[səˈvaɪv] vi.生存；存活 vt. 幸存；艰难度过 power[ˈpaʊə] n.电力供应；力量；控制力 tap[tæp] vi.& vt. 轻叩；轻敲；轻拍  n.水龙头；轻叩；轻敲 pipe[paɪp] n.管子；管道 whistle[ˈwɪsl] vi.吹口哨；发出笛声vt. 吹口哨       n. 哨子(声)；呼啸声 emergency[ɪˈmɜːʤənsi] n.突发事件；紧急情况 calm[kɑːm] adj.镇静的；沉着的   vt.使平静；使镇静 aid[eɪd]  n.援助；帮助；救援物资  vi.& vt. (formal) 帮助；援助 kit[kɪt] n.成套工具；成套设备 first aid kit[fɜːst eɪd kɪt]急救箱 on hand[ɒn hænd]现有(尤指帮助) crash[kræʃ] vt.& vi.碰撞；撞击  n.撞车；碰撞 sweep[swiːp] vt. & vi. ( swept, swept) 打扫；清扫 sweep away消灭；彻底消除 wave[weɪv] n.海浪；波浪  vi.& vt.挥手；招手 strike[straɪk] vi侵袭；突击；击打  n. 罢工；罢课；袭击 deliver[dɪˈlɪvə] vt. & vi.递送；传达 vt.发表 summary[ˈsʌməri] n.总结；概括；概要 effect[ɪˈfɛkt] n.影响；结果；效果 length[lɛŋθ]  n.长；长度 Ecuador[ˈɛkwədɔː]厄瓜多尔 Sri Lanka[sri ˈlɑːŋkə]斯里兰卡 Indonesia[ˌɪndəˈnɪzɪə]印度尼西亚 Thailand[ˈtaɪlænd]泰国 Malaysia[məˈleɪʒə]马来西亚 Sumatra[sʊˈmɑːtrə]苏门答腊岛 Unit 5 billion[ˈbɪljən] n.十亿 native[ˈneɪtɪv] adj.出生地的；本地的；土著的  n.本地人 attitude[ˈætɪtjuːd] n.态度；看法 reference[ˈrɛfrəns] n.指称关系；参考 refer[rɪˈfɜː] vi.提到；参考；查阅 vt.查询;叫…求助于 refer to[rɪˈfɜː tuː]指的是；描述；提到；查阅 system[ˈsɪstɪm]  n.体系；制度；系统 despite[dɪsˈpaɪt] prep. 即使；尽管 ups and downs[ʌps ænd daʊnz]浮沉；兴衰；荣辱 factor[ˈfæktə] n. 因素；要素 based[beɪst] adj.以(某事)为基础的；以……为重要部分(或特征)的 base[beɪs] vt. 以……为据点；以……为基础 n. 底部；根据 date back to 追溯到 bone[bəʊn] n.骨头；骨(质) shell[ʃɛl] n.壳；壳状物 symbol[ˈsɪmbəl] n. 符号；象征 carve[kɑːv] vt. & vi 雕刻 dynasty[ˈdɪnəsti]  n.王朝；朝代 variety[vəˈraɪəti] n. (植物、语言等的)变体；异体；多样化 major[ˈmeɪʤə] adj.主要的；重要的;大的  n.主修课程；主修学生  vi.主修；专门研究 no matter where , who, what, etc.不论……；不管…… dialect[ˈdaɪəlɛkt] n.地方话；方言 means[miːnz] n.方式；方法；途径 classic[ˈklæsɪk] adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的 n.经典作品；名著 regard[rɪˈgɑːd] n.尊重；关注   vt.把……视为；看待 character[ˈkærɪktə] n.文字；符号；角色；品质；特点 calligraphy[kəˈlɪgrəfi] n.书法；书法艺术 global[ˈgləʊbəl] adj.全球的；全世界的 affair[əˈfeə] n.公共事务；事件； appreciate[əˈpriːʃɪeɪt]  vt. 欣赏；重视；感激；领会  vi.增值 specific[spɪˈsɪfɪk] adj.特定的；明确的；具体的 CE[siː-iː]公元 struggle[ˈstrʌgl] n.&vi.斗争；奋斗；搏斗 tongue[tʌŋ] n.舌头；语言 point of view[pɔɪnt ɒv vjuː]观点；看法 semester[sɪˈmɛstə]  n.学期 gas[gæs] n.汽油；气体；燃气 petrol[ˈpɛtrəl]汽油 subway[ˈsʌbweɪ] n.地铁 apartment[əˈpɑːtmənt] n.公寓套房 pants[pænts] n.内裤；短裤 beg[bɛg]  vt. 恳求；祈求；哀求 equal[ˈiːkwəl]  n.同等的人；相等物     adj. 相同的；同样的 gap[gæp] n.间隔；开口；差距 demand[dɪˈmɑːnd] n.要求；需求            vt. 强烈要求；需要 vi.查问 vocabulary[vəʊˈkæbjʊləri] n.词汇 description[dɪsˈkrɪpʃən] n.描写(文字)；形容 relate[rɪˈleɪt] vt.联系；讲述 relate to[rɪˈleɪt tuː] vt.联系；讲述 第七讲 单元综合练习 Welcome Unit 重点单词变形，词组，短语，句型练习 一、单词变形 1．design vt.& n．设计→ designer n．设计者 2．anxious adj.焦虑的；不安的→ anxiously adv.焦虑地→ anxiety n．焦虑 3．annoy vt.使恼怒→ annoyed adj.恼怒的→ annoying adj.令人恼怒的→ annoyance n．恼怒 4．frighten vt.使害怕→ frightened adj.惊吓的→ frightening adj.令人害怕的 5．impress vt.给……留下深刻的好印象→ impression n．印象；感想→ impressive adj.令人印象深刻的 6．confident adj.自信的→ confidence n．信心；信任→ self-confidence n.自信 7．organize vt.组织；筹备→ organization n．组织；团体→ organizer n．组织者 8．improve vi.& vt.改进；改善→ improvement n．提高；改善 9．curious adj.好奇的→ curiously adv.好奇地→ curiosity n．好奇 重点词组 1．at last 最终，终于 2．make an impression 留下印象 3．what if 要是...怎么办 4．concentrate on 集中精力于 5．leave...alone 不惊动，不打扰 6．junior high school 初中 7．look forward to 期待 8．take notes 记笔记 重点单词 1． exchange n．& vt.交换；交流 2． lecture n．& vi.(开)讲座；讲课 3． formal adj.正式的；正规的 4． senior adj.级别(或地位)高的 n．较年长的人 5． outgoing adj.外向的 6． concentrate vi.& vt.集中(注意力)；聚精会神 7． experiment n．试验 8． awkward adj.令人尴尬的 9． junior adj.地位(或职位、级别)低下的 n．职位较低者 10． explore vt.& vi.探索；勘探 11． forward adv.向前；前进 12． flash n．光；信号 vi.& vt.(使)闪耀；发出(信号) 13． goal n．目标；球门；射门 14． partner n．同伴 15． company n．公司；陪伴 16． style n．方式；作风 二、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1．With the noise going, we can’t concentrate ____on____our studies. 2．All candidates have to undergo a _personality_ (personal) test. 3．Grandpa is looking forward ___to_____another birthday. 4．His trip to India made a strong _impression_ (impress) on him. 5．He got _annoyed_(annoy), saying it wasn’t his fault if he couldn’t play as well as me. 6．What __if__we lack money to finish the project, as time is limited? 7．Most of the food for the homeless in the area is provided by a voluntary _organization_(organize). 8．There was an announcement that Flight 303 would be postponed due to the foggy weather, which made many people feel _anxious_(anxiety). 9．The little girl felt _frightened__ (frighten) at the sight of the dinosaur. 10．The new bridge_designed__(design) by the last month. 11．Moreover, practising tai chi has inspired him to explore_(explore) the Chinese culture behind it. 12．The children all have very different _personality_(person). 13．Your encouragement makes me more _confident_ (confidence) of the coming interview. 14．Out of_curiosity_(curious), Alice ran after the rabbit. 15．The old man stood up and moved _awkwardly_ (awkward) to the kitchen. 16．A marriage without _registration_(register)is not recognized by law. 17．I spent the whole weekend _revising_ (revise) for my exam. 18．___At last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket, which broke out at ten this morning. 19．They were given food and money in exchange __for_a week’s work. 20．You should fill in this application form very carefully and put down your _nationality_(national) in this blank. 21．It is necessary for every student to take _notes_ (note) in class. 22．We will be at Baker Street at 8：00 am, and we are looking forward to _seeing_ (see) you there. 23．What’s your _nationality_ (nation)? In other words, which country are you from? 24．He is a fashion_designer_(design), who concentrates on original (原创的) works. 25．Each of us can not leave __alone_ other people’s work and lives along in a civilized society. 三、根据汉语意思填写单词 1．Some schools are trying to make their _campus_ (校园) environment better. 2．Children are greatly encouraged to _explore_(探索) the unknown world. 3．Having a hobby gives you focus, self-dependence and confidence and shapes your_personality(性格). 4．You’d better _revise_(修改)your program, because it doesn’t suit our boss. 5．The professor will give us a lecture_(讲座)on the origin the humans. 6．I felt a little_awkward(尴尬的), so I smiled at him. 7．Her expression on the face suggested that she was very _frightened_ (害怕的). 8．People gathered round, _curious(好奇的) to know what is happening. 9．Soldiers are moving _forward_ (向前) to fight against the enemy. 10．He seems _confident_ (自信的) but deep down he’s quite insecure. 11．I hope that the expert will offer me some successful learning strategies( 策略). 12．He is _outgoing_(外向), and likes talking with others. 13．_Female(女性的) education in the country is developing rapidly. 14．He wrote a very formal_ (正式的) letter of apology to Douglas. 15．Of the two officers, James is the junior (下级). 四、原课本文章 人教版高一英语必修一 Welcome Unit FIRST IMPRESSIONS -------（Han Jing’s World） 7:00 a.m. So this is it — senior high school at last! I’m not outgoing so I’m a little anxious right now. I want to make a good first impression. Will I make any friends? What if no one talks to me? 12:30 p.m. I just had my first maths class at senior high school! The class was difficult, but the teacher was kind and friendly. He even told us a funny story, and everyone laughed so much! I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful. 5:32 p.m. This afternoon, we had our chemistry class in the science lab. The lab is new and the lesson was great, but the guy next to me tried to talk to me the whole time. I couldn’t concentrate on the experiment. I really wanted to tell him to please be quiet and leave me alone! 10:29 p.m. What a day! This morning, I was worried that no one would talk to me. But I was wrong. I didn’t feel awkward or frightened at all. I miss my friends from junior high school, but I believe I will make new friends here, and there’s a lot to explore at senior high. I feel much more confident than I felt this morning. I think that tomorrow will be a great day! 五、语篇小练习 1.当我从初中毕业，进入高中时，我和汤姆成了朋友。当我们第一次见面时，他给我留下了深刻的印象。汤姆是个外向的家伙，他渴望探索新事物，对自己的未来充满信心。 When I graduated from① junior high school and entered② senior high school , I became friends with Tom. When we first met each other, he③ made a great impression on me. Tom is a(n)④ outgoing guy, who⑤ looks forward to exploring new things and has great⑥ confidence in his future. 2.在我上高中之前，我感到非常焦虑。我会交到朋友吗？我的老师和同学会很难对付吗？如果我不能集中精力上课怎么办？那么多的问题使我恼怒，以至于我睡不好觉。但在我上了高中后，所有的担心都没有发生。最终，我爱上了高中生活。 Before I went to① senior high school , I felt very② anxious . Would I make any friends? Would my teachers and classmates be③ awkward to deal with?④ What if I couldn’t⑤ concentrate on my lessons? So many problems⑥ annoyed me that I couldn’t sleep well. However, all the worries didn’t happen after I attended senior high school.⑦ At least , I fell in love with the high school life. 3.在实验期间，当我被独自留在黑暗的森林里时，我吓得要死。 I was① frightened to death when I was② left alone in the dark forest during the③ experiment . 4.去年10月，我加入了一个组织，它的目标是提高当地社区的生活水平。威廉是我的搭档。他在一家大公司里工作，他有鲜明的个性和工作风格。 Last October, I joined a(n)① organization , whose② goalis to③ improve the living standards of the local community. William is my④ partner . He works in a big⑤ company and has a strong⑥ personality and work⑦ style . 5.周亮有自己的学习策略。他经常在教学卡片上/记下老师教的内容，这样他就可以在空闲时间里复习。他对英国文化很好奇，期待着有一天去英国体验一下。 Zhou Liang has his own ① learning strategies. He often② takes notes of what the teachers have taught on③ flash cards so that he can④ revise in his free time. He⑤ is curious about British culture and⑥ look forward to going to the UK to experience it one day. 六、Read the passage and analyse the structures of the underlined sentences. How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time?For Tim, that dream has come true! This term, Tim and his classmates are living on a ship! They take the same subjects as you do, like maths and English. They also learn about ships and the sea. Tim writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship.Tim loves living on the ship. There’s always something exciting to do. And, after a long day of study, he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out. Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea! 七、佳句仿写 ①What if no one talks to me? 意思： 要是...该怎么办 1.要是我没法专心上课该怎么办？ What if I can’t focus my attention in class? 2.要是我考试出错了怎么办？ What if I make mistakes in the exam? 3.如果没人愿意和我交朋友怎么办？ What if no one wants to make friends with me? ②Mr Smith found his son doing an experiment in the garden.用法： S+find+宾+宾补 发现某人正在做某事 1.如果你你坚持练习，你就会发现剪纸很简单。 If you keep practising, you will find paper-cutting easy. 2.我发现他一直在不停地说话。 I found him keeping talking all the time. ③This is the first time that I have been away from home,so I find it hard to live here. 1.我觉得帮助别人是一件很快乐的事。 I find it pleasant to help others. 2.他发现适应高中生活是一件很难的事。 He finds it difficult to get used to senior high school life. 3.你会发现学习英语很简单 You will find it easy to learn English. ④You’ll never see me without a book or a pen. 1.[谚语]无风不起浪。 There is no smoke without fire. 2.我学习前一定会预习功课。 I never study without previewing lessons first. 3.他回答问题前总会仔细思考。 He never answers questions without thinking carefully. 4.只有坚持不懈，一切皆有可能。 Nothing is impossible without persistence. 5.[谚语]勇士面前无险路。 A brave man never faces a road without hope. ⑤It is impolite of children to cut in when their senior are talking. 用法： It is + 形容词 + of sb. to do sth. It is hard for other drivers to predict conditions when driverless cars are moving. 用法： It is + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth. 1.你不可能在一个小时内完成这个工作。 It is impossible for you to finish the work in an hour. 2.你听从你父母的建议是很明智的。 It is wise of you to follow your parents’ advice. 3.汤姆十分聪明给老师们留下了很好的第一印象。 It is clever of Tom to leave a good first impression on teachers. 4.他很大方的去分享他的想法。 It is generous of him to share his ideas. 5.我们非常有必要每天坚持阅读。 It is quite necessary for us to keep reading every day. 6.你放弃致辞宝贵的学习机会，实在太不明智了。 It is really unwise of you to give up this valuable learning chance. ⑥There are some experiment to carry out. 用法： There sth to do sth 1.没有时间可以浪费了。 There is no time to waste. 2.高中还有许多困难等着我们去克服。 There are many difficulties to overcome in senior high school. 3.我们有很多宝贵的经验要去向别人学习。 There are much valuable experience to learn from others. Unit 1 Teenage Life 重点单词变形，词组，短语，句型练习 一、单词变形 1．suitable adj.合适的；适用的→ suit vt.适合；适宜于→【反】 unsuitable adj.不合适的；不适用的→【同】 fit adj.合适的，健康的 2．challenge n．挑战 vt.向……挑战→ challenging adj.有挑战性的→ challenger n.挑战者 3．confuse vt.使糊涂；使迷惑→ confused adj.难以理解的；不清楚的→ confusing adj.糊涂的；迷惑的→ confusion n.困惑，迷惑 1． fluent adj.(尤指外语)流利的；熟练的→ fluently adv.流利地→ fluency n．流利；流畅 5．graduate vi.& vt.毕业；获得学位 n．毕业生→ graduation n．毕业 6．recommend vt.建议；推荐→ recommendation n．建议；推荐 7．advance n．前进；发展 vi.前进；发展→ advanced adj.高级的；高等的；先进的 8．responsible adj.负责的；有责任的→ responsibility n．责任；义务 9．solution n．解决办法；答案→ solve vt.解决 10．survival n．幸存；幸存事物→ survive vi.& vt.幸存；比……活得长→ survivor n．幸存者 11．behaviour n．行为；举止→ behave v．举止，表现 12．attract vt.吸引→ attraction n．吸引；吸引人的事物→ attractive adj.有吸引力的 13．addict n．上瘾者；对……入迷的人→ addicted adj.上瘾的；入迷的→ addiction n．着迷； 重点词组 哈哈哈 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司第 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1．prefer...to... 比起...更喜欢 2．clean up 打扫干净 3．be suitable for 适合... 4．sign up (for sth.) 报名（参加课程） 5．be responsible for 对...负责 6．be attracted to 喜爱/被...吸引 7．focus on 集中精力于 8．be addicted to 对...上瘾 重点单词 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公第 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1． teenager n．(13至19岁之间的) 青少年 2． volunteer n．志愿者 3． debate n．辩论；争论 vt.& vi.辩论；争论 4． prefer vt.较喜欢 5． content n．内容；[pl.]目录；(书、讲话、节目等的)主题 adj.满意的，满足的 6． actually adv.事实上；的确 7． title n．(书、诗歌等的)名称；标题；职称；头衔 8． topic n．话题；标题 9． extra adj.额外的；附加的 10．obviously adv.显然；明显地 11． quit vi.& vt.(quit，quit)停止；戒掉；离开(工作职位、学校等) 12． schedule n．工作计划；日程安排 vt.安排；预订 13． adventure n．冒险；奇遇 14． expert n．专家 adj.熟练的 15． focus vi.& vt.集中(精力、注意力等) n．中心；焦点 二、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1．More importantly, it provides students with new skills to deal with future _challenges_(challenge). 2．The adviser recommended that he should sign up for _advanced_(advance) literature because he likes English and he’s good at it. 3．_Actually__(actual), this is not even his real name. 4．_Obviously_ (obvious), we don’t want to spend too much money. 5．Every eye at the conference was focused __on_ the chairman. 6．My parents prefer me _to finishing_(finish) the work by myself. 7．Rather than stay at home, she preferred _to go_ (go) with us. 8．Obviously they didn’t realize that their _behavior_(behave) had done great damage to the beauty of the park. 9．Like many new _graduates_ (graduate), I left university full of hope for the future but with no real idea of what I wanted to do. 10．We have _responsibility(responsible) for ensuring that the rules are enforced. 11．The instructions on the box were very _confusing_(confuse). 12．The programme isn’t _suitable___(suit) for children. 13．Human activity is partly responsible _for_ the water shortage. 14．China has made an _amazing_(amaze) achievement in the fight against poverty. 15．Mike is_responsible_(responsibility) for designing the entire project. 16．My brother is very excellent. He _recommends_ (recommend) good books to me. 17．This is the house where my family have lived for three _generations_(generation). 18．They have to come up with a _solution_ (solve) to the problem. 19．Sometimes the same word has a slightly different meaning, which can be _confusing_ (confuse). 20．His official visit to Beijing is _scheduled_(schedule) to start on December 21st in New York city. 21．As a _teenager_(teenage), he began searching for the deeper meaning of life. 三、根据汉语意思填写单词 1．This crazy bus schedule has got me completely _confused_ (迷惑的). 2．Most of our _volunteers (志愿者) are aged 17-24. 3．I could hardly wait to try this _adventure_ (冒险) again. 4．_Obviously_(显而易见), he was unhappy with the result. 5．I checked the train _schedule__(时刻表)to find out when my cousin would arrive. 6．Ten years ago he _graduated_(毕业) from university and became a professional writer. 7．Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big _challenge__ (挑战) . 8．Now young people _prefer_ (更喜欢) to celebrate western festivals. 9．This science and technology-based theme park in France uses the most _advanced_ (先进的) technology. 10．_Addicted_ (沉溺于) to playing the computer games, many kids have lost interest in study. 11．Human activities aren’t responsible__ (负有责任的) for all water shortage. 12．Disagreements are natural and in fact, _debate_ (辩论) and discussion should be encouraged. 13．I should be confident and _improve_(提高) my ability to achieve my goal. 14．He would do well to _focus_ (集中) more on his work. 15．As a result of the scientific progress that occurs, the technology based on the science also _improves__(改进) over time. 四、课本原文 人教版高一英语必修一 Unit1 THE FRESHMAN CHALLENGE Hi! My name is Adam and I’m a freshman at senior high school. Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge. The first week was a little confusing. First, I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take. The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese. I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I’m good at it. I had to choose extra‑curricular activities, too. I tried to join the school football team, but the coach told me that I didn’t play well enough. Obviously, I was unhappy, but I won’t quit. I’ll find a way to improve on my own so that I can make the team next year. I joined a volunteer club instead. Every Wednesday, we work at a soup kitchen and hand out food to homeless people in the community. I know I’ll have to study harder as a senior high school student and get used to being responsible for a lot more. I’m a bit worried about keeping up with the other students in my advanced course, and it’ll be quite difficult to get used to all the homework. Still, I’m happy to be here. Studying hard isn’t always fun, but I’ll be well‑prepared for university or whatever else comes in the future. 五、语篇小练习——生词串记（根据译文补全段落中所缺词语） 1.显然，在高中我们将面临许多挑战，这可能使我们非常困惑。我们需要做的是尽力找到解决它们的办法。同时，我们应该对我们将要做的事情负责。 ① , we will ② in senior high school, which may ③ us greatly. What we need to do is to ④ to them. At the same time, we should ⑤ what we will do. ① Obviously② face many challenges③ confuse④ try to find solutions⑤ be responsible for 2.大学毕业后，我姐姐在一家英文报社做记者，而不是当编辑。由于她流利的英语口语，她经常被要求采访外国人。她的日程太紧，以至于没时间跳舞，所以她不得不放弃了她的爱好。 After ① , my sister works in an English newspaper② rather than a(n) ③ __________.④ her ⑤ , she⑥ interview foreign people. Her ⑦ __________ is so tight that she has no time to dance, so she⑧ her hobby. ① Graduating from university② as a journalist③ editor④ Thanks to / Because of⑤ fluent oral English⑥ is required to⑦ schedule⑧ had to quit 3.我对自己应该学什么感到困惑。因为我对写作很感兴趣，我最好的朋友爱丽丝建议我报名/高级文学。 I① what I should learn. My best friend Alice ②__________ that I should③ ④ _______________, because I⑤ . ①am confused about② recommends③ sign up for④ advanced literature⑤ am interested in writing 4.不同年代的人有自己的生活。当今的年轻人都喜欢冒险故事。一些年轻人沉迷于互联网，专注于现代的生活方式。有些成年人不喜欢这些年轻人的行为。 Different ① have their own lives. The youth today ② adventure stories.Some young people ③ the Internet and ④ the modern lifestyle.⑤ don’t like . ① generations② prefer③ are addicted to④ focus on⑤ Some adults；young people’s behaviour 5.这位专家说，这个破碎的盘子有可能来自宋朝。 The ①__________ said the broken ②__________ might come from the Song Dynasty.① expert② plate 6.高中生不仅要学习，还要参加课外活动。如果你第一次表现不好，不要放弃。你应该自主提升自己，学会对自己的选择负责。很多学生也会加入志愿者社团帮助他人。 ① need both study and ② . If you fail at first, never ③__________. You should ④__________ yourself on your own and⑤ your choices. Many students also join ⑥__________ clubs to help others. ① Senior high students② extracurricular activities③ quit④ improve⑤ be responsible for⑥ volunteer 7.高中学习是巨大的挑战。显然，课业压力很大，很多学生担心跟不上进度。但只要努力学习、主动分发学习资料互助、认真备考，你就能为未来做好准备。 Senior high study is a huge ①__________. ②__________, schoolwork is heavy and many students worry about ③ their classmates. But if you work hard, ④ _____learning materials to help each other and ⑤__________ carefully, you will be well prepared for your future. ① challenge② Obviously③ keeping up with④ hand out⑤ prepare for exams 六、先判断下列划线部分为什么词性短语，在句子中做什么成分（写出其功能）。 1. The first week was a little confusing. the first week名词短语作主；a little confusing形容词短语作表语 2. The building is so big that I’m completely lost. the building名词短语作主；completely lost形容词短语作表语 3.The students curious about English signed up for the contest. curious about English形容词短语作后置定语，修饰 the students；the contest名词短语作宾 4. The kids over there are putting something on a round paper plate. the kids over there名词短语作主；a round paper plate名词短语作宾 5. Linda thinks and speaks quite quickly, and she can do well in the debate. quite quickly副词短语；状语（方式状语），修饰 thinks and speaks；the debate名词短语作宾 6.We made Lena our group leader. our group leader名词短语作宾语补足语 7. The new coach told me that I didn’t play well enough. the new coach 名词短语作主；well enough副词短语作状语（程度状语），修饰动词 play 8. My first French class was very confusing. The teacher spoke so fast! my first French class名词短语作主；very confusing形容词短语作表语；the teacher名词短语作主；so fast副词短语作状修饰spoke 9. Adam, a freshman, faces many challenges. a freshman名词短语作同位语；many challenges名词短语作宾 10.The courses difficult for freshmen need more attention. difficult for freshmen形容词短语作后置定语，修饰 the courses   11. Ms Wang, our school adviser, recommended advanced literature. our school adviser名词短语作同位语；advanced literature名词短语作宾 【练习】 1. All the students were invited to take part in the English speech contest. all the students名词短语作主；the English speech contest名词短语作宾 2. Most of the little children are naturally curious about everything around them. most of the little children名词短语作主；naturally curious about everything around them形容词短语作后置定语作表 3. Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park. wet or fine形容词短语作状；the park名词短语作宾 4. I found maths quite easy and enjoyable because the teaching material was less advanced in the UK than in China.quite easy and enjoyable形容词短语作宾补； the teaching material名词短语作主；less advanced形容词短语作表 5. It was raining very heavily on the day we moved. very heavily副词短语作状修饰rain；the day we moved名词短语作宾 6. The boy entered a shoe store which was big and tidy and bought a pair of shoes. the boy名词短语作主；a shoe store名词短语作宾；big and tidy形容词短语作表；a pair of shoes名词短语作宾 7. The boy is too young to understand clearly enough what his mother has said. the boy名词短语作主； too young形容词短语作表；clearly enough副词短语作状修understand 8. Mr Smith, the head teacher of our school, is to attend a meeting to be held next Friday. the head teacher of our school名词短语作同位语；a meeting to be held next Friday名词短语作宾 七、佳句仿写 1. 动名词短语作主语 Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge. ①充分利用空闲时间帮助我们赶上同学。 Making full use of free time helps us keep up with our classmates. ②加入志愿者社团对高一新生来说是一项有意义的活动。 Joining volunteer clubs is a meaningful activity for freshmen. ③报名课外活动丰富我们的校园生活。 Signing up for after-school activities enriches our school life. ④对自己的决定负责会帮助你成长。 Being responsible for your decisions will help you grow. 2.recommend that…(should) do…（虚拟语气，should可以省略） 用法： 用法：表示建议、命令、要求的动词（recommend/suggest/advise/require/order/demand）后宾语从句用虚拟语气：**(should)+动词原形，should可省略 My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I’m good at it. ①老师建议我们多参加课外活动。 The teacher recommended that we (should) take part in more extra-curricular activities. ②我建议任何对课程感到困惑的人去向课程指导老师求助。 I recommend that anyone confused about the courses (should) turn to the school adviser for help. ③学校要求每位高一新生报名课外社团。 The school requires that every freshman (should) sign up for extra-curricular clubs. ④他要求给自己一个加入足球队的机会。 He requested that he (should) be given a chance to join the football team. ⑤老师建议我们参加志愿活动去提高社会责感。 The teacher recommended that we (should) take part in volunteer activities to improve our sense of social responsibility. ⑥班主任命令所有高一学生严格遵守日常计划表。 The head teacher ordered that all freshmen (should) follow the daily schedule strictly. 3.so that引导目的状语从句 I’ll find a way to improve on my own so that I can make the team next year. ①她每周三参加志愿活动，为了帮助无家可归的人。 She takes part in volunteer activities every Wednesday so that she can help homeless people. ②我上课认真记笔记，以便课后复习。 I take careful notes in class so that I can review them after class. ③许多青少年广泛阅读，为未来的挑战做好准备。 Many teenagers read widely so that they can get prepared for future challenges. ④我定期和指导老师沟通，以便解决困扰我的问题。 I communicate with my adviser regularly so that I can solve the problems troubling me. 4.With various activities,our English teacher makes it interesting to learn English. 用法： make it + adj. + to do sth. ①合理的时间规划能让我们完成课业时压力更小。 Proper time planning makes it less stressful for us to finish our schoolwork. ②良好的沟通使我们解决问题更加便利。 Good communication makes it convenient for us to solve problems. ③志愿活动让青少年帮助有困难的人这件事变得很有意义。 Volunteer activities make it meaningful for teenagers to help people in need. ④繁多的高阶课程让学生适应高中生活变得很有挑战性。 Plenty of advanced courses make it challenging for students to adapt to high school life. Unit 2 Travelling Around 重点单词变形，词组，短语，句型练习 一、单词变形 1．apply vi.& vt.申请 vt.应用；涂→ application n．申请；应用→ applicant n．申请人 2．amazing adj.令人惊奇的→ amazed adj.惊奇的→ amaze vt.使惊奇→ amazement n．惊奇；惊喜 3．arrangement n．安排；筹备→ arrange vt.& vi.安排；筹备 4．extremely adv.极其；非常→ extreme adj.极其的；极度的 5．powerful adj.强有力的；有权势的→ power n．能力；力量；权力→ powerless adj.无力的；无能的 6． official adj.官方的；正式的 n．官员→ office n．办公室→ officer n．军官 7．recognize vt.辨别出；承认；认可→ recognition n．承认；认可 8．accommodation n．住处；膳宿→ accommodate vt.提供住处 9．admire vt.钦佩；赞赏→ admiration n．崇拜；赞赏→ admirable adj.令人赞赏的 10．architecture n．建筑设计；建筑学→ architect n．建筑设计师 11．economy n．经济；节约→ economic adj.经济(上)的；经济学的→ economically adv.经济(上)地；节约地 重点词组 1．apply for 申请 2．take control of 控制，掌管 3．other than 除...之外 4．make up 组成，编造，化妆 5．credit card 信用卡 6．check in 登记 7．check out 结账离开 重点单词 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司第 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1． rent vt.租用；出租 vi.租用；租金为 n．租金 2． pack vi.& vt.收拾(行李) vt.包装 n．(商品的)纸包；纸袋；大包 3． source n．来源；出处 4． narrow adj.狭窄的 vi.& vt.(使)变窄 5． site n．地点；位置；现场 6． type n．类型；种类 vi.& vt.打字 7． flight n．空中航行；航班；航程 8． unique adj.唯一的；独特的；特有的 9． path n．小路；路线；道路 10． destination n．目的地；终点 11． contact vt.联络；联系 n．联系；接触 12． soldier n．士兵；军人 13． transport n．交通运输系统 vt.运输；运送 14． hike vi.徒步旅行 vt.去……远足 n．远足；徒步旅行 15． credit n．借款；信用；称赞；学分 16． detail n．细节；详情；细微之处 17． request n．(正式或礼貌的)要求；请求 vt.(正式或礼貌地)要求；请求 18． view n．视野；景色；看法 19． sight n．景象；视野；视力 20． comment n．议论；评论 vi.& vt.发表意见；评论 二、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1．Truth and love are the two most_powerful_(power) things in the world. 2．On the list is red imported fire ants, whose sting (叮咬) can be _extremely__(extreme) painful and can even lead to deep shock. 3．The government is trying to promote political stability and _economic (economy) growth. 4．The number of people _applying (apply) for the position is said to have reached over 500. 5．People are______(amaze) by the interesting actions of Panda Menglan. 6．In recent years, ________ (rent) clothes has become an increasingly popular trend among people of all ages. 7．Everyone wants to apply ________ the position. 8．It was an ________ (amazed) experience for me. 9．Up to now, Mr Scott has sent a great many ________(request) for spare parts. 10．It ________(recognize) that environmental pollution has become one of the most serious problems that people face. 11．Located in Qi County, the Qiao Family Courtyard is the best-known example of ________ (architect) in Shanxi Province. 12．They simply insist on mutual ________ (recognize) and regard. 13．________ (amazing), Harry Smith finished medical school in three years. 14．Some local ________(official) were present at the meeting. 15．—Hello!I’d like to have a talk with Mr. Smith staying in your hotel. —I’m sorry. He isn’t here. He checked ________this morning. 16．“View the River Lantern during the Zhongyuan Festival” was a poem written by the ____(empire) Qianlong. 17．They went through all the _________(detail) of the plan again and again to make sure that the project could go smoothly. 18．Students are encouraged to take control ________their own learning, rather than just depending on the teacher. 19．The book is recognised _____one of the greatest works of this century. 20．It is said that Mr Green has _____unique way of making his class interesting and lively. 21．There are two places of interest to ___________ (admire) in the area. 22．To our___________ (amaze), he took the book away without saying a word. 23．It is unwise of parents to arrange everything ___________their children in the daily life. 24．You can’t go to the island _______________than by boat. 25．Apart _______________ being a beautiful girl, Alice was very clever as well. 答案1. powerful 2. extremely 3. economic 4. applying 5. amazed 6. renting 7. for 8. amazing 9. requests 10. is recognized 11. architecture 12. recognition 13. Amazingly 14. officials 15. out 16. emperor 17. details 三、根据汉语意思填写单词 1．“Are you actively ________(寻找) jobs? ” she asked. 2．Another ________ (独有的) human characteristic is that we walk upright. 3．I prefer to ________ (申请) to be a volunteer for the voluntary work. 4．Through a narrow path, those travelers arrived at their______(目的地), tired and hungry. 5．______ (安排) for the trip have now been completed. 6．Police are still ________ (调查) how the accident happened. 7．Her health was ___________ (改善) day by day. 8．It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most ________(强有力的) animal on earth. 9．Last month, they signed an ____________ (官方的) cooperation agreement to jointly build a digital rural leading area in Zhejiang province. 10．The secretary was asked to______(打字) a letter in 10 minutes. 11．Her _________(评论) was uncomfortably close to the truth. 12．If we leave now, I can catch the earlier ________ (航班). 13．One of the island’s chief ________(特色) was its peaceful environment. 14．Thanks to the government’s effective measures, the ________(经济) of our country is showing a tendency to improve. 15．They were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, the ________ (建筑师) of the Battersea Power Station in London. 答案1. seeking 2. unique 3. apply 4. destination 5. Arrangements 6. investigating 7. improving 8. powerful 9. official 10. type 11. comment 12. flight 13. features 14. economy 15. architect 四、课本原文 Peru is a country on the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas: narrow, dry, flat land running along the coast, the Andes Mountains, and the Amazon rainforest. In the 1400s and 1500s, Peru was the centre of the powerful ancient Inca Empire. The Inca emperor lived in the now-famous site Machu Picchu. Spain took control of Peru in the 16th century and ruled until 1821. It is for this reason that Spanish is the main official language of Peru. 1. Machu Picchu Tour This four-day walking tour will take you on amazing paths through the Andes Mountains on the way to the city of Machu Picchu. After reaching your destination, you will have a day to explore and be amazed by this ancient city. Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building. Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones. 2. Cusco Tour Spend four days enjoying the unique Spanish and local Indian culture high in the Andes at Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th until the 16th century. Stay in a local hotel, visit the museums, admire the architecture, enjoy the excellent local food, and go shopping at the local markets. 3. Lake Titicaca Tour Enjoy the beautiful countryside as you spend a day driving along the new highway connecting Cusco to Lake Titicaca. There, a boat will take you to stay with a local Uros family on an island for three days. Both the island and the Uros homes are made of water plants from the lake. 4. Amazon Rainforest Tour A short flight from Cusco takes you from the Andes into the Amazon rainforest. From there, you’ll spend one day travelling by boat to your accommodation in the middle of the forest. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guide and enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest. So come and experience what Peru has to offer: everything from the ancient Inca culture and centuries-old Spanish villages to deep rainforests, high mountains, and a beautiful coastline. For more brochures about package tours around Peru, contact us at tourinfo@travelperu.org. 五、语篇小练习——生词串记（根据译文补全段落中所缺词语） 1. 海伦的目的地是古印加帝国的所在地。在那里，她感受到了人类的古老文明。海伦首先沿着乡间小路/徒步旅行，然后乘任意交通工具旅行，最后乘坐了国际航班。在旅途中，海伦随身携带着包裹和一本旅行手册。 Helen’s ① was the② of the ancient Inca Empire. There, she felt the ancient③ of mankind. Helen first④ along the country⑤ , and then travelled by any type of ⑥ , and at last took an international⑦ . During the trip, Helen carried her package and⑧ with her. ① destination ② site ③ civilisation ④ hiked ⑤ path ⑥ transport ⑦ flight ⑧ travel brochure 2. 史密斯先生是一位著名的建筑设计师。今年夏天，他参加了一次由12人组成的包价旅游。除了欣赏美丽独特的风景，他们还参观了一个古代皇帝的坟墓。他的帝国非常强大，控制了大片土地。他的官员和士兵都忠于他。 Mr Smith is① . This summer, he went on a ② , which ③ 12 people. ④ admiring the beautiful and ⑤ scenery, they also visited a tomb of an ancient emperor. His empire was so ⑥ that it ⑦ lots of land.⑧ were loyal to him.① a famous architect ② package tour ③ consisted of ④ Other than ⑤ unique ⑥ powerful ⑦ controlled ⑧ His officials and soldiers 3. 沿着狭窄、平坦的小路来到了河的源头，李先生与他的朋友们失去了联系。他无法辨认出自己回去的路，因此只能向警察求助。在他们的帮助下，他安然无恙地回到了他的住处。 Following the ① to the ② of the river, Mr Lee lost ③ his friends. He couldn’t ④ his way back, so he had to⑤ . With their help, he returned to his⑥ safe and sound.① narrow and flat path ② source ③ contact with ④ recognise ⑤ turn to the police for help ⑥ accommodation 4.这场包价旅行体验极佳，除了欣赏绝美风景，我们还发掘古墓、观赏石雕。旅途细节被我记录下来，写下个人评论，由衷钦佩古时建筑师的精湛技艺。 This ① brought us a wonderful experience. ② enjoying③ , we④ ancient tombs and appreciated stone ⑤ . I recorded all tiny ⑥ and wrote⑦ , greatly admiring the skills of ancient ⑧ .① package tour ② Other than ③ amazing scenery ④ explored ⑤ sculptures ⑥ details ⑦ personal comments ⑧ architects 5.出行可选择各类交通工具环游世界，经济出行不必只依赖航班。随时和同伴保持联络，灵活调整计划，就能收获一场舒心难忘的旅行。 You can travel worldwide by① . For an ② trip, you need not only take③ . ④ all the time and adjust plans properly for a pleasant journey. ①all types of transport ② economic ③ flights ④ Keep in touch with your partners 6.导游告诉了我们这次旅行的细节。在他的要求下，我们在一家酒店登记入住，一周后结账离开。我是用信用卡支付的。我们被山上的景色吸引。我们还游览了这个古镇的一些景点。 The guide told us the ① of the tour. At his ② , we ③ at a hotel and ④ a week later. I paid by credit card. We were attracted by the ⑤ in the mountains. We also visited some ⑥ in this ancient town.① details ② request ③ checked in ④ checked out ⑤ sights ⑥ attractions 六、佳句仿写 1.It引导的强调句 It is for the reason that Spanish is the main official language of Peru. 句型： It is/was+强调的部分 that/who+剩余部分（正是...） ①正是有效的沟通帮助我们建立良好关系。 It is effective communication that helps us build good relationships. ②正是那些令人惊叹的古建筑，每年吸引成千上万游客来到秘鲁。 It is those amazing ancient buildings that attract thousands of visitors to Peru every year. ③ 在旅途中，我们最想要体验的正是当地文化。 It is the local culture that we most want to experience during the trip. ④正是这场精彩的旅游，让我们更多地了解这座城市的历史。 It is this wonderful tour that lets us learn more about the history of this city. ⑤许多游客最期待品尝的正是当地特色美食。 It is the local special food that many tourists look forward to tasting most. 2.表语前置全部倒装句 Especially amazing is the Incas’ dry stone method of building. 结构： 表语 + be + 主语（形容词/分词置于句首，构成全部倒装，用来加强语气） ①极为震撼人心的是山顶之上的景色。 Extremely breathtaking is the view on top of the mountain. ②十分令人惊叹的是建造这座古城堡所用的技艺。 Quite amazing is the skill used to build this ancient castle. ③极具迷人魅力的是当地人的生活方式。 Extremely charming is the local people’s way of life. ④同样夺人眼球的是那些传统服饰鲜艳的色彩。 Equally eye-catching are the bright colours of those traditional costumes. ⑤美得出人意料的是太平洋上空的落日。 Unexpectedly beautiful is the sunset over the Pacific Ocean. 3.so that 引导结果状语从句（表“因此、所以”） Inca builders cut stones to exact sizes so that nothing was needed to hold walls together other than the perfect fit of the stones. 含义：前半句动作带来后半句事实结果 ①我们提前数月预订门票，所以抢到了视野最佳的位置。 We booked tickets months in advance so that we got the seats with the best views. ②导游细致讲解文化，因此我们充分了解了当地风俗。 The guide explained the culture carefully so that we fully understood local customs. ③下午下起了大雨，于是我们放弃了登山计划。 Heavy rain fell in the afternoon so that we gave up the plan to climb the mountain. ④这座小镇保留原始风貌，因此每年吸引成千上万的游客。 The small town keeps its original look so that it attracts thousands of tourists every year. ⑤我们日出时分启程，所以天黑之前就抵达了目的地。 We set off at sunrise so that we arrived at the destination before dark. 3.as 引导时间状语从句，含义：当……的时候；随着…… <1>as = 当…时：强调两个动作同时发生，一边…一边As we walked along the path, we admired the ancient buildings.（两件事同步进行） <2>as = 随着：强调状态慢慢变化 As the sun set, the whole mountain turned golden.随着（逐渐变化） ①当我们穿过山谷旅行时，看见了各种各样的野花。 As we travelled through the valley, we saw all kinds of wild flowers. ②随着我们越爬越高，城市的景色变得越发清晰。 As we climbed higher, the view of the city became clearer. ③当夜幕降临的时候，我们在湖边搭起了帐篷。 As night fell, we put up our tent beside the lake. ④随着时间流逝，我们渐渐爱上了这座古城。 As time went by, we gradually fell in love with this ancient city. 4.现在分词短语作结果状语 <1>结构：主句 , doing …（逗号+现在分词短语放句尾） <2>含义：前面整件事自然而然带来意料之中的结果，翻译：于是、因此、结果…… <3>doing：自然而然、顺理成章的结果 She travelled across Peru, collecting many photos of Inca ruins. ①我们游览了这座古城，因此了解到大量当地历史。 We toured the ancient city, learning a great deal about local history. ②我们沿街漫步，找到了一家售卖特色美食的小咖啡馆。 We wandered along the streets, finding a small café selling special local food. ③导游给我们讲有趣的故事，让我们的旅途愉快了许多。 The guide told us interesting stories, making our journey much more enjoyable. ④我们沿着河边漫步，欣赏着沿途美丽的风景。 We walked along the river, admiring the beautiful scenery along the way. ⑤她每天写旅行日记，记录下旅途每一个美好的瞬间。 She kept a travel diary every day, recording every wonderful moment on the trip. 5.It is amazing that …句型;It形式主语，真正主语是that后面的从句,翻译：令人惊叹的是…… It is amazing that the ancient buildings have stood for hundreds of years. 令人惊叹的是，这些古建筑已经矗立了数百年。 ①令人惊叹的是，每年有这么多游客前来游览这座小镇。 It is amazing that so many tourists come to visit this small town every year. ②令人惊叹的是，在这么小的区域内能看到各式各样的植物。 It is amazing that all kinds of plants can be seen in such a small area. ③令人惊叹的是，当地人依旧保留着古老的传统。 It is amazing that the local people still keep their ancient traditions. Unit 3 Sports and Fitness 重点单词变形，词组，短语，句型练习 一、单词变形 1．fitness n．健康；健壮；适合→ fit adj.适合的；健康的 vt.适合→ unfit adj.不适合的 2．host vt.主办；主持 n．主人；东道主；节目主持人→ hostess n．女主人 3．honour n．荣誉；尊敬；荣幸→ honourable adj.可敬的；体面的→ honoured adj.受尊敬的 4．championship n．锦标赛；冠军赛；冠军称号→ champion n．冠军；优胜者 5．determination n．决心；决定→ determine v．决心；决意→ determined adj.坚决的 6．injure vt.使受伤；损害→ injured adj.受伤的；有伤的→ injury n．伤害；损伤 7．strength n．力量；体力→ strengthen v．增强→ strong adj.强壮的 8．failure n．失败；失败的人(或事物)→ failv．失败 9．compete vi.竞争；对抗→ competition n．竞争；比赛→ competitor n．竞争者；对手→ competitive adj.竞争的→ competent adj.有能力的；→ competence n.能力 10． stress n．压力；紧张；重音 vt.强调；重读；使焦虑不安 vi.焦虑不安→ stressful adj.造成压力的 → stressed adj.感到压力的 重点词组 1． come along 跟随，到达 2．work out 锻炼，计算出，解决 3．make it 获得成功，准时到达 4．set an example 树立榜样 5．fall apart 破裂，破碎，崩溃 6．lose heart 丧失信心，泄气 7．give up 放弃 8．make sense 有道理，合乎情理 9．pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 10．even if/though 即使，虽然 11．make a difference 有作用，有影响 12．rather than 而不是 13．cut...out 停止做 14．now and then 有时，偶尔 15．compare...with/to... 与...比较 重点单词 1． event n．比赛项目；大事；公开活动 2． track n．跑道；足迹；铁路轨道vi.& vt.追踪；跟踪 3． gym n．健身房；体育馆 4． sweat vt.使出汗；出汗弄湿vi.出汗；流汗n．汗水；出汗 5． athlete n．运动员；运动健儿 6． master n．高手；主人vt.精通；掌握 7． medal n．奖章；勋章 8． champion n．冠军；优胜者 9． apart adv.分离；分开；成碎片 10． pretend vi.& vt.假装；装扮 二、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1．It was his (determine) and patience that helped him succeed. 2．Even we all tried our best, we lost the game and our emotion was down. 3．When I invited her to a movie, she said she might not be able to make to the cinema. 4．It was his carelessness that caused his (fail) this time. 5．Standards in health care have improved enormously compared 40 years ago. 6．Only after the students (master) the rules of pronunciation can they memorize words more easily. 7．The boy was unwilling to give his seat in the bus to the old lady because he was sick. 8．A back (injure) prevented active participation in any sports for a while. 9．If you find it hard to face difficulties, you’d better list all your (strong) and weaknesses first. 10．If you prefer to visit France in winter, you can try (ski) on the mountains in the French Alps. 11．By working out every morning, I became healthier and (slim). 12．Considering my (strength) and weaknesses, I believe I can make it in this competition. 13．In contrast, people who play team sports often do not move on to a new sport once their teams break up for family, or (injure) reasons. 14．A small kindness can indeed make difference. 15．While they are golfing, I work in the gym. 16．Physical activity is an important factor in maintaining (fit) 17．So I carried around a book, and each night, just to be like my mom, I would pretend (read). 18．His wonderful (perform) on the stage has made a deep impression on the audience. 19．Radar is used for (track) planes and ships. 20．They were well trained by their (master) who had great experience with caring for these animals. 21．In nineteen sixty, Wilma Rudolph became the first American woman to win three gold (medal) in one Olympics. 22．The (positive) an article is on the Internet, the more likely it is to be shared. 23．He felt greatly (honour) to make a speech here. 24．The (host) at a party is the woman who has invited the guests and provides the food, drink, or entertainment. 25．It is often useful to make a (compare) between two things. 26．It takes kindness and courage to win and lose (graceful). 27．If someone (stress) a point in a discussion, they put extra emphasis on it because they think it is important. 28．More than 10,000 from different countries came to Beijing and with each other in the games for medals.(compete) 29．Thinking is one of the ways that we make sense the world. 30．She decided to go on diet every day to keep fit. 31．She says he’ll come on time,but she’ll never make . 32．I started thinking about fitness rather weight, things began to change. 33．You should be setting a good example your younger brother. 34．If you describe an event or a period of time as (event), you mean that a lot of interesting, exciting, or important things have happened during it. 35．Are you free tonight? Would you like to come with us to watch the film? 答案1. determination 2. though/if 3. it 4. failure 5. with/to 6. have mastered/master 7. up 8. injury 9. strengths 10. skiing 11. slimmer 12. strengths 13. injury 14. a 15. out 16. fitness 17. to read 18. performance 19. tracking 20. masters 21. medals 22. more positive 23. honoured 24. hostess 25. comparison 26. gracefully 27. stresses 28. competitors; competed; competitive 29. of 30. a 31. it 32. than 33. for 34. eventful 35. along 36. determination 37. honour/honor 38. slim 39. champion 40. masters 41. event 42. honour/honor 43. injured 44. pretended 45. event 46. captain 47. competed 48. cheated 49. tracked 50. stadium 三、根据汉语意思填写单词 36．On the path towards success, we need (决心) and confidence. 37．It is my (荣誉) to deliver a lecture here. 38．We will not give up searching for the survivors as long as there is a (微小的) hope. 39．He Jie, a boy from Pingluo, won the (冠军) of the Shenzhen Marathon in 2022. 40．They were well trained by their (主人) who had great experience in caring for these animals. 41．The important (事件) of the week was the big storm. 42．It’s a great (荣耀) to receive that prize in such a big competition. 43．A man was seriously (受伤的) in the accident and died several days later. 44．He (假装) to be reading when his mother returned home. 45．Badminton is a traditional advantage (比赛项目) in China. 46．The (队长) led our team to victory. 47．The young tennis player has often (竞争) with famous players, but so far he has always been beaten. 48．To my astonishment, he (作弊) in the exam and got caught. 49．The police (跟踪) the man and knew what had happened. 50．When the game was over, the audience began to left the (体育场). 答案36. determination 37. honour/honor 38. slim 39. champion 40. masters 41. event 42. honour/honor 43. injured 44. pretended 45. event 46. captain 47. competed 48. cheated 49. tracked 50. stadium 四、课本原文 Living Legends Help us choose some “Living Legends of Sports”. They must be athletes who are masters in their sports and also set good examples for others. Here are our first two choices. Lang Ping As a player, Lang Ping brought honour and glory to her country. As a coach, she led the China women’s volleyball team to medals at world championships and the Olympics. As a person, Lang Ping is loved by fans at home and abroad. When the Chinese team was preparing for the 2015 World Cup, her determination was tested. The team that Lang Ping had built was falling apart. One of the best players had been injured, and the team captain had to leave because of heart problems. Losing two important players was a big challenge, but Lang Ping did not lose heart. She had faced difficulties before, and she knew that her young players could win if they worked together as a team. Two weeks later, they were world champions! Then in 2016, Lang Ping led her volleyball team to Olympic gold in Brazil. Michael Jordan When Michael Jordan’s feet left the ground, time seemed to stand still. The player who became known as “Air Jordan” changed basketball with his graceful moves and jumps. Jordan’s skills were impressive, but the mental strength that he showed made him unique. In the final seconds of a game, Jordan always seemed to find a way to win. Jordan says that the secret to his success is learning from his failures. “I can accept failure; everyone fails at something. But I can’t accept not trying.” Losing games taught him to practise harder and never give up. In life, Jordan has learnt to share his success with others. The Boys and Girls Club which he started in Chicago has been helping young people since 1996. 五、语篇小练习——生词串记（根据译文补全段落中所缺词语） 1.李梅是一名优秀的中国运动员。她赢得了许多奖牌，给我们的祖国带来了荣誉和荣耀。即使受伤了，她也从不放弃训练。面对失败，她从不泄气。相反，她总是勇敢地面对它。有时，她觉得自己快要崩溃了，但她一直坚持到最后。 Li Mei is① in China. She has② and brought ③ to our motherland. She never ④ training even if she is ⑤ . Meeting with ⑥ , she never ⑦ . Instead, she always faces them bravely. At times, she feels that she is about to ⑧ , but she holds on to the end.① an excellent athlete ② won many medals ③ honour and glory ④ gives up ⑤ injured ⑥ failure ⑦ loses heart ⑧ fall apart 2.约翰逊通过刻苦训练掌握了这些技能。作为足球队的队长，他为其他球员树立了一个好榜样。他带领他的球队赢得了世界冠军的称号。有一次他在一场比赛中受伤了，但他的伤并没有阻止他。相反，他竭尽全力进行比赛，直到比赛结束。凭借他那顽强的决心，他们成了世界冠军。 Johnson ① the skills by training hard.② the soccer team, he ③ for other players. Once he④ in a match, but ⑤ didn’t stop him. Instead, he played the match with all his ⑥____ until the match was over. With his dogged ⑦ , he led his team to the world championship. That is to say, they became the world ⑧ .① mastered ② As captain of ③ set a good example ④ got injured ⑤ his injury ⑥ strength ⑦ determination ⑧ champions 3.我哥哥是个体育爱好者。他喜欢各种运动项目，如足球、拳击、羽毛球、滑雪，以及马拉松等田径运动。他曾经建议我为了我的健康/去健身房/锻炼。 英文挖空 My brother is a sports lover. He likes① , such as ② , , , , and ③ sports like the ④ . He once advised me to⑤ to ⑥ for my ⑦ .① all kinds of sports events ② soccer, boxing, badminton, skiing ③ track and field ④ marathon ⑤ in the gym ⑥ work out ⑦ health 4.苏珊是一名体操运动员。她通常和教练一起在体育场/训练。她参加了在许多国家举办的一些重要的体育赛事。当她成功时，她的汗水终于得到了回报。 英文挖空 Susan is a ① . She usually ② with her coach to train in the③ . She took part in some important sports events ④ in many countries. Her sweat was finally rewarded when she ⑤ . ① athlete ② works out ③ stadium ④ held ⑤ made it 六、佳句仿写 1.Why don’t you do sth.为什么不...? ①你为什$