Unit 4 History and traditions 核心词汇、短语及句式 讲义-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第二册

本讲义聚焦人教版高一英语必修二Unit 4核心知识点，系统梳理过去分词短语作后置定语（区分及物动词表被动完成、不及物动词表完成，可扩展为定语从句）、情态动词推测用法（must/can't have done等）及重点词汇（如puzzle、break away、result in），并融入固定表达（Achilles’ heel、习语如pull one's leg），形成从语法基础到词汇拓展再到句式应用的递进式学习支架。 该资料以语言能力培养为核心，通过例句解析（如the guest invited扩展定语从句）帮助学生掌握语法规则，结合文化意识融入希腊神话典故与习语，同时通过同义结构辨析（如“与……有关系”的多种表达）和因果逻辑对比（result in/from）提升思维品质。课中辅助教师系统授课，课后学生可借助详细拓展与例句回顾，有效查漏补缺，巩固知识。

人教版高一英语必修二Unit 4 History and traditions Section A 句式 过去分词短语作后置定语 及物动词的过去分词 → 表示被动、完成 a broken vase 不及物动词过去分词 → 只表示完成 a retired teacher 过去分词短语作定语时，要放在被修饰词后面，可扩展成定语从句。 eg. the guest invited (=who had been invited) to the party. Note: The times listed on the schedules are departure times, not arrival times. I started an art project called Underwater Homeowners Association and painted… 1. individual adj. 单独的；个别的 n. 个人 the needs of the individual customer 每位顾客的需求 get individual attention 获得个别关注 the rights of the individual 个人权利 individually adv. 分别地；各自地 individually wrapped chocolates 独立包装的巧克力糖 2. Achilles’ heel （喻）（希腊神话）阿喀琉斯的脚跟；致命的弱点 heel n. 脚跟；足跟；（脚、袜子、鞋等）后跟 拓展习语 pull one's leg 开某人的玩笑 (be/feel) like a fish out of water 感到别扭；如芒在背 kill two birds with one stone 一举两得 as busy as a bee 忙得不可开交 be raining cats and dogs 下倾盆大雨 fly off the handle 大发雷霆 Section B 1. puzzle n. 谜；智力游戏 be in a puzzle 不知如何是好；感到困惑 solve a puzzle 解开谜团 v. 迷惑；使困惑 puzzle over 仔细琢磨，苦苦思索 puzzle out 琢磨出……的答案 puzzlement n. 迷惑；困惑 in puzzlement 困惑地 拓展 puzzled adj. 感到困惑的 puzzling adj. 令人困惑的 with a puzzled expression 带着疑惑的表情 a puzzling fact 令人费解的情况 2. join…to… = connect…with/to 把……和……连接 “与……有关系/有联系”的多种表达： have something to do with be related to / be linked with/to / be involved in / be associated with 3. break away (from sb./sth.) 脱离；背叛；摆脱 break away from the past / bad habits 摆脱过去 / 改掉坏习惯 break up (使)破裂；拆分；(关系)破裂；(会议)结束 break down 出故障；垮掉；失败；消除 break into 强行闯入（及物动词短语） break in 强行闯入（不及物动词短语） break through 突破 break out (战争、火灾等不愉快事情)突然发生、爆发 4. result in 导致；结果是 The cold weather resulted in his illness. result from 起因于……；由……造成 His illness resulted from the cold weather. as a result 结果 He made a mistake… As a result, he lost his job. as a result of 作为……的结果；由于 He lost his job as a result of making a big mistake. 因果逻辑：因 → result in → 果；果 → result from → 因 5. refer to…as… 把……称为…… be referred to as 被称为 同义结构 regard…as 把……看作……；认为……是…… treat …as 把……当作……；以……方式对待…… describe…as 把……描述为……；将……写成…… classify…as 把……归类为……；将……划分为……类别 elect …as 选举……为……；推选……担任…… reference n. 参考 a reference book 参考书 6. belong vi. 应在(某处)；适应 belong to 属于 belong to sb. 属于某人；归某人所有 belong to sth. 是某机构的成员 ⚠ belong to 无被动语态、也无进行时态 eg. This book belongs to me. the car belonging to her （现在分词作后置定语） belongings n. 财物 personal belongings 个人财物 a sense of belonging 归属感 7. as well as eg. Buying the house as well as decorating it cost him a lot of money. A as well as B，谓语动词由A决定（就远原则）(类似短语：together with…) He, as well as his friends, thinks highly of the singer. as well “也；还”，通常放在肯定句句末 8. defence n. 防御；保卫；辩护；防御物 in defence of 为保卫……；为……辩护 in one's defence 为某人辩护 a defence against 对……的防御物 flood defences 防洪设施 defend v. 保护；辩解；参加比赛(或选举) defend …against/from 保卫……免受…… defend oneself 为自己辩解 defend one's title successfully （某人）卫冕成功 defensive adj. 防御的；保卫的；戒备的 9. legal adj. 法律的；合法的 the legal system 法律制度 take legal advice 听取法律方面的建议 legal fees 律师费 legally adv. 合法地 illegal adj. 非法的 illegal drugs / activities 违禁药品 / 非法活动 10. surround vt. 围绕；包围 surround…with 用……包围…… be surrounded by / with 被……包围/环绕 surround oneself with 和……在一起，与……为伍 surrounding adj. 附近的；四周的 the surrounding area / environment 周围地区/环境 surroundings n. 环境（复数） enjoy / admire the surroundings 欣赏环境 get/be used to the new surroundings 适应新环境 11. evidence n. 证据；证明；根据 look for/search for evidence 寻找证据 find evidence 找到证据 gather/collect evidence 搜集证据 give evidence 提供证据 good/clear/strong evidence 充分/确凿/有力证据 a piece of evidence 一条证据 evident adj. 明显的，显然的 evidently adv. 显然地；明显地；据说 It is evident that… = Evidently… that引导主语从句，it作形式主语 There is (some) evidence that… that引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，意为：有(一些)证据表明…… 12. battle n. 战役；搏斗 vi.&vt. 搏斗；奋斗 fight (with)…battle 打……的仗 battle against/with 与……战斗 battle for equal rights / justice / life 为平等权利 / 正义 / 生存奋斗 battle against difficulties 和困难作斗争 13. fascinating adj. 极有吸引力的；迷人的 fascinate vt.&vi. 深深吸引；迷人 fascinated adj. 入迷的；极感兴趣的 a fascinating book/story 一本引人入胜的书/一个迷人的故事 look / sound fascinating 看上去/听起来迷人 be fascinating to sb. 令某人着迷 be fascinated by /with 对……着迷 be fascinated to do sth. 着迷于做某事 句式 1. if any 如果有的话。if there is/are any…的省略形式，起加强语气的作用 拓展省略结构：if necessary / so / not / ever / possible eg. Problems, if any, should be solved without delay. Has it been a while since your last visit to a public library? If so, you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better. 2. must have done sth.（表示过去情况的肯定推测，仅用于肯定句中）一定做过某事 can't /couldn't have done sth. eg. They can't have gone for a picnic as planned! The weather was terrible yesterday. may / might have done sth. could have done sth. should have done sth. They should have booked the tickets in advance. Now they can't watch the concert. shouldn't have done sth. needn't have done sth. Section C 1. charge n. 收费；指控；主管 free of charge 免费 in charge 主管；看管 v. 收费；控告；充电 take charge of 负责，主管（短语动词） in charge of 负责，主管（介词短语） in one's charge = in the charge of 由……负责/看管 charge him $10 for repairing his bike charge me $20 for dinner charge him with speeding be charged with theft 被指控犯有盗窃罪 2. announce vt. 宣布；通知 announce sth. to sb. 向某人宣布某事 It is announced that… 据宣布 announcement n. 通告，公告 an official announcement 官方公告 As is announced. 正如宣布的那样 句型 It is +过去分词+ that … 拓展：It is reported / considered / thought / believed / suggested that… 据报道；人们认为；人们相信；有人建议 3. amount n. 金额；数量 vi. 总计；等于 in large/small amounts 大量/少量 a large /small amount of +不可数名词。大量的/少量的 the amount of +不可数名词 ……的数量 reduce the amount of fat 减少脂肪的含量 amount to 等于；共计；总计 语法要点 a large amount of +不可数名词 +单数谓语动词 large amounts of +不可数名词 +复数谓语动词 4. approach n. 方法；途径；接近 vt. 接近；接洽；着手处理 vi. 靠近 the approach of… ……的来临 at the approach of… 在快到……的时候 an approach to (doing) sth. (做)某事的方法 adopt/take an approach 采用一种方法 approachable adj. 可接近的；和蔼可亲的；易理解的 v. approach the house 走近房子 be easy/difficult to approach… 容易/难以接近…… approach the problem / matter 处理问题 “来临、靠近”的多种表达：be coming, be approaching, be on the way, be around the corner 5. ensure vt. 保证；确保 ensure sb. sth. 确保某人…… eg. AI ensures humans a bright future. ensure (that)… 确保…… 辨析 be certain/sure of/about 对……有把握 be certain/sure that… be certain/sure who/what/how… make certain/sure of 口语中常用 make sure，正式书面语多用ensure for certain/sure 确定，无疑 It is certain that… 肯定会…… be sure to do sth. eg. Be sure to give your family my regards. “务必做某事”，不可用certain 6. generous adj. 慷慨的；大方的 be generous to sb. 对某人慷慨 be generous with sth. be generous with your time/money 不吝惜你的时间/金钱 be generous in doing sth. be generous in giving help 乐于助人 It is generous of sb. to do sth.某人做某事很慷慨。 generously adv. 大方地 treat sb. with generosity 宽宏大量地对待某人 generosity n. 慷慨 a generous gift/offer 丰厚的礼物；慷慨的提议 反义词 mean adj. 吝啬的 It's mean of sb. to do sth. 7. position n. 位置；姿态；职位 in /out of position 在/不在适当的位置 put/place sb. in a good /an awkward position 使某人处于有利/尴尬的境地 in a position of power /strength 处于有权力/有实力的地位 hold the position of … 担任…职务 v. 安置；设置 position sb./sth./oneself +adv./prep 使某人/某物/自己处于…… be positioned to do sth. 已准备好做某事 position还有“名次；观点；态度；立场”的意思。 语法要点： 当position, situation, point, case, stage等表示抽象地点的名词作先行词且关系词在从句中作状语时，定语从句常用 where 引导。 Section D 1. eager adj. 热切的；渴望的 be eager for sth. 渴望得到某物 eg. We are in a hurry to grow up, eager for knowledge and experience. be eager to do sth. 渴望做某事 eagerness n. 热切；渴望 in one's eagerness to do sth. 渴望做某事 eagerly adv. 热切地 with eagerness 热切地 2. dot n. 点；小圆点 vt. 加点；遍布 two black dots 两个黑点 on the dot 准时 Please tell Tom I'll call him on the dot of twelve. be dotted with…点缀着 There are lots of Chinese restaurants dotted around America. be dotted around 遍布于 3. greet vt. 问候；迎接 greet sb. with a nod 向某人点头致意 greet sb. at the airport 在机场迎接某人 greeting n. 问候；招呼 offer/send greetings to sb. 向某人致意 greetings 常用复数，表示“问候语、贺词”。 4. custom n. 风俗；习俗；习惯 the local customs 当地的风俗 an old/ancient custom 旧的/古老的习俗 It's the custom (for sb.) to do sth.（对某人来说）做某事是一种习俗。 customer n. 顾客 customs “海关” a customs officer 海关官员 eg. It is his custom to approach every problem cautiously. 谨慎处理每个问题。 5. striking adj.引人注目的；显著的 a dark man with striking features 一个相貌出众、肤色黝黑的男子 strike - struck - struck be struck by lightning 被闪电击中 strike the hour 整点报时 strike a match 划火柴 vi.&vt. （灾难或疾病）侵袭；敲（钟）；击打；碰撞；突然想到 strike sb. +介词 +the +身体部位 击打某人 Sth. strikes sb. /It strikes sb. that… 某人突然想到…… eg. It strikes me that I forgot to lock the door when I left home, which makes me anxious. 6. achievement n.成就；成绩；达到 make an achievement in doing sth. 在做某事方面取得成就 a great/remarkable achievement 一个伟大的/了不起的成就 quite an achievement 一个了不起的成就 a sense of achievement 一种成就感 achieve v. 实现；达到 achieve success/victory/a goal/an aim 获得成功/胜利；实现目标 achievable adj. 可实现的 the achievement of one's aim 某人目标的实现 7. crowd n.人群；群众 vt.挤满；使…拥挤 a crowd of/crowds of people 一群/成群的人 a big/huge/large/vast crowd 一大群人 crowd into the centre of New York City crowd into one's mind 涌上某人的心头 crowd in on sb. (问题或想法)涌上(心头)；涌入(脑海) crowded adj.拥挤的 a crowded street be crowded with the streets crowded with traffic 句式 Sb. is likely to do sth. 某人有可能做某事 =It is likely that…从句 Sb. is unlikely to do sth. eg. If everyone in society can give a helping hand to each other, it is more likely that society will become more harmonious. “可能”的多种表达： It is possible for sb. to do sth. It is possible that… It is probable that… 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $