【周周有招】新教材同步尖子班讲义第6讲Unit1-Festivals and Celebrations( 情态动词表推测(二):回看过去)-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第三册(教师版+学生版)

2026-08-17
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 高中英语人教版必修第三册
年级 高一
章节 Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations
类型 教案-讲义
知识点 -
使用场景 同步教学-新授课
学年 2027-2028
地区(省份) 全国
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
文件格式 ZIP
文件大小 108 KB
发布时间 2026-08-17
更新时间 2026-08-17
作者 周周有招学科驿站
品牌系列 -
审核时间 2026-08-17
下载链接 https://m.zxxk.com/soft/59233361.html
价格 3.00储值(1储值=1元)
来源 学科网

摘要:

本讲义聚焦情态动词表过去推测(must/can’t/may/might/could+have done),承接对现在/将来推测的第5讲,通过“时间闸门”判断推测时间(过去用have done),“把握度尺”依据线索强弱选情态动词,构建从时间判断到情态动词选择的学习支架。 该资料以“先撞墙后推理”引导独立思考,分层练习(基础、中档、挑战)适配不同水平,自检清单和速记口诀助力自主学习。通过真实语境(如教室窗户被打破)提升语言运用能力,培养推理判断的思维品质,课中辅助教师高效教学,课后帮助学生查漏补缺,强化知识应用。

内容正文:

Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations 精品讲义2027春季高一(下)英语新教材人教版必修三 第6讲 情态动词表推测(二):回看过去(学生版) must / can’t / may / might / could + have done 【课时安排】 本讲为 Unit 1 Discovering Useful Structures “情态动词表推测”的第 2 课时,建议用时 1 课时(40—45 分钟)。本讲聚焦对过去的推测(情态动词 + have done),承接第 5 讲“对现在/将来的推测”(情态动词 + do)。两讲各自独立,本讲虽承接却不依赖第 5 讲,可单独使用。 【学习目标】 学完本讲,你应该能—— ① 用“时间闸门”判断一句话推测的是“现在”还是“过去”,该接 do 还是 have done; ② 依据线索正反与把握强弱,在 must have done / can’t have done / may (might) have done / could have done 中选对词; ③ 分清 could have done 的两种身份(表推测 vs 表“本可以做却没做”),并会写 must have done 的反意疑问。 【本讲使用说明(给学生)】 本讲义供你独立使用。请遵循以下流程:① 先独立思考每道题,在草稿纸上写出你的答案和理由;② 把答案写进讲义对应的作答区,让每一步思考都有迹可循;③ 全部做完后,对照老师讲评和文末“本讲自检清单”检查自己的思路,特别关注“你的第一步和老师的第一步是否一致”。本讲义的核心不是让你“记住答案”,而是让你“学会推理”。 Step 1 先撞一次墙:must have done 的“否定”,你会写吗? 昨天下午,教室的窗被风吹碎了。同学们都在猜是谁最后离开没关窗。有同学说:It must be Xiaohua who left the window open. 现在,如果想说“这件事一定不是小华做的”——因为放学后小华还在教室里等家长——下面哪个说法对? A. Xiaohua mustn’t have broken the window. B. Xiaohua can’t have broken the window. C. Xiaohua must have not broken the window. 先别急着选。凭语感,很多人会先看 A 或 C,因为它们长得像“must 的否定”。现在,请你判断:这一题该选哪一个?为什么?把你的判断写进下面的作答区。 【我的判断】 我的答案:__________(A / B / C) 我的理由:______________________________ ________________________________________ 【我的推理路径】 把这道题的推理过程,按下面三步一步步写出来: Step 1 圈信号:______________________________ Step 2 过闸门:______________________________ Step 3 定方向 + 找证据:______________________________ (写完再对照老师讲评。提示:这道题的关键在“否定推测”——先想清楚“一定不是”该用哪个结构来表达,再回头验证你的判断。) Step 2 时间闸门:先判断“推测的是不是过去” 【考场操作指令】 面对任何一道过去推测题,你的第一步动作是: ① 读到题干时,如果看到 yesterday / last night / ten minutes ago → 直接定位 have done; ② 如果看到的是“地湿了 / 窗破了 / 人脸色苍白”这种结果状态 → 立即问自己“什么过去的事导致了现在这个状态”; ③ 如果没有时间词也没有结果状态词,则看整句语境是否在“回溯已发生的事”。 情态动词表推测,同一批词可以接两种形式: + do(含 do / be doing / be):推测现在或将来; + have done:推测过去(已发生的事)。 判断该用哪一种,先看“推测的对象发生在什么时候”。三种信号帮你锁定“过去”: 【信号① 明确的过去时间状语(最简单)】 看到 yesterday / last night / ten minutes ago → 过去,用 have done。 He must have finished his homework yesterday.(昨天——对过去) You look tired. You must have stayed up late last night.(last night——对过去) 【信号② 语境交代“事已发生”,正在反推原因(中等)】 事情的结果摆在眼前,顺着结果往回推“是谁 / 是什么造成的”。 The window is broken. Someone must have broken it during the night.(窗已经破了,反推夜里发生的事) 【信号③ 现状 → 反推过去原因(无时间词,最难)】 没有显性时间词,找到“结果状态词”,反推原因。 The streets are flooded. It must have rained heavily.(街道被淹——反推下过大雨,无时间词) Step 3 在“过去推测”里摆把握度尺 时间确定是“过去”后,就用第 5 讲的把握度尺选词,只是后面都接 have done。先看线索正反(走肯定还是否定),再看把握强弱。 【考场选词四步走】 ① 时间闸门 → 现在 / 将来用 do,过去用 have done(先锁定“尾巴”)。 ② 定方向:题干线索指向“这件事确实发生了 / 可能是真的”(正向),还是“这件事不可能 / 与已知事实相反”(反向)? ③ 如反向 → 直接定位 can’t / couldn’t have done(不必犹豫),选它。 ④ 如正向 → 再看证据强度:十成把握 → must have done;不确定 / 证据弱 → may / might / could have done。 ⑤ 特别注意:题干中有 but / 表遗憾的语气 → 可能考 could / should have done 的虚拟义,跳出“推测”思维,进入“虚拟”轨道。 【把握度尺操作规则】 正向线索 + 把握十成 → must have done(一定做过)。 反向线索 + 把握十成 → can’t / couldn’t have done(不可能做过)。 中性 / 弱证据 → may / might have done(或许做过)。 【精讲① must have done:一定做过】 当对过去的线索足够、有十足把握时,肯定推测用 must have done。它只走肯定路。 The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.(地是湿的——昨夜一定下过雨) His bag is gone. He must have left early.(包不见了——他一定早走了) 【精讲② can’t / couldn’t have done:不可能做过】 当线索与推测相反、把握十足说“不是这样”时,否定推测用 can’t / couldn’t have done。 He can’t have broken the window; he was with me the whole afternoon.(他一下午都跟我在一起——不可能打碎窗) She couldn’t have finished the essay so soon; it takes at least a week.(一篇文章至少写一周——她不可能这么快写完) 否定推测绝不用 mustn’t have done。 【精讲③ may / might have done:或许做过】 对过去的事拿不准,用 may / might have done。 She may have missed the bus.(她或许没赶上公交) He might have forgotten the appointment.(他或许把约会忘了——更拿不准) 【重难点④ could have done:两个身份,先分清再判断】 could have done 是“双面词”,高考最爱在这里设陷阱。 身份一 · 表推测(或许做过):He could have taken the book by mistake.(他或许误拿了那本书——推测) 身份二 · 表虚拟(本可以做却没做):He could have passed the exam, but he didn’t study hard.(他本可以通过考试,但没努力——虚拟、遗憾) 判别要点:两句结构几乎一样,唯一差别是后半句有没有 but → 有 but 引出“实际没做到”,就是虚拟义;在“猜发生了什么”,就是推测义。 【虚拟义识别卡(考场专用)】 当选项中或题干中出现 could have done / should have done,立即执行以下判断: 查信号词:题干中是否有 but / yet / however / or else / otherwise?有 → 虚拟义(本可以做 / 本应该做但没做)。 查语气:句意是否在表达“遗憾”“可惜”“责备”?是 → 虚拟义。 若无上述信号,句意在“猜测发生了什么” → 推测义(仅适用于 could have done)。 考场口诀:but 一出现,虚拟跑不掉;无 but 看语气,遗憾即虚拟;猜测无痕迹,推测才成立。 【对比小结 · 必背】 一句话分清三类:must / can’t / may / might 都只在“推测”轨道上;could 一脚踩两条船(推测 or 虚拟),should 只走虚拟轨道(本应该做却没做)。 结构 类别 核心语义 判断依据 must have done 推测 一定做过 正向线索 + 十成把握 can’t / couldn’t have done 推测 不可能做过 反向线索 + 十成把握 may / might have done 推测 或许做过 中性 / 弱证据 could have done 推测 或许做过 无 but,在猜测 could have done 虚拟 本可以做(没做) 后文有 but / 含遗憾 should have done 虚拟 本应该做(没做) 后文有 but / 含责备、遗憾 【拓展 · 过去推测的反意疑问句】 must have done 表推测时,反意疑问部分用 didn’t / did 或 hasn’t / haven’t,取决于有无过去时间状语: He must have finished it yesterday, didn’t he?(有 yesterday——反意用 didn’t) He must have left, hasn’t he?(无时间状语、强调对现状的影响——也可用 hasn’t he) 反意疑问在高考考查不多,但完形和写作偶尔出现,作为拓展点会认即可。 Step 4 趁热打铁:即时判断(基础层) 下面每题给出线索,请选出或判断最合适的表达,并说出依据。答案不在此处列出,独立完成后对照老师讲评。 【测试材料】 1. The ground is still wet. It ______ rained last night. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. should have 2. 判断:He can’t have broken the window; he was in the library at that time. 这句话对不对?为什么? 我的判断:__________ 我的理由:______________________________ 3. She ______ passed the driving test; she practised so little. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. may have 4. I don’t know why he didn’t come. He ______ been busy with his work. A. must have  B. may have  C. can’t have 5. He ______ caught the train, but he missed it because of the traffic. A. could have  B. must have  C. can’t have 6. You ______ apologized to her; now she is very angry. A. should have  B. must have  C. may have Step 5 实战:把过去推测放进语境(中档层) 读下面这段关于“调查教室窗户被打破”的回忆,用所给动词的 have done 结构完成推测。这次没有选项,全靠两步法(先过时间闸门,再定把握度)自己判断。 【测试材料】 Yesterday afternoon, the window of our classroom was broken. Nobody saw it happen, so we tried to guess who or what did it. Xiaohua was in the classroom then, waiting for his mother, so he ___(1)___ (break) the window — he had no reason to do so. A stranger was seen near the window before it broke; he ___(2)___ (throw) a stone at it. But the man looked calm and was walking away slowly, so he ___(3)___ (do) it in anger. It rained heavily that afternoon with strong wind, so a strong wind ___(4)___ (cause) the damage. Our teacher said the window was old and loose, so it ___(5)___ (be) broken by the wind after all. 【我的答案】 (1) __________ (2) __________ (3) __________ (4) __________ (5) __________ 【复盘 · 两档对照】 填完别急着翻答案。回头再看一遍:同样是“陌生人”,第 (2)(3) 两空,你分别用了哪个档位?写下把你带向那个档位的那条线索: 第 (2) 空:线索是 ____________________,所以我用了 ____________________。 第 (3) 空:线索是 ____________________,所以我用了 ____________________。 (提示:先判断“反推原因的证据是正向还是反向、把握强还是弱”,再定 must / can’t / may (might) / could。) Step 6 闯关:分层练习(独立完成) 练习分三层,从“选词”到“综合辨析”,难度逐级抬升。先独立完成,再对照讲评核对。 【基础层 · 单项选择】 思维目标:你能在选项中认出哪个 have done 结构是对的(识别)。 1. The floor is all wet. It ______ rained last night. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. should have 2. She ______ cooked dinner; the kitchen is clean and cold. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. may have 3. He ______ finished the work; he just started it an hour ago. A. can’t have  B. must have  C. could have 4. I ______ told you the truth earlier; I’m sorry. A. should have  B. must have  C. can’t have 5. He looks pale. He ______ stayed up late working last night. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. may have 【中档层 · 语法填空(have done)】 思维目标:你能在没有选项的语境中自己推出该填什么(建构)。 6. —Why didn’t she come to the meeting? —She ______ (forget) it. 7. The door was unlocked. Someone ______ (come) in while we were away. 8. He ______ (win) the race if he had trained harder. 9. The cake is gone. Who ______ (eat) it? I saw nobody in the kitchen. 10. We ______ (arrive) earlier; now we’ve missed the train. 11. Why is the cake all gone? The children ______ (eat) it while I was away. 12. The room is in a mess. They ______ (have) a party last weekend. 【挑战层 · 综合辨析】 思维目标:你能识别并修复错误的 have done 表达,还能区分“推测”与“虚拟”两种思维轨道(监控与修复)。 13. 阅读下面两句话,判断 could have done 各属哪种用法: a. He could have taken the wrong bus. b. He could have taken the wrong bus, but he checked the number carefully. a 属于:__________(推测 / 虚拟) b 属于:__________(推测 / 虚拟) 判断依据:______________________________ 14. He must have finished the project yesterday, ________? A. mustn’t he  B. hasn’t he  C. didn’t he  D. wasn’t he 15. 判断并改正:“He mustn’t have stolen the money; he is so honest.” 我的判断:__________(对 / 错) 改正:______________________________ 16. 判断并改正:“She must have finished the work, but she didn’t.” 我的判断:__________(对 / 错) 改正:______________________________ Step 7 本讲带走:两步法与自检清单 【本讲自检清单】 做完本讲,请你三问,并在每一问后面给自己一个评价: ① 我会不会先判断“推测的是现在还是过去”?过去就 + have done。 我的自评:□会 □不确定 □不会 ② 我能用把握度尺在 must / can’t / may / might / could + have done 中定位吗? 我的自评:□会 □不确定 □不会 ③ 我能分清 could have done 的“推测”与“虚拟”两个身份,并和 should have done 区分开吗? 我的自评:□会 □不确定 □不会 【速记口诀】 两步法一句话:时间闸门先过河——过去时间直接锁;没有状语看结果,反推原因用 have done。正向十成 must 扛,反向十成 can’t 挡;拿不准就用 may / might;could 双身份、should 表遗憾。 课后作业(一套完整巩固练习) 主题:校园失物与往事回顾。素材独立于本讲已用的“窗户调查”语料,主题仍是“对过去的推测”,与本讲一致,可课后独立完成。 【任务一 · 语法填空】 读下面短文,用所给动词的 have done 结构完成对过去的推测。 Last Friday, Li Ming’s camera was missing after the class trip. We wondered what had happened. He said he remembered taking photos near the lake, so he ___(1)___ (leave) it there. But one student said he saw Li Ming put the camera in his bag at the end of the day, so he ___(2)___ (leave) it by the lake. Then we thought he ___(3)___ (drop) it on the bus, because the bus was very crowded. The teacher reminded us that the camera had a strap and was easy to carry, so Li Ming ___(4)___ (lose) it carelessly. Finally, we found it in the lost-and-found office — someone ___(5)___ (hand) it in for him. 【任务二 · 单项选择】 6. The road is covered with snow. It ______ snowed heavily last night. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. should have 7. You ______ phoned me before you came; I was out the whole afternoon. A. should have  B. must have  C. can’t have 8. He ______ cheated in the exam; he is known for being honest. A. can’t have  B. must have  C. may have 【任务三 · 改错】 9. She mustn’t have made such a mistake; she is always careful. 改正:______________________________ 10. The door was open, so someone mustn’t have come in. 改正:______________________________ 11. He could have studied harder, so he failed the exam. 改正:______________________________ 【自查】 做完后,用本讲“自检清单”和“速记口诀”逐题核对你的判断依据,把拿不准的题号圈出来,讲评时重点听。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Festivals and Celebrations 精品讲义2027春季高一(下)英语新教材人教版必修三 第6讲 情态动词表推测(二):回看过去(教师版) must / can’t / may / might / could + have done 【课时安排】 本讲为 Unit 1 Discovering Useful Structures “情态动词表推测”的第 2 课时,建议用时 1 课时(40—45 分钟)。本讲聚焦对过去的推测(情态动词 + have done),承接第 5 讲“对现在/将来的推测”(情态动词 + do)。两讲各自独立,本讲虽承接却不依赖第 5 讲,可单独使用。 【学习目标】 学完本讲,你应该能—— ① 用“时间闸门”判断一句话推测的是“现在”还是“过去”,该接 do 还是 have done; ② 依据线索正反与把握强弱,在 must have done / can’t have done / may (might) have done / could have done 中选对词; ③ 分清 could have done 的两种身份(表推测 vs 表“本可以做却没做”),并会写 must have done 的反意疑问。 【本讲使用说明(给学生)】 本讲义供你独立使用。请遵循以下流程:① 先独立思考每道题,在草稿纸上写出你的答案和理由;② 对照文末的“推理路径演示”检查自己的思考过程,特别关注“你的第一步和讲义的第一步是否一致”;③ 如果发现不一致,回到讲义对应的“操作指令”重新理解。本讲义的核心不是让你“记住答案”,而是让你“学会推理”。 Step 1 先撞一次墙:must have done 的“否定”,你会写吗? 昨天下午,教室的窗被风吹碎了。同学们都在猜是谁最后离开没关窗。有同学说:It must be Xiaohua who left the window open. 现在,如果想说“这件事一定不是小华做的”——因为放学后小华还在教室里等家长——下面哪个说法对? A. Xiaohua mustn’t have broken the window. B. Xiaohua can’t have broken the window. C. Xiaohua must have not broken the window. 先别急着选。凭语感,很多人会先看 A 或 C,因为它们长得像“must 的否定”。但正确答案是 B。 【推理路径演示】 正确答案:B Step 1 圈信号:题干要求表达“一定不是小华做的”——否定推测。 Step 2 过闸门:动作“打碎窗”发生在过去(昨天下午)。 Step 3 定方向 + 找证据:否定推测 → 反向线索 → 用 can’t / couldn’t + have done。 排除:A 的 mustn’t 表“禁止”,不表推测;C 的 must have not done 不规范。否定推测一律用 can’t have done。 Step 2 时间闸门:先判断“推测的是不是过去” 【考场操作指令】 面对任何一道过去推测题,你的第一步动作是: ① 读到题干时,如果看到 yesterday / last night / ten minutes ago → 直接定位 have done; ② 如果看到的是“地湿了 / 窗破了 / 人脸色苍白”这种结果状态 → 立即问自己“什么过去的事导致了现在这个状态”; ③ 如果没有时间词也没有结果状态词,则看整句语境是否在“回溯已发生的事”。 情态动词表推测,同一批词可以接两种形式: + do(含 do / be doing / be):推测现在或将来; + have done:推测过去(已发生的事)。 判断该用哪一种,先看“推测的对象发生在什么时候”。三种信号帮你锁定“过去”: 【信号① 明确的过去时间状语(最简单)】 看到 yesterday / last night / ten minutes ago → 过去,用 have done。 He must have finished his homework yesterday.(昨天——对过去) You look tired. You must have stayed up late last night.(last night——对过去) 【信号② 语境交代“事已发生”,正在反推原因(中等)】 事情的结果摆在眼前,顺着结果往回推“是谁 / 是什么造成的”。 The window is broken. Someone must have broken it during the night.(窗已经破了,反推夜里发生的事) 【信号③ 现状 → 反推过去原因(无时间词,最难)】 没有显性时间词,找到“结果状态词”,反推原因。 The streets are flooded. It must have rained heavily.(街道被淹——反推下过大雨,无时间词) Step 3 在“过去推测”里摆把握度尺 时间确定是“过去”后,就用第 5 讲的把握度尺选词,只是后面都接 have done。先看线索正反(走肯定还是否定),再看把握强弱。 【考场选词四步走】 ① 时间闸门 → 现在 / 将来用 do,过去用 have done(先锁定“尾巴”)。 ② 定方向:题干线索指向“这件事确实发生了 / 可能是真的”(正向),还是“这件事不可能 / 与已知事实相反”(反向)? ③ 如反向 → 直接定位 can’t / couldn’t have done(不必犹豫),选它。 ④ 如正向 → 再看证据强度:十成把握 → must have done;不确定 / 证据弱 → may / might / could have done。 ⑤ 特别注意:题干中有 but / 表遗憾的语气 → 可能考 could / should have done 的虚拟义,跳出“推测”思维,进入“虚拟”轨道。 【把握度尺操作规则】 正向线索 + 把握十成 → must have done(一定做过)。 反向线索 + 把握十成 → can’t / couldn’t have done(不可能做过)。 中性 / 弱证据 → may / might have done(或许做过)。 【精讲① must have done:一定做过】 当对过去的线索足够、有十足把握时,肯定推测用 must have done。它只走肯定路。 The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.(地是湿的——昨夜一定下过雨) His bag is gone. He must have left early.(包不见了——他一定早走了) 【精讲② can’t / couldn’t have done:不可能做过】 当线索与推测相反、把握十足说“不是这样”时,否定推测用 can’t / couldn’t have done。 He can’t have broken the window; he was with me the whole afternoon.(他一下午都跟我在一起——不可能打碎窗) She couldn’t have finished the essay so soon; it takes at least a week.(一篇文章至少写一周——她不可能这么快写完) 否定推测绝不用 mustn’t have done。 【精讲③ may / might have done:或许做过】 对过去的事拿不准,用 may / might have done。 She may have missed the bus.(她或许没赶上公交) He might have forgotten the appointment.(他或许把约会忘了——更拿不准) 【重难点④ could have done:两个身份,先分清再判断】 could have done 是“双面词”,高考最爱在这里设陷阱。 身份一 · 表推测(或许做过):He could have taken the book by mistake.(他或许误拿了那本书——推测) 身份二 · 表虚拟(本可以做却没做):He could have passed the exam, but he didn’t study hard.(他本可以通过考试,但没努力——虚拟、遗憾) 判别要点:两句结构几乎一样,唯一差别是后半句有没有 but → 有 but 引出“实际没做到”,就是虚拟义;在“猜发生了什么”,就是推测义。 【虚拟义识别卡(考场专用)】 当选项中或题干中出现 could have done / should have done,立即执行以下判断: 查信号词:题干中是否有 but / yet / however / or else / otherwise?有 → 虚拟义(本可以做 / 本应该做但没做)。 查语气:句意是否在表达“遗憾”“可惜”“责备”?是 → 虚拟义。 若无上述信号,句意在“猜测发生了什么” → 推测义(仅适用于 could have done)。 考场口诀:but 一出现,虚拟跑不掉;无 but 看语气,遗憾即虚拟;猜测无痕迹,推测才成立。 【对比小结 · 必背】 结构 类别 核心语义 判断依据 must have done 推测 一定做过 正向线索 + 十成把握 can’t / couldn’t have done 推测 不可能做过 反向线索 + 十成把握 may / might have done 推测 或许做过 中性 / 弱证据 could have done 推测 或许做过 无 but,在猜测 could have done 虚拟 本可以做(没做) 后文有 but / 含遗憾 should have done 虚拟 本应该做(没做) 后文有 but / 含责备、遗憾 一句话分清三类:must / can’t / may / might 都只在“推测”轨道上;could 一脚踩两条船(推测 or 虚拟),should 只走虚拟轨道(本应该做却没做)。 【拓展 · 过去推测的反意疑问句】 must have done 表推测时,反意疑问部分用 didn’t / did 或 hasn’t / haven’t,取决于有无过去时间状语: He must have finished it yesterday, didn’t he?(有 yesterday——反意用 didn’t) He must have left, hasn’t he?(无时间状语、强调对现状的影响——也可用 hasn’t he) 反意疑问在高考考查不多,但完形和写作偶尔出现,作为拓展点会认即可。 Step 4 趁热打铁:即时判断(基础层) 下面每题给出线索,请选出或判断最合适的表达,并说出依据。答案紧随其后。 【测试材料】 1. The ground is still wet. It ______ rained last night. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. should have 2. 判断:He can’t have broken the window; he was in the library at that time. 这句话对不对?为什么? 3. She ______ passed the driving test; she practised so little. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. may have 4. I don’t know why he didn’t come. He ______ been busy with his work. A. must have  B. may have  C. can’t have 5. He ______ caught the train, but he missed it because of the traffic. A. could have  B. must have  C. can’t have 6. You ______ apologized to her; now she is very angry. A. should have  B. must have  C. may have 【答案与解析】 1. A 圈信号:“still wet”(现在地湿)+ “last night”(昨夜)→ 事已发生,对过去的原因反推。 过闸门:昨夜下雨 → 过去事件 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:地还湿着,证据方向与“下雨”一致(正向),且强(wet 是直接结果)→ 把握度十成 → must have done。 排除:C. should have 表“本应做未做”,不表推测。如果你误选 C,你错在把“推测”和“虚拟 / 责备”混为一谈——这里地湿是事实,不是“本应该下雨却没下”。 2. 对 圈信号:“in the library at that time”(当时在图书馆)→ 有过去时间状语。 过闸门:at that time → 过去事件 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:“在图书馆”与“打碎窗”相反(反向),把握十成 → can’t have done。 这句话成立:can’t have done 表“不可能做过”,与反向证据一致。 3. B 圈信号:“practised so little”(练得太少)→ 反向证据。 过闸门:练习发生在过去 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:练得少与“通过考试”相反(反向),证据足 → can’t have done。 排除:A. must have 表肯定推测,与反向证据矛盾;C. may have 表“或许”,把握度不够。如果你误选 C,你忽略了“practised so little”提供的强反向证据——练得少不是“或许通过”,而是“不可能通过”。 4. B 圈信号:“I don’t know why”(不知道原因)→ 中性不确定。 过闸门:没来是过去的事 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:不知道原因,只是“可能在忙”,中性不确定 → may have done。 排除:A. must have 把握度太高(没有足够正向证据);C. can’t have 表否定推测,与“不知道原因”的中性语气矛盾。 5. A 圈信号:“but he missed it”(但错过了)→ 含 but,表“本可以做却没做”。 过闸门:赶火车是过去的事 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:有 but 引出“实际没做到” → 触发虚拟义识别卡 → could have done(虚拟义:本可以赶上却没赶上)。 排除:B. must have 表肯定推测,与 but 后的“实际没做”矛盾;C. can’t have 表否定推测,不表“本可以”。 6. A 圈信号:“now she is very angry”(现在她很生气)+ “apologized”(道歉)→ 责备语气。 过闸门:道歉是过去的事 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:她很生气是因为“本应该道歉却没道歉” → 责备义 → should have done。 排除:B. must have 表推测,不表责备;C. can’t have 表否定推测,语义不通。 Step 5 实战:把过去推测放进语境(中档层) 读下面这段关于“调查教室窗户被打破”的回忆,用所给动词的 have done 结构完成推测。这次没有选项,全靠两步法(先过时间闸门,再定把握度)自己判断。 【测试材料】 Yesterday afternoon, the window of our classroom was broken. Nobody saw it happen, so we tried to guess who or what did it. Xiaohua was in the classroom then, waiting for his mother, so he ___(1)___ (break) the window — he had no reason to do so. A stranger was seen near the window before it broke; he ___(2)___ (throw) a stone at it. But the man looked calm and was walking away slowly, so he ___(3)___ (do) it in anger. It rained heavily that afternoon with strong wind, so a strong wind ___(4)___ (cause) the damage. Our teacher said the window was old and loose, so it ___(5)___ (be) broken by the wind after all. 【答案与解析】 (1) can’t have broken 圈信号:“waiting for his mother”+“had no reason to do so”(没理由打碎)。 过闸门:then(那时)→ 过去事件 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:“没理由打碎”与“打碎窗”相反(反向),证据足 → can’t have done。 (2) may / might have thrown 圈信号:“A stranger was seen near the window”(陌生人在窗前出现过)。 过闸门:before it broke → 过去事件 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:只是怀疑,中性、把握弱 → may / might have done。 逻辑过渡:这个推测是“可能扔了石头”——不涉及动机。 (3) can’t have done 圈信号:“looked calm”+“walking away slowly”(看起来平静、慢慢走开)。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:“平静”与“愤怒地打碎”相反(反向),证据足 → can’t have done。 逻辑过渡:这里否定的是“愤怒地”(动机),不是否定“扔了石头”本身。所以 (2) 的“可能扔了”和 (3) 的“不可能愤怒地扔”可以并存。 本题括号内给的动词是 do,答案中 can’t have done 里的 done 替代的是前面提到的 throw a stone,这在英语中是允许的替代。 (4) might / could have caused 圈信号:“It rained heavily”+“strong wind”(风雨大)。 过闸门:that afternoon → 过去事件 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:风雨大,只是“可能是风造成的”,把握弱 → might / could have done。 (5) must have been broken 圈信号:“the window was old and loose”(旧窗松动)+“after all”(终究)。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。 定方向 + 找证据:旧窗松动 + 风雨大,正向证据足 → must have done。被动语态 → must have been broken。 【教师点拨】 这段语料把“过去推测”的几个档位都练到了,重点复盘第 (2)(3) 两空:同样是“陌生人”,一个用“或许做过”、一个用“不可能做过”,差别全在后面的线索。讲评时,让学生先说“哪条线索把你带向了哪个档位”。 Step 6 闯关:分层练习(独立完成) 练习分三层,从“选词”到“综合辨析”,难度逐级抬升。先独立完成,再对答案。 【基础层 · 单项选择】 思维目标:你能在选项中认出哪个 have done 结构是对的(识别)。 1. The floor is all wet. It ______ rained last night. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. should have 2. She ______ cooked dinner; the kitchen is clean and cold. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. may have 3. He ______ finished the work; he just started it an hour ago. A. can’t have  B. must have  C. could have 4. I ______ told you the truth earlier; I’m sorry. A. should have  B. must have  C. can’t have 5. He looks pale. He ______ stayed up late working last night. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. may have 【基础层 · 答案与解析】 1. A 圈信号:“all wet”(全湿)+“last night”(昨夜)。 过闸门:昨夜 → 过去 → 用 have done。定方向:地全湿,正向证据足 → must have done。 排除:C. should have 表“本应做未做”,不表推测。误选 C 者,是把“推测”和“虚拟 / 责备”混为一谈。 2. B 圈信号:“clean and cold”(干净冰冷)→ 反向证据。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:厨房干净冰冷与“做过饭”相反 → can’t have done。 排除:A. must have 与反向证据矛盾;C. may have 把握度不够。 3. A 圈信号:“just started it an hour ago”(一小时前才开始)。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:一小时前才开始与“做完了”相反 → can’t have done。 排除:B. must have 与反向证据矛盾;C. could have 表“或许 / 本可以”,不表否定推测。 4. A 圈信号:“I’m sorry”(对不起)→ 表遗憾 / 责备。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:道歉是因为“本应该早说真相却没早说” → should have done。 排除:B. must have 表推测,不表责备;C. can’t have 表否定推测,语义不通。 5. A 圈信号:“looks pale”(脸色苍白)→ 正向证据(现状)。 过闸门:“last night” → 过去 → 用 have done。定方向:脸色苍白与“熬夜”一致,证据足 → must have done。 排除:B. can’t have 与正向证据矛盾;C. may have 把握度不够。 【中档层 · 语法填空(have done)】 思维目标:你能在没有选项的语境中自己推出该填什么(建构)。 6. —Why didn’t she come to the meeting? —She ______ (forget) it. 7. The door was unlocked. Someone ______ (come) in while we were away. 8. He ______ (win) the race if he had trained harder. 9. The cake is gone. Who ______ (eat) it? I saw nobody in the kitchen. 10. We ______ (arrive) earlier; now we’ve missed the train. 11. Why is the cake all gone? The children ______ (eat) it while I was away. 12. The room is in a mess. They ______ (have) a party last weekend. 【中档层 · 答案与解析】 6. may / might have forgotten 圈信号:“Why didn’t she come”(为什么没来)→ 不知道原因。 过闸门:没来开会 → 过去 → 用 have done。定方向:不知道原因,只是“或许忘了”,中性不确定 → may / might have done。 7. must have come 圈信号:“The door was unlocked”(门没锁)→ 正向证据。 过闸门:while we were away → 过去 → 用 have done。定方向:门没锁,正向证据足 → must have done。 8. could have won 圈信号:“if he had trained harder”(如果训练更努力)→ 虚拟条件,暗含“但他没努力”。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:触发虚拟义识别卡 → could have won(虚拟义:本可以赢却没赢)。 9. could have eaten 圈信号:“The cake is gone”(蛋糕没了)+“I saw nobody”(没看到任何人)→ 在猜测。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:无 but、无遗憾语气、在猜测 → 推测义,用 could have eaten(与 might 类似)。 如果你第一反应是 should have eaten,你忽略了这里没有“责备 / 遗憾”的语气,只是在猜测“谁吃了蛋糕”。 10. should have arrived 圈信号:“now we’ve missed the train”(现在错过了火车)→ 遗憾 / 责备。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:错过火车是因为“本应该早到却没早到” → should have done。 11. may / might have eaten 圈信号:“Why is the cake all gone”(蛋糕为什么全没了)→ 现状反推过去原因,无显性时间状语。 过闸门:蛋糕没了是过去的事 → 用 have done。定方向:只是“或许吃了”,中性不确定 → may / might have done。 12. must have had 圈信号:“The room is in a mess”(房间很乱)→ 现状反推过去原因(“last weekend”为附加验证)。 过闸门:last weekend → 过去 → 用 have done。定方向:房间乱与“开过派对”一致,证据足 → must have done。 【挑战层 · 综合辨析】 思维目标:你能识别并修复错误的 have done 表达,还能区分“推测”与“虚拟”两种思维轨道(监控与修复)。 13. 阅读下面两句话,判断 could have done 各属哪种用法: a. He could have taken the wrong bus. b. He could have taken the wrong bus, but he checked the number carefully. 14. He must have finished the project yesterday, ________? A. mustn’t he  B. hasn’t he  C. didn’t he  D. wasn’t he 15. 判断并改正:“He mustn’t have stolen the money; he is so honest.” 16. 判断并改正:“She must have finished the work, but she didn’t.” 【挑战层 · 答案与解析】 13. a 表推测;b 表虚拟 a. “He could have taken the wrong bus.” → 推测义(“或许坐错了”),无 but,在猜测。 b. “He could have taken the wrong bus, but he checked the number carefully.” → 虚拟义(“本可能坐错但没坐错”),因为有 but + checked carefully 表明实际未发生。 解析重点:两句原文几乎一样,唯一差别是后半句有没有 but → 这就是高考设题方式:同样的结构,用 but 一转折,语义立刻从“推测”翻转为“虚拟”。 14. C(didn’t he) 圈信号:“yesterday”(昨天)→ 有过去时间状语。 过闸门:有 yesterday → 反意用 didn’t。 排除:A. mustn’t he 不用于反意疑问;B. hasn’t he 适用于无时间状语、强调对现状影响的情况;D. wasn’t he 与 finished(动词)不匹配。 15. 错误,mustn’t 改 can’t 否定推测不用 mustn’t have done,应改为 He can’t have stolen the money.(他不可能偷了钱——他那么诚实。) 16. 错误,must have finished 应改为 should have finished 句意“她本应该完成工作,却没完成”表责备 / 遗憾,要用 should have done;也可用 could have done(本可以做完却没做)。而 must have done 只表推测“一定做过了”,与 but 后的“没做”直接矛盾——它只能走推测轨道,不能像 could / should 那样带虚拟义。这是“推测 vs 虚拟”最容易漏的一刀:看到 but 先问“这个 have done 能不能带虚拟义”。 Step 7 本讲带走:两步法与自检清单 【本讲自检清单】 做完本讲,请你三问: ① 我会不会先判断“推测的是现在还是过去”?过去就 + have done。 ② 我能用把握度尺在 must / can’t / may / might / could + have done 中定位吗? ③ 我能分清 could have done 的“推测”与“虚拟”两个身份,并和 should have done 区分开吗? 【速记口诀】 两步法一句话:时间闸门先过河——过去时间直接锁;没有状语看结果,反推原因用 have done。正向十成 must 扛,反向十成 can’t 挡;拿不准就用 may / might;could 双身份、should 表遗憾。 课后作业(一套完整巩固练习) 主题:校园失物与往事回顾。素材独立于本讲已用的“窗户调查”语料,主题仍是“对过去的推测”,与本讲一致,可课后独立完成。 【任务一 · 语法填空】 读下面短文,用所给动词的 have done 结构完成对过去的推测。 Last Friday, Li Ming’s camera was missing after the class trip. We wondered what had happened. He said he remembered taking photos near the lake, so he ___(1)___ (leave) it there. But one student said he saw Li Ming put the camera in his bag at the end of the day, so he ___(2)___ (leave) it by the lake. Then we thought he ___(3)___ (drop) it on the bus, because the bus was very crowded. The teacher reminded us that the camera had a strap and was easy to carry, so Li Ming ___(4)___ (lose) it carelessly. Finally, we found it in the lost-and-found office — someone ___(5)___ (hand) it in for him. 【任务二 · 单项选择】 6. The road is covered with snow. It ______ snowed heavily last night. A. must have  B. can’t have  C. should have 7. You ______ phoned me before you came; I was out the whole afternoon. A. should have  B. must have  C. can’t have 8. He ______ cheated in the exam; he is known for being honest. A. can’t have  B. must have  C. may have 【任务三 · 改错】 9. She mustn’t have made such a mistake; she is always careful. 10. The door was open, so someone mustn’t have come in. 11. He could have studied harder, so he failed the exam. 【参考答案与解析】 (1) may / might have left 圈信号:“remembered taking photos near the lake”(记得在湖边拍过照)。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:只是“或许落在那”,中性不确定 → may / might have done。 (2) can’t have left 圈信号:“saw Li Ming put the camera in his bag”(见他最后把相机装进包里)。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:与“落在湖边”相反(反向),证据足 → can’t have done。 (3) could / might have dropped 圈信号:“the bus was very crowded”(车很挤)。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:只是“可能掉在车上”,把握弱 → could / might have done。 (4) can’t have lost 圈信号:“the camera had a strap and was easy to carry”(相机有带子、好携带)。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:与“粗心弄丢”相反(反向),证据足 → can’t have done。 (5) must have handed 圈信号:“found it in the lost-and-found office”(在失物招领处找到了)。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:正向证据足 → must have done。 6. A 圈信号:“covered with snow”(满是雪)+“last night”(昨夜)。 过闸门:昨夜 → 过去 → 用 have done。定方向:路面满是雪,正向证据足 → must have done。 排除:C. should have 表“本应做未做”,不表推测。 7. A 圈信号:“I was out the whole afternoon”(整个下午不在)+“before you came”(来之前)。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:他整个下午不在,是因为“本应该先打电话却没打” → should have done。 排除:B. must have 表推测,不表责备;C. can’t have 表否定推测,语义不通。 8. A 圈信号:“he is known for being honest”(以诚实著称)→ 反向证据。 过闸门:过去事件 → 用 have done。定方向:与“作弊”相反(反向),证据足 → can’t have done。 排除:B. must have 与反向证据矛盾;C. may have 把握度不够。 9. 错误,mustn’t 改 can’t 否定推测不用 mustn’t have done,应改为 She can’t have made such a mistake.(她不可能犯这么大的错——她总是很细心。) 10. 错误,mustn’t 改 must 门开着,正向证据足,应是“一定有人进来过”,用 must have come in,不是否定。 11. 错误,could have studied 应改为 should have studied 句意“他本应该更努力学习,所以他考试不及格”表责备 / 遗憾,应使用 should have done。could have done 表“本有能力做却没做”或推测“或许学过”,与“所以不及格”的因果逻辑不匹配;误选 could 者,是忽略了“so he failed”表达的遗憾语气——这里要的是“本应该”,不是“本可以”。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $

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【周周有招】新教材同步尖子班讲义第6讲Unit1-Festivals and Celebrations( 情态动词表推测(二):回看过去)-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第三册(教师版+学生版)
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【周周有招】新教材同步尖子班讲义第6讲Unit1-Festivals and Celebrations( 情态动词表推测(二):回看过去)-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第三册(教师版+学生版)
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【周周有招】新教材同步尖子班讲义第6讲Unit1-Festivals and Celebrations( 情态动词表推测(二):回看过去)-2026-2027学年高中英语人教版必修第三册(教师版+学生版)
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