Unit 4 Natural Disasters 重点词汇一轮讲练用记 导学案-2027届高三英语一轮复习人教版必修第一册

该高中英语高考复习导学案系统梳理了高考核心词汇考点，以“基础含义-考点拓展-真题应用”为架构，涵盖词义辨析、词性转换、固定搭配等模块，通过填空练习、一句多译、句式升级等任务驱动，引导学生自主构建词汇知识网络，体现考点梳理的系统性和层次性。 亮点在于诊断性自测与真题情境深度融合，如“poster”设计填空、“die out”语境应用等，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。每个词汇模块含自测诊断（如词性转换填空）、方法指导（如熟词生义辨析），帮助学生自主诊断薄弱点并针对性提升，教师可依据学生练习反馈精准指导，支持因材施教。

Listening and Speaking 1.post n. 邮政，邮递；职位，要职；岗位，哨所；柱，杆，桩 After graduating in 1981, he moved on to work at the Denver Weekly for 2 years and the Los Angeles Post for two more years before landing at Sports Times.(2024• 新课标I卷) 1981年毕业后，他在《丹佛周刊》工作了两年，在《洛杉矶邮报》又工作了两年，最后在《体育时报》工作。 If you could get the book, please send it to me by post. 如果你能弄到那本书,请邮寄给我。 The last post had arrived and there was no letter for her. 最后一批邮件已到,但没有她的信。 vt. 邮寄,投寄:贴出(布告等);把(布告等)贴在...上；发帖子 Do you mind posting a letter for me? 你能帮我寄封信吗? I took a picture of the vase and posted it online, for $10. A couple of messages came in, one wanting additional photos, another asking for a price cut. (2025• 全国I卷)有几条信息进来了，一条想要更多的照片，另一条请求降价。 【考点拓展】 poster n. 海报,招贴,广告 To enhance awareness of wildlife conservation, our school is launching the “Let’s Cherish Wildlife Together” _______(post) design competition.(应用文之职业发言稿) 为提高公众保护野生动物的意识，我校现举办“让我们一起珍爱野生动物”海报设计比赛。 【熟词生义】 n. 帖子(网络) When she woke up the next morning, she found that there were many posts on the Internet discussing the point she had made the day before.第二天早晨起来，她发现网络上有很多的帖子来讨论她昨天提出的那个观点。 2.legally adv.按照法律，法律上；合法地 Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(2024• 浙江1月卷)因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行。 【考点拓展】 legal adj.法律允许的，合法的 illegal adj.非法的，违法的；违规的 illegally adv.非法地 ①As we all know, many animals are in danger because of human activities, such as environmental pollution, _______(legal) hunting and habitat destruction. (应用文之环保类)众所周知，由于人类活动，如环境污染、非法狩猎和栖息地破坏，许多动物处于危险之中。 ②Wild animals are being hunted ______(illegal) to make profits, leading to their population dropping sharply.(应用文之环保类)野生动物被非法猎杀以获取利润，导致它们的数量急剧下降。 ③Car park owners should be______(legal) responsible for protecting vehicles. 停车场场主有保护停放车辆的法律责任。 【语境串记】 Legally,it's illegal to drive a car without a driving licence, and it's legal to turn right at a red light.按照法律，没有驾驶执照开车是违法的，红灯右转是合法的。 3.hunt v.打猎，猎取；搜寻，搜索；追踪，追捕 【考点拓展】 hunter n.猎人，捕猎者；搜寻者 hunting n.打猎，狩猎；搜寻，寻找 ①These adorable little ________(hunt) are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time. (2024• 全国甲卷)这些可爱的小猎人只是在做一些从一开始就存在于他们本性中的事情。 ②As we all know, many animals are in danger because of human activities, such as environmental pollution, illegal _______(hunt) and habitat destruction. (应用文之发言稿)众所周知，由于人类活动，如环境污染、非法狩猎和栖息地破坏，许多动物处于危险之中。 4.immediate adj. 立即的; 直接的，最接近的; 目前的 Seeing no hope of immediate rescue, Emily decided to spend the night in her car.(2026• 全国I卷)因看不到立即获救的希望，艾米丽决定在车里过夜。 【考点拓展】 take immediate action 立刻采取行动 immediately adv.即刻，马上 immediately conj.一……就 ①Facing such a serious problem, we should ______________ and get rid of those bad habits and engage ourselves in more outdoor activities.(应用文之健康类)面对如此严重的问题，我们应该立即采取行动，改掉那些坏习惯，多从事户外活动。 ②If any chemical container is knocked over, DON’T PANIC! Tell me _________(immediate) and I’ll handle the cleanup. (2026• 全国I卷)如果化学品容器被碰倒，请不要惊慌！立即告诉我，我会负责清理。 【帮你记词】 the (very) moment可用作连词，意为“一……就”，类似的单词和用法还有 instantly, directly, on/upon + 名词/动名词, hardly…when…, no sooner…than… , as soon as 【一句多译】 一到了车站，我就给那个侦探打了电话。 →①_____________________________the station, I telephoned the detective.(on /upon doing) →②I telephoned the detective ________________________________the station.(immediately) →③I telephoned the detective______________________________the station.(the moment) →④________________________the station than I telephoned the detective.(no sooner…than…) →⑤___________________________the station I telephoned the detective.(no sooner…than…) 【语境串记】 Due to the seriousness of the problem，he took immediate measures immediately he arrived at his office.考虑到问题的严重性，他一到办公室就立即采取了措施。 5.die v. 死亡, 消逝, 平息, 渴望, 漠然, 熄灭；死 Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.(2025• 全国II卷)你要投资照顾它，但如果它死了，就去买另一个，”德特里尼特说。 【考点拓展】 die away逐渐停止，逐渐消失； die down逐渐减弱，逐渐模糊； die of/from/by 因……而死 die out(指物种、家族、习惯、观念等) 灭绝，绝迹；消失 die young/happy英年早逝（含笑九泉） be dying for渴望……，很想…… die off一个接一个地死去 dead adj. 死的，去世的；无生气的 death n.死，死亡 deadly adj. 致命的, 势不两立的, 死一般的, 极度的, 必定的 ①A modern-day Juliet who ___________ after her parents rejected the love of her young life.(2025• 全国I卷)一个现代版的朱丽叶，在父母拒绝了她年轻时的挚爱后，因心碎而死。 ②Their eating habits，adaptation to life in the city，diseases,______(dead) rate，and such other information are not available. (2025• 浙江卷)他们的饮食习惯、对城市生活的适应、疾病、死亡率等信息都无从得知。 ③They were puzzled why I had chosen such a _____(die) leaf as the object of my gratitude.(读后续写之细节描写)他们对我为什么选择这样一片枯叶作为我感激的对象感到困惑。 ④Luckily, it wasn’t ______(dead). Ryan let out a sigh of relief. (读后续写之动物描写)幸运的是，它不是致命的。瑞安松了一口气。 ⑤After a quick glance, Jodeen realized Joe was very close to ______(dead).(读后续写之细节描写)乔登匆匆瞥了乔一眼，意识到乔已经离死亡很近了。 ⑥Many wild animals are in danger of _____________, because the environment they are living in has changed greatly.(应用文之环保类)许多野生动物有灭绝的危险，因为他们生活的环境发生了很大的变化。 ⑦After the excitement of audience ________, the speaker restarted his speech.(应用文之报道)等兴奋的观众平静下来后，这位讲演者重新进行演说。 ⑧The sound of the music _______ and all the audience stood up and burst out thunderous applause. (读后续写之细节描写)音乐声逐渐消失了，所有的观众都站起来，爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。 ⑨The young driver______________ the wounds that he received in the accident.这个年轻的司机死于在交通事故所收的伤。 ⑩After hours of working in the hot sun, the men were __________. 在烈日下工作了几个小时后，这些人非常想喝点凉水。 【句式升级】 As the living environment becomes worse and worse, many of the earth's species are gradually disappearing. →①___________________________________, many of the earth's species are gradually dying out． 【易混辨析】die , decease , expire , pass away , perish die 是这组词中最常用语，用于一切有生命的、或被人们比喻为有生命的东西，如火焰、声音、音乐等； decease死亡，是法律上或正式的用语； expire　是书面语，是一种委婉的说法，意思是“呼出最后一口气”； pass away是die 的委婉说法，语气比较缓和； perish是较正式用语，指死于暴力或困境等非正常死亡。 【易混辨析】die of,die from die of指死于疾病、衰老、饥饿等； die from则指由于外伤或不注意的原因而死亡，但from常以of代替。 【熟词生义】 adv. 如死一般地；极度地，非常地 He was dead drunk in the New Year Eve party．他在除夕晚会上喝得烂醉如泥。 【语境串记】 The president died of cancer , but his death was kept secret; In other words, few people knew he had been dead.总统死于癌症，但他的死讯一直保密；换句话说，很少有人知道他已经死了。 6.rate n.比率, 速度, 等级, 价格, 费用 In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.(2025• 全国I卷) 在澳大利亚，2600多万人拥有2000多万辆汽车，是世界上汽车拥有率最高的国家之一。 vt.估价, 认为, 鉴定等级。 In one of our studies, undergraduate students reported on their own well-being, rating their happiness as well as their sense of how meaningful their life is.(2026• 北京卷)在我们的一项研究中，本科生们报告了自身的幸福感，对其幸福程度以及对自身生活意义的感知进行了评分。 【考点拓展】 at any rate 无论如何；至少 ___________, the medical supplies will reach you within a week. (应用文之建议信)无论如何,医疗用品将于一星期内运到你那里。 【熟词生义】 v. 划分等级； 评价 The company seems to rate him very highly.公司好像对他的评价很高。 7.extinct   adj. 绝种的；灭绝的；不再活跃的 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.(2024• 新课标I卷)为了在地球上的物种灭绝之前记录它们，研究人员和公民科学家已经收集了数十亿条记录。 【考点拓展】 extinction n.灭绝，绝种 extinguish vt. 熄灭；压制；偿清 extinguisher n.灭火器；灭火器 ①She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an __________(extinct)-level event for humanity. (2024• 新课标II卷)她解释说，我们正处于历史的“转折点”，现在必须采取行动，防止人类发生灭绝级事件。 ②But just because it's difficult, we can not give up the will ______( extinguish)its lethal flame.(应用文之报道) 但是仅仅因为它是困难的，我们不能放弃将其致命的火焰扑灭。  ③In this activity, there will be firefighters to explain the knowledge of firefighting, and give us the on-site demonstration about how to use fire __________(extinguish), etc.(应用文之通知)在这次活动中，会有消防队员为我们讲解消防知识，并给我们现场示范如何使用灭火器等。 8.mass n. 大量，大多; 块，堆，团 They cannot be mass-produced.(2025• 浙江卷)它们不能批量生产。 【考点拓展】 a mass of 大量，许多 masses of 大量，许多 the mass of 大多数 massive adj. 大的，巨大的; 大块的，大量的; 魁伟的结实的; 大规模的 massively adv. 大而重; 厚实; 粗大; 强有力 ①Packing up my parents’ house felt like a ________(mass) goodbye — that bedroom, those memories, the feeling of safety and shelter I always felt there. (2026• 北京卷)收拾父母的房子，感觉就像一场巨大的告别——那间卧室、那些回忆，以及我曾经在那里感受到的安全与庇护。 ②(2020·天津卷）While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase ________(mass) by 2050.虽然汽车和火车正在转向更环保的电力，但到2050年，航空旅行的排放量预计将大幅增加。 【一句多译】 院子里有许多石头。 →①There are __________________ stones in the yard.(number) →②There are ________________ stones in the yard.(mass) 【熟词生义】 v.集结；聚集 After a series of failures, the general massed his troops for a final attack.在经过一系列的失败之后，将军把军队都集中起来准备发动最后的进攻。 9.habit n. 习惯, 习性。 Their eating habits，adaptation to life in the city，diseases，death rate，and such other information are not available. (2025• 浙江卷)他们的饮食习惯、对城市生活的适应、疾病、死亡率等信息都无从得知。 【考点拓展】 break off the habit of改掉...的习惯； fall/ get into the habit of养成[染上]某习惯； out of habit出于习惯； habitat n.（动植物的）生活环境，栖息地； habitual adj. 习惯的, 惯常的。 ①Compared to traditional garden plots，they increase carbon absorption，reduce stormwater runoff and boost _______(habit) and biodiversity significantly.(2025• 浙江卷)与传统的园地相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性。 ②I continued my _______(habit) drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling (乱画). (2024• 北京卷)我继续我的习惯绘画，我现在称之为幼稚的涂鸦。 【易混辨析】habit, custom, practice habit指个人的同一行为，经过反复地做而习惯成为自发的动作； custom指一些人的行为，在一段时期中不断沿用而变成的习惯。通常指一个国家或社会的风俗习惯，也可指个人的习惯； practice指某人选定做某件事而形成的习惯或指某种固定的习惯作法。 10.aware adj. 意识到的; 知道的; 觉察到的 The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. (2025• 天津卷)这一发现表明，海豹不仅会通过改变心率或呼吸来对氧气水平做出生理反应，而且它们还能充分意识到这一点，从而改变自己的行为。 。 【图表助记】 ①By reimagining items that might otherwise end up in landfills (垃圾场), UPCYCLING not only helps conserve natural resources but also encourages innovation and environmental _______(aware). (2026• 北京卷)通过重新设计那些原本可能被丢弃到垃圾填埋场的物品，升级改造不仅有助于节约自然资源，还能促进创新并提高环保意识。 ②First of all, ______________when and why you are regressing. (2026• 浙江1月卷)首先，要意识到自己何时以及为何会出现回读现象。 ③It was several minutes before he_______________________.几分钟之后，他才意识到发生了什么。 【句式升级】 Many people haven't been aware of the importance of a healthy diet. →There are still many people__________________________________ the importance of a healthy diet.(含有定语从句的复合句) 【语境串记】 He was unaware of the effects of his actions.If so, he could not gradually raise public moral awareness.他没有意识到自己行为的后果。如果是这样，他就不能逐渐提高公众的道德意识。 11.endanger v. 危及，使遭到危险。 Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history. (2026• 北京卷)尽管气候变化威胁着我们其他宝贵的东西，比如粮食获取，但也涉及文化认同、文化存续和历史。 考点拓展】 endangered受到危险的 danger n. 危险, 危险物, 威胁 be in danger处于危险状态 in danger of “有……的危险”，后接动名词或动名词短语 out of danger 脱离危险 dangerous adj. 危险的 （指对别人构成威胁的） ①Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into __________(dange) hailstones. (2024·浙江1月卷)飞机在有威胁的风暴细胞中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。 ②Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting __________(endange) species across the ridges and valleys.(2024• 新课标I卷)生境恢复队的志愿者在恢复敏感资源和保护山脊和山谷中的濒危物种方面发挥着至关重要的作用。 ③As we all know, many animals ____________________ because of human activities, such as environmental pollution, illegal hunting and habitat destruction. (应用文之环境保护类)众所周知，由于人类活动，如环境污染、非法狩猎和栖息地破坏，许多动物处于危险之中。 12.average n. 平均, 平均数；平均标准, 一般水平。 Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (2024• 全国甲卷) 每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士向农村人口提供基本医疗服务、x光扫描和处方。 adj. 平均的；普通的, 平常的, 一般水平的 A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled.(2025• 全国II卷)食物垃圾联盟的一项研究表明，平均每家餐馆每创造1000美元的收入，就会产生33磅的食物垃圾，其中只有15.7%被捐赠或回收。 vt. 平均, 均分；求平均值 If you average 7, 14 and 6, you get 9.将 7, 14, 6之和均分得9。 【考点拓展】 on average平均起来； above the average在一般 水平以上, 中上; 在平均数以上； be well/ quite up to the average完全达到一般水平； be about up to the average刚达到一般水平； below the average在一般水平以下, 中下; 在平均数以下 ①Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher ____________than the control group in abstract thinking. (2026• 全国I卷)在所有参与者中，美容组在抽象思维方面的平均得分比对照组高出近14%。 ②Having almost 60 percent of the ice cube still remaining, our result was _____________ ! (读后续写之细节描写) 由于几乎有60%的冰块仍然存在，我们的结果高于平均水平！ 【易混辨析】average/mean/ median average是“平均”或“平均数”的意思。它指的是把两个或两个以上的数相加的和，除以相加的数的个数而得的商数；mean有“平均”或“平均数”的意思，但实际上指的是最大数和最小数之间的中数，即把二者相加的和，除以2所得的商数；median是“中位数”的意思，它指的是按大小次序排列的一列数字中居中间位置的那个数。 13.progress n.进步，进展；前进，行进；（社会的）进步 I decided that I wanted to learn as many words as I could and started marking every entry I looked up with a pencil to measure my progress.(2026• 全国I卷) 我决定尽可能多地学习单词，并开始用铅笔标记每一个查过的词条，以衡量自己的进步。 v.进步，进展；使（任务，事业）取得持续进展 He will visit once every two weeks to see how his new employees are progressing.他将每两周视察一次以看看他的新雇员们进展如何。 【考点拓展】 in progress在行进中，在进步中； make progress取得进步 progressive adj.进步的，先进的；逐步发生的，逐步发展的 ①Finally, we should keep calm and try to overcome our difficulties bravely when facing them and __________________ in our work. 最后，我们应该保持冷静，在面对困难时勇敢地克服困难，努力在工作中取得进步。 ②As the football match was _____________, we kept cheering on both teams. 足球赛进行时，我们不断地喊叫，为双方加油。 ③Mom was then slipping away from me owing to ________(progress) memory loss.(2025• 天津卷) 由于逐渐失忆，妈妈渐渐离开了我。 14.concern vt 涉及；关系到；使担心；使忧虑 Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies.(2024• 浙江1月卷) 由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。 n. 关心；担心；担忧 Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries.(2025• 全国II卷) 在餐馆、超市和供应链行业，食物浪费日益受到关注。 【考点拓展】 so / as far as... be concerned就……来说 / 而论 be concerned with / in... 与……有关 be concerned with与……有关的 be concerned about/for关心 concerned adj.相关的， 关于（某个主题）的；担心的，焦急的 unconcerned adj.不关心的；无关的；无忧虑的 ① I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very ________(concern).(2024• 全国甲卷) 我对医生和他们的助手印象深刻，他们在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关心。 ②Heidi was ________(concerned), and saying good-night, climbed up the path with the basket on her arm.(读后续写之细节描写)海蒂并不在意，她说了声晚安，就提着篮子爬上了小路。 ③When I was reading the Email, I __________________________________ your troubles with weight gain.(应用文之建议信)当我看到这封邮件时，我很担心你体重增加的问题。 ④____________________________, you can listen to some Chinese radio programs to improve your pronunciation. 就我而言，你可以听一些中国广播节目来提高你的发音。 阅读下列句子，体会黑体字的词性及含义 1.That doesn't concern me. 2. You must not concern yourself about me. 3. Our main concern is that they are not receiving enough help. 4. What are your main concerns as a writer? 5. He asked several questions concerning the future of the company. 【句式升级】 In my opinion, you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities. →____________________________________, you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities. 【熟词生义】 prep. 关于, 有关 Many doubts remain concerning the girl’s disappearance. 女孩儿失踪案仍然疑云重重。 【语境串记】 Our parents are concerned about our health.As far as I’m concerned，we should talk with them and tell them our concerns.我们的父母关心我们的健康。就我而言，我们应该和他们谈谈，告诉他们我们的担忧。 15.live v.生存，活着；生活在；居住；生长，栖息；生活，过日子；为……而生活；以……为生 Hill，an old lady who lived next door. (2025• 浙江卷)希尔，一位住在隔壁的老太太。 【考点拓展】 live by靠...过活; live on靠...生活;以...为食;live out活过(某一段时间);live through经历过;live up to实践;不辜负;live with与...住在一起/忍受；live apart分开居住；lively adj.活泼的，生气勃勃的；热闹的，激烈的 ①We will ____________what our parents expect of us.我们将不辜负父母对我们的期望。 ②I had to _________ bread and water when I was a student.当我还是学生的时候，我只能靠面包和水生活。 ③After their worst quarrel，Jim and Mary wondered if they should __________for a time to try to improve their relationship.(读后续写之细节描写)吉姆和玛丽大吵了一架之后，他们想知道是否应该分开一段时间，以改善他们的关系。 ④Helen is ______(live)and talkative, while Judy is just the opposite.(2026• 全国II卷)海伦活泼健谈，而朱迪则恰恰相反。 【考点拓展】lively/alive/living/live lively为“有生气、活泼、快活的”，作定语，作表语（由此可延伸为宾补及伴随状语）。 alive为“活着的；活跃的”，是表语形容词。除作表语外还可作宾补，伴随状语。 living为“活着的，有生命的；现存的”，可作定语及表语。如：His grandmother is still living.他的祖母还健在。作表语时，living比alive更强调“健在”而不仅仅是“活着”。 live为“活的，有生命的”，作定语用，修饰人与动物，同于作定语的living。 【熟词生义】 adv.在现场直播 After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC, the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours.当披头士应邀参加BBC的现场直播后，他们通过全国巡演迅速在英国蹿红。 16.adapt v. (使)适应；(使)适合；改编；改写 But it’s amazing how you can adapt and learn in a new environment.(2025• 全国II卷) 但令人惊讶的是，你是如何适应并在新环境中学习的。 【考点拓展】 adapt to / adapt oneself to/ be adapted to适应；适合，to是介词，后接名词或doing； adapt for改编，改作； adapt from根据……改写或改编； adapt sth. for sth. 修改某事 adaptive adj. 适应的; 有适应能力的 adaption n. 适应，改编 adaptability n. 适应性; 合用性 ①Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can ________________. (2024• 全国甲) Elizabeth Sims分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了什么关键点，以及你如何将它们改编成你的作品。 ②Most of these tools have been specially ____________ use by disabled people.(应用文之广告介绍) 这些工具多数已经过特别改装，供残疾人使用。 ③Parents always worry about whether their children could ____________ the life in the new school.(应用文之学校生活建议信) 父母总是担心孩子是否能适应新学校的生活。 ④This TV play ____________ a novel written by Haiyan. (应用文之影评) 这部电视剧是根据海言的小说改编的。 ⑤This _______(adapt) ensures that complex historical concepts become accessible and engaging for young minds.(2026• 全国I卷)这种适应性使复杂的历史概念变得易于理解且引人入胜，适合年轻一代。 【易混辨析】adapt /adjust adapt 指进行相当大的改造或变化以适应新的情况，强调必要性和目的性； adjust 指做较小的变动以适应于某种情况，强调“配合”与“协调”。 【语境串记】 He soon adapted himself to the new environment. That was to say, he made a quick adaptation to the new school. 他很快就适应了新环境。也就是说，他很快就适应了新学校。 17.measure v.测量；（指尺寸、长短、数量等）量度为；衡量；估量；走过 I decided that I wanted to learn as many words as I could and started marking every entry I looked up with a pencil to measure my progress.(2026• 全国I卷) 我决定尽可能多地学习单词，并开始用铅笔标记每一个查过的词条，以衡量自己的进步。 n.尺寸;分量[U];度量单位[C] New measures are in place to improve English translations in public places in China.(2025• 天津卷)中国已出台新措施以改善公共场所的英文翻译工作。 【一词多义】 A. v.（指尺寸、长短、数量等）量度为 B. n.措施；方法 C. n.相当数量;一定程度 D. v.衡量；评估;判定 E. v.测量 1.I continued to measure his progress against the charts in the doctor's office. 2.The young man has gone to be measured for a new suit. 3.In my view, the pond measures about 2 metres across. 4.We must take some strict measures to reduce crime in the area. 5.With the exception of Juan, each attained a measure of success. 【句式升级】 There are some tall trees on the hill and some measure 30 metres. →There are some tall trees on the hill,_________________________.(独立主格结构)  【考点拓展】 make sth. to sb.'s measure照某人的尺寸做某物 take sb.'s measure或take the measure of sb.给某人量尺寸 made to measure定做的，按照尺寸做的 by measure按尺寸 take measures/steps to do sth.采取措施做某事，这时measure通常用复数形式 beyond measure无可估量 measurement n. 测量,测定[U];尺寸,大小 in a/some measure 在某种程度上 measurement n.测量结果；尺寸；测量，计量 【熟词生义】 v.判定, 判断 Don’t measure a person by his appearance and the clothes he wears. 不要以外表和穿着来判断一个人。 措施;手段;方法 Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it.(2025• 全国I卷)现在，一项新的研究表明，一种简单、廉价的方法可以显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量：煮沸并过滤。 18.author n.作者，著者；作家；发起者，创始人；作品 “We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen,” said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. (2026• 全国I卷)“我们在屏幕上做事情时，通常会用非常具体的方式来思考，”这项研究的资深作者西蒙娜·施诺尔表示。 v.撰写，写作；发起，创造 Then he opened a restaurant, authored a book, and landed his own radio show. (应用文之人物介绍) 后来他开了个餐馆，写了本书，还制作了自己的广播剧。 【考点拓展】 authority n．作“权力；权威；授权”解时，为不可数名词；指“权威人士，权威性的东西”时，为可数名词；指“官方、当局”使用复数authorities； abuse one’s authority 滥用职权 be an authority on sth 在……方面是权威 by the authority of 得到……的许可 have authority over 对……有权力 in authority 权力，当权 authoritative adj.可靠的，可信的，权威的 ①In the headmaster’s office, my father listened attentively, and then spoke with quiet ________(author): “I trust my son.(2025• 北京卷) 在校长办公室里，父亲认真地听着，然后带着平静的权威说：“我相信我的儿子。 ②One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so ________(author) that it shook me. (2024• 北京卷) 在我40岁出头的一天晚上，我梦见一个穿红衣的高大女人走近我，递给我一袋颜料，让我开始画。这个梦的权威性使我感到震惊。 ③People do what they want and have fun when someone _______authority is absent. (读后续写之细节描写) 管事的人不在，人们随心所欲。 19.press vt. 压，按; 逼迫 Somehow , I forced my finger to press the button. (读后续写之细节描写) 不知怎么的，我强迫我的手指按下按钮。 n. 新闻报道，出版物 The story was reported in the press and on television.(读后续写之细节描写) 这件事已在报刊和电视上报道了。 【考点拓展】 press sb. to do sth.或者press sb. for sth. "催逼某人干某事；尽力劝某人干某事 pressure压力；压迫 under the pressure of 在……压力下 ①When I wanted to leave , Kate ________________________ a little longer.(读后续写之细节描写) 当我想离开的时候，凯特尽力劝我再待一会儿。 ② In a desperate attempt to escape the mounting____________ (press), I falsely confessed (承认).(2025• 北京卷) 为了摆脱不断增加的压力，我谎称自己有罪。 ③While countries spend millions attracting tourists, they are also _____________________ tourism.(应用文之职业发言稿) 各国在花费数百万美元吸引游客的同时，也面临着旅游业的压力。 【熟词生义】 vt.将……塞进 When she reached one nurse，she tried to press a five－pound note into her hand.(2021·全国乙卷) 当她走近一名护士时，她试图把一张五英镑的钞票塞到她手里。 【语境串记】 The firm is pressing me for a decision and the pressure from my parents is quite unbearable，so I have to accept this new job.公司催我做决定，来自父母的压力也让我难以忍受，所以我不得不接受这份新工作。 Reading and Thinking 1.reserve v．贮存；保留；预订 Reserve a spot indoors, at its chef’s counter, or covered dog-friendly patio (露台), with creative wine tastings in the mix. (2026• 全国II卷)在室内、主厨台或带遮阳的宠物友好露台预订座位，享受创意十足的葡萄酒品鉴体验。 n．储备；贮藏；保护区 【考点拓展】 reserve sth. for 为……保留某物 in reserve 备用 with/without reserve 有/没有保留地 reservation n.自然保护区；保留；预订(房间、座位等) make reservations/a reservation at/in...在……预订(房间、座位等) reserved adj. 预订的，保留的，缄默的 reservoir n. 蓄水库;储藏所,仓库 I’ve got a reservation. My name is Hillary Langley.(2025• 浙江卷)我预订了房间。我叫希拉里·兰利。 【一句多译】 你需要提前订票吗？ →①Do you have to ______________________ in advance? (reserve) →②Do you have to ______________________in advance? (reservation) 2.plain adj. 简朴的;朴素的;清楚的;明白的;坦白的,直率的 He lives a very simple life, but your contributions are invaluable to the field of science and agriculture.(应用文之人物介绍)你过着非常简朴的生活，但你对科学和农业领域的贡献是无价的。 The meaning of the sentence is very plain.这个句子的意思十分清楚。 I must be plain with you.我必须坦白地对你说。 n. 平原;旷野 Towering mountains and vast plains will come into view, which is really a feast for the eyes. (应用文之旅游介绍)巍峨的山脉和辽阔的平原将映入眼帘，真是一场赏心悦目的盛宴。 【熟词生义】 adj.单纯的，纯粹的 He built a hugely successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination.(2021·浙江6月卷)他的事业取得了巨大的成功，仅仅靠的是纯粹的努力和决心。 3.observe vt.观察，观测；遵守；庆祝 But as Aristotle observed over 2,000 years ago, actions pushed to their extreme turn into disasters.(2026• 北京卷)但正如亚里士多德两千多年前所指出的，行动若被推向极端，便会演变成灾难。 The festival is observed with a wide range of activities. (应用文之节日介绍) 人们用大量的活动来庆祝这个节日。 【考点拓展】 observe sb. do sth. 　　　 看到某人做了某事 observe sb. doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事 observe sth. done. 看到某事被做 observe sb. do sth.在变成被动语态时，应添加省略的不定式符号“to” observation n.观察;观测 under observation在监视下;在观察中 observational adj.观测的；根据观察的 observer n. 观察者 observatory n.天文台，气象台。 ①The policeman observed the young fellow ______(enter) the bank with a shotgun and he followed in. ②These __________ (observe)now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本).(2024• 新课标I卷) 现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自物理标本的原始数据。 ③In hospital she'll be ________observation all the time.在医院里，她将一直受到观察。 ④According to ________(observer), the plane exploded shortly after take-off.据观察人士说，飞机起飞后不久就爆炸了。 ⑤This makes sense because the people who get __________(observation)biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. (2024• 新课标I) 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。 ⑥The thief was observed ________ (open) the window and run away.(读后续写之细节描写) 有人发现窃贼打开窗户逃跑了。 【易混辨析】observe/look/see/notice/watch/stare/glare observe的意思是用眼睛看到并注意到,通过认真地看而观察到,译成"观察",如观察星星、某现象等； look的意思是有意识地使用眼睛或视力,译成"看"; look at的意思是把眼睛转向目标,译成"看或看着"； see的意思是有意或无意用眼睛看的结果,译成"看见"； notice的意思是用眼睛或其他感官或感觉注意,译成"注意到或看到"； watch的意思是仔细认真地跟踪运动着的目标,译成"观看或监视"。 【一句多译】 你可以看到我们学生每天都在体育馆里参加各种各样的活动。 →____________________________________in the stadium every day.(主动语态) →____________________________________in the stadium every day. (被动语态) You can observe us students take part in various activities;We students can be observed to take part in various activities in the stadium every day. 【熟词生义】 observation n.（尤指据所见、所闻、所读而作的）评论 He began by making a few general observations about the report.他首先对报告作了一些一般性的评论。 【语境串记】 According to observers , the plane exploded shortly after take-off. And now the survivors are still under observation.据观察人士说，飞机起飞后不久就爆炸了。现在幸存者仍在观察中。 4.beautiful adj. 美丽的, 很好的。 Ursula has always called the beautiful small town of Beaverton her home.(2026• 浙江1月卷)乌苏拉一直将美丽的小镇比弗顿视为她的家。 【易混辨析】beautiful/ handsome/ pretty/good-looking beautiful视觉、听觉或思想上所感到的美，可以形容人、物、风景等。用于人时，多用于女性，一般不用于男性。如用于男性，则指这个人没有男子的气概。beautiful表示的美，包括纤弱（tenderness），娇嫩（delicacy），和蔼（softness），温柔（sweetness），可爱（loveliness）和优美（gracefulness）等因素； handsome通常指男性的英俊、漂亮，或小孩的俊美。如用于女性多侧重于“俊秀”、“健美”。用于事物时，则指它好看或宏伟； pretty指一般的、适度的美。通常用于女性或小孩，指娇小、纤细的美，但没有beautiful所包含的典雅和高贵的气质。也可用于小的、无关紧要的事物； good-looking好看，这个词通常用于形容人，其意思与handsome和pretty相近，但不及这两个词富于表情，是一般用语。 【考点拓展】 beauty 作不可数名词，意为“美；美丽；好处；优点”等；作可数名词，意为“美人；美好的东西；极好的榜样；典型的例子”。 They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain______(beautiful).(2026• 全国I卷)它们提供遮荫，降低地表温度，吸收大量空气中的碳，清除微小污染物，并为野生动物提供栖息地，同时带来赏心悦目的美景。 【帮你记词】 英语中有很多的名词既可作为不可数名词，又可用作可数名词。作不可数名词时表示抽象概念，作可数名词时，表示具有该特性的具体的人或事物。 这种将抽象名词用来表示具有该特性的具体的人或事情的现象，就是我们常说的抽象名词具体化。具体化后的名词为可数名词。类似的名词还有： 单词 不可数 可数 experience 经验 (一段)经历 success 成功 成功的人或事 failure 失败 失败的人或事 room 空间，地方 房间 difficulty 难度，艰难 困难 beauty 美，美丽 美女，给人美感的事物 rain 雨 (水) 一场雨 snow 雪 一场雪 5.remind[rɪˈmaɪnd] v. 提醒;使想起,使记起 They reminded me of mine.(2025• 天津卷) 它们让我想起了我的。 【考点拓展】 remind sb. of something使某人想起…… remind sb. of doing sth. 提醒某人已做了某事； remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事（动词不定式表示将来）； reminder n.提醒物，引起回忆的事物；（提醒做某事的）提示信，通知单 ①Nevertheless, it serves as a _________(remind) that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability.(2025• 全国II卷) 然而，它提醒我们，有很多方法可以解决可持续发展的问题。 ②Neighbors will bring me freshly made cheese and will come to my door to remind me ________(close) the window in my car when rain is coming.(2024• 新课标II卷)邻居们会给我带来新鲜的奶酪，还会在下雨的时候来我家门前提醒我关上车窗。 【易混辨析】remind/remember remind指由于现在某事和过去某事十分相似，因此使人"记起；想起"过去的那件事。主语常是物，多用于sth. remind sb. of sth. 结构，而remember无此用法 remember指不由自主地、不太费力便"想起"或有意识地"回忆起"某些生动的往事，主语是人 remind后接名词/代词/不定式的复合结构/宾语从句时，作"提醒"解 6.shoot v. 发射，射出（子弹，箭等）；射中；拍摄电影(过去式shot过去分词shot) I shot an arrow at the spot on the wall. 我对准墙的一点射出一支箭。 n.射击，发射；投球 【考点拓展】 shoot out (使)突然冒出 shoot at对准... ...射击 shoot down射落[倒] shoot up上冒; 喷出 【易混辨析】shoot/shoot at shoot用于表示射击行动已获得预期结果的场合； shoot at仅表示对准目的物射击，与结果无关，是否命中或有否打死，不得而知。 【熟词生义】 n.嫩枝，芽，苗 v.飞驰，疾驰而过 The shoot of the plant has come out. 这株植物的芽已经长出来了。 A car shot past us. 一辆汽车从我们旁边疾驰而过。 7.watch n.手表；守卫，看守 My parents used to live here and my father’s watch was here，” he explained，trying to lift a floorboard.(2025• 浙江卷)我父母曾经住在这里，我父亲的手表就在这里，”他一边解释，一边试图掀开一块地板。 v.观看，注视 So, when my brother showed up, I asked him to watch Toby and keep him outside.(2025• 全国I卷) 所以，当我哥哥出现时，我让他看着托比，让他待在外面。 【考点拓展】 watch over 照顾，守望，守护 watch out 注意，留神 keep a watch on 监视 under the close watch 在严密的监视下 【易混辨析】watch, look ,see 和observe： watch的意思是仔细认真跟踪运动着的目标，翻译成“观看，监视”等，如看电影、球赛、太阳下山，监视老鼠等； look 的意思是有意识地使用眼睛或视力，翻译成“看”； see 的意思是有意或无意用眼的结果，译成“看见”。如黑暗中你可以用look ，但不一定用see； observe 的意思是用眼睛看并注意到，通过认真地看观察到，译成“观察”，如观察星星、某现象等。 8.attack n. 攻击; (疾病的)发作 It paused its attack on Acaba, giving me a brief window of opportunity.(读后续写之细节描写) 它暂停了对阿卡巴的袭击，给了我一个短暂的机会。 After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. (2024• 新课标I卷) 廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他睡觉，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。 v. 进攻,袭击; 侵袭,侵害。 Building true peace requires those who feel they have the right to attack to take steps towards forgiveness and understanding.(应用文之演讲稿) 【易混辨析】attack /assail /assault /charge/beset attack 是常用词, 指"攻击敌人"或"用言论攻击他人"； assail 指"猛烈连续地攻击"； assault 语气比 assail强, 指"突然猛烈地进攻", 暗示"武力的直接接触" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思； charge 指"冲击"或"骑兵的突然攻击"； beset 指"围攻", 即从各个方向攻击 【考点拓展】 attack sb. for sth./ doing sth. 因……责难某人； under attack在袭击中，在进攻中。 ①The article attacked the government _______its policy on education. 这篇文章抨击了政府的教育政策。 ②The city was ________ attack of the hurricane and in danger. 这个城市遭受了飓风的袭击，正处于危险中。 【熟词生义】 v. 抨击 When a student attacks a professor on the social media, the language used actually says more about the student.翻译：当一个学生在社交媒体上抨击一位教授时，他所使用的语言实际上更能说明这个学生的问题。 9.effect n. 效果, 作用; 影响; 后果; 效应; 功效 That effect extends beyond forests.(2026• 北京卷)这种影响不仅限于森林。 【考点拓展】 have an effect/impact on/upon 对……有影响 bring/put sth. into effect 实行, 实施; 使生效 come into effect 开始实施, 生效 take effect 见效, 生效 in effect 实际上; 事实上; 有效 effective adj. 有效(果)的 effectively adv. 有效地 ①Volunteering _________________________________ kids and teenagers.(2025• 全国II卷)志愿服务对儿童和青少年有着终生的影响。 ②Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on January 1 are more ________(effect) for this reason.(2025• 北京卷)与普遍的怀疑相反，由于这个原因，1月1日做出的决定更有效。 ③Here are some tips worth following in order to communicate more ________(effective).(2025• 浙江1月卷)为了更有效地沟通，这里有一些值得遵循的建议。 ④His wife has, _________, run the company for the past six months.(读后续写之细节描写)在过去的六个月里，他的妻子实际上一直在经营这家公司。 ⑤The new transport rules have been ________________for two months. 新的运输规则已经实施两个月了。 【句式升级】 Smoking is bad for your health, so you’d better give it up. →①Smoking ________________________your health, so you’d better give it up.(effect)  →②You’d better give up smoking,____________________________your health.(非限制性定语从句)  【帮你记词】多种“影响” ①have an effect on ②have an influence on ③have an impact on ④affect ⑤influence⑥make a difference to 【易混辨析】 effect , consequence, result , outcome effect强调事物因果关系，指由于某种原因直接产生的结坚果。这个词常译作“效果”；“作用”或“影响”； consequence比result更正式， 常用复数形式，它跟原因的关系不如effect那么直接，指由于某事而产生的后果，往往指不良的后果； result是这组词中的最常用词，指某行动、事态终了时的最后结果； outcome和result 意思相近，往往指战争、球赛、科研等有待决定胜负、高低、成败的事的最后结果。有时侧重明确的结果。 【熟词生义】 n. （个人）财产，所有物，财物 The insurance policy covers all baggage and personal effects.这份保险单为全部行李和个人财产提供保险。 【语境串记】 Before the new law comes into effect，I hope we can take some effective measures to protect the Tibetan antelopes.Then we should work effectively at once.在新法律生效之前，我希望我们能采取一些有效的措施来保护藏羚羊。那么我们应该立即有效地工作。 10.recover Most of Ho’s students will recover, which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care. (2025• 全国II卷)何氏的大多数学生都会康复，这意味着为他们重返学校做准备是护理工作中越来越重要的组成部分。 【考点拓展】 recover from　 从……中恢复/康复 recover oneself 恢复正常; 使清醒 recovery n. 康复, 恢复 make a recovery 恢复/康复 ①When I recovered _________ the shock, I looked at my camera. (读后续写之细节描写)等我从震惊中缓过神，我查看了相机。 ②Their _________(recover) has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies.（2023•全国甲卷）它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名。 【易混辨析】recover, restore, regain 【熟词生义】 v．恢复；重新控制 He almost fell, but succeeded in recovering himself.他差点儿摔倒，但又成功地站了起来。 11.remove vt.移开，拿开；除去，废除；把……免职，开除；迁移,搬家 Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (2025• 浙江卷)将性别从画面中完全移除似乎是解决这个问题的一个简单方法。 【考点拓展】 remove...from...把……从……移开 remove from...to...从……搬迁到…… removal n.移走，去掉；消除，清除 removable adj.可移动的；可去掉的；可免职的 ①Carbon __________(remove)is crucial for fighting climate change.(2026• 浙江1月卷)碳移除对于应对气候变化至关重要。 ②A __________(remove) part of something is a part that can easily be moved from its place or position. 某物的可移动部分是一个可以容易地从它的位置或方位移动的部分。 【帮你记词】 在动词前加re-前缀，表示“再次，又”。如：rebuild（重新修建），replace（放回原处），recreate（重新创造，再创造），restore（修复，重制），retell（复述），rewrite（改写），remarry（再婚），reprint（重印），reproduce（重制），replay（重新演奏），reopen（重开，再开），renew（翻新，续借）等。 【一词多义】 A.vi.开除　B.vt.脱去　C.vt.去掉　D.vt.拿走　E.vi.免职 1.If a nest has four eggs and you remove one，the bird will not notice. 2.He removed his jacket when he arrived home. 3.He was severely criticized and removed from his post. 4.The agreement removes the last serious obstacle to the signing of the treaty. 5.Three children were removed from school for bad behaviors. 【句式升级】 What you said has completely removed my doubts. →What you said _____________________________completely.(have+宾语+宾补)  12.intend v. 打算，想要，企图 The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was…2006.(2024• 浙江卷)我最后一次使用电话亭是在2006年。 【考点拓展】 intend to do 打算做； intend sb. to do 打算让某人做； be intended for为……而……（表目的）； intention n.意图;目的;打算 intentional adj.故意的;有意的;存心的 with an/the intention of打算…… ①She has every _______(intend) of staying and continuing doing what she loves.(2025• 全国I卷)她很想留下来，继续做她喜欢的事情。 ②Who is the Mini Camp intended_______ ?(2025• 全国II卷)迷你营地是为谁准备的？ ③What does the author intend _______(do)by challenging a hypothesis? (2024• 北京卷)作者想通过挑战假设来做什么？ ④I was feeling so _______(intend) and strong that I wasn't going to let fear just take over.我觉得自己非常有目的性，而且很坚强，所以我是不会让恐惧占据一切的。 【句式升级】 The program was set up and it was intended to help the homeless. →①The program, _________________________________, was set up.(非限制性定语从句)  →②The program _________________________________was set up.(过去分词作定语)  →③The program was set up _________________________________.(with短语)  【易混辨析】intend, mean与design intend强调"意欲"做某一件确定的事，或者"决意"达到某一确定的目的。此外这个词常用于表达"意欲"使某人从事某职业，或"打算"某物用作何种目的； mean常常可以和intend互换使用。但不强调决心达到某一目的； design强调为达到某目的，事先作过精心安排和仔细考虑。此外，这个词还包含"预谋" 、"策划"或"以阴险的手段"达到自己的目的这一意义。 【语境串记】 With the intention of becoming famous and rich，many ordinary people intend to take part in some TV shows.为了成名和致富，许多普通人打算参加一些电视节目。 13.threat n. 威胁；恐吓；构成威胁的人(或事物)；凶兆；征兆 Without him and his team, there would still be millions of people having to face the threat of hunger. (应用文之人物介绍)如果没有他和他的团队，仍然会有数百万人面临饥饿的威胁。 【考点拓展】 a threat to sth对……构成威胁 threaten v. 威胁；恐吓； 预示 threaten to do 威胁要去做…… ①So, as climate change and biodiversity loss________(threat) natural scents, many people may not even notice. (2026• 北京卷)因此，当气候变化和生物多样性丧失威胁到自然芬芳时，许多人可能甚至没有察觉。 ②It is obvious that chemical pollution will lead to a threat_____ agriculture and food chain.(应用文之环保类)很明显，化学污染将对农业和食物链造成威胁。 【语境串记】 Being out of work is threatening. But the threat can urge the workers to work harder, which can make the workers more threatened．失业是一种威胁。但这种威胁会促使工人更加努力地工作，这可能会使工人更受威胁。 14.exist v. 存在；实际上有；生存；（尤指在困境中）生存 I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, where bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and central heating doesn’t exist. 我和我的中国丈夫和他的家人住在中国浙江的农村，在那里山上野生竹子和茶树丛生，鸡总是自由放养的，而且没有集中供暖。 【考点拓展】 exist by/on 靠……生活； exist in存在于……中； existence n. 存在，实有； come into existence=come into being存在； existing adj. 存在的，现行的 ①Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into _______(exist) systems and services.(2025• 全国I卷) 电池是节能的，电动汽车可以插入现有的系统和服务。 ②If you think you can do without the fence because you’ve never seen a fox, consider if the _______(exist) of the fence is precisely why you’ve never seen one.(2026• 北京卷)如果你以为自己可以没有围栏，因为你从未见过狐狸，不妨想想，正是因为有了围栏，你才从未见过狐狸。 ③It is very difficult for his family to _____________ his small wage.(读后续写之细节描写) 他的家人靠他的微薄的薪水生存非常难。 ④The panda only __________China and is called the national treasure. 大熊猫只在中国存在，被成为国宝。 【句式升级】 Scientists have many theories about how the universe started to exist. →Scientists have many theories about how the universe _____________________.(existence) 【语境串记】 There's an existing custom in the area that men follow women to live in women's family. No one knows when such a custom came into existence.这个地区有一种风俗，男人跟随女人住在女人的家里。没有人知道这种习俗是什么时候开始存在的。 15.harmony n.和声，和弦；融洽，和睦；和谐，协调 The harmony of sea and sky makes a beautiful picture.大海与蓝天之和谐构成了一幅美丽的画面。 【考点拓展】 in harmony和睦；和谐 in harmony with和……一致 harmonious adj. 和谐的，融洽的; 协调的; 音调优美的; 悦耳的 harmoniously adv. 和谐地，调和地 ①Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live________________the planet.(2021•北京卷)任何选择阿拉斯加平均河时间的人都将与地球和谐相处。 ②To create a more________(harmony) atmosphere,I’d like to offer several practical tips.(应用文之建议信)为了创造一个更和谐的氛围，我想提供几个实用的建议。 ③Seeing people of different nationalities live together ________ (harmonious) is a real pleasure. (应用文之报道)看到不同民族的人和谐地生活在一起是一种真正的快乐。 【语境串记】 People’s life here is full of harmony and at the same time，humans and nature make a harmonious picture.人们在这里的生活充满了和谐，同时，人与自然构成了一幅和谐的画面。 16.create v. 创造;创作;设计; 创建; 引起,产生 And in just a few weeks, more than three hundred new songs were created using her AI voice.(2026• 全国I卷)短短几周内，就用她的AI声音创作了三百多首新歌曲。 【考点拓展】 creature n.生物; 动物；人 creation n. 创造;创作;创立[U];世界,宇宙,万物[U];创作品;(想像力的)产物;时装 creative adj. 有创造力的 creativity n. 创造力，独创力 creatively adv.创造性地；有创造力地 ①On the basis of that conversation, I applied to go back to university and study ______(create)writing.(2026• 全国II卷) 基于那次对话，我申请重返大学，攻读创意写作专业。 ②Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard community’s artistic ______(create). (2024• 全国甲卷)每个艺术第一节都是哈佛社区艺术创造力的独特年度庆祝活动。 ③But cats are special______(create) who possess amazing vocalization skills.(2024• 全国甲卷)但猫是一种特殊的生物，它们拥有惊人的发声技能。 ④Reisley said he’s tried his best to be a good steward (管家) not just of the Wright______(create) he lives in, but all others as well. (2026• 全国II卷)赖斯利表示，他已尽最大努力，不仅要好好管理自己所居住的赖特家园，也要对其他所有事物都尽心尽力。 ⑤We invite you to submit videos that ______(create) showcase your perspective, lasting impact, or personal experiences related to Confucius.我们诚邀您提交能够富有创意地展现您对孔子视角、深远影响或个人经历的视频作品。 【熟词生义】 n. 创意 For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.对于西方设计师来说，中国及其丰富的文化一直是西方创意的灵感源泉。 【语境串记】 In my view, language is the most important mental creation between human and other creatures. As a creative one, Do you have any ideas?在我看来，语言是人类和其他生物之间最重要的精神创造。作为一个有创造力的人，你有什么想法吗？ Discovering Useful Structures 1.reduce v.缩减，减少；使……处于……状态(表示此种意义时常用被动语态)；使变弱，使降职(级)；约束，限制 UPCYCLING is a programme that intends to reduce waste.(2026• 北京卷)UPCYCLING 是一项旨在减少浪费的计划。 【考点拓展】 reduce...to...把……减少到……；把……降低到…… reduce...by...把……减少了……；把……降低了…… reduction n. 减少 ①Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced ______ a single 200-word essay. 在我们大三的时候，我和同学们一直在担心，当大学看到我们的整个人生故事被压缩成一篇200字的论文时，他们会看到什么。 ②Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste _______(reduce) by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. (2024• 新课标II卷)在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免使用一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少废物。 ③They reduced the prices ________ 20%.You had better go and buy something in a hurry.他们把价格降低了20%，你最好赶紧去买东西。 【熟词生义】 v. 使沦为，使陷入（不好的境地） And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds surrounding the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.(2020 · 全 国 Ⅲ 卷)当他看到从河面上升起的薄雾和环绕山顶的柔云时，不禁热泪盈眶。 2.due adj.当due意为“由于;因……造成;应给予”时,后接to sb/sth,其中的to是介词,并且在句中常常作表语或状语;当due意为“预定;预期”时,后常接不定式。 As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment.(2026• 北京卷) 随着气温升高，人造物质会释放更多的气味分子；而气候变化导致的生物多样性丧失，则威胁着为环境散发气味的植物。 The English version of the novel is due to be published next year. 这部小说的英文版将于明年出版。 【易混辨析】due to, thanks to, because of, owing to due to一般只用作表语； because of只能用作状语； owing to既可以用作状语, 也可以用作表语, 平常多用于前一种情况, 它引导的状语必须是修饰全句的, 因此严格讲来应用逗号和主句分开； thanks to只能用作状语, 可以表达正面意思, “幸亏”, 也可用于讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)。 Listening and Talking 1.search v.搜查，搜寻；搜查（地方，车辆），搜……的身 Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation. (2024• 北京卷)搜索“模拟假设”会返回许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的结果。 n.搜寻，搜查；探索，寻求 This is how I began my search for the conceptual history of sea level. (2026• 全国II卷)我开始探寻海平面概念史的路径正是如此。 【考点拓展】 search after 探索，寻找 search out 找到，发现 search for 寻找，追求 search . . . for. . . 在……搜寻…… in search of =in the search for / in one’s search寻找，追求 make a search for寻找 research n.研究，探讨；研究工作 v.研究，探索 ①Now, new________(search) suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头).(2025• 全国I卷)现在，一项新的研究表明，一种简单、廉价的方法可以显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。 ②She searched the faces of her classmates_______ signs of panic.(2024• 浙江1月卷)E 她在同学们的脸上寻找恐慌的迹象。 ③Obviously, if precautions(预防)aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards __________food.(2023•全国甲卷)显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。 ④I am glad to address a speech , whose topic is “What should the youth ________” ? 我很高兴今天的演讲题目是“青年应该追求什么”。 Reading for Writing & Assessing Your Progress 1.emotion n. 情感；情绪 Sound familiar? You may not know the term, but that feeling is “kama muta”, a recently named emotion that marks some of the most important moments in our life.(2026• 北京卷)听起来熟悉吗？你可能不知道这个术语，但那种感觉就是“kama muta”，一种最近被命名的情感，它标志着我们生命中一些最重要的时刻。 【考点拓展】 emotional adj. 情感的；易激动的 emotionally adv. 感情上，情绪上，冲动地 emotionless adj. 没有情感的；冷漠的 ①_______(emotion) states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. (2026• 全国I卷)参与者的情绪状态也通过在完成画廊任务时询问他们的情感感受来测量。 ②For children saying good-bye friends is very, very difficult to express_______(emotional).(读后续写之细节描写) 对孩子们来说，和朋友们道别这在情感上表达出来是非常困难的。 ③He kept his _______(emotion) objectivity and faith in the cause he served. (读后续写之人物描写)他保持着冷静的客观和为理想奋斗的信心。 【易混辨析】feeling / emotion feeling 作“感情”讲时是可数名词，既可以指精神上的喜、怒、哀乐，也可以指生理上的由于刺激而产生的错觉，作“感情”时常用复数； 而emotion则指由于喜、怒、哀、乐而使情感变化的强烈心情，精神因素而较强，可数不可数均可。 2.usual adj. 通常的，平常的 【考点拓展】 as usual 照常、照例 than usual 比平时 usually adv. 通常；往常 unusual adj.不常见的，不普通的，难得的，罕有的 unusually adv. 非常; 不寻常地，异乎寻常地; 显著地; 出奇 ①What does Kevin ________(usual) do to get the meaning of a word?(2026• 全国I卷)Kevin通常会怎么做来理解一个词的含义？ ②My adviser and I devised (想出) a somewhat ________(usual) solution: I would spend three months in a collaborating (合作的) lab to obtain specialised training. (2024• 北京卷)我的导师和我想出了一个不太寻常的解决方案：我将花三个月的时间在合作实验室接受专门培训。 ③Ivy felt left out. Mia, however, didn’t know it and went her way ______ usual.(2026• 北京卷)艾薇觉得被冷落了。而米娅却并不知道，照常地继续自己的事情。 ④______(usual), for a Japanese politician, he's a fluent English speaker.不同寻常的是，作为一名日本政治家，他能说一口流利的英语。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Listening and Speaking 1.post n. 邮政，邮递；职位，要职；岗位，哨所；柱，杆，桩 After graduating in 1981, he moved on to work at the Denver Weekly for 2 years and the Los Angeles Post for two more years before landing at Sports Times.(2024• 新课标I卷) 1981年毕业后，他在《丹佛周刊》工作了两年，在《洛杉矶邮报》又工作了两年，最后在《体育时报》工作。 If you could get the book, please send it to me by post. 如果你能弄到那本书,请邮寄给我。 The last post had arrived and there was no letter for her. 最后一批邮件已到,但没有她的信。 vt. 邮寄,投寄:贴出(布告等);把(布告等)贴在...上；发帖子 Do you mind posting a letter for me? 你能帮我寄封信吗? I took a picture of the vase and posted it online, for $10. A couple of messages came in, one wanting additional photos, another asking for a price cut. (2025• 全国I卷)有几条信息进来了，一条想要更多的照片，另一条请求降价。 【考点拓展】 poster n. 海报,招贴,广告 To enhance awareness of wildlife conservation, our school is launching the “Let’s Cherish Wildlife Together” _______(post) design competition.(应用文之职业发言稿) 为提高公众保护野生动物的意识，我校现举办“让我们一起珍爱野生动物”海报设计比赛。 poster 【熟词生义】 n. 帖子(网络) When she woke up the next morning, she found that there were many posts on the Internet discussing the point she had made the day before.第二天早晨起来，她发现网络上有很多的帖子来讨论她昨天提出的那个观点。 2.legally adv.按照法律，法律上；合法地 Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(2024• 浙江1月卷)因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行。 【考点拓展】 legal adj.法律允许的，合法的 illegal adj.非法的，违法的；违规的 illegally adv.非法地 ①As we all know, many animals are in danger because of human activities, such as environmental pollution, _______(legal) hunting and habitat destruction. (应用文之环保类)众所周知，由于人类活动，如环境污染、非法狩猎和栖息地破坏，许多动物处于危险之中。 ②Wild animals are being hunted ______(illegal) to make profits, leading to their population dropping sharply.(应用文之环保类)野生动物被非法猎杀以获取利润，导致它们的数量急剧下降。 ③Car park owners should be______(legal) responsible for protecting vehicles. 停车场场主有保护停放车辆的法律责任。 ①illegal②illegally③legally 【语境串记】 Legally,it's illegal to drive a car without a driving licence, and it's legal to turn right at a red light.按照法律，没有驾驶执照开车是违法的，红灯右转是合法的。 3.hunt v.打猎，猎取；搜寻，搜索；追踪，追捕 【考点拓展】 hunter n.猎人，捕猎者；搜寻者 hunting n.打猎，狩猎；搜寻，寻找 ①These adorable little ________(hunt) are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time. (2024• 全国甲卷)这些可爱的小猎人只是在做一些从一开始就存在于他们本性中的事情。 ②As we all know, many animals are in danger because of human activities, such as environmental pollution, illegal _______(hunt) and habitat destruction. (应用文之发言稿)众所周知，由于人类活动，如环境污染、非法狩猎和栖息地破坏，许多动物处于危险之中。 ①hunters②hunting 4.immediate adj. 立即的; 直接的，最接近的; 目前的 Seeing no hope of immediate rescue, Emily decided to spend the night in her car.(2026• 全国I卷)因看不到立即获救的希望，艾米丽决定在车里过夜。 【考点拓展】 take immediate action 立刻采取行动 immediately adv.即刻，马上 immediately conj.一……就 ①Facing such a serious problem, we should ______________ and get rid of those bad habits and engage ourselves in more outdoor activities.(应用文之健康类)面对如此严重的问题，我们应该立即采取行动，改掉那些坏习惯，多从事户外活动。 ②If any chemical container is knocked over, DON’T PANIC! Tell me _________(immediate) and I’ll handle the cleanup. (2026• 全国I卷)如果化学品容器被碰倒，请不要惊慌！立即告诉我，我会负责清理。 ①take immediate action②immediately 【帮你记词】 the (very) moment可用作连词，意为“一……就”，类似的单词和用法还有 instantly, directly, on/upon + 名词/动名词, hardly…when…, no sooner…than… , as soon as 【一句多译】 一到了车站，我就给那个侦探打了电话。 →①_____________________________the station, I telephoned the detective.(on /upon doing) →②I telephoned the detective ________________________________the station.(immediately) →③I telephoned the detective______________________________the station.(the moment) →④________________________the station than I telephoned the detective.(no sooner…than…) →⑤___________________________the station I telephoned the detective.(no sooner…than…) ①On /Upon arriving at ②immediately I arrived at ③the moment I arrived at ④No sooner had I arrived at ⑤As soon as I arrived at 【语境串记】 Due to the seriousness of the problem，he took immediate measures immediately he arrived at his office.考虑到问题的严重性，他一到办公室就立即采取了措施。 5.die v. 死亡, 消逝, 平息, 渴望, 漠然, 熄灭；死 Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says.(2025• 全国II卷)你要投资照顾它，但如果它死了，就去买另一个，”德特里尼特说。 【考点拓展】 die away逐渐停止，逐渐消失； die down逐渐减弱，逐渐模糊； die of/from/by 因……而死 die out(指物种、家族、习惯、观念等) 灭绝，绝迹；消失 die young/happy英年早逝（含笑九泉） be dying for渴望……，很想…… die off一个接一个地死去 dead adj. 死的，去世的；无生气的 death n.死，死亡 deadly adj. 致命的, 势不两立的, 死一般的, 极度的, 必定的 ①A modern-day Juliet who ___________ after her parents rejected the love of her young life.(2025• 全国I卷)一个现代版的朱丽叶，在父母拒绝了她年轻时的挚爱后，因心碎而死。 ②Their eating habits，adaptation to life in the city，diseases,______(dead) rate，and such other information are not available. (2025• 浙江卷)他们的饮食习惯、对城市生活的适应、疾病、死亡率等信息都无从得知。 ③They were puzzled why I had chosen such a _____(die) leaf as the object of my gratitude.(读后续写之细节描写)他们对我为什么选择这样一片枯叶作为我感激的对象感到困惑。 ④Luckily, it wasn’t ______(dead). Ryan let out a sigh of relief. (读后续写之动物描写)幸运的是，它不是致命的。瑞安松了一口气。 ⑤After a quick glance, Jodeen realized Joe was very close to ______(dead).(读后续写之细节描写)乔登匆匆瞥了乔一眼，意识到乔已经离死亡很近了。 ⑥Many wild animals are in danger of _____________, because the environment they are living in has changed greatly.(应用文之环保类)许多野生动物有灭绝的危险，因为他们生活的环境发生了很大的变化。 ⑦After the excitement of audience ________, the speaker restarted his speech.(应用文之报道)等兴奋的观众平静下来后，这位讲演者重新进行演说。 ⑧The sound of the music _______ and all the audience stood up and burst out thunderous applause. (读后续写之细节描写)音乐声逐渐消失了，所有的观众都站起来，爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。 ⑨The young driver______________ the wounds that he received in the accident.这个年轻的司机死于在交通事故所收的伤。 ⑩After hours of working in the hot sun, the men were __________. 在烈日下工作了几个小时后，这些人非常想喝点凉水。 ①died of heartbreak②death③dead④deadly⑤death⑥dying out⑦died down⑧died away ⑨died from⑩dying for cold water 【句式升级】 As the living environment becomes worse and worse, many of the earth's species are gradually disappearing. →①___________________________________, many of the earth's species are gradually dying out． With the living environment becoming worse and worse 【易混辨析】die , decease , expire , pass away , perish die 是这组词中最常用语，用于一切有生命的、或被人们比喻为有生命的东西，如火焰、声音、音乐等； decease死亡，是法律上或正式的用语； expire　是书面语，是一种委婉的说法，意思是“呼出最后一口气”； pass away是die 的委婉说法，语气比较缓和； perish是较正式用语，指死于暴力或困境等非正常死亡。 【易混辨析】die of,die from die of指死于疾病、衰老、饥饿等； die from则指由于外伤或不注意的原因而死亡，但from常以of代替。 【熟词生义】 adv. 如死一般地；极度地，非常地 He was dead drunk in the New Year Eve party．他在除夕晚会上喝得烂醉如泥。 【语境串记】 The president died of cancer , but his death was kept secret; In other words, few people knew he had been dead.总统死于癌症，但他的死讯一直保密；换句话说，很少有人知道他已经死了。 6.rate n.比率, 速度, 等级, 价格, 费用 In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.(2025• 全国I卷) 在澳大利亚，2600多万人拥有2000多万辆汽车，是世界上汽车拥有率最高的国家之一。 vt.估价, 认为, 鉴定等级。 In one of our studies, undergraduate students reported on their own well-being, rating their happiness as well as their sense of how meaningful their life is.(2026• 北京卷)在我们的一项研究中，本科生们报告了自身的幸福感，对其幸福程度以及对自身生活意义的感知进行了评分。 【考点拓展】 at any rate 无论如何；至少 ___________, the medical supplies will reach you within a week. (应用文之建议信)无论如何,医疗用品将于一星期内运到你那里。 At any rate 【熟词生义】 v. 划分等级； 评价 The company seems to rate him very highly.公司好像对他的评价很高。 7.extinct   adj. 绝种的；灭绝的；不再活跃的 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.(2024• 新课标I卷)为了在地球上的物种灭绝之前记录它们，研究人员和公民科学家已经收集了数十亿条记录。 【考点拓展】 extinction n.灭绝，绝种 extinguish vt. 熄灭；压制；偿清 extinguisher n.灭火器；灭火器 ①She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an __________(extinct)-level event for humanity. (2024• 新课标II卷)她解释说，我们正处于历史的“转折点”，现在必须采取行动，防止人类发生灭绝级事件。 ②But just because it's difficult, we can not give up the will ______( extinguish)its lethal flame.(应用文之报道) 但是仅仅因为它是困难的，我们不能放弃将其致命的火焰扑灭。  ③In this activity, there will be firefighters to explain the knowledge of firefighting, and give us the on-site demonstration about how to use fire __________(extinguish), etc.(应用文之通知)在这次活动中，会有消防队员为我们讲解消防知识，并给我们现场示范如何使用灭火器等。 ①extinction② to extinguish ③extinguisher 8.mass n. 大量，大多; 块，堆，团 They cannot be mass-produced.(2025• 浙江卷)它们不能批量生产。 【考点拓展】 a mass of 大量，许多 masses of 大量，许多 the mass of 大多数 massive adj. 大的，巨大的; 大块的，大量的; 魁伟的结实的; 大规模的 massively adv. 大而重; 厚实; 粗大; 强有力 ①Packing up my parents’ house felt like a ________(mass) goodbye — that bedroom, those memories, the feeling of safety and shelter I always felt there. (2026• 北京卷)收拾父母的房子，感觉就像一场巨大的告别——那间卧室、那些回忆，以及我曾经在那里感受到的安全与庇护。 ②(2020·天津卷）While cars and trains are moving towards greener, electric power, emissions from air travel are expected to increase ________(mass) by 2050.虽然汽车和火车正在转向更环保的电力，但到2050年，航空旅行的排放量预计将大幅增加。 ① massive②massively 【一句多译】 院子里有许多石头。 →①There are __________________ stones in the yard.(number) →②There are ________________ stones in the yard.(mass) ①a large number of②a mass of/masses of 【熟词生义】 v.集结；聚集 After a series of failures, the general massed his troops for a final attack.在经过一系列的失败之后，将军把军队都集中起来准备发动最后的进攻。 9.habit n. 习惯, 习性。 Their eating habits，adaptation to life in the city，diseases，death rate，and such other information are not available. (2025• 浙江卷)他们的饮食习惯、对城市生活的适应、疾病、死亡率等信息都无从得知。 【考点拓展】 break off the habit of改掉...的习惯； fall/ get into the habit of养成[染上]某习惯； out of habit出于习惯； habitat n.（动植物的）生活环境，栖息地； habitual adj. 习惯的, 惯常的。 ①Compared to traditional garden plots，they increase carbon absorption，reduce stormwater runoff and boost _______(habit) and biodiversity significantly.(2025• 浙江卷)与传统的园地相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性。 ②I continued my _______(habit) drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling (乱画). (2024• 北京卷)我继续我的习惯绘画，我现在称之为幼稚的涂鸦。 ①habitat②habitual 【易混辨析】habit, custom, practice habit指个人的同一行为，经过反复地做而习惯成为自发的动作； custom指一些人的行为，在一段时期中不断沿用而变成的习惯。通常指一个国家或社会的风俗习惯，也可指个人的习惯； practice指某人选定做某件事而形成的习惯或指某种固定的习惯作法。 10.aware adj. 意识到的; 知道的; 觉察到的 The finding suggests that seals don’t just physically respond to oxygen levels by changing their heart rate or breathing, but that they are sufficiently aware of them to change their behavior. (2025• 天津卷)这一发现表明，海豹不仅会通过改变心率或呼吸来对氧气水平做出生理反应，而且它们还能充分意识到这一点，从而改变自己的行为。 。 【图表助记】 ①By reimagining items that might otherwise end up in landfills (垃圾场), UPCYCLING not only helps conserve natural resources but also encourages innovation and environmental _______(aware). (2026• 北京卷)通过重新设计那些原本可能被丢弃到垃圾填埋场的物品，升级改造不仅有助于节约自然资源，还能促进创新并提高环保意识。 ②First of all, ______________when and why you are regressing. (2026• 浙江1月卷)首先，要意识到自己何时以及为何会出现回读现象。 ③It was several minutes before he_______________________.几分钟之后，他才意识到发生了什么。 ①awareness②become aware of ③ was aware of what was happening 【句式升级】 Many people haven't been aware of the importance of a healthy diet. →There are still many people__________________________________ the importance of a healthy diet.(含有定语从句的复合句) who/that haven't been aware of 【语境串记】 He was unaware of the effects of his actions.If so, he could not gradually raise public moral awareness.他没有意识到自己行为的后果。如果是这样，他就不能逐渐提高公众的道德意识。 11.endanger v. 危及，使遭到危险。 Even though we have other valuable things endangered by climate change, like food access, there is also an element of cultural identity, cultural survival, and history. (2026• 北京卷)尽管气候变化威胁着我们其他宝贵的东西，比如粮食获取，但也涉及文化认同、文化存续和历史。 考点拓展】 endangered受到危险的 danger n. 危险, 危险物, 威胁 be in danger处于危险状态 in danger of “有……的危险”，后接动名词或动名词短语 out of danger 脱离危险 dangerous adj. 危险的 （指对别人构成威胁的） ①Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into __________(dange) hailstones. (2024·浙江1月卷)飞机在有威胁的风暴细胞中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。 ②Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting __________(endange) species across the ridges and valleys.(2024• 新课标I卷)生境恢复队的志愿者在恢复敏感资源和保护山脊和山谷中的濒危物种方面发挥着至关重要的作用。 ③As we all know, many animals ____________________ because of human activities, such as environmental pollution, illegal hunting and habitat destruction. (应用文之环境保护类)众所周知，由于人类活动，如环境污染、非法狩猎和栖息地破坏，许多动物处于危险之中。 ①dangerous②endangered③are in danger 12.average n. 平均, 平均数；平均标准, 一般水平。 Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural (乡村) populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. (2024• 全国甲卷) 每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士向农村人口提供基本医疗服务、x光扫描和处方。 adj. 平均的；普通的, 平常的, 一般水平的 A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled.(2025• 全国II卷)食物垃圾联盟的一项研究表明，平均每家餐馆每创造1000美元的收入，就会产生33磅的食物垃圾，其中只有15.7%被捐赠或回收。 vt. 平均, 均分；求平均值 If you average 7, 14 and 6, you get 9.将 7, 14, 6之和均分得9。 【考点拓展】 on average平均起来； above the average在一般 水平以上, 中上; 在平均数以上； be well/ quite up to the average完全达到一般水平； be about up to the average刚达到一般水平； below the average在一般水平以下, 中下; 在平均数以下 ①Across all participants, those in the beauty group scored almost 14% higher ____________than the control group in abstract thinking. (2026• 全国I卷)在所有参与者中，美容组在抽象思维方面的平均得分比对照组高出近14%。 ②Having almost 60 percent of the ice cube still remaining, our result was _____________ ! (读后续写之细节描写) 由于几乎有60%的冰块仍然存在，我们的结果高于平均水平！ ①on average ②above the average 【易混辨析】average/mean/ median average是“平均”或“平均数”的意思。它指的是把两个或两个以上的数相加的和，除以相加的数的个数而得的商数；mean有“平均”或“平均数”的意思，但实际上指的是最大数和最小数之间的中数，即把二者相加的和，除以2所得的商数；median是“中位数”的意思，它指的是按大小次序排列的一列数字中居中间位置的那个数。 13.progress n.进步，进展；前进，行进；（社会的）进步 I decided that I wanted to learn as many words as I could and started marking every entry I looked up with a pencil to measure my progress.(2026• 全国I卷) 我决定尽可能多地学习单词，并开始用铅笔标记每一个查过的词条，以衡量自己的进步。 v.进步，进展；使（任务，事业）取得持续进展 He will visit once every two weeks to see how his new employees are progressing.他将每两周视察一次以看看他的新雇员们进展如何。 【考点拓展】 in progress在行进中，在进步中； make progress取得进步 progressive adj.进步的，先进的；逐步发生的，逐步发展的 ①Finally, we should keep calm and try to overcome our difficulties bravely when facing them and __________________ in our work. 最后，我们应该保持冷静，在面对困难时勇敢地克服困难，努力在工作中取得进步。 ②As the football match was _____________, we kept cheering on both teams. 足球赛进行时，我们不断地喊叫，为双方加油。 ③Mom was then slipping away from me owing to ________(progress) memory loss.(2025• 天津卷) 由于逐渐失忆，妈妈渐渐离开了我。 ①try to make progress ② in progress③progressive 14.concern vt 涉及；关系到；使担心；使忧虑 Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies.(2024• 浙江1月卷) 由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉讼。 n. 关心；担心；担忧 Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries.(2025• 全国II卷) 在餐馆、超市和供应链行业，食物浪费日益受到关注。 【考点拓展】 so / as far as... be concerned就……来说 / 而论 be concerned with / in... 与……有关 be concerned with与……有关的 be concerned about/for关心 concerned adj.相关的， 关于（某个主题）的；担心的，焦急的 unconcerned adj.不关心的；无关的；无忧虑的 ① I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very ________(concern).(2024• 全国甲卷) 我对医生和他们的助手印象深刻，他们在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关心。 ②Heidi was ________(concerned), and saying good-night, climbed up the path with the basket on her arm.(读后续写之细节描写)海蒂并不在意，她说了声晚安，就提着篮子爬上了小路。 ③When I was reading the Email, I __________________________________ your troubles with weight gain.(应用文之建议信)当我看到这封邮件时，我很担心你体重增加的问题。 ④____________________________, you can listen to some Chinese radio programs to improve your pronunciation. 就我而言，你可以听一些中国广播节目来提高你的发音。 ①concerned②unconcerned③was quite concerned about④As far as I’m concerned 阅读下列句子，体会黑体字的词性及含义 1.That doesn't concern me. 2. You must not concern yourself about me. 3. Our main concern is that they are not receiving enough help. 4. What are your main concerns as a writer? 5. He asked several questions concerning the future of the company. 1.及物动词；与……有关；涉及，与……有利害关系 2.及物动词；担心 3.名词；焦虑的原因 4.对某人来说是重要的或感兴趣的事物 5. 介词；关于，涉及 【句式升级】 In my opinion, you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities. →____________________________________, you can have a better understanding of the Spring Festival through the activities. As far as I am concerned 【熟词生义】 prep. 关于, 有关 Many doubts remain concerning the girl’s disappearance. 女孩儿失踪案仍然疑云重重。 【语境串记】 Our parents are concerned about our health.As far as I’m concerned，we should talk with them and tell them our concerns.我们的父母关心我们的健康。就我而言，我们应该和他们谈谈，告诉他们我们的担忧。 15.live v.生存，活着；生活在；居住；生长，栖息；生活，过日子；为……而生活；以……为生 Hill，an old lady who lived next door. (2025• 浙江卷)希尔，一位住在隔壁的老太太。 【考点拓展】 live by靠...过活; live on靠...生活;以...为食;live out活过(某一段时间);live through经历过;live up to实践;不辜负;live with与...住在一起/忍受；live apart分开居住；lively adj.活泼的，生气勃勃的；热闹的，激烈的 ①We will ____________what our parents expect of us.我们将不辜负父母对我们的期望。 ②I had to _________ bread and water when I was a student.当我还是学生的时候，我只能靠面包和水生活。 ③After their worst quarrel，Jim and Mary wondered if they should __________for a time to try to improve their relationship.(读后续写之细节描写)吉姆和玛丽大吵了一架之后，他们想知道是否应该分开一段时间，以改善他们的关系。 ④Helen is ______(live)and talkative, while Judy is just the opposite.(2026• 全国II卷)海伦活泼健谈，而朱迪则恰恰相反。 ①live up to ②live on③live apart ④lively 【考点拓展】lively/alive/living/live lively为“有生气、活泼、快活的”，作定语，作表语（由此可延伸为宾补及伴随状语）。 alive为“活着的；活跃的”，是表语形容词。除作表语外还可作宾补，伴随状语。 living为“活着的，有生命的；现存的”，可作定语及表语。如：His grandmother is still living.他的祖母还健在。作表语时，living比alive更强调“健在”而不仅仅是“活着”。 live为“活的，有生命的”，作定语用，修饰人与动物，同于作定语的living。 【熟词生义】 adv.在现场直播 After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC, the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours.当披头士应邀参加BBC的现场直播后，他们通过全国巡演迅速在英国蹿红。 16.adapt v. (使)适应；(使)适合；改编；改写 But it’s amazing how you can adapt and learn in a new environment.(2025• 全国II卷) 但令人惊讶的是，你是如何适应并在新环境中学习的。 【考点拓展】 adapt to / adapt oneself to/ be adapted to适应；适合，to是介词，后接名词或doing； adapt for改编，改作； adapt from根据……改写或改编； adapt sth. for sth. 修改某事 adaptive adj. 适应的; 有适应能力的 adaption n. 适应，改编 adaptability n. 适应性; 合用性 ①Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can ________________. (2024• 全国甲) Elizabeth Sims分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了什么关键点，以及你如何将它们改编成你的作品。 ②Most of these tools have been specially ____________ use by disabled people.(应用文之广告介绍) 这些工具多数已经过特别改装，供残疾人使用。 ③Parents always worry about whether their children could ____________ the life in the new school.(应用文之学校生活建议信) 父母总是担心孩子是否能适应新学校的生活。 ④This TV play ____________ a novel written by Haiyan. (应用文之影评) 这部电视剧是根据海言的小说改编的。 ⑤This _______(adapt) ensures that complex historical concepts become accessible and engaging for young minds.(2026• 全国I卷)这种适应性使复杂的历史概念变得易于理解且引人入胜，适合年轻一代。 ①adapt them for your work ②adapted for ③adapt to④ is adapted from⑤ adaptability 【易混辨析】adapt /adjust adapt 指进行相当大的改造或变化以适应新的情况，强调必要性和目的性； adjust 指做较小的变动以适应于某种情况，强调“配合”与“协调”。 【语境串记】 He soon adapted himself to the new environment. That was to say, he made a quick adaptation to the new school. 他很快就适应了新环境。也就是说，他很快就适应了新学校。 17.measure v.测量；（指尺寸、长短、数量等）量度为；衡量；估量；走过 I decided that I wanted to learn as many words as I could and started marking every entry I looked up with a pencil to measure my progress.(2026• 全国I卷) 我决定尽可能多地学习单词，并开始用铅笔标记每一个查过的词条，以衡量自己的进步。 n.尺寸;分量[U];度量单位[C] New measures are in place to improve English translations in public places in China.(2025• 天津卷)中国已出台新措施以改善公共场所的英文翻译工作。 【一词多义】 A. v.（指尺寸、长短、数量等）量度为 B. n.措施；方法 C. n.相当数量;一定程度 D. v.衡量；评估;判定 E. v.测量 1.I continued to measure his progress against the charts in the doctor's office. 2.The young man has gone to be measured for a new suit. 3.In my view, the pond measures about 2 metres across. 4.We must take some strict measures to reduce crime in the area. 5.With the exception of Juan, each attained a measure of success. 1. D 2.E 3.A 4. B 5.C 【句式升级】 There are some tall trees on the hill and some measure 30 metres. →There are some tall trees on the hill,_________________________.(独立主格结构)  some measuring 30 metres 【考点拓展】 make sth. to sb.'s measure照某人的尺寸做某物 take sb.'s measure或take the measure of sb.给某人量尺寸 made to measure定做的，按照尺寸做的 by measure按尺寸 take measures/steps to do sth.采取措施做某事，这时measure通常用复数形式 beyond measure无可估量 measurement n. 测量,测定[U];尺寸,大小 in a/some measure 在某种程度上 measurement n.测量结果；尺寸；测量，计量 【熟词生义】 v.判定, 判断 Don’t measure a person by his appearance and the clothes he wears. 不要以外表和穿着来判断一个人。 措施;手段;方法 Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it.(2025• 全国I卷)现在，一项新的研究表明，一种简单、廉价的方法可以显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量：煮沸并过滤。 18.author n.作者，著者；作家；发起者，创始人；作品 “We usually think in very concrete terms when doing something on a screen,” said Simone Schnall, senior author of the study. (2026• 全国I卷)“我们在屏幕上做事情时，通常会用非常具体的方式来思考，”这项研究的资深作者西蒙娜·施诺尔表示。 v.撰写，写作；发起，创造 Then he opened a restaurant, authored a book, and landed his own radio show. (应用文之人物介绍) 后来他开了个餐馆，写了本书，还制作了自己的广播剧。 【考点拓展】 authority n．作“权力；权威；授权”解时，为不可数名词；指“权威人士，权威性的东西”时，为可数名词；指“官方、当局”使用复数authorities； abuse one’s authority 滥用职权 be an authority on sth 在……方面是权威 by the authority of 得到……的许可 have authority over 对……有权力 in authority 权力，当权 authoritative adj.可靠的，可信的，权威的 ①In the headmaster’s office, my father listened attentively, and then spoke with quiet ________(author): “I trust my son.(2025• 北京卷) 在校长办公室里，父亲认真地听着，然后带着平静的权威说：“我相信我的儿子。 ②One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so ________(author) that it shook me. (2024• 北京卷) 在我40岁出头的一天晚上，我梦见一个穿红衣的高大女人走近我，递给我一袋颜料，让我开始画。这个梦的权威性使我感到震惊。 ③People do what they want and have fun when someone _______authority is absent. (读后续写之细节描写) 管事的人不在，人们随心所欲。 ①authority②authoritative③in 19.press vt. 压，按; 逼迫 Somehow , I forced my finger to press the button. (读后续写之细节描写) 不知怎么的，我强迫我的手指按下按钮。 n. 新闻报道，出版物 The story was reported in the press and on television.(读后续写之细节描写) 这件事已在报刊和电视上报道了。 【考点拓展】 press sb. to do sth.或者press sb. for sth. "催逼某人干某事；尽力劝某人干某事 pressure压力；压迫 under the pressure of 在……压力下 ①When I wanted to leave , Kate ________________________ a little longer.(读后续写之细节描写) 当我想离开的时候，凯特尽力劝我再待一会儿。 ② In a desperate attempt to escape the mounting____________ (press), I falsely confessed (承认).(2025• 北京卷) 为了摆脱不断增加的压力，我谎称自己有罪。 ③While countries spend millions attracting tourists, they are also _____________________ tourism.(应用文之职业发言稿) 各国在花费数百万美元吸引游客的同时，也面临着旅游业的压力。 ①pressed me to stay②pressure③under the pressure of 【熟词生义】 vt.将……塞进 When she reached one nurse，she tried to press a five－pound note into her hand.(2021·全国乙卷) 当她走近一名护士时，她试图把一张五英镑的钞票塞到她手里。 【语境串记】 The firm is pressing me for a decision and the pressure from my parents is quite unbearable，so I have to accept this new job.公司催我做决定，来自父母的压力也让我难以忍受，所以我不得不接受这份新工作。 Reading and Thinking 1.reserve v．贮存；保留；预订 Reserve a spot indoors, at its chef’s counter, or covered dog-friendly patio (露台), with creative wine tastings in the mix. (2026• 全国II卷)在室内、主厨台或带遮阳的宠物友好露台预订座位，享受创意十足的葡萄酒品鉴体验。 n．储备；贮藏；保护区 【考点拓展】 reserve sth. for 为……保留某物 in reserve 备用 with/without reserve 有/没有保留地 reservation n.自然保护区；保留；预订(房间、座位等) make reservations/a reservation at/in...在……预订(房间、座位等) reserved adj. 预订的，保留的，缄默的 reservoir n. 蓄水库;储藏所,仓库 I’ve got a reservation. My name is Hillary Langley.(2025• 浙江卷)我预订了房间。我叫希拉里·兰利。 【一句多译】 你需要提前订票吗？ →①Do you have to ______________________ in advance? (reserve) →②Do you have to ______________________in advance? (reservation) ①reserve tickets②make a reservation of tickets 2.plain adj. 简朴的;朴素的;清楚的;明白的;坦白的,直率的 He lives a very simple life, but your contributions are invaluable to the field of science and agriculture.(应用文之人物介绍)你过着非常简朴的生活，但你对科学和农业领域的贡献是无价的。 The meaning of the sentence is very plain.这个句子的意思十分清楚。 I must be plain with you.我必须坦白地对你说。 n. 平原;旷野 Towering mountains and vast plains will come into view, which is really a feast for the eyes. (应用文之旅游介绍)巍峨的山脉和辽阔的平原将映入眼帘，真是一场赏心悦目的盛宴。 【熟词生义】 adj.单纯的，纯粹的 He built a hugely successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination.(2021·浙江6月卷)他的事业取得了巨大的成功，仅仅靠的是纯粹的努力和决心。 3.observe vt.观察，观测；遵守；庆祝 But as Aristotle observed over 2,000 years ago, actions pushed to their extreme turn into disasters.(2026• 北京卷)但正如亚里士多德两千多年前所指出的，行动若被推向极端，便会演变成灾难。 The festival is observed with a wide range of activities. (应用文之节日介绍) 人们用大量的活动来庆祝这个节日。 【考点拓展】 observe sb. do sth. 　　　 看到某人做了某事 observe sb. doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事 observe sth. done. 看到某事被做 observe sb. do sth.在变成被动语态时，应添加省略的不定式符号“to” observation n.观察;观测 under observation在监视下;在观察中 observational adj.观测的；根据观察的 observer n. 观察者 observatory n.天文台，气象台。 ①The policeman observed the young fellow ______(enter) the bank with a shotgun and he followed in. ②These __________ (observe)now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本).(2024• 新课标I卷) 现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自物理标本的原始数据。 ③In hospital she'll be ________observation all the time.在医院里，她将一直受到观察。 ④According to ________(observer), the plane exploded shortly after take-off.据观察人士说，飞机起飞后不久就爆炸了。 ⑤This makes sense because the people who get __________(observation)biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. (2024• 新课标I) 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。 ⑥The thief was observed ________ (open) the window and run away.(读后续写之细节描写) 有人发现窃贼打开窗户逃跑了。 ①entering②observations③under④ observers ⑤observational ⑥to open 【易混辨析】observe/look/see/notice/watch/stare/glare observe的意思是用眼睛看到并注意到,通过认真地看而观察到,译成"观察",如观察星星、某现象等； look的意思是有意识地使用眼睛或视力,译成"看"; look at的意思是把眼睛转向目标,译成"看或看着"； see的意思是有意或无意用眼睛看的结果,译成"看见"； notice的意思是用眼睛或其他感官或感觉注意,译成"注意到或看到"； watch的意思是仔细认真地跟踪运动着的目标,译成"观看或监视"。 【一句多译】 你可以看到我们学生每天都在体育馆里参加各种各样的活动。 →____________________________________in the stadium every day.(主动语态) →____________________________________in the stadium every day. (被动语态) You can observe us students take part in various activities;We students can be observed to take part in various activities in the stadium every day. 【熟词生义】 observation n.（尤指据所见、所闻、所读而作的）评论 He began by making a few general observations about the report.他首先对报告作了一些一般性的评论。 【语境串记】 According to observers , the plane exploded shortly after take-off. And now the survivors are still under observation.据观察人士说，飞机起飞后不久就爆炸了。现在幸存者仍在观察中。 4.beautiful adj. 美丽的, 很好的。 Ursula has always called the beautiful small town of Beaverton her home.(2026• 浙江1月卷)乌苏拉一直将美丽的小镇比弗顿视为她的家。 【易混辨析】beautiful/ handsome/ pretty/good-looking beautiful视觉、听觉或思想上所感到的美，可以形容人、物、风景等。用于人时，多用于女性，一般不用于男性。如用于男性，则指这个人没有男子的气概。beautiful表示的美，包括纤弱（tenderness），娇嫩（delicacy），和蔼（softness），温柔（sweetness），可爱（loveliness）和优美（gracefulness）等因素； handsome通常指男性的英俊、漂亮，或小孩的俊美。如用于女性多侧重于“俊秀”、“健美”。用于事物时，则指它好看或宏伟； pretty指一般的、适度的美。通常用于女性或小孩，指娇小、纤细的美，但没有beautiful所包含的典雅和高贵的气质。也可用于小的、无关紧要的事物； good-looking好看，这个词通常用于形容人，其意思与handsome和pretty相近，但不及这两个词富于表情，是一般用语。 【考点拓展】 beauty 作不可数名词，意为“美；美丽；好处；优点”等；作可数名词，意为“美人；美好的东西；极好的榜样；典型的例子”。 They provide shade, lower surface temperatures, absorb a surprising amount of airborne carbon, remove tiny pollutants, and provide wildlife habitat along with just plain______(beautiful).(2026• 全国I卷)它们提供遮荫，降低地表温度，吸收大量空气中的碳，清除微小污染物，并为野生动物提供栖息地，同时带来赏心悦目的美景。 beauty 【帮你记词】 英语中有很多的名词既可作为不可数名词，又可用作可数名词。作不可数名词时表示抽象概念，作可数名词时，表示具有该特性的具体的人或事物。 这种将抽象名词用来表示具有该特性的具体的人或事情的现象，就是我们常说的抽象名词具体化。具体化后的名词为可数名词。类似的名词还有： 单词 不可数 可数 experience 经验 (一段)经历 success 成功 成功的人或事 failure 失败 失败的人或事 room 空间，地方 房间 difficulty 难度，艰难 困难 beauty 美，美丽 美女，给人美感的事物 rain 雨 (水) 一场雨 snow 雪 一场雪 5.remind[rɪˈmaɪnd] v. 提醒;使想起,使记起 They reminded me of mine.(2025• 天津卷) 它们让我想起了我的。 【考点拓展】 remind sb. of something使某人想起…… remind sb. of doing sth. 提醒某人已做了某事； remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事（动词不定式表示将来）； reminder n.提醒物，引起回忆的事物；（提醒做某事的）提示信，通知单 ①Nevertheless, it serves as a _________(remind) that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability.(2025• 全国II卷) 然而，它提醒我们，有很多方法可以解决可持续发展的问题。 ②Neighbors will bring me freshly made cheese and will come to my door to remind me ________(close) the window in my car when rain is coming.(2024• 新课标II卷)邻居们会给我带来新鲜的奶酪，还会在下雨的时候来我家门前提醒我关上车窗。 ①reminder②to close 【易混辨析】remind/remember remind指由于现在某事和过去某事十分相似，因此使人"记起；想起"过去的那件事。主语常是物，多用于sth. remind sb. of sth. 结构，而remember无此用法 remember指不由自主地、不太费力便"想起"或有意识地"回忆起"某些生动的往事，主语是人 remind后接名词/代词/不定式的复合结构/宾语从句时，作"提醒"解 6.shoot v. 发射，射出（子弹，箭等）；射中；拍摄电影(过去式shot过去分词shot) I shot an arrow at the spot on the wall. 我对准墙的一点射出一支箭。 n.射击，发射；投球 【考点拓展】 shoot out (使)突然冒出 shoot at对准... ...射击 shoot down射落[倒] shoot up上冒; 喷出 【易混辨析】shoot/shoot at shoot用于表示射击行动已获得预期结果的场合； shoot at仅表示对准目的物射击，与结果无关，是否命中或有否打死，不得而知。 【熟词生义】 n.嫩枝，芽，苗 v.飞驰，疾驰而过 The shoot of the plant has come out. 这株植物的芽已经长出来了。 A car shot past us. 一辆汽车从我们旁边疾驰而过。 7.watch n.手表；守卫，看守 My parents used to live here and my father’s watch was here，” he explained，trying to lift a floorboard.(2025• 浙江卷)我父母曾经住在这里，我父亲的手表就在这里，”他一边解释，一边试图掀开一块地板。 v.观看，注视 So, when my brother showed up, I asked him to watch Toby and keep him outside.(2025• 全国I卷) 所以，当我哥哥出现时，我让他看着托比，让他待在外面。 【考点拓展】 watch over 照顾，守望，守护 watch out 注意，留神 keep a watch on 监视 under the close watch 在严密的监视下 【易混辨析】watch, look ,see 和observe： watch的意思是仔细认真跟踪运动着的目标，翻译成“观看，监视”等，如看电影、球赛、太阳下山，监视老鼠等； look 的意思是有意识地使用眼睛或视力，翻译成“看”； see 的意思是有意或无意用眼的结果，译成“看见”。如黑暗中你可以用look ，但不一定用see； observe 的意思是用眼睛看并注意到，通过认真地看观察到，译成“观察”，如观察星星、某现象等。 8.attack n. 攻击; (疾病的)发作 It paused its attack on Acaba, giving me a brief window of opportunity.(读后续写之细节描写) 它暂停了对阿卡巴的袭击，给了我一个短暂的机会。 After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. (2024• 新课标I卷) 廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他睡觉，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。 v. 进攻,袭击; 侵袭,侵害。 Building true peace requires those who feel they have the right to attack to take steps towards forgiveness and understanding.(应用文之演讲稿) 【易混辨析】attack /assail /assault /charge/beset attack 是常用词, 指"攻击敌人"或"用言论攻击他人"； assail 指"猛烈连续地攻击"； assault 语气比 assail强, 指"突然猛烈地进攻", 暗示"武力的直接接触" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思； charge 指"冲击"或"骑兵的突然攻击"； beset 指"围攻", 即从各个方向攻击 【考点拓展】 attack sb. for sth./ doing sth. 因……责难某人； under attack在袭击中，在进攻中。 ①The article attacked the government _______its policy on education. 这篇文章抨击了政府的教育政策。 ②The city was ________ attack of the hurricane and in danger. 这个城市遭受了飓风的袭击，正处于危险中。 ①for ②under 【熟词生义】 v. 抨击 When a student attacks a professor on the social media, the language used actually says more about the student.翻译：当一个学生在社交媒体上抨击一位教授时，他所使用的语言实际上更能说明这个学生的问题。 9.effect n. 效果, 作用; 影响; 后果; 效应; 功效 That effect extends beyond forests.(2026• 北京卷)这种影响不仅限于森林。 【考点拓展】 have an effect/impact on/upon 对……有影响 bring/put sth. into effect 实行, 实施; 使生效 come into effect 开始实施, 生效 take effect 见效, 生效 in effect 实际上; 事实上; 有效 effective adj. 有效(果)的 effectively adv. 有效地 ①Volunteering _________________________________ kids and teenagers.(2025• 全国II卷)志愿服务对儿童和青少年有着终生的影响。 ②Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on January 1 are more ________(effect) for this reason.(2025• 北京卷)与普遍的怀疑相反，由于这个原因，1月1日做出的决定更有效。 ③Here are some tips worth following in order to communicate more ________(effective).(2025• 浙江1月卷)为了更有效地沟通，这里有一些值得遵循的建议。 ④His wife has, _________, run the company for the past six months.(读后续写之细节描写)在过去的六个月里，他的妻子实际上一直在经营这家公司。 ⑤The new transport rules have been ________________for two months. 新的运输规则已经实施两个月了。 ①has a lifelong effect on②effective③effectively④in effect⑤put into effect 【句式升级】 Smoking is bad for your health, so you’d better give it up. →①Smoking ________________________your health, so you’d better give it up.(effect)  →②You’d better give up smoking,____________________________your health.(非限制性定语从句)  ①has a bad effect on　②which has a bad effect on 【帮你记词】多种“影响” ①have an effect on ②have an influence on ③have an impact on ④affect ⑤influence⑥make a difference to 【易混辨析】 effect , consequence, result , outcome effect强调事物因果关系，指由于某种原因直接产生的结坚果。这个词常译作“效果”；“作用”或“影响”； consequence比result更正式， 常用复数形式，它跟原因的关系不如effect那么直接，指由于某事而产生的后果，往往指不良的后果； result是这组词中的最常用词，指某行动、事态终了时的最后结果； outcome和result 意思相近，往往指战争、球赛、科研等有待决定胜负、高低、成败的事的最后结果。有时侧重明确的结果。 【熟词生义】 n. （个人）财产，所有物，财物 The insurance policy covers all baggage and personal effects.这份保险单为全部行李和个人财产提供保险。 【语境串记】 Before the new law comes into effect，I hope we can take some effective measures to protect the Tibetan antelopes.Then we should work effectively at once.在新法律生效之前，我希望我们能采取一些有效的措施来保护藏羚羊。那么我们应该立即有效地工作。 10.recover Most of Ho’s students will recover, which means that preparing them to return to school is an increasingly important component of care. (2025• 全国II卷)何氏的大多数学生都会康复，这意味着为他们重返学校做准备是护理工作中越来越重要的组成部分。 【考点拓展】 recover from　 从……中恢复/康复 recover oneself 恢复正常; 使清醒 recovery n. 康复, 恢复 make a recovery 恢复/康复 ①When I recovered _________ the shock, I looked at my camera. (读后续写之细节描写)等我从震惊中缓过神，我查看了相机。 ②Their _________(recover) has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies.（2023•全国甲卷）它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名。 ①from②recovery 【易混辨析】recover, restore, regain 【熟词生义】 v．恢复；重新控制 He almost fell, but succeeded in recovering himself.他差点儿摔倒，但又成功地站了起来。 11.remove vt.移开，拿开；除去，废除；把……免职，开除；迁移,搬家 Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (2025• 浙江卷)将性别从画面中完全移除似乎是解决这个问题的一个简单方法。 【考点拓展】 remove...from...把……从……移开 remove from...to...从……搬迁到…… removal n.移走，去掉；消除，清除 removable adj.可移动的；可去掉的；可免职的 ①Carbon __________(remove)is crucial for fighting climate change.(2026• 浙江1月卷)碳移除对于应对气候变化至关重要。 ②A __________(remove) part of something is a part that can easily be moved from its place or position. 某物的可移动部分是一个可以容易地从它的位置或方位移动的部分。 ①removal②removable 【帮你记词】 在动词前加re-前缀，表示“再次，又”。如：rebuild（重新修建），replace（放回原处），recreate（重新创造，再创造），restore（修复，重制），retell（复述），rewrite（改写），remarry（再婚），reprint（重印），reproduce（重制），replay（重新演奏），reopen（重开，再开），renew（翻新，续借）等。 【一词多义】 A.vi.开除　B.vt.脱去　C.vt.去掉　D.vt.拿走　E.vi.免职 1.If a nest has four eggs and you remove one，the bird will not notice. 2.He removed his jacket when he arrived home. 3.He was severely criticized and removed from his post. 4.The agreement removes the last serious obstacle to the signing of the treaty. 5.Three children were removed from school for bad behaviors. 1.D 2.B 3.E 4.C 5.A 【句式升级】 What you said has completely removed my doubts. →What you said _____________________________completely.(have+宾语+宾补)  has had my doubts removed 12.intend v. 打算，想要，企图 The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was…2006.(2024• 浙江卷)我最后一次使用电话亭是在2006年。 【考点拓展】 intend to do 打算做； intend sb. to do 打算让某人做； be intended for为……而……（表目的）； intention n.意图;目的;打算 intentional adj.故意的;有意的;存心的 with an/the intention of打算…… ①She has every _______(intend) of staying and continuing doing what she loves.(2025• 全国I卷)她很想留下来，继续做她喜欢的事情。 ②Who is the Mini Camp intended_______ ?(2025• 全国II卷)迷你营地是为谁准备的？ ③What does the author intend _______(do)by challenging a hypothesis? (2024• 北京卷)作者想通过挑战假设来做什么？ ④I was feeling so _______(intend) and strong that I wasn't going to let fear just take over.我觉得自己非常有目的性，而且很坚强，所以我是不会让恐惧占据一切的。 ①intention②for③to do ④intentional 【句式升级】 The program was set up and it was intended to help the homeless. →①The program, _________________________________, was set up.(非限制性定语从句)  →②The program _________________________________was set up.(过去分词作定语)  →③The program was set up _________________________________.(with短语)  ①which was intended to help the homeless②intended to help the homeless③with the intention of helping the homeless 【易混辨析】intend, mean与design intend强调"意欲"做某一件确定的事，或者"决意"达到某一确定的目的。此外这个词常用于表达"意欲"使某人从事某职业，或"打算"某物用作何种目的； mean常常可以和intend互换使用。但不强调决心达到某一目的； design强调为达到某目的，事先作过精心安排和仔细考虑。此外，这个词还包含"预谋" 、"策划"或"以阴险的手段"达到自己的目的这一意义。 【语境串记】 With the intention of becoming famous and rich，many ordinary people intend to take part in some TV shows.为了成名和致富，许多普通人打算参加一些电视节目。 13.threat n. 威胁；恐吓；构成威胁的人(或事物)；凶兆；征兆 Without him and his team, there would still be millions of people having to face the threat of hunger. (应用文之人物介绍)如果没有他和他的团队，仍然会有数百万人面临饥饿的威胁。 【考点拓展】 a threat to sth对……构成威胁 threaten v. 威胁；恐吓； 预示 threaten to do 威胁要去做…… ①So, as climate change and biodiversity loss________(threat) natural scents, many people may not even notice. (2026• 北京卷)因此，当气候变化和生物多样性丧失威胁到自然芬芳时，许多人可能甚至没有察觉。 ②It is obvious that chemical pollution will lead to a threat_____ agriculture and food chain.(应用文之环保类)很明显，化学污染将对农业和食物链造成威胁。 ①threaten② to 【语境串记】 Being out of work is threatening. But the threat can urge the workers to work harder, which can make the workers more threatened．失业是一种威胁。但这种威胁会促使工人更加努力地工作，这可能会使工人更受威胁。 14.exist v. 存在；实际上有；生存；（尤指在困境中）生存 I live in the countryside of Zhejiang, China with my Chinese husband and his family, where bamboo and tea bushes (灌木) grow wild in the mountains, chickens are always free-range, and central heating doesn’t exist. 我和我的中国丈夫和他的家人住在中国浙江的农村，在那里山上野生竹子和茶树丛生，鸡总是自由放养的，而且没有集中供暖。 【考点拓展】 exist by/on 靠……生活； exist in存在于……中； existence n. 存在，实有； come into existence=come into being存在； existing adj. 存在的，现行的 ①Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into _______(exist) systems and services.(2025• 全国I卷) 电池是节能的，电动汽车可以插入现有的系统和服务。 ②If you think you can do without the fence because you’ve never seen a fox, consider if the _______(exist) of the fence is precisely why you’ve never seen one.(2026• 北京卷)如果你以为自己可以没有围栏，因为你从未见过狐狸，不妨想想，正是因为有了围栏，你才从未见过狐狸。 ③It is very difficult for his family to _____________ his small wage.(读后续写之细节描写) 他的家人靠他的微薄的薪水生存非常难。 ④The panda only __________China and is called the national treasure. 大熊猫只在中国存在，被成为国宝。 ①existing②existence③exist on/by④exists in 【句式升级】 Scientists have many theories about how the universe started to exist. →Scientists have many theories about how the universe _____________________.(existence) came into existence 【语境串记】 There's an existing custom in the area that men follow women to live in women's family. No one knows when such a custom came into existence.这个地区有一种风俗，男人跟随女人住在女人的家里。没有人知道这种习俗是什么时候开始存在的。 15.harmony n.和声，和弦；融洽，和睦；和谐，协调 The harmony of sea and sky makes a beautiful picture.大海与蓝天之和谐构成了一幅美丽的画面。 【考点拓展】 in harmony和睦；和谐 in harmony with和……一致 harmonious adj. 和谐的，融洽的; 协调的; 音调优美的; 悦耳的 harmoniously adv. 和谐地，调和地 ①Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live________________the planet.(2021•北京卷)任何选择阿拉斯加平均河时间的人都将与地球和谐相处。 ②To create a more________(harmony) atmosphere,I’d like to offer several practical tips.(应用文之建议信)为了创造一个更和谐的氛围，我想提供几个实用的建议。 ③Seeing people of different nationalities live together ________ (harmonious) is a real pleasure. (应用文之报道)看到不同民族的人和谐地生活在一起是一种真正的快乐。 ①in harmony with②harmonious③ harmoniously 【语境串记】 People’s life here is full of harmony and at the same time，humans and nature make a harmonious picture.人们在这里的生活充满了和谐，同时，人与自然构成了一幅和谐的画面。 16.create v. 创造;创作;设计; 创建; 引起,产生 And in just a few weeks, more than three hundred new songs were created using her AI voice.(2026• 全国I卷)短短几周内，就用她的AI声音创作了三百多首新歌曲。 【考点拓展】 creature n.生物; 动物；人 creation n. 创造;创作;创立[U];世界,宇宙,万物[U];创作品;(想像力的)产物;时装 creative adj. 有创造力的 creativity n. 创造力，独创力 creatively adv.创造性地；有创造力地 ①On the basis of that conversation, I applied to go back to university and study ______(create)writing.(2026• 全国II卷) 基于那次对话，我申请重返大学，攻读创意写作专业。 ②Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard community’s artistic ______(create). (2024• 全国甲卷)每个艺术第一节都是哈佛社区艺术创造力的独特年度庆祝活动。 ③But cats are special______(create) who possess amazing vocalization skills.(2024• 全国甲卷)但猫是一种特殊的生物，它们拥有惊人的发声技能。 ④Reisley said he’s tried his best to be a good steward (管家) not just of the Wright______(create) he lives in, but all others as well. (2026• 全国II卷)赖斯利表示，他已尽最大努力，不仅要好好管理自己所居住的赖特家园，也要对其他所有事物都尽心尽力。 ⑤We invite you to submit videos that ______(create) showcase your perspective, lasting impact, or personal experiences related to Confucius.我们诚邀您提交能够富有创意地展现您对孔子视角、深远影响或个人经历的视频作品。 ①creative②creativity③creatures④creation⑤creatively 【熟词生义】 n. 创意 For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.对于西方设计师来说，中国及其丰富的文化一直是西方创意的灵感源泉。 【语境串记】 In my view, language is the most important mental creation between human and other creatures. As a creative one, Do you have any ideas?在我看来，语言是人类和其他生物之间最重要的精神创造。作为一个有创造力的人，你有什么想法吗？ Discovering Useful Structures 1.reduce v.缩减，减少；使……处于……状态(表示此种意义时常用被动语态)；使变弱，使降职(级)；约束，限制 UPCYCLING is a programme that intends to reduce waste.(2026• 北京卷)UPCYCLING 是一项旨在减少浪费的计划。 【考点拓展】 reduce...to...把……减少到……；把……降低到…… reduce...by...把……减少了……；把……降低了…… reduction n. 减少 ①Throughout our Junior year, my classmates and I have been worried about what colleges will see when they look at our whole life story reduced ______ a single 200-word essay. 在我们大三的时候，我和同学们一直在担心，当大学看到我们的整个人生故事被压缩成一篇200字的论文时，他们会看到什么。 ②Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste _______(reduce) by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. (2024• 新课标II卷)在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免使用一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少废物。 ③They reduced the prices ________ 20%.You had better go and buy something in a hurry.他们把价格降低了20%，你最好赶紧去买东西。 ①to②reduction③by 【熟词生义】 v. 使沦为，使陷入（不好的境地） And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds surrounding the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.(2020 · 全 国 Ⅲ 卷)当他看到从河面上升起的薄雾和环绕山顶的柔云时，不禁热泪盈眶。 2.due adj.当due意为“由于;因……造成;应给予”时,后接to sb/sth,其中的to是介词,并且在句中常常作表语或状语;当due意为“预定;预期”时,后常接不定式。 As temperatures rise, man-made substances release more scent molecules (分子), and biodiversity loss due to climate change threatens the plants that scent the environment.(2026• 北京卷) 随着气温升高，人造物质会释放更多的气味分子；而气候变化导致的生物多样性丧失，则威胁着为环境散发气味的植物。 The English version of the novel is due to be published next year. 这部小说的英文版将于明年出版。 【易混辨析】due to, thanks to, because of, owing to due to一般只用作表语； because of只能用作状语； owing to既可以用作状语, 也可以用作表语, 平常多用于前一种情况, 它引导的状语必须是修饰全句的, 因此严格讲来应用逗号和主句分开； thanks to只能用作状语, 可以表达正面意思, “幸亏”, 也可用于讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)。 Listening and Talking 1.search v.搜查，搜寻；搜查（地方，车辆），搜……的身 Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation. (2024• 北京卷)搜索“模拟假设”会返回许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的结果。 n.搜寻，搜查；探索，寻求 This is how I began my search for the conceptual history of sea level. (2026• 全国II卷)我开始探寻海平面概念史的路径正是如此。 【考点拓展】 search after 探索，寻找 search out 找到，发现 search for 寻找，追求 search . . . for. . . 在……搜寻…… in search of =in the search for / in one’s search寻找，追求 make a search for寻找 research n.研究，探讨；研究工作 v.研究，探索 ①Now, new________(search) suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头).(2025• 全国I卷)现在，一项新的研究表明，一种简单、廉价的方法可以显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。 ②She searched the faces of her classmates_______ signs of panic.(2024• 浙江1月卷)E 她在同学们的脸上寻找恐慌的迹象。 ③Obviously, if precautions(预防)aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards __________food.(2023•全国甲卷)显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。 ④I am glad to address a speech , whose topic is “What should the youth ________” ? 我很高兴今天的演讲题目是“青年应该追求什么”。 ① research②for③in search of ④search after Reading for Writing & Assessing Your Progress 1.emotion n. 情感；情绪 Sound familiar? You may not know the term, but that feeling is “kama muta”, a recently named emotion that marks some of the most important moments in our life.(2026• 北京卷)听起来熟悉吗？你可能不知道这个术语，但那种感觉就是“kama muta”，一种最近被命名的情感，它标志着我们生命中一些最重要的时刻。 【考点拓展】 emotional adj. 情感的；易激动的 emotionally adv. 感情上，情绪上，冲动地 emotionless adj. 没有情感的；冷漠的 ①_______(emotion) states of participants were also measured by asking about their feelings while completing the gallery task. (2026• 全国I卷)参与者的情绪状态也通过在完成画廊任务时询问他们的情感感受来测量。 ②For children saying good-bye friends is very, very difficult to express_______(emotional).(读后续写之细节描写) 对孩子们来说，和朋友们道别这在情感上表达出来是非常困难的。 ③He kept his _______(emotion) objectivity and faith in the cause he served. (读后续写之人物描写)他保持着冷静的客观和为理想奋斗的信心。 ①Emotional②emotionally③emotionless 【易混辨析】feeling / emotion feeling 作“感情”讲时是可数名词，既可以指精神上的喜、怒、哀乐，也可以指生理上的由于刺激而产生的错觉，作“感情”时常用复数； 而emotion则指由于喜、怒、哀、乐而使情感变化的强烈心情，精神因素而较强，可数不可数均可。 2.usual adj. 通常的，平常的 【考点拓展】 as usual 照常、照例 than usual 比平时 usually adv. 通常；往常 unusual adj.不常见的，不普通的，难得的，罕有的 unusually adv. 非常; 不寻常地，异乎寻常地; 显著地; 出奇 ①What does Kevin ________(usual) do to get the meaning of a word?(2026• 全国I卷)Kevin通常会怎么做来理解一个词的含义？ ②My adviser and I devised (想出) a somewhat ________(usual) solution: I would spend three months in a collaborating (合作的) lab to obtain specialised training. (2024• 北京卷)我的导师和我想出了一个不太寻常的解决方案：我将花三个月的时间在合作实验室接受专门培训。 ③Ivy felt left out. Mia, however, didn’t know it and went her way ______ usual.(2026• 北京卷)艾薇觉得被冷落了。而米娅却并不知道，照常地继续自己的事情。 ④______(usual), for a Japanese politician, he's a fluent English speaker.不同寻常的是，作为一名日本政治家，他能说一口流利的英语。 ①usually②unusual③as④ Unusually 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $