专题01 动词时态 讲义-2026-2027学年英语初高中衔接语法复习专项

专题01 动词时态、语态和主谓一致 ※考点聚焦 *考点一： 一般时态 （一）一般现在时 1. 表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, never, sometimes, usually, every day/night等连用。 例句：On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. 翻译：周一早晨开车上班我一般要花费一个小时，虽然实际距离只有20英里。 2. 按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时。只限于go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come, close等动词。 例句：The shop closes at 11：00 p.m. every day. 翻译：这家商店每天晚上11点关门。 3. 如果主句用一般将来时，那么在时间、条件或让步状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。 例句：The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he started. 翻译：这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。 小试牛刀 基础题 1. His parents hope he can follow his heart when he ______ (选择) his job. 答案：chooses/picks 考查一般现在时。“选择”用choose/pick 来表示，设空处作时间状语从句的谓语，由主句谓语动词hope可知，此处也应用一般现在时，时间状语从句主语he为第三人称单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故答案为 chooses/picks。 2. Chinese Language Day ______ (fall) on April 20th every year, the same day as Guyu.(fall) 答案：falls 考查一般现在时。根据本句中的时间状语on April 20th every year 可知，谓语动词用一般现在时，主语Chinese Language Day 为第三人称单数，故填 falls。 3. Worry is a total waste of time. It ______(not change) anything. 答案：doesn’t change 根据 “Worry is a total waste of time.”可知，时态为一般现在时，根据括号中的英文提示可知，该句为否定句，主语为It，故填 doesn’t change。 （二）一般过去时 1. 表示过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, seldom 等表示频度的副词连用。还可以表示在过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在没有关系，常与 yesterday, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday 等过去的时间状语连用。 例句：A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr.Smith fell in love with the people and culture there. 翻译：史密斯先生到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。 2. 有些句子，虽然没有明确的表示过去的时间状语，但实际上指的是过去发生的动作或状态，也要用一般过去时。常见的此类动词有know, think, expect, want等。 例句：Edward, you play so well.But I didn’t know you played the piano. 翻译：爱德华，你弹得真好。但是我原来不知道你会弹钢琴。 小试牛刀 基础题 1. Five minutes ago， Linda ______(锁) the door and left with her mum. 答案：locked 考查一般过去时。根据前面的时间状语Five minutes ago 可知动词用过去式。 2. Hobo has just moved here and this is the third time he has ______(迷失)his way. 答案：lost 考查现在完成时。根据中文提示可知，此处填lose 的适当形式;根据空前的 has 可知，要填 lose 的过去分词形式lost。 3. I ______(hear) from my parents once a month when I was at primary school. 答案：heard 根据 “when I was at primary school”可知，叙述的事情发生在过去，用一般过去时。hear 的过去式为 heard。故填 heard。 4. Qi Baishi ______(start) to learn painting by himself at a young age and finally achieved a great success. 答案：started 根据 at a young age 可知时态为一般过去时，动词 start 的过去式为 started。故填 started。 5. As soon as Mum got home yesterday， she ______(hang) her coat behind the door and went to the kitchen to prepare supper. 答案：hung 根据 yesterday 可知，时态是一般过去时，此处 hang 表示“悬挂”，过去式是 hung，故填 hung。 （三）一般将来时 1. “shall/will+动词原形” 表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow, next year, in+一段时间等连用。其中 shall 通常用于第一人称，will 通常用于各种人称。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。 例句：The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded with success in the end. 翻译：学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力(将来)一定会得到回报。 —What time is it? —几点了？ —I have no idea.But just a minute, I will check it for you. ——我不知道。但是请稍等，我给您查查。 2. “be going to+动词原形” 表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 例句：Dr.Smith, together with his wife and daughters, is going to visit Beijing this summer. 翻译：史密斯博士将在今年夏天与他的妻子和女儿们一起游览北京。 例句：Look, dark clouds are gathering.It is going to rain soon, I think. 翻译：瞧，乌云正在聚集，我想快要下雨了。 3. “be to+动词原形” 表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作；也可表示职责、义务、意图、禁止等。 例句：You are to hand in your papers by 10 o’clock. 翻译：到10点你必须得上交试卷。 例句：A meeting is to be held at 3 o’clock this afternoon. 翻译：会议将于今天下午3点举行。 4. “be about to+动词原形” 表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用，可以和并列连词 when(=and at this/that time)引导的从句连用。 例句：Tom was about to close the windows when his attention was caught by a bird. 翻译：汤姆正要关上窗户，就在这时一只鸟引起了他的注意。 小试牛刀 基础题 1. —Amy， do you know how to make a QR code? —Of course. I ______(show) you the steps. 答案：will show 根据语境可知，此处指向你展示步骤，应用一般将来时。故填 will show。 2. Keep your eyes open， or you ______(miss) the most exciting moment of the magic. 答案：will miss 这是“祈使句+or+陈述句”的结构，在此结构中，or后的句子用一般将来时，此处表达“睁大你的眼睛，否则你将会……”，故填 will miss。 3. But surely, people believe, his dream ______(come) true in the near future. 答案：will come 考查一般将来时。根据时间状语in the near future 可知用一般将来时。故填 will come。 4. As long as you put in more effort, you ______ progress in your schoolwork.(make) 答案：will make 句意:只要你付出更多的努力,你的功课就会进步。空处作谓语,本句含有条件状语从句,时态遵循“主将从现”原则,所以主句用一般将来时。故填 will make。 一般时态提高题 1. This ancient Chinese art, known as dragon scale bookbinding (装订), ______ (stretch) back more than 1，000 years to the Tang dynasty.[2023·武汉市部分学校调研] 答案与解析：stretches 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处在本句中作谓语。此处描述了一个客观事实，时态用一般现在时；stretch back 意为“追溯到”，无被动；主语 This ancient Chinese art 为单数概念。故填 stretches。 2. In the race, a drummer ______(use) a large traditional wooden drum to keep the paddlers on the beat, while a steersman in the back keeps them in their lane.[2023·南京市高三年级学情调研] 答案与解析：uses 动词的时态和主谓一致。根据该句中的 “keeps”，再结合句意可知，该句陈述的是风俗习惯，故用一般现在时；该句主语是 a drummer，为第三人称单数，故用 uses。 3. According to the latest data, the total area of China’s mangrove forests in 2020 ______ (be) 289 square kilometers, and over 70 square kilometers of mangroves are newly planted and restored now.[2023·山东省高三百师联盟联考] 答案与解析：was 考查时态。句意：根据最新数据，2020 年中国红树林总面积为 289 平方公里。根据 in 2020 可知用一般过去时态，结合主语 the total area“面积”，为不可数名词。 *考点二 进行时态 （一）现在进行时 1. 表示说话时正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。 例句：We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it. 翻译：我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界，并且我们都在想我们将要怎么对待它。 2. 表示位置转移的动词，如 go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, have, wear, run out 等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的事。 例句：Food supplies in the flood‑stricken area are running out.We must act immediately before there’s none left. 翻译：洪灾区的食物供给快要用完了。我们必须在食物吃完前立刻行动。 小试牛刀 基础题 1. The whole town is c______the opening of the new bridge with a huge party. 答案：celebrating 考查现在进行时。根据后文中的 party 可知动词是 celebrate，根据前文 is 可知，此处是现在进行时，注意要去掉 celebrate 结尾不发音的 e 再加‑ing，故填 celebrating。 2. It seems that families are ______more and more time together.(spend) 答案：spending 考查现在进行时。根据语境可知，spend 与其主语 families 为主动关系，结合空前的 are 可知句子只能为现在进行时，设空处应填 spend 的‑ing 形式，故填 spending。 3. Look! The children ______(circle) a robot， talking about science development. 答案：are circling 考查现在进行时。根据 “Look!”可知，此句用现在进行时，空格处填 are circling。指孩子们正围着一个机器人。 4. —Hello， is that James speaking? —Sorry， this is John. James ______(have) supper. 答案：is having 根据语境可知，打电话时詹姆斯正在吃晚餐，所以用现在进行时，故填 is having。 5. —Why are you so busy the whole afternoon? —We ______(plan) to have a fashion show for poor children this Friday. 答案：are planning 根据 “Why are you so busy the whole afternoon?”可知，此处询问下午这个时间段内正在做的事情，应用现在进行时;主语 We 是复数，故填 are planning。 （二）过去进行时 1. 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常与表示过去的时间状语从句以及时间状语 at that time, at that moment, at this time yesterday, at ten o’clock yesterday 等连用。 例句：Susan had quit her well‑paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 翻译：苏珊已经辞去了高薪的工作。去年当我探望她的时候，她正在一个社区里做志愿者。 2. 表示一个过去的动作正在进行时，另一个过去的动作发生了，常与 when, while 引导的时间状语从句连用。 例句：Jack was working in the lab when the power cut occurred. 翻译：突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。 小试牛刀 基础题 1. —Andy， what were you doing at this time yesterday afternoon? —I ______the film The Battle at Lake Changjin with my sister. A.watch B.watched C.was watching D. are watching 答案：C 解析：at this time yesterday afternoon 是过去进行时标志，问句为过去进行时，答句也要用过去进行时，主语为I，用was watching。故选C。 进行时态提高题 1. Since January 2026, researchers ______(conduct) a series of field surveys to study animal migration. 答案与解析：have been conducting 考查现在完成进行时。since+时间点，强调动作从过去持续到现在并且还在进行，主语researchers为复数，故填have been conducting。 2. When the fire alarm went off, all the workers in the building ______(discuss) the new project. 答案与解析：were discussing 考查过去进行时。when引导时间状语从句，从句为一般过去时，主句表示过去那一刻正在发生，主语workers是复数，故填were discussing。 *考点三 完成时态 （一）现在完成时 1. 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的结果或影响；也可以表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在。常和already, yet, so far, up to now, since, for, recently, in the past/last few years连用。 结构：have/has + 过去分词 例句：Great changes have taken place in our hometown over the past ten years. 翻译：过去十年，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。 2. 固定句型：This/It is the first/second…time that sb. have/has done sth. 这是某人第几次做某事。 例句：This is the third time that he has visited the museum. 翻译：这是他第三次参观这座博物馆。 ⚠注意：现在完成时不能搭配明确的过去时间状语，如yesterday, last year。 小试牛刀 基础题 1. I ______(finish) my homework already. I can go out for a walk now. 答案：have finished 考查现在完成时。标志词already，强调已经完成，对现在产生影响，主语I，故填have finished。 2. So far, the volunteers ______(help) hundreds of homeless people. 答案：have helped 考查现在完成时。so far为现在完成时标志，主语volunteers复数，填have helped。 3. This is the fourth time she ______(travel) to the southwest of China. 答案：has travelled 考查固定句型This is the…time that sb. has done，主语she，故填has travelled。 （二）过去完成时 1. 表示过去的过去：在过去某一个动作之前就已经完成的动作。标志：by+过去时间，before+过去动作。 结构：had + 过去分词 例句：By the time he arrived at the station, the train had left. 翻译：当他到达车站的时候，火车已经开走了。 小试牛刀 基础题 1. Before he moved to the city, he ______(live) in the countryside for 12 years. 答案：had lived 考查过去完成时。搬家是过去动作，住在乡下发生在搬家之前，即“过去的过去”，填had lived。 2. When I got to the cinema, the film ______(be) on for ten minutes. 答案：had been 解析：got为过去时，电影开始在到达之前，过去的过去，故填had been。 完成时态提高题 1. Up to now, more than 30 new communities ______(build) for local residents. 答案与解析：have been built 现在完成时的被动。up to now是现在完成时标志，communities和build是被动关系，复数主语，故填have been built。 2. By the end of last year, the team ______(complete) five major research tasks. 答案与解析：had completed by+过去时间，用过去完成时，故填had completed。 *考点四 完成进行时（现在完成进行时） 1. 表示动作从过去开始，持续到现在，并且动作仍然还在进行，强调动作不间断。 结构：have/has been doing 标志：since, for, all the time, these days 例句：He has been reading the novel all the morning. 翻译：他一早上一直在读这本小说（现在还在读）。 辨析：现在完成时：侧重动作结果；现在完成进行时：侧重动作持续、过程。 小试牛刀 基础题 1. You look tired! You ______(work) for four hours without rest. 答案：have been working 考查现在完成进行时。强调连续工作4小时，现在依旧很累，动作持续，主语you，填have been working。 完成进行时提高题 1. The scientists ______(study) this plant species for decades and they are still making new discoveries. 答案与解析：have been studying 动作从几十年前开始持续至今还在进行，用现在完成进行时，主语复数，填have been studying。 *考点五 被动语态 被动语态核心结构：be + done（过去分词） 时态 被动结构 一般现在时 am / is / are done 一般过去时 was / were done 一般将来时 will be done 现在进行时 am / is / are being done 过去进行时 was / were being done 现在完成时 have / has been done 过去完成时 had been done ⚠️注意：不及物动词没有被动语态：happen, occur, take place, appear, belong to, break out无被动。 例句：The old library will be rebuilt next year. 翻译：这座老图书馆明年将会被重建。 例句：The problem is being discussed at the meeting now. 翻译：此刻问题正在会议上被讨论。 小试牛刀 基础题 1. Many ancient buildings ______(protect) well in this city every year. 答案：are protected 一般现在时被动。buildings和protect被动；every year一般现在时，主语复数，填are protected。 2. A great number of trees ______(plant) last spring in the mountain area. 答案：were planted 一般过去时被动，last spring过去时间，trees复数，填were planted。 3. The sports meeting ______(hold) next Friday. 答案：will be held 一般将来时被动，next Friday表将来，填will be held。 被动语态提高题 1. It is reported that the new medicine ______(test) by experts at present. 答案与解析：is being tested at present现在进行时；medicine和test被动，单数，现在进行时被动，填is being tested。 *考点六 主谓一致 主谓一致遵循三大原则：语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。 1. 语法一致：主语单复数决定谓语。 2. 意义一致：集合名词family, class, team，强调整体谓语单数；强调里面成员谓语复数。 3. 就近一致：or; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…谓语和就近主语保持一致。 重点特例： ① together with/as well as/besides连接主语，谓语看前面主语； ② 不定代词everyone, somebody, nothing作主语，谓语动词用单数； ③ 时间、金钱、距离、重量作主语，看作一个整体，谓语用单数。 例句：The team is made up of 12 members.（强调整体，单数） 例句：The team are arguing about the plan.（强调队员个体，复数） 例句：Not only the students but also their teacher enjoys the activity.（就近，teacher单数） 例句：Mr.Li as well as his two sons likes hiking.（就前原则，主语Mr.Li单数） 小试牛刀 基础题 1. Neither you nor he ______(be) responsible for the mistake. 答案：is 就近一致，靠近谓语的主语是he，单数，填is。 2. The family ______(have) different opinions about where to spend holiday. 答案：have 集合名词，此处强调家庭成员，谓语用复数have。 3. Two thousand yuan ______(be) too much for such a small gift. 答案：is 金钱作主语视为整体，谓语单数，填is。 4. Everyone in our group ______(respect) the old professor. 答案：respects 不定代词everyone作主语，谓语三单，填respects。 主谓一致提高题 1. The poet and painter ______(attend) the opening ceremony held last week. 答案与解析：attended the poet and painter指同一个人“诗人兼画家”，主语单数；last week过去时，填attended。 2. More than one student in our class ______(take) part in the competition every year. 答案与解析：takes more than one +单数名词，谓语动词用单数，every year一般现在时，填takes。 学以致用：提升专练 1. By the time we got to the station, the bus ______(leave). 2. Look! A large number of birds ______(fly) above the lake. 3. This kind of material ______(sell) well in local market. 4. Up to now, thousands of letters ______(receive) from teenagers. 5. Either you or I ______(be) going to take part in the competition. 6. He ______(read) books for three hours. Don’t disturb him. 7. When I was young, I often ______(climb) mountains with my grandpa. 8. The meeting ______(put) off until next Monday because of bad weather. 9. This is the second time that he ______(visit) the ancient town. 10. Ten kilometers ______(seem) a long way for little kids. 学以致用 参考答案+解析 1. had left 解析：by+过去时间，过去完成时，“过去的过去”。 2. are flying 解析：Look!现在进行时，birds复数。 3. sells 解析：主动表被动，描述物品属性，一般现在时，kind单数。 4. have been received 解析：up to now现在完成时；letters与receive被动，复数。 5. am 解析：either…or…就近原则，靠近谓语主语I。 6. has been reading 解析：现在完成进行时，动作持续还在进行。 7. climbed 解析：when I was young过去时间，一般过去时。 8. will be put 解析：next Monday将来，会议和put off被动，一般将来时被动。 9. has visited 解析：This is the…time that从句，从句用现在完成时。 10. seems 解析：距离作主语视为整体，谓语动词单数。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $