15-英文刊物拓展阅读练习卷 -2027年高三英语二轮复习专项

**基本信息** 聚焦全球议题的拓展阅读训练，通过细节定位、词义语境分析等方法体系，系统提升语言理解与逻辑思维能力，融合文化意识与思维品质培养。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |选择题（A-D篇）|15题（含AI医疗、蜜蜂保护等主题）|细节题定位原文数据，词义题结合上下文语境，主旨题概括段落核心|以全球热点议题为载体，构建"信息获取-词义推断-主旨归纳"逻辑链，强化语言能力与文化认知| |七选五（E篇）|5题（社交媒体虚假信息主题）|分析句间逻辑衔接，关注代词指代与段落主旨|通过"现象-原因-措施"结构，训练语篇连贯思维，提升学习策略运用能力|

英文刊物拓展阅读理解 （建议用时：45 min） 一、阅读理解 第一节 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 A Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming the practice of medicine, with diagnostic tools that can detect diseases from medical images with accuracy that often matches or exceeds that of human specialists. A 2025 study published in The Lancet Digital Health reviewed 500 peer-reviewed studies on AI diagnostic tools and found that in 67 percent of cases, AI algorithms performed at least as well as clinicians in diagnosing conditions from medical imaging. The most successful applications of AI in diagnostics have been in radiology and pathology. AI systems can analyze mammograms for signs of breast cancer, detect early-stage lung nodules in CT scans, and identify diabetic retinopathy from retinal images. In each case, the AI has been trained on vast datasets of labeled images, learning to recognize patterns that may be too subtle for the human eye to detect. However, the integration of AI into clinical practice faces significant challenges. The “black box” problem—the difficulty of understanding how AI systems arrive at their conclusions—remains a major barrier. Clinicians are often reluctant to trust a system whose decision-making process is opaque. As Dr. Sarah Chen, a radiologist at Stanford University, put it: “If an AI tells me a patient has cancer, I need to understand why it made that diagnosis. I cannot simply trust a machine.” Another challenge is the issue of bias. AI systems trained on datasets that lack diversity may perform poorly on patients from underrepresented groups. A 2024 study found that an AI system widely used in US hospitals was significantly less accurate at diagnosing pneumonia in Black patients than in white patients, because the training data was predominantly drawn from white populations. Despite these obstacles, the potential of AI in diagnostics is too significant to ignore. The researchers emphasize that AI should be viewed as a tool to augment, not replace, human clinicians. The ideal is a partnership where AI handles routine pattern recognition, freeing doctors to focus on patient communication, complex decision-making, and compassionate care. 1.According to the study mentioned in paragraph 1, what percentage of AI diagnostic tools performed at least as well as human clinicians? A. 30 percent. B. 50 percent. C. 67 percent. D. 90 percent. 2.According to paragraph 3, what is the “black box” problem? A. The high cost of AI diagnostic tools. B. The difficulty of understanding how AI reaches its conclusions. C. The lack of training data for AI systems. D. The physical size of AI hardware. 3.The underlined word “opaque” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______. A. clear B. hidden C. simple D. reliable B The global decline of bee populations has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental issues of the decade, with consequences that reach far beyond the insects themselves. A 2025 report from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services found that approximately 40 percent of the world‘s insect species are now in decline, with bees and other pollinators among the hardest hit. Bees are responsible for pollinating approximately 75 percent of the world’s food crops, including almonds, apples, blueberries, and coffee. The economic value of bee pollination services is estimated at between $200 billion and $300 billion annually. Without bees, many of these crops would produce significantly lower yields, leading to higher food prices and reduced nutritional diversity. The drivers of bee decline are multiple and interconnected. The widespread use of neonicotinoid pesticides has been identified as a major factor, affecting bees‘ neurological function and ability to navigate. Habitat loss, largely driven by agricultural intensification and urbanization, has reduced the availability of wildflowers and nesting sites. Climate change is also playing a role, disrupting the seasonal timing of flowering and pollinator activity. Farmers and governments are beginning to respond. The European Union has banned the outdoor use of three neonicotinoid pesticides, and several countries have introduced programs to plant wildflower meadows along field margins. However, these measures have been slow to implement, and the scale of the problem remains daunting. “We are not going to lose all bees overnight,” said Dr. Mark Thompson, an entomologist at the University of Sussex. “But the trajectory is deeply worrying. If we do not act decisively, we will see irreversible damage to both natural ecosystems and global food systems.” 4.According to the passage, what percentage of the world’s food crops rely on bee pollination? A. 40 percent. B. 50 percent. C. 75 percent. D. 90 percent. 5.According to paragraph 3, what is one cause of bee decline? A. Increased planting of wildflowers. B. The use of neonicotinoid pesticides. C. The banning of harmful chemicals. D. The expansion of urban green spaces. 6.The underlined word “trajectory” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ______. A. path B. destination C. speed D. measure 7.What is the best title for this passage? A. The Beauty of Bees B. Bee Decline and Its Consequences C. How to Keep Bees in Urban Areas D. The History of Beekeeping C As global temperatures rise, cities are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the urban heat island effect—a phenomenon where densely built urban areas absorb and retain heat, making them significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. A 2026 study from the World Meteorological Organization found that average summer temperatures in major cities are now 3 to 5°C higher than in nearby rural regions, and the gap is widening. The urban heat island effect is caused by several factors. Dark surfaces such as asphalt and concrete absorb sunlight and release it as heat, while buildings trap warmth between them. The lack of vegetation means less cooling through evaporation. Waste heat from vehicles, air conditioning, and industrial processes adds additional warmth. During heatwaves, these effects can combine to create life-threatening conditions, particularly for the elderly and those with health conditions. Cities around the world are testing solutions. The most straightforward approach is increasing urban tree cover. Trees provide shade and release moisture through transpiration, cooling the surrounding air. A study in Los Angeles found that neighborhoods with more tree cover were on average 2.5°C cooler than those without. However, planting trees requires space and water resources, which are not always available in dense urban areas. Another approach is the use of reflective surfaces. Cool roofs, painted white or coated with reflective materials, can reduce rooftop temperatures by up to 30°C. Cool pavements, which use lighter-colored materials or special coatings, reduce the heat absorbed by streets and parking lots. Some cities have implemented building codes requiring new developments to incorporate reflective surfaces. The most ambitious solutions involve changing urban design. Cities like Singapore have incorporated green infrastructure throughout their urban fabric, with rooftop gardens, green walls, and park connectors. The city-state has reported that these measures have reduced ambient temperatures by over 1°C. “We cannot stop global warming alone,” said Dr. Angeline Koh, a climate researcher. “But we can make our cities more livable while we work on the larger challenge.” 8.According to the passage, what is the urban heat island effect? A. The warming of rural areas due to pollution. B. The phenomenon where urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas. C. The cooling effect of trees in cities. D. The heat generated by urban traffic. 9.According to paragraph 2, what is one cause of the urban heat island effect? A. The use of reflective building materials. B. The installation of rooftop gardens. C. Dark surfaces that absorb and release heat. D. The cooling effect of air conditioning. 10.The underlined word “transpiration” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______. A. the process of water being released from plants into the air B. the process of trees absorbing heat from the sun C. the process of water being stored in tree roots D. the process of trees changing color 11.According to the passage, what solution has Singapore implemented to reduce urban heat? A. Banning all cars from the city center. B. Planting trees only in suburban areas. C. Using air conditioning in all buildings. D. Incorporating green infrastructure throughout the city. D The world‘s oceans are absorbing about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide that humans release into the atmosphere, a process that has slowed the rate of climate change but is causing profound changes to marine chemistry. A 2026 report from the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change revealed that ocean acidification is accelerating, with surface ocean pH having fallen by 0.1 units since the Industrial Revolution—a 30 percent increase in acidity that is already affecting marine life. Ocean acidification is particularly damaging to shell-forming organisms such as oysters, clams, and corals. These organisms rely on carbonate ions to build their calcium carbonate shells and skeletons. As CO₂ dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which reduces the concentration of carbonate ions. The shells of juvenile oysters become thinner and more fragile, and coral growth slows dramatically. A 2025 study found that commercial oyster hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest have experienced production losses of up to 80 percent in years when ocean acidity is high. The economic impact of acidification extends beyond aquaculture. Coral reefs, which support approximately 25 percent of marine species, are threatened by the combined effects of warming and acidification. The loss of coral reefs would affect fisheries that provide livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people, particularly in developing countries. A 2025 World Bank report estimated that the global cost of ocean acidification could reach $1 trillion annually by 2100. Some species may be more resilient than others. Researchers have identified populations of coral that have adapted to naturally more acidic waters, suggesting that adaptation is possible. However, the current rate of acidification is unprecedented in at least the last 50 million years, far outpacing the ability of many species to adapt. “We are fundamentally altering the chemistry of the oceans,” said Dr. Jane Foster, a marine biologist. “The question is not whether marine ecosystems will change—they already are. The question is how much, and how fast.” 12.According to the passage, what percentage of carbon dioxide do the oceans absorb? A. 10 percent. B. 20 percent. C. 30 percent. D. 40 percent. 13.According to paragraph 2, how does ocean acidification affect oysters? A. It makes their shells thicker and stronger. B. It causes them to grow faster. C. It makes their shells thinner and more fragile. D. It has no effect on them. 14.The underlined word “unprecedented” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______. A. previously unseen B. well-documented C. easily reversible D. scientifically proven 15.What is the best title for this passage? A. The Beauty of Coral Reefs B. Ocean Acidification and Its Impacts C. How to Farm Oysters Successfully D. The History of Ocean Exploration 第二节 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 E In the age of social media, misinformation spreads faster and farther than ever before. False news stories can reach millions of people within hours, often outpacing the efforts of fact-checkers to correct them. (16) ______ Psychologists have identified several reasons why people are susceptible to misinformation. One factor is the illusory truth effect: repeated exposure to a false claim increases its perceived accuracy. The more often we hear something, the more we tend to believe it—even when it has been debunked. Another factor is confirmation bias, where we accept information that confirms our existing beliefs and reject information that challenges them. (17) ______ Social media platforms have been criticized for their role in amplifying misinformation. (18) ______ This design creates echo chambers, where users are exposed primarily to content that reinforces their existing views, making them more vulnerable to false information. Efforts to combat misinformation have included fact-checking labels, which mark disputed content as questionable. However, research suggests that these labels have limited effectiveness—people who are already suspicious of mainstream media may simply ignore them. (19) ______ Experts recommend a multi-pronged approach: improving digital literacy education, reducing the financial incentives for producing misinformation, and redesigning social media algorithms to prioritize accuracy over engagement. (20) ______ As one researcher put it, “We cannot fact-check our way out of this problem—we need systemic change.” 选项（A-G）： A. Some platforms have already begun introducing changes to their algorithms. B. Their algorithms are designed to maximize user engagement, often promoting emotional content. C. In fact, fact-checking labels can sometimes backfire by reinforcing existing beliefs. D. The spread of misinformation is a threat to democracy. E. Understanding these psychological biases is the first step to protecting ourselves. F. Misinformation is a problem that can be solved with a single solution. G. Social media platforms are the only cause of misinformation. 二、参考答案与解析 阅读理解 A篇 文章大意： 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人工智能在医疗诊断中的应用——AI在影像诊断方面表现优异，但面临“黑箱”问题和数据偏见等挑战，应作为辅助工具而非替代人类医生。 1. 答案：C 题干句意： 根据第一段提到的研究，AI诊断工具表现至少与人类医生相当的占比是多少？ 解析： 本题考查细节理解。根据第一段，“AI algorithms performed at least as well as clinicians in diagnosing conditions from medical imaging”直接说明67%。故正确答案为C。 2. 答案：B 题干句意： 根据第三段，什么是“黑箱”问题？ 解析： 本题考查细节理解。根据第三段，“the difficulty of understanding how AI systems arrive at their conclusions”直接说明黑箱问题是难以理解AI如何得出结论。A项“高成本”、C项“缺乏训练数据”、D项“硬件体积”均未提及。故正确答案为B。 3. 答案：B 题干句意： 第三段中画线单词“opaque”的含义最接近______。 解析： 本题考查词义猜测。“opaque”意为“不透明的、难以理解的”。文中“whose decision-making process is opaque”指决策过程不透明。A项“清晰的”、C项“简单的”、D项“可靠的”均不符合。故正确答案为B。 阅读理解 B篇 文章大意： 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了全球蜜蜂种群下降的危机——约40%的昆虫物种正在减少，蜜蜂为75%的粮食作物授粉，农药使用、栖息地丧失和气候变化是主要原因。 4. 答案：C 题干句意： 根据文章，世界上有多少比例的粮食作物依赖蜜蜂授粉？ 解析： 本题考查细节理解。根据第二段，“responsible for pollinating approximately 75 percent of the world‘s food crops”直接说明75%。故正确答案为C。 5. 答案：B 题干句意： 根据第三段，蜜蜂减少的一个原因是什么？ 解析： 本题考查细节理解。根据第三段，“The widespread use of neonicotinoid pesticides has been identified as a major factor”直接说明新烟碱类农药是主要原因之一。A项“种植更多野花”是应对措施；C项“禁止有害化学物质”是应对措施；D项“城市绿地扩大”与“habitat loss”相反。故正确答案为B。 6. 答案：A 题干句意： 最后一段中画线单词“trajectory”的含义最接近______。 解析： 本题考查词义猜测。“trajectory”意为“轨迹、发展路径”。文中“the trajectory is deeply worrying”指发展态势令人担忧。B项“目的地”、C项“速度”、D项“测量”均不符合。故正确答案为A。 7. 答案：B 题干句意： 这篇文章的最佳标题是什么？ 解析： 本题考查主旨大意。全文围绕蜜蜂减少及其对农业和生态的影响展开。A项“蜜蜂之美”偏离主题；C项“城市养蜂”未提及；D项“养蜂史”未提及。故正确答案为B。 阅读理解 C篇 文章大意： 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了城市热岛效应的成因（深色表面、缺乏植被、废热）及解决方案（增加树木覆盖、使用反射表面、绿色基础设施）。 8. 答案：B 题干句意： 根据文章，什么是城市热岛效应？ 解析： 本题考查细节理解。根据第一段，“a phenomenon where densely built urban areas absorb and retain heat, making them significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas”直接说明城市热岛效应是城市比周边乡村更热的现象。A项“农村变暖”、C项“树木降温”、D项“交通热量”均与定义不符。故正确答案为B。 9. 答案：C 题干句意： 根据第二段，城市热岛效应的一个原因是什么？ 解析： 本题考查细节理解。根据第二段，“Dark surfaces such as asphalt and concrete absorb sunlight and release it as heat”直接说明深色表面吸收并释放热量是原因之一。A项“反射材料”、B项“屋顶花园”是解决方案；D项“空调降温”是废热来源之一但非主要原因。故正确答案为C。 10. 答案：A 题干句意： 第三段中画线单词“transpiration”的含义最接近______。 解析： 本题考查词义猜测。“transpiration”意为“蒸腾作用”——植物向空气释放水分的过程。文中“Trees provide shade and release moisture through transpiration”说明树木通过蒸腾释放水分。B项“吸收热量”、C项“储存水分”、D项“变色”均不符合。故正确答案为A。 11. 答案：D 题干句意： 根据文章，新加坡实施了什么解决方案来减少城市热岛效应？ 解析： 本题考查细节理解。根据最后一段，“Singapore have incorporated green infrastructure throughout their urban fabric, with rooftop gardens, green walls, and park connectors”直接说明新加坡在整个城市中整合了绿色基础设施。A项“禁止汽车”、B项“郊区植树”、C项“使用空调”均未提及。故正确答案为D。 阅读理解 D篇 文章大意： 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了海洋酸化的加速——海洋吸收了人类30%的二氧化碳排放，导致pH下降，影响贝类和珊瑚等壳形成生物，对渔业和全球经济产生深远影响。 12. 答案：C 题干句意： 根据文章，海洋吸收了多少百分比的二氧化碳？ 解析： 本题考查细节理解。根据第一段，“absorbing about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide”直接说明30%。故正确答案为C。 13. 答案：C 题干句意： 根据第二段，海洋酸化如何影响牡蛎？ 解析： 本题考查细节理解。根据第二段，“The shells of juvenile oysters become thinner and more fragile”直接说明牡蛎壳变得更薄更脆。A项“更厚更强”、B项“生长更快”、D项“无影响”均与文意相反。故正确答案为C。 14. 答案：A 题干句意： 第四段中画线单词“unprecedented”的含义最接近______。 解析： 本题考查词义猜测。“unprecedented”意为“前所未有的”。文中“the current rate of acidification is unprecedented in at least the last 50 million years”指当前酸化速度在至少5000万年内前所未有。B项“记录详实的”、C项“易于逆转的”、D项“科学证实的”均不符合。故正确答案为A。 15. 答案：B 题干句意： 这篇文章的最佳标题是什么？ 解析： 本题考查主旨大意。全文围绕海洋酸化及其影响展开。A项“珊瑚礁之美”偏离主题；C项“如何成功养殖牡蛎”过于狭窄；D项“海洋探索史”未提及。故正确答案为B。 阅读理解 E篇（七选五） 文章大意： 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了虚假信息在社交媒体上传播的心理学原因——错觉真相效应和确认偏误，以及应对虚假信息的多管齐下方法。 16. 答案：E 题干句意： 虚假新闻故事可以在数小时内传播到数百万人。（16）______ 解析： 本题考查逻辑衔接。前句引入虚假信息传播的问题，E项“理解这些心理偏见是保护自己的第一步”承接前文，引出后文对心理学原因的详细分析。A项“平台已开始改变算法”更适合第20空。故正确答案为E。 17. 答案：D 题干句意： 确认偏误使我们接受符合现有信念的信息，拒绝挑战它们的信息。（17）______ 解析： 本题考查逻辑衔接。前句描述确认偏误，D项“虚假信息的传播是对民主的威胁”承接前句，指出这一问题的社会影响，与后文关于社交媒体在放大虚假信息方面受到批评的讨论衔接。B项“算法设计”更适合第18空。故正确答案为D。 18. 答案：B 题干句意： 社交媒体平台因放大虚假信息而受到批评。（18）______ 解析： 本题考查细节衔接。前句提到社交媒体受批评，B项“它们的算法旨在最大化用户参与度，通常推广情绪化内容”具体解释了平台如何放大虚假信息，与后文“echo chambers”的讨论衔接。A项“一些平台已开始改变算法”更适合第20空。故正确答案为B。 19. 答案：C 题干句意： 研究表明这些标签效果有限——已经怀疑主流媒体的人可能直接忽略它们。（19）______ 解析： 本题考查逻辑衔接。前句提到事实核查标签效果有限，C项“事实上，事实核查标签有时可能适得其反，强化现有信念”承接前文，进一步说明标签的局限性。F项“单一解决方案”与“multi-pronged approach”矛盾。故正确答案为C。 20. 答案：A 题干句意： 专家建议多管齐下的方法……（20）______ 解析： 本题考查逻辑衔接。前句提到多管齐下的方法建议，A项“一些平台已经开始引入算法变更”承接前文，具体说明平台层面的响应，与后文“systemic change”呼应。G项“唯一原因”与“multi-pronged”矛盾。故正确答案为A。 多余选项： F（虚假信息是一个可以用单一解决方案解决的问题——与“multi-pronged approach”矛盾）、G（社交媒体平台是虚假信息的唯一原因——与“multiple factors”不符） 三、长难句分析 1. 原句： “AI systems can analyze mammograms for signs of breast cancer, detect early-stage lung nodules in CT scans, and identify diabetic retinopathy from retinal images, with each application having been trained on vast datasets of labeled images that were carefully curated by medical experts to ensure accuracy and completeness.” 翻译： AI系统可以分析乳腺X光片以发现乳腺癌迹象，在CT扫描中检测早期肺结节，并从视网膜图像中识别糖尿病视网膜病变，每个应用都经过了大量标注图像数据集的训练，这些数据集由医学专家精心策划以确保准确性和完整性。 句子结构分析： 本句为复合句，包含“with”复合结构和定语从句。 主句：AI systems（主语）can analyze（谓语1）mammograms for signs of breast cancer（宾语1）, detect（谓语2）early-stage lung nodules in CT scans（宾语2）, and identify（谓语3）diabetic retinopathy from retinal images（宾语3） “with”复合结构：, with each application having been trained on vast datasets of labeled images（with+宾语+现在分词完成式，作补充说明） 定语从句：that were carefully curated by medical experts to ensure accuracy and completeness（修饰images） 2. 原句： “As CO₂ dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which reduces the concentration of carbonate ions that shell-forming organisms such as oysters, clams, and corals rely on to build their calcium carbonate shells and skeletons, making it increasingly difficult for these species to survive in the changing ocean environment.” 翻译： 当二氧化碳溶解在海水中时，它与水反应形成碳酸，碳酸会降低碳酸根离子的浓度，而牡蛎、蛤蜊和珊瑚等壳形成生物依赖这些离子来构建它们的碳酸钙壳和骨架，这使得这些物种在不断变化的海洋环境中生存越来越困难。 句子结构分析： 本句为复合句，包含时间状语从句、非限制性定语从句、定语从句和现在分词短语作结果状语。 时间状语从句：As CO₂ dissolves in seawater（as引导时间状语从句） 主句：it（主语，指代CO₂）reacts（谓语）with water to form carbonic acid（介词短语作状语，不定式作结果状语） 非限制性定语从句：, which reduces the concentration of carbonate ions（which指代前面的整个过程） 定语从句：that shell-forming organisms such as oysters, clams, and corals rely on to build their calcium carbonate shells and skeletons（修饰ions） 现在分词短语作结果状语：, making it increasingly difficult for these species to survive in the changing ocean environment（making的逻辑主语为前面整句内容） 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $