Unit 4 Section Ⅱ Welcome to the unit（配套课件PPT）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高二英语选修第一册学习笔记（译林版·新教材）

该高中英语课件围绕“微生物与人类健康”主题，通过速读理解文意、细读获取细节、读后语法填空搭建学习支架，引导学生从整体篇章结构到具体语言点系统掌握课文内容，形成连贯的知识脉络。 其亮点在于融合语言能力与思维品质培养，如长句难句分析通过结构拆解提升语言理解能力，细读推理题锻炼逻辑思维，基础知识达标中的词块默写和仿写句子强化学习能力。学生能提升英语综合技能，教师可借助分层训练高效开展教学。

Section Ⅱ Welcome to the unit & Reading Fun with science Unit 4 Part 1　课文整体理解 Part 2　长句难句分析 Part 3　基础知识达标 训练1 整体理解 课文 3 Step 1　速读——整体理解文意 Ⅰ.明文章大意 What is the main idea of the blog post? A.The introduction of the microorganisms and how they affect human health. B.The potential of the microorganisms. C.The source of the microorganisms. D.The influence of the microorganisms. √ Ⅱ.悉篇章结构 Introduction Para.1：Microorganisms influence our l.__________ in big unexpected ways. body and mind Main body Para.2：Our microorganisms come from 2.__________ as well as the 3. . Paras.3-4：Microorganisms influence our 4._________ health as well as 5. and 6.________________ . Para.5：Microorganisms can be used to improve 7. . our mother external environment physical cognitive psychological well-being human health Conclusion Para.6：The world of microorganisms is filled with 8. waiting to be explored. possibilities Step 2　细读——深度获取细节 1.Which life stage contributes most to our microorganisms? A.At two. B.At birth. C.In adulthood. D.During teenage years. √ 2.What can we know from the passage? A.Some microorganisms can be seen with our eyes. B.The human microbiome mostly benefits our health. C.The human microbiome completely stays constant throughout our lives. D.The human microbiome all comes from the various circumstances of our lives. √ 3.What influence do the microorganisms have on us? A.Only the immune system. B.Merely the function of the brain. C.Mostly our weight and sleep patterns. D.Our physical，cognitive and psychological health. √ 4.If you felt nervous，how would your gut microorganisms respond? A.Delightfully. B.Comfortably. C.Harmfully. D.Slowly. √ Step 3　读后——课文语法填空 Microorganisms live with us，make 1. about two per cent of an adult’s body mass，yet are invisible to the naked eye.It is estimated that 39 trillion microorganisms are living in and on our body，2. compose the human microbiome！Even though 3. (incredible) small，these microorganisms influence our body and mind in big unexpected ways. which up incredibly Our microorganisms come from our mother 4. we are born.At the age of two，we have our very own personal collection of microorganisms that reflects the various circumstances of our lives.Microorganisms are 5. inseparable part of our body which affect us physically， 6. (include) our immune system，weight and sleep patterns. They also influence our cognitive and 7. (psychology) well-being. when an including psychological 8. (give) their importance，scientists are working hard to find out how we can take advantage of microorganisms within the field of human health.They have found ways to improve the immune system through microbiome 9. (transplant) and have developed a whole new class of medicines.In some ways，the human microbiome is just like an invisible microuniverse waiting 10. (explore) further in the future. 返 回 Given transplants to be explored 难句分析 长句 15 1.They are the (estimate) 39 trillion microorganisms living in and on our body，like (bacterium) and viruses，which compose the human microbiome！(P44，Para.1) 结构分析：此句为 句。which引导 从句，living in and on our body是现在分词作 。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Ⅰ.补句子　析结构 它们是生活在我们体内和体表的约39万亿个微生物，如细菌和病毒，它们构成了人类的微生物群系！ estimated bacteria 主从复合 非限制性定语 后置定语 2.Going through life，we further expose ourselves foreign microorganisms，which cause a part of our microbiome to change every day.(P44，Para.2) 结构分析：此句为 句。which引导 从句，现在分词短语Going through life作 。 汉语翻译：____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 在我们的一生中，我们会进一步接触到外来微生物，这会导致我们的微生物群每天都会发生局部变化。 to 主从复合 非限制性定语 状语 3.Every day，the resident microorganisms in our body compete the invading ones，preventing them from getting a foothold，thus helping form strong immune system and keep us healthy.(P44，Para.3) 结构分析：此句为 句。现在分词短语preventing them from getting a foothold作 ，helping form a strong immune system and keep us healthy作 。 汉语翻译：____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 每天，我们体内的常驻微生物都会与入侵微生物竞争，阻止它们立足，从而帮助形成一个强大的免疫系统，让我们保持健康。 with a 简单 伴随状语 结果状语 4.Besides (help) digest food，evidence (indicate) that gut microorganisms affect the way we store fat and respond chemicals that make us feel hungry or full.(P44，Para.3) 结构分析：此句为 句。第一个that引导 从句，we store fat是省略了 的 从句，第二个that引导 从句。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 除了帮助消化食物外，有证据表明，肠道微生物还影响我们储存脂肪和对让我们感到饥饿或饱腹的化学物质作出反应的方式。 helping indicates to 主从复合 宾语 that/in which 定语 限制性定语 5.While scientists are still at the early stages of uncovering (exact) how gut microorganisms communicate the brain，they do know that the brain and the gut “talk” to each other.(P45，Para.4) 结构分析：此句为 句。while引导 从句，how和that引导 从句，do强调 。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 虽然科学家们还处于探究肠道微生物如何与大脑沟通的初期阶段，但他们的确知道大脑和肠道会相互“交谈”。 exactly with 主从复合 让步状语 宾语 谓语动词 6.Given their (important)，scientists are working hard to find out how we can take advantage microorganisms within the field of human health.(P45，Para.5) 结构分析：此句为 句。介词given表示“ ”，how引导 从句。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 鉴于微生物的重要性，科学家们正在努力研究在人类健康领域利用微生物的方法。 importance of 主从复合 鉴于 宾语 Ⅱ.研典句　学用法 But there is no need to panic，for most of them are there to keep us healthy.(P44，Para.1) 不过没必要恐慌，因为它们大多数都是对健康有益的。 结构分析：此句为主从复合句。There is no need to do sth意为“没必要做某事”。for引导原因状语从句，从句中含有“keep＋宾语＋宾补”结构。 There is/was no need to do sth 常用的类似句式还有： There is no doubt that...毫无疑问…… There is no sense/point (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义。 There is no difficulty (in) doing sth.做某事没有困难。 (1)(应用文写作之建议信)事实上，每个人都可能会经历一段似乎诸事不顺的时期，因此不必太担心。 Actually，everyone may go through a time when things seem to be going wrong，so . there is no need to worry so much (2)(2020·全国Ⅱ，书面表达)毫无疑问，通过这次活动，我们对谚语“不劳则无获”有了更好的理解。 ______________________________________________________________ the saying “no pain，no gain”. (3)(应用文写作之建议信)在我看来，光心烦意乱而不采取任何措施没有任何意义。 From my point of view，_________________________________________ . There is no doubt that through this activity，we have a better understanding of there is no point/sense (in) getting upset without taking any measures (4)积累了大量的资金和人力资源，这家公司在国内市场立足没有困难。 With a lot of funds and human resources accumulated，______________ in the home market for the company. there is no difficulty (in) getting a foothold 课文重点词块默写 1.组成 ________ 2.经历；通过 __________ 3.使……接触…… ___________ 4.和……竞争 ____________ 5.阻止……做…… __________________ 6.在……中起重要作用 ________________ 7.熬夜 _______ 8.很可能做…… ______________ make up go through expose...to... compete with prevent...from doing play a vital role in stay up be likely to do... 9.信不信由你 ______________ 10.在……的早期 ___________________ 11.利用 ________________ 12.导致；引起 __________ 13.能够 ____________ 14.摆脱；除去 _________ believe it or not at the early stages of take advantage of give rise to be capable of get rid of 返 回 知识达标 基础 28 1.过去的几年已经见证了技术在各个方面给我们带来的奇迹。(定语从句) The past few years has witnessed the miracles ________________________ . 2.随着互联网系统的稳步发展，方便交流的梦想已经实现，让我们随时与朋友保持面对面的联系。(现在分词短语作状语) With steady development of the Internet system，the dream of convenient communication has been realized，_________________________________ . 单句写作(课文佳句仿写) that/which technology has brought to us in varieties of aspects allowing us to stay in contact with friends face to face anytime 3.能生活在这样一个高度发达的时代，我确实感到很幸运。(强调谓语动词) to live in such a highly-developed era. 4.尽管互联网给我们带来了很多方便，但是许多青少年将自己与社会隔绝，增加了他们的孤独感。(while引导让步状语从句) ，some teenagers isolated themselves from society，adding to their isolation. I do feel fortunate While the Internet has brought us a lot of convenience 组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ As we can see，the past few years has witnessed the miracles that/ which technology has brought to us in varieties of aspects.With steady development of the Internet system，the dream of convenient communication has been realized，allowing us to stay in contact with friends face to face anytime.I do feel fortunate to live in such a highly-developed era. However，every coin has two sides.While the Internet has brought us a lot of convenience，some teenagers isolated themselves from society，adding to their isolation. 返 回 训练1 32 A A high school senior in California called Ahmed Muhammad has started an organization that designs science kits(配套工具) for primary school students.He launched Kits Cubed to introduce kids to the wonders of science through fun，affordable，and accessible means，which owed to a babysitting experience. Ⅰ.阅读理解 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文，加州的一个叫艾哈迈德穆罕默德的高中生成立了一个组织，为小学生设计科学工具包，通过有趣、实惠、方便的方式向孩子们介绍科学的奇迹。 He was babysitting his nephew when he decided that the activity for the day would be a science experiment.His nephew told him that he hated science because he was bad at it.“He literally loved everything and then when I brought up science，he doubted himself，” Muhammad told CNN.Muhammad was not going to let his nephew’s self-doubt continue，so he decided to use simple science experiments to convince him that he was not bad at science. “We went to the store together and I had him pick out potatoes，and then I went to the hardware store to buy some copper nails，some galvanized(镀锌的) nails and some wire.And then，we made a battery out of them，” he said.That was how Muhammad successfully convinced his nephew that he was not bad at science.“He actually likes science now，” he said. From this experience，Muhammad started thinking to help more kids like his nephew.With the help of his teachers，he started designing science kits that explored real science concepts with simple everyday materials.So far，Kits Cubed sells three kinds of kits，with three experiments in each kit.Each kit sells for $15. According to Muhammad，Kits Cubed has reached more than 2,000 young people in Oakland so far.“My nephew told me he was bad at science.He didn’t like it.I want to remove that thought，and replace it with ‘I’m good at science and I can be a scientist if I want to’.That’s what I really want them to get out of the kits，” said Muhammad. 1.What can we learn from Muhammad’s babysitting experience? A.Children usually hate scientific experiments. B.Muhammad got along well with his nephew. C.Muhammad extended his nephew’s interest. D.Children could hardly remove self-doubt. √ 细节理解题。根据第三段中“That was how Muhammad successfully convinced his nephew that he was not bad at science.‘He actually likes science now，’ he said.”可知Muhammad改变了侄子对于科学的态度。故选C。 解析 2.What can we know about the science kits? A.They are still in the trial period. B.They use easily available materials. C.They include three experiments in total. D.They are independently designed by Muhammad. √ 细节理解题。根据第四段中“With the help of his teachers，he started designing science kits that explored real science concepts with simple everyday materials.”可知科学工具包用的是容易获得的日常材料，故选B。 解析 3.Which of the following could best describe Ahmed Muhammad? A.Creative and capable. B.Active and independent. C.Tolerant and hard-working. D.Humorous and warm-hearted. √ 推理判断题。根据首段内容可知Ahmed Muhammad自己设计工具包，非常有创意，并且可以将创意变成现实，有一定的能力，故选A。 解析 4.What does Muhammad really expect children to gain from his science kits? A.The ability to do some research. B.The respect for science and scientists. C.The understanding of science concepts. D.The confidence in learning science well. √ 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I want to remove that thought，and replace it with ‘I’m good at science and I can be a scientist if I want to’.That’s what I really want them to get out of the kits”可知他想孩子们通过他的科学工具包得到学习科学的自信，故选D。 解析 B C.elegans is a tiny worm that scientists have been using for years to study aging，and they just made a new discovery.Researchers found that variations in a specific gene affected the lifespan of the worm，suggesting that the same genes could have similar effects on humans.The study is part of an ongoing effort to find genes that affect lifespan and are a potential target for anti-aging drugs. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。研究人员发现了一种特定基因的变异会影响蠕虫的寿命，这表明人体内的相同基因可能对人类产生类似的影响。 The worm is a popular model organism for studying aging because it’s easy to see how long they live.Unlike humans，the worm’s lifespan is measured in days，not years，which makes it easier to study the aging process.Previous studies have already shown that changes in diet，exercise，and drugs can affect the worm’s lifespan，but this is the first time a specific gene has been identified that affects lifespan. The specific gene，called DAF-16，is known to be involved in a variety of biological processes，including stress response and metabolism(新陈代谢).When researchers changed the gene，they found that it increased the lifespan of the worm by up to 60%.The discovery could have implications for human aging，as the same gene exists in humans. Researchers caution that there’s still a long way to go before this discovery can be translated into anti-aging drugs.For one，the worm’s lifespan is so short that it’s difficult to know how the gene would affect humans over a longer period of time.Additionally，the study only looked at one gene while there are likely many other genes that affect lifespan.Still，the discovery is an important step in understanding the aging process and developing potential anti-aging treatments. Overall，the study highlights the potential of model organisms，like the lowly nematode(线虫)，in advancing our understanding of aging and developing new treatments.As the global population continues to age，research into the aging process will become increasingly important. 5.What actually is the key factor affecting lifespan that has been newly discovered? A.C.elegans. B.Changes in diet. C.DAF-16. D.Stress response. √ 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第三段内容可知，学者们近期发现被称为DAF-16的基因可能影响蠕虫甚至人类的寿命。故选C。 解析 6.Why is it difficult to translate the discovery into anti-aging drugs? A.Humans’ lifespan is too changeable to predict. B.There is a huge gap between humans’ and worms’ lifestyle. C.The genes in humans are different from those in the worm. D.Other genes affecting lifespan need to be taken into consideration. √ 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Researchers caution that there’s still a long way...while there are likely many other genes that affect lifespan.”可知，把这项发现转化为抗衰老药物的难处之一在于需要考虑其他影响寿命的基因。故选D。 解析 7.What is the author’s overall attitude towards the discovery? A.Uninterested. B.Doubtful. C.Positive. D.Worried. √ 观点态度题。根据倒数第二段的“Still，the discovery is an important step in understanding the aging process and developing potential anti-aging treatments.”和末段内容可推知，作者对这项研究发现持积极的态度。故选C。 解析 8.What is the main idea of the article? A.Great progress in the study of lifespan. B.The discovery of a worm affecting lifespan. C.The significance of organism in studying aging. D.The importance of research into the aging process. √ 主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是首段可知，文章主要介绍研究人员发现了一种特定基因的变异会影响蠕虫的寿命，这表明人体内的相同基因可能对人类产生类似的影响，这是关于寿命的研究的一个巨大进展。故选A。 解析 Can you remember a time when somebody was kind to you？Perhaps a person allowed you to go in front of them in a queue.Maybe your sister phoned you to ask how your week was going. Ⅱ.七选五 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了友善的好处以及如何做到友善。 Or perhaps a stranger or a friend helped you in a much deeper way. 1 A.Doing something good can be very hard. B.You praise it and show your admiration. C.Generally，these fall into three categories. D.Offering kindness can bring happiness. E.There are a million ways to offer kindness. F.People are encouraged to do random acts of kindness. G.If you are kind to yourself，you will naturally be kinder to others. √ 上文主要列举了几种别人对你的友善举动，段尾句对本段有总结作用，E项说明表达善意的方式有很多，作为总结恰到好处。故选E项。 解析 Few people would disagree with the idea that a kind action is good for the soul.It is a win-win situation，leading to a sense of well-being for both the receiver and the giver.As a simple example，let’s imagine you have a workmate who always does a very good job. 2 Your workmate will be happy to receive some praise and，in addition，you will probably feel good about yourself for having spread a little joy. A.Doing something good can be very hard. B.You praise it and show your admiration. C.Generally，these fall into three categories. D.Offering kindness can bring happiness. E.There are a million ways to offer kindness. F.People are encouraged to do random acts of kindness. G.If you are kind to yourself，you will naturally be kinder to others. √ 上文说：作为一个简单的例子，让我们假设你有一个总是把工作做得很好的同事，下文说：你的同事会很高兴得到表扬，由此可推测，中间句应该表达你对同事的工作表示赞扬。故选B项。 解析 3 The idea behind this is that it doesn’t take any major plan to be kind，just a little bit of effort.They believe that kindness can be taught and that it is contagious(有感染力的).So by being kind to others，a more bright community and world will be created. A.Doing something good can be very hard. B.You praise it and show your admiration. C.Generally，these fall into three categories. D.Offering kindness can bring happiness. E.There are a million ways to offer kindness. F.People are encouraged to do random acts of kindness. G.If you are kind to yourself，you will naturally be kinder to others. √ 下文说：这背后的想法是，变得善良不需要任何重大的计划，只要一点点努力，善意是可以被教导的，由此可知，此处应该提到鼓励人们去做一些随机的善举。故选F项。 解析 Some websites suggest more imaginative ways to show kindness. 4 The first is interpersonal kindness. A.Doing something good can be very hard. B.You praise it and show your admiration. C.Generally，these fall into three categories. D.Offering kindness can bring happiness. E.There are a million ways to offer kindness. F.People are encouraged to do random acts of kindness. G.If you are kind to yourself，you will naturally be kinder to others. √ 由下文中的“The first...The second...The third...”可知，此空应提出有三种表达善意的做法。故选C项。 解析 Some examples are donating old clothes to charity or writing a positive online comment about a restaurant that you like.The second is environmental kindness，which could mean simply recycling or organizing a group event to clean a local park or beach.The third category is less obvious：personal kindness，which means treating yourself kindly. Some examples are taking a walk in nature or setting yourself an objective to complain less. 5 A.Doing something good can be very hard. B.You praise it and show your admiration. C.Generally，these fall into three categories. D.Offering kindness can bring happiness. E.There are a million ways to offer kindness. F.People are encouraged to do random acts of kindness. G.If you are kind to yourself，you will naturally be kinder to others. √ 上文说：第三种则不那么明显：个人善良，这意味着善待自己，由此可知，选项承接上文，说明善待自己的作用。故选G项。 解析 The Yungang Grottoes in Datong，Shanxi Province,1. UNESCO World Heritage Site，have 45 major caves and more than 59,000 statues，with a grotto complex about 1 km long from east to west. Ⅲ.语法填空 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了青岛市的云冈石窟艺术馆正在展出山西大同云冈石窟第3窟的巨型3D打印复制品。 a 考查冠词。根据句意，这里泛指联合国教科文组织的一个世界遗产地，且UNESCO的发音以辅音音素开头，应用不定冠词a。故填a。 解析 2. (current)，a giant 3D printing reproduction of Cave No.3 at the Yungang Grottoes is on display at the Yungang Grottoes Art Museum in Qingdao，east China’s Shandong Province. Currently 考查副词。这里应用副词作状语修饰整个句子，currently意为“目前”，位于句首，首字母大写。故填Currently。 解析 This is the first time in the world that 3D printing technology 3.________ ______(use) to reproduce such a large-scale cultural relic. has been 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。This is the first time that...为固定句型，意为“这是第一次……”，从句应用现在完成时。根据句意，从句的主语为3D printing technology，单数，和动词use之间是动宾关系，所以应用被动语态，且谓语应用单数形式。故填has been used。 解析 used The identical reproduction strictly matches the appearance and scale of the original.The copy of the cave 4. (measure) 17.9 meters tall by 13.6 meters wide，while the main statue stands at 9.93 meters tall. measures 考查时态和主谓一致。主语为The copy of the cave，表示单数，measure在此处是系动词，表示“(尺寸、长短、数量等)量度为”，且此处表示客观事实，应用一般现在时，谓语应用单数形式。故填measures。 解析 During the replication process,3D technicians first collected some 10,000 images of the cave and the statues to build up a digital model, 5. was then divided into 842 parts to be printed with multiple 3D 6. (printer). which 5.考查定语从句。分析句子结构，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a digital model，指物，且在从句中作主语，所以应用which引导。故填which。 6.考查名词的数。printer“打印机”为可数名词，根据空前的multiple可知，这里应用名词复数。故填printers。 解析 printers The final installation(安装) and coloring stages took the team three months 7. (complete). to complete 考查不定式。sth takes/took sb some time to do sth为固定句型，意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”。逻辑主语the team和complete之间是主谓关系，所以应用不定式的一般式。故填to complete。 解析 The reproduction not only allows people to get much 8. (close) to the precious heritage items 9. damaging the original objects，but also helps to enhance the research，documentation，digitalization and preservation of the relics 10. (they). closer without themselves 8.考查比较级。根据空前much和句意可知，空处应用比较级，表示“更加接近珍贵的文物”。故填closer。 9.考查介词。根据句意可知，这里是说在不损坏原始文物的情况下更接近珍贵的文物，应用介词without“无，不，没有”。故填without。 10.考查代词。根据空前的“the relics”可知，这里是说遗产本身，应用they的反身代词themselves表示强调。故填themselves。 解析 返 回 本课结束 $