Unit 4 Section Ⅳ Integrated skills（Word教参）-【步步高】2024-2025学年高中英语选修第一册学习笔记（译林版）

本讲义聚焦科学现象（如摩擦力、光污染）的英语综合运用，通过听力访谈精听、阅读理解分析、语法填空及说明文写作等模块，构建“输入（听力/阅读科学材料）-内化（语法梳理与思维训练）-输出（撰写科学报告）”的学习支架，系统衔接语言技能与科学知识的理解、应用。 该资料亮点在于融合语言能力与思维品质培养，如听力填空训练抓取关键信息（如摩擦力“useful”“affects”等核心词），阅读理解题（光污染影响）提升推理分析能力，写作指导提供“下定义+应用阐述”句型模板（如“Friction is the force that...”）。课中多模态材料辅助教师开展互动教学，课后语法填空与范文供学生自查练习，有效查漏补缺，提升自主学习能力。

Section Ⅳ　Integrated skills 1．What can we know about friction from the lecture transcript? A．It is found everywhere. B．It is easy to get rid of. C．It hasn’t been fascinating scientists. D．It may not have “memory”． 答案　A 2．Which is the correct order of the important events in the study of friction? ①Leonardo da Vinci made the connection between friction amount and its determining factors. ②Friction may have a kind of “memory”． ③Guillaume Amontons drafted laws about friction. ④Frank Philip Bowden investigated friction’s relationship with lubrication. A．①②③④ B．①③②④ C．③①②④ D．①③④② 答案　D 3．What is the scientists’ attitude to friction? A．Curious. B．Resistant. C．Embarrassed. D．Disappointed. 答案　A Ⅰ.选择填空(高考形式) 1．What is Ms Li’s opinion about friction? A．Friction is generated by air particles. B．Friction enables us to go about our daily lives. C．Shooting stars enter the Earth’s surface because of friction. 答案　B 2．How can mechanical systems last longer? A．Generating heat. B．Rubbing moving parts together. C．Applying oil between the surfaces. 答案　C 3．Which of the following experience the least air resistance? A．Hyperloop trains. B．Maglev trains. C．Shooting stars. 答案　A 4．How does the man speaker feel at the end of the interview? A．Amused. B．Shocked. C．Excited. 答案　C Ⅱ.听力填空(精听训练) Listen to the interview on P51 again and fill in the blanks with the words you hear. Reporter：Today on Everyday Science，our topic is “Friction—get a grip or let it slip？”．Let’s welcome Ms Li，a physics lecturer from the local university. Ms Li：Thank you.Friction can be very 1.useful in our daily lives.When we eat，it allows our fingers to 2.hold the chopsticks and the bowl，preventing them from falling.Friction also 3.affects us in more unexpected ways.For instance，it protects us from outer space objects.Shooting stars often enter the Earth’s atmosphere，but most are completely 4.burnt up before reaching the ground.This is due to the friction generated between them and the air particles. Reporter：So，friction is useful，but is it always 5.necessary? Ms Li：Not always.For example，when a machine’s moving parts constantly rub together，friction generates 6.heat and may 7.damage them，causing a breakdown.So friction 8.must be decreased to reduce wear and tear in mechanical systems.Applying friction-reducing fluids like oil between the moving surfaces helps a machine 9.last longer and 10.prevents dangerous situations. Reporter：I see.Ms Li，can you also share some 11.uses of friction or its 12.absence that could benefit us in the future? Ms Li：Sure.We know that friction produces an electric charge—think of the small shock you sometimes get when you 13.take off your wool sweater.Researchers hope to use it as 14.an alternative source of power for mobile devices and sensors in the future.Engineers are also extremely interested in trains travelling through tubes，which will allow them to experience even 15.less air resistance than maglev trains.This so-called hyperloop technology could allow speeds of over 1,000 kilometres per hour! Reporter：These innovative applications sound really 16.exciting! Let’s hope they can be 17.put into effect soon.Thank you for joining us today，Ms Li. 本单元的写作目标是写一篇关于摩擦力的文章，即介绍一种科学现象，属于说明文范畴。这类说明文主要是客观地介绍某一科学知识，推广、普及科学常识。 1．注意说明文的文体特点： (1)说明性：科普说明文的写作目的在于介绍科学现象，说明科学知识。 (2)单一性：一篇科普说明文，一般只说明一种科学现象，介绍一种科学知识。 (3)通俗性：科普说明文介绍的知识多是抽象而深奥的，所以要求用通俗易懂的语言让读者易于理解。 2．时态多用一般现在时。 1．下定义 Friction is the force that makes it difficult for one object to slide over the surface of another. 摩擦力是一种使一个物体难以滑过另一个物体表面的力。 2．在生活中的应用 (1)It is a force that we can’t resist，yet，in various situations，it affects us either positively or negatively. 这是一种我们无法抗拒的力量，然而在很多情况下，它会对我们产生积极或消极的影响。 (2)The benefits of friction are experienced in many moments of our lives. 在我们生活中的许多时刻都可以体验到摩擦力的好处。 (3)However，there are situations where less or no friction is preferred. 然而，在某些情况下，较少的摩擦或没有摩擦是更好一些的。 3．对生活的意义 It is hoped that the more applications of friction will be put into effect soon. 人们希望更多关于摩擦力的应用会尽快实现。 假定你是李华，参加了一个科学探究活动小组，要求你就摩擦力的相关知识写一篇报告，内容主要包括： 1．介绍摩擦力这一科学现象； 2．阐述摩擦力在生活中的应用。 注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 第一步　审题谋篇 [审题] 写作要求是写一篇说明文，写作时应注意下面几点： 1．确定文体：这是一篇说明文。写作时注意说明文的写作特点。 2．主体时态：文章应以一般现在时和一般将来时为主。 3．主体人称：人称应该以第一、三人称为主。 [谋篇] 第一段：摩擦力现象以及定义。 第二段：摩擦力在生活中的应用。 第三段：希望摩擦力能更多地为人类所用。 第二步　遣词造句 [核心词汇] 1．阻止……做……prevent...from doing... 2．滑动；悄悄地溜到 slide 3．滚屏，滚动 scroll 4．减少，降低 decrease 5．许多，各种不同的 a wide range of 6．即将发生；等待着 in store for 7．实施；使生效；实现 put...into effect [连词成句] 1．是什么东西能让我们拿着笔写字还阻止笔掉落？ What allows us to hold a pen and write，preventing it from falling? 2．这是摩擦力，它是一种使一个物体难以滑过另一个物体表面的力。 It is friction，which is a force that makes it difficult for one object to slide over the surface of another. 3．如果没有摩擦力，地面上的风会吹得快得多，这就会使我们很难舒适和安全地生活。 If there were no friction，the wind on the ground would blow much faster and that would make it difficult for us to live comfortably and safely. 4．人们希望这些应用能很快实现。 People hope that these applications will be put into effect soon. 第三步　句式升级 1．用强调句型改写句1。 What is it that allows us to hold a pen and write，preventing it from falling? 2．用含有without的虚拟条件句和现在分词短语作状语改写句3。 Without friction，the wind on the ground would blow much faster，making it difficult for us to live comfortably and safely. 3．用it作形式主语改写句4。 It is hoped that these applications will be put into effect soon. 第四步　组句成篇 用适当的过渡词语，把以上词汇和句式，再加上联想内容，组成一篇80个词左右的英语短文。 参考范文 Do you know what it is that allows us to hold a pen and write，preventing it from falling? It is friction，which is a force that makes it difficult for one object to slide over the surface of another. Friction can be very useful in our daily life.It helps us turn the pages of the book or scroll the screen on our mobile devices.Friction also protects us in unexpected ways.For example，friction greatly decreases the speed of the wind.Without friction，the wind on the ground would blow much faster，making it difficult for us to live comfortably and safely. There is no denying that a wide range of potential applications of friction are in store for us.It is hoped that these applications will be put into effect soon. 训练4　Integrated skills (满分：40分) Ⅰ.阅读理解(共4题；每小题2.5分，共10分) The increased use of light-emitting diodes (LED) and other forms of lighting are now brightening the night sky at a dramatic rate.Research has revealed that light pollution is now causing the night sky to brighten at a rate of around 10% a year，an increase that threatens to ruin the sight of all but the most brilliant stars in a generation.A child born where 250 stars are visible at night today would only be able to see about 100 by the time they reach 18. Physicist Christopher Kyba，of the German Centre for Geosciences，told the Observer，“A couple of generations ago，people would have regularly encountered this glittering(闪耀) vision of the universe—but what was formerly universal is now extremely rare.” Nevertheless，the introduction of only a modest number of changes to lighting could make a considerable improvement，Kyba argued.These moves would include ensuring outdoor lights are carefully capped，pointing downwards，having limits placed on their brightness，and being not predominantly blue-white but having red and orange components. The problem is that light pollution is still not perceived by the public to be a threat.As Professor Oscar Corcho，of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid，has put it: “The negative consequences of light pollution are as unknown by the population as those of smoking in the 80s.” Yet action is now urgently needed.Apart from its astronomical impact，light pollution is harming human health.“When reddish light shines on our bodies，it stimulates mechanisms including those that break down high levels of sugar in the blood.Since the introduction of LEDs，that part of the spectrum(光谱) has been removed from artificial light and it is playing a part in the waves of obesity(肥胖) and rises in diabetes cases we see today，” said Prof Fosbury from University College London (UCL)． UCL researchers are preparing to install additional infrared (红外线) lamps in hospitals and intensive care units (ICU) to see if they have an effect on the recovery of patients who would otherwise be starved of light from this part of the spectrum. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了光污染给环境和人类健康带来的威胁，以及关于红外线光的研究发现。 1．What does the author want to show by citing the child’s example? A．More objects in the universe will disappear. B．Light pollution is blinding our view of the stars. C．People’s perception of the universe is inadequate. D．New forms of lighting have made stars unnecessary. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三两句可推知，提到孩子的例子是为了说明光污染正在使我们看不见星星。故选B。 2．What does Kyba think of the moves to ease light pollution? A．They are practical. B．They are rarely successful. C．They aren’t worth the effort. D．It takes ages to see the result. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段的“Nevertheless，the introduction of only a modest number of changes to lighting could make a considerable improvement，Kyba argued.These moves would include...orange components.”可推知，Kyba认为减轻光污染的行动很实用。故选A。 3．What is top on the agenda of solving light pollution? A．Controlling population growth. B．Changing people’s perception. C．Exploring the unknown universe. D．Banning smoking in public places. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的“The problem is that light pollution is still not perceived by the public to be a threat.”可知，解决光污染的首要议程是改变人们的看法，让人们意识到光污染的威胁性。故选B。 4．What does the follow-up study aim to find out about infrared lamps? A．Whether they help patients recover. B．Whether they increase obesity risk. C．Whether they leave people starving. D．Whether they raise blood sugar level. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段可知，后续研究的目的是查明红外线灯是否有助于患者的康复。故选A。 Ⅱ.语法填空(共10题；每小题1.5分，共15分) Geneticist(基因学家) Dr.Arney has explored the impact that humans have had on the evolutionary process of the species in the past decade. From driving species to farm animals to new technologies like genetic engineering and cloning，Arney found 1. impossible to ignore the influence of humans on the planet.10 years ago Arney chatted with Dr.Helen about the 2. (theme) in her book，Life Changing: How humans are changing life on earth? How animal species 3. (shape) through genetic engineering so far? From Helen’s own genetically 4. (transform) wolves to swift swallows，he heard about some ways humans had changed the animals around.Dr.Alex,5. (manage) of the Royal Zoological Society，discussed how genetics can be used 6. (understand) species’ changing ways.Arney was involved in Alex’s projects stopping animals’ 7. (terrible) cruel purchasing and hunting.Last year，Arney met Dr.Bill.It’s in Bill’s lab 8. he carried out the cloning procedure creating Dolly the Sheep，the first mammal(哺乳动物) from an adult cell in the 1990s.From his lab，Arney 9. (figure) out some puzzles which had been confusing him for long. Arney owes his career in research to his long-sought dream and many outstanding pioneers,10.______ whom he can’t have had such amazing discoveries. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了基因学家Arney博士过去十年探索了人类对物种进化过程的影响。 1．答案　it 解析　考查代词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用it作形式宾语，构成find it＋adj.＋to do 结构，真正的宾语是不定式短语“to ignore the influence of humans on the planet”。故填it。 2．答案　themes 解析　考查名词复数。根据下文中的“How humans are changing life on earth? How animal species (shape) through genetic engineering so far？”可知，书中有两个主题，因此应用可数名词theme的复数形式。故填themes。 3．答案　have been shaped 解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语so far可知，此处应用现在完成时；主语“animal species”与动词shape之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；又因主语表示复数概念，谓语动词也应用复数形式。故填have been shaped。 4．答案　transformed 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，逻辑主语wolves与动词transform之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作定语修饰wolves。故填transformed。 5．答案　manager 解析　考查名词。此处应用名词作同位语，表明Alex博士的身份，表示独一无二的地位或职位的名词作同位语时其前不加冠词。故填manager。 6．答案　to understand 解析　考查非谓语动词。此处表示Alex博士讨论如何利用遗传学来理解物种的改变方式。因此应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to understand。 7．答案　terribly 解析　考查副词。此处应用副词修饰形容词cruel表示程度。故填terribly。 8．答案　that 解析　考查强调句。分析句子结构可知，此处为It is...that...强调句型，且“in Bill’s lab”指地点，应用that。故填that。 9．答案　figured 解析　考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，此处应用一般过去时。故填figured。 10．答案　without 解析　考查介词。根据句意可知，此处表示“没有他们的话，他就不可能有那些令人惊奇的发现”。此处应用介词without表示“没有”；且分析句子结构可知，此处without whom引导非限制性定语从句。故填without。 Ⅲ.应用文写作(共15分) 假定你是李华，上周六恰逢你校科技节之际，清华大学物理学王教授来你校开设讲座。请你为校英文报写一篇报道，内容包括： 1．时间、地点； 2．参加人员； 3．讲座内容：(1)宇宙探索新发现；(2)诺贝尔物理学奖得主的励志故事； 4．讲座反响。 注意：写作词数应为80个左右。 参考词汇：诺贝尔物理学奖the Nobel Physics Prize 参考范文 A Scientific Lecture Last Saturday a scientific lecture，part of the Science Festival of our school，was given by Professor Wang of Physics from Tsinghua University. The lecture，which took place in the school hall，lasted three hours from 7：00 p．m.to 10：00 p．m.All the students of Grade One attended it.Professor Wang enabled us to have a deep understanding of the new discoveries of universe exploration in a popular and simple way.Additionally，he told us some inspiring stories publicly unknown about the winners of the Nobel Physics Prize. The lecture which received high praise and warm response turned out to be a great success.We benefited a lot，for it not only enriched our school life but aroused our keen interest in science. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $