Unit 2 Section Ⅲ Grammar and composition（配套教参Word）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高二英语选修第二册学习笔记（译林版·新教材）

本高中英语讲义聚焦段落要素（主题句、支撑句、结论句）核心知识点，系统讲解主题句的位置与中心思想作用，支撑句的层次（一级、二级）与逻辑特点，结论句的总结呼应功能，通过实例分析与练习构建“理论-示例-应用”的学习支架。 资料特色在于理论与实践深度融合，通过海洋保护、计算机应用等实例培养语言理解与表达能力，借助句子排序、补全练习提升逻辑分析的思维品质。课中辅助教师清晰授课，课后助力学生巩固段落结构知识，查漏补缺，提升写作组织能力。

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and composition—The elements of a paragraph 阅读下面的语段，找出本段的主题句、支撑句和结论句。 ①The ocean plays a key role in our world.②Not only does the ocean offer us sufficient food，but also it maintains the balance of nature.③Thus，it is imperative to protect the ocean.④First of all，what we can do is to place importance on our daily actions.⑤For example，garbage can’t be thrown into the ocean.⑥What’s more，we can also hand out leaflets to call on more people to protect the ocean.⑦The more people are involved，the better the ocean environment will be. 在这个段落中，句①是主题句，提出“海洋在我们的生活中起着非常重要的作用”的观点；句②③是一级支撑句，都支持和说明主题句，具体说明“海洋的作用”，而句④⑤⑥是二级支撑句，用来补充说明句③，通过举例来说明“如何保护海洋”；句⑦是结论句。 段落是构成文章的基本单位，由若干个彼此关联的句子构成，通常用来表达一个中心思想或者从一个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。段落往往包含以下几种类型的句子： 一、主题句(topic sentence) 1．主题句通常陈述一个段落的中心思想或主题，通常在段落的开头，有时出现在段落的中间或结尾。 Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one’s studies or career vary widely.Given approximately equal circumstances，some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck—being in the right place and the right time.Others speak of utter devotion to work，combined with a degree of ruthlessness.Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had.In a word，people have different ideas on it. 本段的主题句“Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one’s studies or career vary widely.”放在段落的开头，开门见山地点明主题，使读者很容易抓住本段的写作主线：对取得学业或事业成功应具备的条件所持的各种不同的观点和看法。 2．不是所有的段落都有主题句。有时上一段落包含一个主题句，而下一段落会延续上一段落的主题。 主题句的作用是要告诉读者该段的主题思想，该段将围绕这个主题思想逐步展开、定义、论述、分类、解释和举例说明等，所以，段落主题句中必须包含一个主导思想，这是一个等待发展的思想，也是段落的主旨所在。 二、支撑句(supporting sentences) 支撑句是用来支持或说明主题句的，是段落主题句的延伸和发展，起着辅助主题句、细化段落中心的作用，对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、或详细阐述和论证，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。 支撑句一般要具备这样的特点：(1)清晰、翔实，有较强的说服力，能清楚地表达思想；(2)条理分明，脉络清晰。上一句要为下一句铺平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地论述或叙述主题。 一个段落通常有若干个支撑句。这些支撑句可以处于同一个层次，共同来为主题句服务；也可以在一级支撑句之下用二级支撑句来支持一级支撑句，从而构成支撑句之间的层次关系。但在段落中如果有多个不同层次的支撑句时，必须要合理地安排它们，既要做到简洁清晰、意义连贯、合乎逻辑，又要做到层次分明并紧紧地围绕主题句，为主题句服务；同时还要注意一级支撑句、二级支撑句等和主题句之间的关系。一级支撑句为主题句服务，二级支撑句支持一级支撑句来说明或论证主题句。 (1)The computer finds many applications in all fields.(2)Computers are now doing almost everything from diagnosing hospital patients to running nuclear power stations.(3)In any field where information is collected，processed，stored，and retrieved，computers are being used more and more.(4)Computers are also used as an aid to design planning.(5)For example，they can be used to predict faults in design as well as the cost of a design if one is planning to build a road. 在这个段落中，句(1)是主题句，提出“计算机在所有领域都有应用”的观点；句(2)(3)(4)是一级支撑句，都支持和说明句(1)，具体说明“计算机都在哪些领域应用”，而句(5)是二级支撑句，用来补充说明句(4)，通过举例来说明“计算机如何辅助规划设计”。 三、结论句(concluding sentence) 结论句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起着非常重要的作用，用来对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点。结论句常和主题句相呼应，以不同的形式再现主题，并与支撑句相关联。但是并非任何段落都必须有结论句才算完整。有的段落，尤其是一些较短的段落中只有主题句而没有结论句。 Scientists believe that there has been life of some sort on the earth for about twelve hundred million years.Such a large figure is difficult to grasp，so let us scale it down and reckon it as one hundred years.We then find that man has been on the earth for about a month，and civilized man for only seven or eight hours.So you see mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life，and we must not expect too much. 本段的结尾句是对全段的总结归纳。它进一步强调了段落的中心思想，以引起读者的注意和重视。 Ⅰ.阅读下面的语段，找出段中的主题句和支撑句 (1)Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.(2)It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices，thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.(3)By drawing attention to new ideas，it helps enormously to raise standards of living.(4)By helping to increase demand，it ensures an increased need for labor，and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.(5)It lowers the costs of many services：without advertisements your daily newspapers would cost four times as much，the price of your television license would need to be doubled，and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more. 本段中的句(1)是段落主题句。句(2)(3)(4)(5)是支撑句，处在同一层次上，进一步阐述和说明主题句。本段没有结论句。 Ⅱ.给下面文章中第二、三、四段中的句子重新排序并指出主题句、支撑句和结论句 Every year，people all around the world throw away billions of plastic spoons，forks and knives.These single-use plastic items wind up in landfills.Motivated to create something that does not pose risks to the environment and living things，an Indian company is offering a creative solution to this problem：eatable spoons! (1)And if you don’t want to eat it，you can throw it into the compost.(2)These eatable spoons，invented by an Indian researcher，offer a waste-free alternative to traditional plastic spoons and are just as functional.(3)When you are done with the spoon，you do not throw it out—you eat it instead! (4)This significantly cuts down on the amount of plastic people use.(5)The spoon will decompose in just a few days once used.(2)主题句/(3)(1)(5)支撑句/(4)结论句 (6)Next，they shape the dough into spoons and bake them.(7)Making the spoons is fairly simple.(8)First，a dough is made out of a blend of flour.(9)Finally，when the spoons come out of the oven，they are ready to use.(10)The eatable spoon has a shelf life of up to two years and is firm enough for hot liquids like soup and frozen foods like ice cream.(7) 主题句/(8)(6)(9)支撑句/(10)结论句 (11)The future of these spoons looks bright and delicious! (12)This way，you can use sweet spoons when you are eating dessert and salty ones when you are eating your main dish.(13)It plans to offer sweet and salty spoon options.(14)The company is still exploring the potential for these spoons.(14)主题句/(13)(12)支撑句/(11)结论句 Ⅲ.完成句子 1．Air pollution is a serious issue in today’s world，and reducing it is a top priority(空气污染是当今世界的一个严重问题，减少空气污染是头等大事).2.First of all，as burning fossil fuels is a major contributor to air pollution，everyone should develop energy-saving habits and lifestyles(首先，由于燃烧化石燃料是导致空气污染的一个主要因素，每个人应该养成节约能源的习惯和生活方式)．This will reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.3.In addition/Besides/Additionally，businesses should behave in an environmentally friendly way(此外，企业应当遵循环保的方式) and consider a hybrid work model that reduces workers’ daily need to commute to work.4.At last/Finally/Eventually，governments should invest more in developing green energy technologies(最后，政府应该在研发绿色能源技术上投资更多) and building infrastructure to increase the use of green energy.All these efforts can help reduce air pollution and its impact，and we can finally cross air pollution off our list of global issues. 训练2　Grammar and composition [分值：35分] Ⅰ.阅读理解(共8题；每小题2.5分，共20分) A With no special equipment，no fences and no watering，two abandoned agricultural fields in the UK have been rewilded(重新野化)，in large part due to the efforts of jays，which actually “engineered” these new woodlands.Researchers now hope that rewilding projects can take a more natural and hands-off approach and that jays can shed some of their bad reputations. The two fields，which researchers have called the New Wilderness and the Old Wilderness，had been abandoned in 1996 and 1961 respectively.The former was a bare field，while the latter was grassland—both lay next to ancient woodlands.Researchers had suspected that the fields would gradually return to wilderness，but it was impressive to see just how quickly this happened，and how much of it was owed to birds. Using aerial data，the researchers monitored the two sites.After just 24 years，the New Wilderness had grown into a young，healthy wood with 132 live trees per hectare，over half of which (57%) were oaks.Meanwhile，the Old Wilderness resembled a mature woodland after 39 years，with 390 trees per hectare. “This native woodland restoration was approaching the structure (but not the species composition) of long-established woodlands within six decades，” the researchers explained in the study. Part of this reforestation was done by the wind，and researchers suspect that previous ground disturbance may have aided the woodland establishment—which is good news，as it would suggest that agricultural areas may be reforested faster than anticipated.However，animals—Eurasian jays，thrushes，wood mice，and squirrels—also played an important role in helping the forests take shape.This handful of species provided much of the natural regeneration needed for the forest to develop.Jays，in particular，seem to have done a lot of heavy lifting. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章通过研究、检测英国的两块废弃农田被重新野生化的过程，得出结论，重新造林速度比预期要快，并且该过程有了风力和一些为数不多的物种的帮助后，能够加速大自然的更新。 1．What does the underlined word “shed” in paragraph 1 refer to? A．Be opposed to. B．Be ashamed of. C．Get used to. D．Get rid of. 答案　D 解析　词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“With no special equipment...in large part due to the efforts of jays”以及后文“some of their bad reputations”可知，松鸦本来是有着坏名声的鸟类，但却帮助两块废弃农田重新野生化。所以是摆脱了坏名声。故选D。 2．Which aspect of the changes in the two fields impressed the researchers? A．The scale of the woodlands. B．The diversity of the fields. C．The rate of the changes. D．The frequency of the wilderness. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“it was impressive to see just how quickly this happened”可知，研究人员认为废弃农田重新野生化的速度非常令人印象深刻。故选C。 3．What does the author want to tell us by providing some data in paragraph 3? A．The woodland restoration was approaching the structure of long-established ones. B．Much of the wilderness of the fields was owed to birds. C．Previous ground disturbance aided the woodland establishment. D．How quickly the fields returned to wilderness over time. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，作者进行了数据的对比，表示仅仅24年，新荒野就变成了树林，而39年后，老荒野就成了成熟的林地。由此可知，作者展示这些数据是为了告诉我们废弃农田重新野生化能有多快。故选D。 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The essential role of humans in the reforestation. B．The factors that contribute to the reforestation. C．The importance of woodland establishment. D．The threats faced by a handful of wild animals. 答案　B 解析　段落大意题。根据最后一段可知，风力、松鸦等因素在重新造林中发挥了重要的作用。由此可知，作者最后一段是在列举促成重新造林的各项因素。故选B。 B California has been using recycled wastewater for many years.A team has used it to make ice surfaces for the game of hockey(冰球运动)．It has been used to make snow for the sport of skiing.And farmers use it to water their crops.But it has not been used directly for drinking water. Recently，California officials approved new rules to let water agencies recycle wastewater and put it right back into the pipes that carry drinking water to homes，schools，and businesses.It is a big step for California. California’s new rules would let—but not require—water agencies to take wastewater，treat it，and then put it right back into the drinking water system.That means proving to people that recycled water is not only safe to drink but also not dirty.California would be just the second US state to permit this，following Colorado.It has taken officials more than 10 years to develop these rules，a process that included several studies by independent groups of scientists. A project in San Diego is aiming to produce nearly half of the city’s water through recycling wastewater by 2035.And the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California aims to produce up to nearly 570 million liters(升) a day for its 19 million people.Adel Hagekhalil is with Metropolitan Water.He said the new rules will permit new projects that have not yet been considered. California’s new rules require the wastewater be treated for all bacteria and viruses，even if they are not present in the wastewater.In fact，the treatment is so intense that it removes all of the minerals that make fresh drinking water taste good.That means the minerals need to be added back at the end of the process.Polhemus is a director of the drinking water group for the California Water Resources Control Board.“It’s at the same drinking water quality，and probably better in many instances，” he said，adding that it takes time and money to build these treatment centers.So，they will only be available for bigger cities at first. 语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。美国加州最近允许水务机构对废水进行循环再利用，将其输送到为家庭、学校和企业提供饮用水的供水管道。 5．What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us about the recycled wastewater? A．Its qualities. B．Its functions. C．Its target users. D．Its disadvantages. 答案　B 解析　段落大意题。根据第一段中的“A team has used it to...farmers use it to water their crops.”可推知，本段主要介绍的是回收的废水的用途。故选B。 6．What do California and Colorado have in common? A．They made some new rules on pollution. B．They spent ten years recycling wastewater. C．They tried to make wastewater safe to drink. D．They requested water agencies to speed up treating water. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“California’s new rules would let—but not require...be just the second US state to permit this，following Colorado.”可知，继科罗拉多州之后，加利福尼亚州将允许水务机构将废水处理后再放回饮用水系统。由此可知，这两个州都试图将废水转化为安全的饮用水。故选C。 7．What is Polhemus’s attitude to turning recycled wastewater to drinking water? A．Doubtful. B．Favorable. C．Pessimistic. D．Indifferent. 答案　B 解析　观点态度题。根据最后一段中Polhemus说的话可知，他认为用回收的废水转化成的饮用水能达到饮用水的质量标准甚至可能优于普通的饮用水，即他对于将回收的废水转化成饮用水的态度是支持的。故选B。 8．What is the best title for the text? A．The Process of Recycling Wastewater Is Complicated B．California Tries to Reduce the Wastewater Generation C．California Permits Turning Wastewater to Drinking Water D．New Wastewater Treatment Projects Have Been Approved 答案　C 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文尤其是第二段可知，文章主要介绍了美国加利福尼亚州最近批准水务机构回收、处理废水后再将其放回到饮用水管道中。由此可知，C项(加利福尼亚州允许将废水转化为饮用水)是本文的最佳标题。故选C。 Ⅱ.完形填空(共15题；每小题1分，共15分) (2025·浙江1月) Manuela Ribeiro has a healthy addiction.It’s 1 .A few months ago，the 30-year-old teacher decided it was time to put her 2 to good use.She signed up on the website Bookalokal，and now welcomes 3 into her Brussels flat twice a week for dinner parties. Ribeiro 4 €35 per person for what is usually a three-course meal that can last up to three hours.For Ribeiro，it has become a perfect platform for 5 her hobby of buying food， 6 new recipes and holding dinner parties. “It’s a great opportunity to share my passion for food and to 7 new people，” said Ribeiro.Sometimes she prepares traditional Brazilian dishes 8 her native home; other times she 9 dinner courses with her favorite beers. The platform has enabled Ribeiro to realise her dream with a great deal of freedom，as 10 to a restaurant where the service is 11 ，the menu is known in advance，and the meal is expected to be no 12 . “But it’s also a great 13 ，for it can sometimes take days to 14 a single event，” Ribeiro said.“This platform is not only 15 for professional cooks，but also for those willing to discover new experiences.” 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了一位巴西裔老师利用社交平台，将其烹饪爱好变成一种新型社交模式的故事。 1．A.reading B．traveling C．cooking D．teaching 答案　C 解析　reading读书；traveling旅行；cooking烹饪；teaching教学。根据下文的“a three-course meal”“her hobby of buying food”“new recipes”“share my passion for food”可知，首句中提到的healthy addiction指的是“烹饪”。故选C项。 2．A.hobby B．energy C．education D．money 答案　A 解析　hobby爱好；energy精力；education教育；money金钱。根据第二段中的“her hobby of buying food...holding dinner parties”可知，这位30岁的女教师决定好好利用她的业余爱好。故选A项。 3．A.coworkers B．students C．relatives D．strangers 答案　D 解析　coworker同事；student学生；relative亲戚；stranger陌生人。根据第三段的“It’s a great opportunity...new people”可知，Ribeiro欢迎陌生人到她的公寓参加晚餐派对，故选D项。 4．A.pays B．charges C．owes D．raises 答案　B 解析　pay支付；charge收费；owe欠；raise提高。根据下文“€35 per person for...”以及“buying food”可知，Ribeiro会向来用餐的人收费。故选B项。 5．A.pursuing B．choosing C．discussing D．changing 答案　A 解析　pursue追求；choose选择；discuss讨论；change改变。下文的“buying food...holding dinner parties”都是Ribeiro追求烹饪爱好的体现，故选A项。 6．A.passing on B．trying out C．going over D．taking down 答案　B 解析　pass on传递；try out尝试；go over复习；take down记录。根据下文的“Sometimes she prepares traditional Brazilian dishes...other times she...favorite beers.”可知，Ribeiro会试做新的食谱。故选B项。 7．A.hire B．help C．meet D．train 答案　C 解析　hire雇用；help帮助；meet遇见；train训练。根据第一段中“She signed up on the website...for dinner parties.”可知，Ribeiro通过平台遇到新的人，故选C项。 8．A.in addition to B．in return for C．in honor of D．in line with 答案　C 解析　in addition to除了；in return for作为对……的回报；in honor of为了纪念；in line with与……一致。根据上文的“she prepares traditional Brazilian dishes”和下文的“her native home”可知，Ribeiro做传统巴西菜肴是为了纪念自己的家乡。故选C项。 9．A.replaces B．tastes C．orders D．pairs 答案　D 解析　replace替代；taste品尝；order订购；pair配对。根据“she... dinner courses with her favorite beers”可知，此处指她给晚餐配上佳酿。故选D项。 10．A.opposed B．related C．subject D．vital 答案　A 解析　opposed截然不同的；related相关的；subject可能受……影响的；vital至关重要的。根据上文“The platform has enabled Ribeiro...a great deal of freedom”可知，Ribeiro烹饪时有很大的自由发挥空间，再结合下文介绍的餐馆的情况可推知，此处是说Ribeiro在家准备宴席不同于餐馆。as opposed to相对于，为固定短语。故选A项。 11．A.invaluable B．impersonal C．unsuitable D．unprofessional 答案　B 解析　invaluable极宝贵的；impersonal缺乏人情味的；unsuitable不合适的；unprofessional不专业的。上文说Ribeiro在家准备宴席时可以自由发挥，此处指相比之下，餐馆服务显得缺乏人情味。故选B项。 12．A.surprise B．end C．need D．problem 答案　A 解析　surprise意想不到的事；end结束；need需要；problem问题。根据上文的“the menu is known in advance”可推知，餐馆的菜品没有新意，不令人惊讶，故选A项。 13．A.lesson B．pleasure C．success D．challenge 答案　D 解析　lesson教训；pleasure快乐；success成功；challenge挑战。根据上文的“But”和下文的“for it can sometimes take days to...a single event”可知，举办晚餐派对也是一项巨大的挑战。故选D项。 14．A.celebrate B．record C．attend D．organise 答案　D 解析　celebrate庆祝；record记录；attend参加；organise组织。根据上文的“it can sometimes take days”和下文的“a single event”可知，此处指在家筹备宴会活动。故选D项。 15．A.selected B．reserved C．evaluated D．requested 答案　B 解析　select选择；reserve保留；evaluate评估；request请求。根据上文的“This platform is not only”和下文的“for professional cooks，but also for...”可知，这个平台并非只为专业厨师保留，也适用于那些乐意发现新体验的人。故选B项。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $