Unit 2 Bridging Cultures 主题类文拓展阅读（配套教参Word）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高二英语选择性必修第二册学习笔记（人教版·新教材）

本讲义聚焦知识获取方法与成年意义两大核心知识点，A篇系统梳理“提问—观察研究—考虑测试—找到答案”的认知步骤及培根、伽利略等挑战传统思想的历史案例，B篇通过澳、中、美三国年轻人视角分析18岁成年的责任与自由，构建从认知规律到社会角色的学习支架。 该资料整合北师大版与外研版教材内容，以阅读理解题、词汇拓展及长难句解析提升语言能力，借科学家突破与跨文化青年案例培养思维品质和文化意识。课中辅助教师引导学生深度探究，课后助力学生巩固语言知识与文化理解，有效弥补学习盲点。

A (选自北师大版选择性必修第二册 Unit 5) Understanding It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding.To start with，we need questions.Then，to find answers，we observe the world around us and study the facts.After that，we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones.Although today we are more used to typing a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to give us an answer，modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world’s problems with this type of analysis—luckily for us. However，in the 17th century when Francis Bacon (1561－1626) suggested that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge，he was going against the views of the day.Although Bacon held an important rank in King James’ royal court of England，his true interest was not the day-to-day，slow and inefficient working style of the government，but the worthy search for knowledge.This was certainly not the interest of most people in his days.At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei (1564－1642)，who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence.The church and many people tended to ignore the facts and didn’t want to challenge what they had always comfortably believed.In fact，when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe，instead of believing him，people chose to believe views that were almost 2,000 years old! It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384－322 BCE)．He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe because it felt like the Earth was standing still.Galilei disagreed.At first，people approved of his studies and urged him to continue，but later when he proved Aristotle wrong，they grew angry and put him in prison.They didn’t want to abandon what they’d always thought as true.And this is still often true today.People make the assumption that if someone important and respected says that something is right，then it must be so.But even though Aristotle was a great man who inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him，he was wrong at times.And Galilei also made mistakes.He is now known as the father of astronomy but he believed that the Earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle.He was wrong. Therefore，our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing.In other words，we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say，“We know it all.” We need to thank the great men of the past for their wisdom.They understood that we don’t know everything and probably never will，for that would mean a world with questions. We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s civilisation is built upon.These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for; more vital to a man，and more beneficial to mankind，some might say，than all the money in the world. 1．What is the correct order to acquire knowledge and understanding? A．observe→study→consider→find the right answers B．question→find the right answers→observe→test C．question→observe and study→consider and test→find the right answers D．acquire the knowledge and understanding→find the right answers→consider and test 答案　C 2．What’s the very first step of Francis Bacon’s type of thinking? A．Raising questions. B．Testing for a right answer. C．Observing the world around us. D．Thinking over the possible answers. 答案　A 3．Why did the writer mention Aristotle and Galilei in paragraph 3? A．Galilie was wrong. B．Aristotle was wrong. C．Everyone can be wrong at times. D．It’s unbelievable for great men to be wrong. 答案　C 4．What did Bacon and Galilei have in common? A．Both contributed a lot to the world. B．Both worked in the royal court of England. C．Neither went against the conventional thought. D．Neither fought for knowledge and understanding. 答案　A 5．What’s the main idea of the passage? A．How we understand others. B．How we acquire knowledge. C．Why we trust our ancestors. D．Why we pass on knowledge. 答案　B 本文是一篇议论文，分为三部分：第一部分(第一段)主要介绍了探索知识的过程；第二部分(第二、三段)通过具体事例向我们展示了几位大思想家探索知识的过程与艰辛；第三部分(第四、五段)总结了这些大思想家敢于挑战权威、敢于质疑，值得我们尊敬，并提出了这种求真务实的精神比任何物质的东西都重要。本文语篇结构清晰，开头引入主题，中间部分详细阐述内容，结尾部分升华主题，引人思考。 1．acquire vt.获得，得到 2．rank n．等级 3．primitive adj.原始的 4．urge vt.强烈要求；敦促→urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的；急切的→urgency n．紧急，迫切 5．abandon vt.放弃；抛弃；舍弃 1．At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei(1564－1642)，who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. [结构分析] 此句是一个由and连接的并列复合句。第二个分句中，主语是people，谓语是were punished；介词短语like Galileo Galilei作people的后置定语，who引导非限制性定语从句，that引导同位语从句；with no one coming to their defence是with复合结构在句中作状语。 [汉语翻译] 那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564－1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 2．We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei，who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s civilisation is built upon. [结构分析] 此句是复合句。who引导非限制性定语从句，该从句中又含有that引导的限制性定语从句。 [汉语翻译] 我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于像培根和伽利略这样的人，正是他们勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影，才帮我们找到了构建当今文明的知识王国。 B (选自外研版选择性必修第二册 Unit 1) The Age of Majority In most countries，turning 18 marks the start of adulthood.But what does reaching this milestone，the age of majority，really mean? Will you be completely in charge of your own life and able to express yourself in new and exciting ways? What new responsibilities will this freedom bring? Here，three young people tell us what turning 18 means，or meant，to them. Bethany 16，Victoria，Australia I can’t wait to be 18.One reason is that although I’ve been working ever since leaving school，I won’t be voting in the next general election.Why? Because I still won’t be old enough.Surely，if you’re old enough to earn a wage and pay taxes，you should be allowed to have a say on how the government spends them！I’ve also been taking driving lessons，and in fact I will be taking my driving test on the very day I turn 18.My mum worries about me being behind the wheel.As an ambulance driver，she’s seen a lot of car accidents involving teenagers and thinks the legal age for getting a driving licence should be 21.But I think I’m already mature enough to understand that driving a car also means taking responsibility for my life and the lives of other people. Lin Ning 19，Shanghai，China I celebrated my 18th birthday just before I went to university.I expected to feel instantly different，as if I had closed the door on my childhood and stepped into a whole new adult world.But it wasn’t like that.When I woke up the next day，there were still rules to obey and lessons to attend.In fact，the change has been more subtle and gradual than I imagined.Instead of being the selfish teenager I used to be，I have begun to feel more aware of other people and to develop a stronger sense of social responsibility.To give an example，I will be signing an organ donation agreement this time tomorrow.This was a big decision for me，so I asked my parents for their approval first.Turning 18 also changed the way that society viewed me.I was really surprised when a bank contacted me with a credit card offer.Of course，I would like to have more freedom with money and no doubt I will be getting a credit card at some point，but I currently don’t have a steady income，so getting a credit card might tempt me to spend more money than I have! Morgan 20，Florida，the US People say that 18 marks a new chapter in our lives，and that we should become more independent.I used to believe this，but the reality for me has been very different.I assumed I’d already have a well-paid job and that I’d be moving into a rented apartment as soon as I turned 18，but how wrong I was！My librarian’s salary means that I’ll be living at home with my parents for a while longer.Because I contribute to the household bills and my commute to work is quite expensive，I find it hard to save any money.I’ll be starting a new job next month，however，so maybe things will get easier.I know I could get a bank loan to pay the deposit on my very own apartment，but I don’t feel ready to make that kind of commitment，and I do like my mom’s cooking.I guess some responsibilities are more about attitude than age. 1．Why can’t Bethany wait to be 18? A．Because she is eager to work. B．Because she wants to leave school. C．Because she desires to vote and drive. D．Because she’s curious about the government’s taxes. 答案　C 2．Which words can be used to describe Lin Ning after his 18th birthday? A．Mature and free. B．Selfish and caring. C．Caring and responsible. D．Independent and generous. 答案　C 3．What is likely Li Ning’s parents’ attitude to his signing an organ donation agreement? A．Negative. B．Neutral. C．Supportive. D．Indifferent. 答案　C 4．Why will Morgan be living at home with his parents for a while longer? A．He has a well-paid job. B．He has to start a new job next month. C．He is independent as expected. D．He earns a low salary being a librarian. 答案　D 5．Which of the following can be another suitable title for the text? A．18—the Age of Indecision B．Teenagers’ Hopes for the Future C．The Right to Vote—Your Views D．Turning 18—What Does It Mean? 答案　D 本文的语篇类型为专栏文章。文章通过三名来自不同国家的学生分别表达自己对18岁的理解与定位，引导学生们体会成年的意义与责任，思考如何完善自己、提升自己，树立积极的人生观与正确的生活态度。 1．milestone n．重大事件，里程碑 2．vote v．投票；选举 3．wage n．(按小时、日或周计算的)工资，薪金 4．tax n．税 pay taxes 交税，纳税 5．subtle adj.难以察觉的；微妙的 6．tempt v．诱惑，引诱 7．commute n．每天上下班的路程 8．deposit n．订金 pay the deposit on...支付……的订金 1．One reason is that although I’ve been working ever since leaving school，I won’t be voting in the next general election. [结构分析] 此句是复合句。that引导表语从句，该从句中含有although引导的让步状语从句。 [汉语翻译] 其中一个原因是虽然我一毕业就工作了，但是我依然不能在下一届大选中投票。 2．But I think I’m already mature enough to understand that driving a car also means taking responsibility for my life and the lives of other people. [结构分析] 此句是复合句。think后面的“I’m already mature...”是省略了that的宾语从句，该从句中的that driving a car also means...是宾语从句，作understand的宾语。 [汉语翻译] 但是我觉得自己已经足够成熟，知道开车也意味着要对自己和他人的生命负责。 3．I assumed I’d already have a well-paid job and that I’d be moving into a rented apartment as soon as I turned 18，but how wrong I was! [结构分析] 此句是一个由but连接的并列复合句。I’d already...和that I’d be moving into...是由and连接的两个宾语从句，作assumed的宾语；其引导词都是that，在第一个从句中that可省略，而在第二个从句中that不可省略。as soon as引导的是时间状语从句。 [汉语翻译] 我以为我一到18岁就能有一份薪水不错的工作，能搬进自己租的公寓，我是多么异想天开呀！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $