专题05 Unit 5 Into the unknown-【语境串考点】一轮高频考点 单元备考学案 -2027届高三英语外研版选择性必修第四册

该高中英语高考复习学案聚焦12个高考高频词汇，以“语境串记语篇”为核心构建“词汇-语境-考点”体系，通过词根拆解、词性变化总表等模块，引导学生从语篇理解到词形、词义、用法的系统梳理，自主建立词汇知识网络，体现考点梳理的系统性和层次性。 亮点在于自主学习支持与语境化应用设计，如“语境串联复盘”通过记忆链复述实现自测，“知识点默写”结合汉语提示完成语篇强化运用，培养语言能力和学习能力。关联阅读融入古文明探索情境，提升文化意识，教师可通过语法填空、写作升级等练习精准把握学情，支持因材施教，助力学生自主诊断与提升。

乐思英语 ·高考高频知识点 专题05【语境串考点】第五单元备考学案（外研版2019） 高考高频知识点：canal / civilisation / notable / pyramid / astronomy / tropical / abandon / ruin / retreat / investigation / substance / equivalent （知识点来源：选修四 Unit 5 · Into the unknown + 高考高频知识点） 学校:______________ 姓名: ______________ 班级: ______________ 座号: ______________ 目录 Part 1 语境串记语篇 1 【英文语篇】 1 【中文译文】 1 Part 2 知识点列表 2 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 2 Part 4 词性变化总表 8 Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 8 【练习题】 8 Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 9 【练习题】 9 Part 7 关联阅读 9 Part 8 写作运用 — 词汇升级 10 Part 9 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 11 Part 1 语境串记语篇 【英文语篇】 Along the canal, an ancient civilisation studied astronomy and built pyramids that still puzzle us today. Their knowledge of the sky seems far ahead of its time. When the tropical climate turned dry, people had to abandon the city, and its great temples fell into ruin. The last citizens retreated into the jungle. Every investigation brings new evidence: a notable discovery may be a simple substance, yet its value is equivalent to gold. 【中文译文】 沿着canal（运河），一个古老的civilisation（文明）研究astronomy（天文学），建造了至今仍令我们困惑的pyramids（金字塔）。他们对天空的了解似乎远超其时代。 当tropical（热带的）气候变得干旱，人们不得不abandon（抛弃）这座城市，宏伟的庙宇沦为ruin（废墟）。最后的居民retreated（撤退）进丛林。 每一次investigation（调查）都带来新证据：一个notable（显著的）发现可能只是简单的substance（物质），其价值却equivalent to（等同于）黄金。 Part 2 知识点列表 序号 知识点 音标 词性 + 释义 + ⚡考点： 1 canal /kəˈnæl/ n. 运河，水道 ⚡考点：a canal town 运河小镇；the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河；a canal system 运河系统 2 civilisation /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ n. 文明 ⚡考点：an ancient civilisation 古老文明；human civilisation 人类文明；civilised adj. 文明的 3 notable /ˈnəʊtəbl/ adj. 显著的，著名的 ⚡考点：a notable discovery 重大发现；notable figures 著名人物；notably adv. 尤其 4 pyramid /ˈpɪrəmɪd/ n. 金字塔 ⚡考点：the pyramids of Egypt 埃及金字塔；a pyramid scheme 金字塔骗局；pyramidal adj. 金字塔形的 5 astronomy /əˈstrɒnəmi/ n. 天文学 ⚡考点：study astronomy 研究天文学；astronomer n. 天文学家；astronomical adj. 天文的 6 tropical /ˈtrɒpɪkl/ adj. 热带的 ⚡考点：a tropical climate 热带气候；tropical rain forests 热带雨林；tropic n. 回归线 7 abandon /əˈbændən/ v. 抛弃，放弃 ⚡考点：abandon the plan 放弃计划；abandon oneself to 沉溺于；abandoned adj. 被抛弃的 8 ruin /ˈruːɪn/ n. 废墟；v. 毁灭 ⚡考点：fall into ruin 沦为废墟；in ruins 成废墟；ruin one's health 毁掉健康 9 retreat /rɪˈtriːt/ v. 撤退，退却；n. 撤退 ⚡考点：retreat from 从…撤退；beat a retreat 撤退；a retreat to 退到 10 investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. 调查 ⚡考点：an investigation into 对…的调查；under investigation 调查中；investigate v. 调查 11 substance /ˈsʌbstəns/ n. 物质；实质 ⚡考点：a chemical substance 化学物质；in substance 本质上；substantial adj. 大量的 12 equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ adj. 等同的；n. 等价物 ⚡考点：be equivalent to 等同于；the equivalent of …的对应物；equivalence n. 等价 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 1. canal /kəˈnæl/ n. 运河，水道 【核心考点】 canal是文化类与地理类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①运河，水道——a canal town（运河小镇）、the Suez Canal（苏伊士运河）、a canal system（运河系统）；②（人体）管道——the alimentary canal（消化道）。辨析：canal（人工运河/水道）vs channel（海峡/频道）vs river（河流）vs waterway（水道，总称）。写作金句：A canal is a road made of water, carrying trade, ideas and dreams between distant lands（运河是用流水铺成的路，把贸易、思想与梦想运往远方）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语canalis"管道，沟渠"（canna"芦苇"）→ 芦苇管→ 水道。联想：can"管"→ canal（运河）、channel（海峡）、cane（藤条）。记住：canal = 芦苇做的管道。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：canal在教材与真题中常作"运河小镇/水道"语境，如the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang（邻近的南翔运河小镇，2023新高考I卷原句）——小笼包发源地的地理提示。 【真题原句】 （2023新高考I卷·语法填空真题）"Shanghai may be the recognized home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiaolongbao's birthplace."（上海也许是小笼包公认的家乡，但美食史学家会告诉你，邻近的运河小镇南翔才是小笼包的发源地。）（真题原句·canal 运河） 【搭配词块】 a canal town 运河小镇 / the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河 / a canal system 运河系统 / channel n. 海峡 2. civilisation /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ n. 文明 【核心考点】 civilisation是文化类与议论文语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①文明——an ancient civilisation（古老文明）、human civilisation（人类文明）、the rise and fall of civilisations（文明的兴衰）；②（集合）文明社会。派生词：civilise v. 使文明；civilised adj. 文明的→ a civilised society（文明社会）；civil adj. 公民的。辨析：civilisation（文明，整体文化成就）vs culture（文化）vs society（社会）vs civilisation与civilization（英/美拼写）。写作金句：Every civilisation is a library of choices, and history reads them aloud to those who listen（每个文明都是一座选择之库，历史向倾听者大声诵读）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语civilis"公民的"（civis"公民"）→ 公民社会→ 文明。联想：civ"公民"→ civilisation（文明）、civil（公民的）、city（城市）。记住：civilisation = 公民生活之道。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：civilisation与civilization为英/美拼写差异，阅读中均需识别；真题原句the dangers of everyday civilization（日常文明的危险，2021北京卷）用美式拼写。 【真题原句】 （2021北京卷·阅读真题）"Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization."（崩溃学——关于崩溃的研究——更关注识别趋势，以及随之而来的日常文明面临的危险。）（真题原句·civilisation 文明） 【搭配词块】 an ancient civilisation 古老文明 / human civilisation 人类文明 / civilised adj. 文明的 / civil adj. 公民的 3. notable /ˈnəʊtəbl/ adj. 显著的，著名的 【核心考点】 notable是说明文与议论文语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①显著的，值得注意的——a notable discovery（重大发现）、notable progress（显著进步）；②著名的——notable figures（著名人物）。派生词：notably adv. 尤其，显著地→ notably absent（明显缺席）；note n./v. 笔记；注意；noted adj. 著名的（同根）。辨析：notable（显著的/著名的）vs noted（著名的，因…闻名）vs famous（出名的）vs remarkable（非凡的）。写作金句：A notable discovery may be a simple substance, for greatness often hides in plain things（重大发现可能只是简单的物质，因为伟大常藏于平凡之中）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语notabilis"值得注意的"（notare"标记"，nota"记号"）→ 值得做记号→ 显著的。联想：not"标记"→ notable（显著的）、note（笔记）、noted（著名的）。记住：notable = 值得标注的。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：notable的同根形容词noted（著名的）在真题中常见，如a noted historian of technology（一位著名的科技史学家，2022年1月浙江卷原句）；两者均为note的形容词派生。 【真题原句】 （2022年1月浙江卷·阅读真题）"Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel."（克莱因——一位著名的科技史学家——把叙事讲得如此生动，有时读起来像小说。）（真题原句·noted 著名的；为 notable 的同根形容词） 【搭配词块】 a notable discovery 重大发现 / notable figures 著名人物 / notably adv. 尤其 / noted adj. 著名的 4. pyramid /ˈpɪrəmɪd/ n. 金字塔 【核心考点】 pyramid是文化类与历史类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①金字塔——the pyramids of Egypt（埃及金字塔）、a pyramid of stone（石头金字塔）；②金字塔形物——a pyramid of fruit（堆成金字塔的水果）；③（金融）金字塔骗局——a pyramid scheme（传销）。派生词：pyramidal adj. 金字塔形的；pyramiding n. 金字塔式累积。辨析：pyramid（金字塔）vs triangle（三角形）vs cone（圆锥体）vs peak（山峰）。写作金句：A pyramid stands because each stone carries its share; so does a family, a city, a civilisation（金字塔立得住，因为每块石头都分担重量；家庭、城市、文明亦然）。 【词根联想】 希腊语pyramis"金字塔"（可能源自埃及语）→ 金字塔。联想：pyramid本义为"小麦蛋糕"（形状像堆起的麦堆）→ 金字塔。记住：pyramid = 尖顶堆。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：pyramid在经济学语境中指"金字塔式结构"，如a pyramid scheme（金字塔骗局/传销），阅读与经济类语篇中偶见，需按语境理解。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The pyramids still puzzle us today, for their stones fit a pattern the sky itself seems to approve."（金字塔至今仍令我们困惑，因为它们的石料遵循着连天空都似乎认可的图案。）（经典原句·pyramid 金字塔） 【搭配词块】 the pyramids of Egypt 埃及金字塔 / a pyramid scheme 金字塔骗局 / pyramidal adj. 金字塔形的 / a pyramid of 金字塔形的一堆 5. astronomy /əˈstrɒnəmi/ n. 天文学 【核心考点】 astronomy是科普类与文化类语篇的高频名词（不可数）。用法要点：①天文学——study astronomy（研究天文学）、the science of astronomy（天文学）；②相关——an astronomer（天文学家）、astronomical（天文的；天文数字的）。派生词：astronomer n. 天文学家；astronomical adj. 天文学的；astronomically adv. 天文学上。辨析：astronomy（天文学）vs astrology（占星术）——易混词；astronaut（宇航员）。写作金句：Astronomy is the oldest conversation between humans and the sky, and every star is a word in it（天文学是人类与天空最古老的对话，每颗星星都是其中的一个词）。 【词根联想】 希腊语astronomia"天文"（astron"星"+nomos"法则"）→ 星辰的法则。联想：astro"星"→ astronomy（天文学）、astronaut（宇航员）、asteroid（小行星）。记住：astro + nomy = 星辰之学。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：astronomy与astrology（占星术）仅一词之差，含义迥异，为阅读词汇辨析考点；astronomical可引申为"天文数字般的"（astronomical prices天价）。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"An ancient civilisation studied astronomy and built pyramids aligned with the stars, reading the sky like a calendar."（一个古老的文明研究天文学，建造与星辰对齐的金字塔，把天空当作日历阅读。）（经典原句·astronomy 天文学） 【搭配词块】 study astronomy 研究天文学 / astronomer n. 天文学家 / astronomical adj. 天文的 / astrological adj. 占星术的 6. tropical /ˈtrɒpɪkl/ adj. 热带的 【核心考点】 tropical是地理类与科普类语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①热带的——a tropical climate（热带气候）、tropical rain forests（热带雨林）、tropical storms（热带风暴）；②搭配——tropical diseases（热带疾病）、tropical fruit（热带水果）。派生词：tropic n. 回归线→ the Tropic of Cancer（北回归线）；tropics n. 热带地区→ in the tropics（在热带）。辨析：tropical（热带的）vs subtropical（亚热带的）vs temperate（温带的）vs equatorial（赤道的）。写作金句：A tropical climate can feed a city for centuries, and starve it in a single dry season（热带气候能喂养一座城市数百年，也能在一个干旱季节让它挨饿）。 【词根联想】 希腊语tropikos"转向的"（tropos"转向"）→ 太阳转向之处（回归线）→ 热带的。联想：trop"转"→ tropical（热带的）、tropic（回归线）、trope（转义）。记住：tropical = 太阳折返之处。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：tropical多作定语修饰气候/植物/疾病；tropics（the tropics）作名词表"热带地区"，如living in the tropics（生活在热带），阅读中注意名词与形容词转换。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"When the tropical climate turned dry, the canals dried up and the fields turned to dust."（当热带气候变得干旱，运河干涸，田野化为尘土。）（经典原句·tropical 热带的） 【搭配词块】 a tropical climate 热带气候 / tropical rain forests 热带雨林 / tropical storms 热带风暴 / the tropics 热带地区 7. abandon /əˈbændən/ v. 抛弃，放弃 【核心考点】 abandon是记叙文与说明文语篇的高频动词（及物）。用法要点：①抛弃，遗弃——abandon the city（抛弃城市）、abandon one's family（抛弃家庭）；②放弃——abandon the plan（放弃计划）、abandon hope（放弃希望）；③沉溺于——abandon oneself to（沉溺于）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：abandoned adj. 被抛弃的→ an abandoned house（废弃的房屋）；abandonment n. 抛弃。辨析：abandon（抛弃，彻底放弃）vs desert（遗弃，逃离）vs give up（放弃，口语）vs quit（退出）。写作金句：A people who abandon their rivers may keep their cities for a season, but not for a century（抛弃河流的民族或许能守住城市一季，却守不住一个世纪）。 【词根联想】 古法语abandonner"交出，放弃"（a-"向"+bandon"控制权"）→ 交出控制→ 放弃。联想：ban"控制"→ abandon（放弃）、ban（禁止）、bandit（强盗）。记住：a + bandon = 交出掌控。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：abandon的过去分词abandoned常作定语表"被废弃的"，如an abandoned village（废弃的村庄）；abandon oneself to（沉溺于）为书面表达。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"One by one, families decided to abandon their homes, and the great temples began to fall into ruin."（一家接一家，人们决定抛弃家园，宏伟的庙宇开始沦为废墟。）（经典原句·abandon 抛弃） 【搭配词块】 abandon the plan 放弃计划 / abandon hope 放弃希望 / an abandoned house 废弃的房屋 / abandon oneself to 沉溺于 8. ruin /ˈruːɪn/ n. 废墟；v. 毁灭 【核心考点】 ruin是记叙文与说明文语篇的高频名词/动词。用法要点：①（名词）废墟——fall into ruin（沦为废墟）、in ruins（成废墟）、the ruins of the temple（庙宇废墟）；②（动词）毁灭——ruin one's health（毁掉健康）、ruin the plan（毁掉计划）。派生词：ruined adj. 毁坏的→ a ruined city（毁坏的城市）。辨析：ruin（废墟/毁灭）vs destroy（摧毁）vs damage（损坏）vs wreck（破坏，船只）。写作金句：The jungle grew over the plazas, and the city became a secret kept by trees — such is the patience of ruin（丛林覆过广场，城市成了树木守着的秘密——废墟的耐心便是如此）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语ruina"倒塌"（ruere"倒下"）→ 倒塌之物→ 废墟。联想：ru"倒下"→ ruin（废墟）、ruin（毁灭）。记住：ruin = 倒下的东西。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：in ruins（成废墟）与fall into ruin（沦为废墟）为高频短语；ruin作动词时"毁掉"的用法如The storm ruined our trip（暴风雨毁掉了我们的旅行）亦为阅读常考。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The great temples fell into ruin, and the jungle, patient as ever, grew over the silent plazas."（宏伟的庙宇沦为废墟，丛林一如既往地耐心，覆过寂静的广场。）（经典原句·ruin 废墟） 【搭配词块】 fall into ruin 沦为废墟 / in ruins 成废墟 / the ruins of …的废墟 / ruin one's health 毁掉健康 9. retreat /rɪˈtriːt/ v. 撤退，退却；n. 撤退 【核心考点】 retreat是记叙文与说明文语篇的高频动词/名词。用法要点：①（动词）撤退，退却——retreat from（从…撤退）、retreat into（退入）；②（名词）撤退——beat a retreat（撤退）；隐居处——a mountain retreat（山间隐居处）。辨析：retreat（撤退，主动后撤）vs withdraw（撤回，正式）vs flee（逃离，仓皇）vs recede（退去，水）。写作金句：The last citizens retreated into the jungle, and the jungle received them as it receives all things that wait（最后的居民退入丛林，丛林如接纳一切等待之物般接纳了他们）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语retrahere"拉回"（re-"回"+trahere"拉"）→ 拉回→ 撤退。联想：tract"拉"→ retreat（撤退）、attract（吸引）、extract（提取）。记住：re + treat = 拉回来。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：retreat的名词义"隐居处、静修所"（a country retreat乡村隐居处）与动词义"撤退"并存，阅读中按语境判断；retreat from reality（逃避现实）为引申用法。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The last citizens retreated into the jungle, carrying their gods toward higher ground."（最后的居民退入丛林，带着他们的神走向更高的地方。）（经典原句·retreat 撤退） 【搭配词块】 retreat from 从…撤退 / retreat into 退入 / beat a retreat 撤退 / a mountain retreat 山间隐居处 10. investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. 调查 【核心考点】 investigation是说明文与新闻报道类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①调查——an investigation into（对…的调查）、under investigation（调查中）、carry out an investigation（进行调查）；②（科研）探究。派生词是语法填空高频考点：investigate v. 调查→ investigate the cause（调查原因）；investigator n. 调查者；investigative adj. 调查性的。辨析：investigation（调查，正式）vs research（研究）vs inquiry（询问/调查）vs exploration（探索）。写作金句：Every investigation begins with a question, and every great discovery begins with a quiet one（每一次调查都始于一个问题，每一项伟大发现都始于一个安静的问题）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语investigare"追踪"（in-"进入"+vestigium"脚印"）→ 循着脚印→ 调查。联想：vestig"脚印"→ investigation（调查）、vestige（痕迹）。记住：in + vestig = 循迹而查。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：investigation常与into搭配（an investigation into...），under investigation（接受调查）为新闻高频短语；动词investigate为语法填空常考词。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Centuries later, an investigation began, and digging through the roots, explorers uncovered a notable discovery."（数百年后，一场调查开始了；挖开树根，探索者们有了一个重大发现。）（经典原句·investigation 调查） 【搭配词块】 an investigation into 对…的调查 / under investigation 调查中 / carry out an investigation 进行调查 / investigate v. 调查 11. substance /ˈsʌbstəns/ n. 物质；实质 【核心考点】 substance是科普类与说明文语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①物质——a chemical substance（化学物质）、a dangerous substance（危险物质）；②实质，内容——in substance（本质上）、the substance of the report（报告的实质）。派生词：substantial adj. 大量的，坚固的→ substantial evidence（确凿证据）；substantiate v. 证实。辨析：substance（物质/实质）vs matter（物质，总称）vs material（材料）vs element（元素）。写作金句：A simple substance, carved with care, can outlast the empire that once valued it（一种简单的物质，经悉心雕刻，能比曾珍视它的帝国活得更久）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语substantia"本质，存在"（sub-"下"+stare"站"）→ 立于其下的东西→ 实质。联想：st"站"→ substance（实质）、substantial（坚固的）、stable（稳定的）。记住：sub + stance = 立在其下。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：substance的形容词substantial（大量的/坚固的）为阅读高频，如substantial evidence（确凿证据）；in substance（本质上）为书面短语。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Simple tools made of a substance once as precious as gold were carved into masks for the dead."（用一种曾经比黄金还珍贵的物质制成的简单工具，被雕成献给亡者的面具。）（经典原句·substance 物质） 【搭配词块】 a chemical substance 化学物质 / a dangerous substance 危险物质 / in substance 本质上 / substantial adj. 大量的 12. equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ adj. 等同的；n. 等价物 【核心考点】 equivalent是说明文与议论文语篇的高频形容词/名词。用法要点：①（形容词）等同的——be equivalent to（等同于）、an equivalent amount（等量）；②（名词）等价物，对应物——the equivalent of（…的对应物）、the English equivalent（英文对应词）。派生词：equivalence n. 等价；equivalently adv. 等价地。辨析：equivalent（等同的，价值/作用相当）vs equal（相等的，数量/地位）vs identical（完全相同的）vs similar（相似的）。写作金句：A day of rain in the desert is equivalent to a year of treasure, for timing decides value（沙漠中的一场雨等同于一年的财富，因为时机决定价值）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语aequivalere"价值相等"（aequus"相等"+valere"价值"）→ 价值相当。联想：equ"相等"→ equivalent（等同的）、equal（相等的）、equation（等式）；val"价值"→ value（价值）。记住：equi + valent = 价值相当。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：equivalent作名词表"对应物"，如the Chinese equivalent of a fairy tale（童话的中文对应物）；be equivalent to后接名词/动名词，为语法填空与写作考点。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"In that ancient world, the green stone was equivalent to wealth, carved into jewellery for the living."（在那个古老的世界里，绿石等同于财富，被雕成活人佩戴的珠宝。）（经典原句·equivalent 等同的） 【搭配词块】 be equivalent to 等同于 / the equivalent of …的对应物 / an equivalent amount 等量 / equivalence n. 等价 Part 4 词性变化总表 原词 派生词1 派生词2 派生词3 核心搭配 canal canals (n.复数) canalise (v.) --- a canal town / a canal system civilisation civilise (v.) civilised (adj.) civil (adj.) an ancient civilisation / human civilisation notable notably (adv.) note (n./v.) noted (adj.) a notable discovery / notable figures pyramid pyramids (n.复数) pyramidal (adj.) --- the pyramids of Egypt / a pyramid scheme astronomy astronomer (n.) astronomical (adj.) astronomically (adv.) study astronomy / an astronomer tropical tropic (n.) tropics (n.热带地区) --- a tropical climate / tropical rain forests abandon abandoned (adj.) abandonment (n.) --- abandon the plan / an abandoned house ruin ruined (adj.) ruins (n.废墟) --- fall into ruin / in ruins retreat retreating (adj.) --- --- retreat from / retreat into investigation investigate (v.) investigator (n.) investigative (adj.) an investigation into / under investigation substance substantial (adj.) substantiate (v.) --- a chemical substance / in substance equivalent equivalence (n.) equivalently (adv.) --- be equivalent to / the equivalent of Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 【练习题】 1.（2023新高考I卷·语法填空·改编）Food historians point to the neighboring ____________ (canals) town of Nanxiang. 2.（2021北京卷·阅读·改编）Collapseology studies the dangers of everyday ____________ (civilised). 3.（2022年1月浙江卷·阅读·改编）Klein, a ____________ (note) historian of technology, writes a lively narrative. 4.（2026山东济南·模拟）The ____________ (canals) system once connected two seas. 5.（2026广东广州·模拟）The ____________ (civilise) studied astronomy and built great pyramids. 6.（2026江苏南京·模拟）The ancient people studied ____________ (astronomically) to predict the seasons. 7.（2026浙江杭州·模拟）They built great ____________ (pyramid) that still puzzle us today. 8.（2026四川成都·模拟）The ____________ (tropic) climate turned dry and harsh. 9.（2026湖北武汉·模拟）People had to ____________ (abandoned) the city when water ran out. 10.（2026河北石家庄·模拟）The great temples fell into ____________ (ruined) over the centuries. 11.（2026福建厦门·模拟）The last citizens ____________ (retreating) into the jungle to survive. 12.（2026安徽合肥·模拟）Every ____________ (investigate) brings new evidence to light. 13.（2026陕西西安·模拟）A ____________ (notably) discovery changed the whole field. 14.（2026湖南长沙·模拟）The cave held a strange ____________ (substantial) that no one could name. 15.（2026河南郑州·模拟）Its value is ____________ (equivalence) to that of gold. Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 【练习题】 沿着____________（运河），古老____________（文明）研究____________（天文学），建造至今令人困惑的____________（金字塔）。 ____________（热带的）气候变干，人们____________（抛弃）城市，庙宇沦为____________（废墟），居民____________（撤退）入丛林。每一次____________（调查）带来新证据：____________（显著的）发现可能只是简单____________（物质），价值却____________（等同于）黄金。 Part 7 关联阅读 Deep in the forest, an old canal still runs between the ruins, its water clear after centuries. Along its banks once stood a great civilisation that studied astronomy with astonishing skill. They built pyramids aligned with the stars, and their calendars were so precise that modern scholars still argue about how they were made. Their knowledge was written not in books but in stone, and the stars themselves were their pages. When the rains failed, the canals dried up, and the fields turned to dust. The people did not disappear overnight; they left slowly, carrying their tools and their gods toward higher ground. Historians still disagree about the cause, but the pattern is written clearly in the layers of dust and clay. The tropical climate had always been generous, feeding a city of thousands. Then the drought came, year after year, and the earth cracked under the sun. Farmers could no longer feed their families, and the priests could not explain the anger of the sky. One by one, families decided to abandon their homes, and the great temples began to fall into ruin. The last citizens retreated into the jungle, and the jungle, patient as ever, grew over the plazas. The forest claimed the streets, and birds nested where traders once shouted prices. Within a few generations, the city was a secret kept by trees. The vines wrapped the doorways, and the silence grew deep where drums had once marked the hours. Centuries later, an investigation began. Digging through the roots, explorers uncovered a notable discovery: simple tools made of a substance that was once as precious as gold. In that ancient world, the green stone was equivalent to wealth, carved into masks for the dead and jewellery for the living. Scientists still study the objects, trying to understand the minds that shaped them. The city is silent now, but every artefact tells a story, and every story reminds us that civilisations rise by their rivers and fall by their choices. Yet the deeper lesson is not about the past at all, but about how we use our own rivers today. 1. What did the ancient civilisation study with astonishing skill? A. Astronomy. B. Cooking. C. Music. D. Medicine. 2. Why did the people leave their city? A. The canals were blocked by fallen trees. B. The tropical climate turned dry and the fields became dust. C. The priests ordered them to move to higher ground. D. The jungle animals attacked the city. 3. What did the explorers find during the investigation? A. A map leading to a hidden cave. B. A shipwreck full of gold coins. C. Tools made of a substance once as precious as gold. D. Letters written by the last king. 4. What is the main lesson of the passage? A. Pyramids are the greatest buildings in history. B. Farmers should always plant extra food. C. The jungle always wins against human cities. D. Civilisations rise by their rivers and fall by their choices. 📖 本语篇覆盖的目标词汇：canal, civilisation, notable, pyramid, astronomy, tropical, abandon, ruin, retreat, investigation, substance, equivalent Part 8 写作运用 — 词汇升级 同义转换：用本专题词汇替换下面句中的普通词，提升写作表达 1. A waterway built by people still runs through the old town. → A ____________ still runs through the old town. 2. The ancient society reached a high level of culture and progress. → The ancient ____________ reached a high level of culture and progress. 3. The scientist made an important and remarkable discovery last year. → The scientist made a ____________ discovery last year. 4. The stone buildings in the shape of pointed towers are famous worldwide. → The ____________s are famous worldwide. 5. The study of stars and planets began thousands of years ago. → ____________ began thousands of years ago. 6. The hot and wet climate of the area supports many plants. → The ____________ climate of the area supports many plants. 7. The villagers had to leave the city behind when the flood came. → The villagers had to ____________ the city when the flood came. 8. The old castle became a pile of broken stones after the war. → The old castle fell into ____________ after the war. 9. The army moved back from the front line at night. → The army ____________ed from the front line at night. 10. The police began a careful inquiry into the strange case. → The police began an ____________ into the strange case. 11. The box contains a strange material that we cannot name. → The box contains a strange ____________ that we cannot name. 12. One kilometre is the same in distance as about 0.6 mile. → One kilometre is ____________ to about 0.6 mile. Part 9 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 遮挡提示，尝试用12个目标词复述下面这条记忆链： 记忆链：canal → civilisation → notable → pyramid → astronomy → tropical → abandon → ruin → retreat → investigation → substance → equivalent 复述模板（填空）： 沿着____________（运河），古老____________（文明）研究____________（天文学），建造____________（金字塔）；____________（显著的）知识刻于石上。 ____________（热带的）气候变干，人们____________（抛弃）城市，庙宇沦为____________（废墟），居民____________（撤退）。百年后____________（调查）发现：简单____________（物质）价值____________（等同于）黄金。 你的复述： __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $乐思英语 ·高考高频知识点 专题05【语境串考点】第五单元备考学案（外研版2019） 高考高频知识点：canal / civilisation / notable / pyramid / astronomy / tropical / abandon / ruin / retreat / investigation / substance / equivalent （知识点来源：选修四 Unit 5 · Into the unknown + 高考高频知识点） 学校:______________ 姓名: ______________ 班级: ______________ 座号: ______________ 目录 Part 1 语境串记语篇 1 【英文语篇】 1 【中文译文】 1 Part 2 知识点列表 2 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 2 Part 4 词性变化总表 8 Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 8 【练习题】 8 Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 9 【练习题】 9 Part 7 关联阅读 10 Part 8 写作运用 — 词汇升级 11 Part 9 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 12 Part 1 语境串记语篇 【英文语篇】 Along the canal, an ancient civilisation studied astronomy and built pyramids that still puzzle us today. Their knowledge of the sky seems far ahead of its time. When the tropical climate turned dry, people had to abandon the city, and its great temples fell into ruin. The last citizens retreated into the jungle. Every investigation brings new evidence: a notable discovery may be a simple substance, yet its value is equivalent to gold. 【中文译文】 沿着canal（运河），一个古老的civilisation（文明）研究astronomy（天文学），建造了至今仍令我们困惑的pyramids（金字塔）。他们对天空的了解似乎远超其时代。 当tropical（热带的）气候变得干旱，人们不得不abandon（抛弃）这座城市，宏伟的庙宇沦为ruin（废墟）。最后的居民retreated（撤退）进丛林。 每一次investigation（调查）都带来新证据：一个notable（显著的）发现可能只是简单的substance（物质），其价值却equivalent to（等同于）黄金。 Part 2 知识点列表 序号 知识点 音标 词性 + 释义 + ⚡考点： 1 canal /kəˈnæl/ n. 运河，水道 ⚡考点：a canal town 运河小镇；the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河；a canal system 运河系统 2 civilisation /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ n. 文明 ⚡考点：an ancient civilisation 古老文明；human civilisation 人类文明；civilised adj. 文明的 3 notable /ˈnəʊtəbl/ adj. 显著的，著名的 ⚡考点：a notable discovery 重大发现；notable figures 著名人物；notably adv. 尤其 4 pyramid /ˈpɪrəmɪd/ n. 金字塔 ⚡考点：the pyramids of Egypt 埃及金字塔；a pyramid scheme 金字塔骗局；pyramidal adj. 金字塔形的 5 astronomy /əˈstrɒnəmi/ n. 天文学 ⚡考点：study astronomy 研究天文学；astronomer n. 天文学家；astronomical adj. 天文的 6 tropical /ˈtrɒpɪkl/ adj. 热带的 ⚡考点：a tropical climate 热带气候；tropical rain forests 热带雨林；tropic n. 回归线 7 abandon /əˈbændən/ v. 抛弃，放弃 ⚡考点：abandon the plan 放弃计划；abandon oneself to 沉溺于；abandoned adj. 被抛弃的 8 ruin /ˈruːɪn/ n. 废墟；v. 毁灭 ⚡考点：fall into ruin 沦为废墟；in ruins 成废墟；ruin one's health 毁掉健康 9 retreat /rɪˈtriːt/ v. 撤退，退却；n. 撤退 ⚡考点：retreat from 从…撤退；beat a retreat 撤退；a retreat to 退到 10 investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. 调查 ⚡考点：an investigation into 对…的调查；under investigation 调查中；investigate v. 调查 11 substance /ˈsʌbstəns/ n. 物质；实质 ⚡考点：a chemical substance 化学物质；in substance 本质上；substantial adj. 大量的 12 equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ adj. 等同的；n. 等价物 ⚡考点：be equivalent to 等同于；the equivalent of …的对应物；equivalence n. 等价 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 1. canal /kəˈnæl/ n. 运河，水道 【核心考点】 canal是文化类与地理类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①运河，水道——a canal town（运河小镇）、the Suez Canal（苏伊士运河）、a canal system（运河系统）；②（人体）管道——the alimentary canal（消化道）。辨析：canal（人工运河/水道）vs channel（海峡/频道）vs river（河流）vs waterway（水道，总称）。写作金句：A canal is a road made of water, carrying trade, ideas and dreams between distant lands（运河是用流水铺成的路，把贸易、思想与梦想运往远方）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语canalis"管道，沟渠"（canna"芦苇"）→ 芦苇管→ 水道。联想：can"管"→ canal（运河）、channel（海峡）、cane（藤条）。记住：canal = 芦苇做的管道。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：canal在教材与真题中常作"运河小镇/水道"语境，如the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang（邻近的南翔运河小镇，2023新高考I卷原句）——小笼包发源地的地理提示。 【真题原句】 （2023新高考I卷·语法填空真题）"Shanghai may be the recognized home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiaolongbao's birthplace."（上海也许是小笼包公认的家乡，但美食史学家会告诉你，邻近的运河小镇南翔才是小笼包的发源地。）（真题原句·canal 运河） 【搭配词块】 a canal town 运河小镇 / the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河 / a canal system 运河系统 / channel n. 海峡 2. civilisation /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ n. 文明 【核心考点】 civilisation是文化类与议论文语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①文明——an ancient civilisation（古老文明）、human civilisation（人类文明）、the rise and fall of civilisations（文明的兴衰）；②（集合）文明社会。派生词：civilise v. 使文明；civilised adj. 文明的→ a civilised society（文明社会）；civil adj. 公民的。辨析：civilisation（文明，整体文化成就）vs culture（文化）vs society（社会）vs civilisation与civilization（英/美拼写）。写作金句：Every civilisation is a library of choices, and history reads them aloud to those who listen（每个文明都是一座选择之库，历史向倾听者大声诵读）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语civilis"公民的"（civis"公民"）→ 公民社会→ 文明。联想：civ"公民"→ civilisation（文明）、civil（公民的）、city（城市）。记住：civilisation = 公民生活之道。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：civilisation与civilization为英/美拼写差异，阅读中均需识别；真题原句the dangers of everyday civilization（日常文明的危险，2021北京卷）用美式拼写。 【真题原句】 （2021北京卷·阅读真题）"Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization."（崩溃学——关于崩溃的研究——更关注识别趋势，以及随之而来的日常文明面临的危险。）（真题原句·civilisation 文明） 【搭配词块】 an ancient civilisation 古老文明 / human civilisation 人类文明 / civilised adj. 文明的 / civil adj. 公民的 3. notable /ˈnəʊtəbl/ adj. 显著的，著名的 【核心考点】 notable是说明文与议论文语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①显著的，值得注意的——a notable discovery（重大发现）、notable progress（显著进步）；②著名的——notable figures（著名人物）。派生词：notably adv. 尤其，显著地→ notably absent（明显缺席）；note n./v. 笔记；注意；noted adj. 著名的（同根）。辨析：notable（显著的/著名的）vs noted（著名的，因…闻名）vs famous（出名的）vs remarkable（非凡的）。写作金句：A notable discovery may be a simple substance, for greatness often hides in plain things（重大发现可能只是简单的物质，因为伟大常藏于平凡之中）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语notabilis"值得注意的"（notare"标记"，nota"记号"）→ 值得做记号→ 显著的。联想：not"标记"→ notable（显著的）、note（笔记）、noted（著名的）。记住：notable = 值得标注的。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：notable的同根形容词noted（著名的）在真题中常见，如a noted historian of technology（一位著名的科技史学家，2022年1月浙江卷原句）；两者均为note的形容词派生。 【真题原句】 （2022年1月浙江卷·阅读真题）"Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel."（克莱因——一位著名的科技史学家——把叙事讲得如此生动，有时读起来像小说。）（真题原句·noted 著名的；为 notable 的同根形容词） 【搭配词块】 a notable discovery 重大发现 / notable figures 著名人物 / notably adv. 尤其 / noted adj. 著名的 4. pyramid /ˈpɪrəmɪd/ n. 金字塔 【核心考点】 pyramid是文化类与历史类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①金字塔——the pyramids of Egypt（埃及金字塔）、a pyramid of stone（石头金字塔）；②金字塔形物——a pyramid of fruit（堆成金字塔的水果）；③（金融）金字塔骗局——a pyramid scheme（传销）。派生词：pyramidal adj. 金字塔形的；pyramiding n. 金字塔式累积。辨析：pyramid（金字塔）vs triangle（三角形）vs cone（圆锥体）vs peak（山峰）。写作金句：A pyramid stands because each stone carries its share; so does a family, a city, a civilisation（金字塔立得住，因为每块石头都分担重量；家庭、城市、文明亦然）。 【词根联想】 希腊语pyramis"金字塔"（可能源自埃及语）→ 金字塔。联想：pyramid本义为"小麦蛋糕"（形状像堆起的麦堆）→ 金字塔。记住：pyramid = 尖顶堆。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：pyramid在经济学语境中指"金字塔式结构"，如a pyramid scheme（金字塔骗局/传销），阅读与经济类语篇中偶见，需按语境理解。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The pyramids still puzzle us today, for their stones fit a pattern the sky itself seems to approve."（金字塔至今仍令我们困惑，因为它们的石料遵循着连天空都似乎认可的图案。）（经典原句·pyramid 金字塔） 【搭配词块】 the pyramids of Egypt 埃及金字塔 / a pyramid scheme 金字塔骗局 / pyramidal adj. 金字塔形的 / a pyramid of 金字塔形的一堆 5. astronomy /əˈstrɒnəmi/ n. 天文学 【核心考点】 astronomy是科普类与文化类语篇的高频名词（不可数）。用法要点：①天文学——study astronomy（研究天文学）、the science of astronomy（天文学）；②相关——an astronomer（天文学家）、astronomical（天文的；天文数字的）。派生词：astronomer n. 天文学家；astronomical adj. 天文学的；astronomically adv. 天文学上。辨析：astronomy（天文学）vs astrology（占星术）——易混词；astronaut（宇航员）。写作金句：Astronomy is the oldest conversation between humans and the sky, and every star is a word in it（天文学是人类与天空最古老的对话，每颗星星都是其中的一个词）。 【词根联想】 希腊语astronomia"天文"（astron"星"+nomos"法则"）→ 星辰的法则。联想：astro"星"→ astronomy（天文学）、astronaut（宇航员）、asteroid（小行星）。记住：astro + nomy = 星辰之学。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：astronomy与astrology（占星术）仅一词之差，含义迥异，为阅读词汇辨析考点；astronomical可引申为"天文数字般的"（astronomical prices天价）。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"An ancient civilisation studied astronomy and built pyramids aligned with the stars, reading the sky like a calendar."（一个古老的文明研究天文学，建造与星辰对齐的金字塔，把天空当作日历阅读。）（经典原句·astronomy 天文学） 【搭配词块】 study astronomy 研究天文学 / astronomer n. 天文学家 / astronomical adj. 天文的 / astrological adj. 占星术的 6. tropical /ˈtrɒpɪkl/ adj. 热带的 【核心考点】 tropical是地理类与科普类语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①热带的——a tropical climate（热带气候）、tropical rain forests（热带雨林）、tropical storms（热带风暴）；②搭配——tropical diseases（热带疾病）、tropical fruit（热带水果）。派生词：tropic n. 回归线→ the Tropic of Cancer（北回归线）；tropics n. 热带地区→ in the tropics（在热带）。辨析：tropical（热带的）vs subtropical（亚热带的）vs temperate（温带的）vs equatorial（赤道的）。写作金句：A tropical climate can feed a city for centuries, and starve it in a single dry season（热带气候能喂养一座城市数百年，也能在一个干旱季节让它挨饿）。 【词根联想】 希腊语tropikos"转向的"（tropos"转向"）→ 太阳转向之处（回归线）→ 热带的。联想：trop"转"→ tropical（热带的）、tropic（回归线）、trope（转义）。记住：tropical = 太阳折返之处。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：tropical多作定语修饰气候/植物/疾病；tropics（the tropics）作名词表"热带地区"，如living in the tropics（生活在热带），阅读中注意名词与形容词转换。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"When the tropical climate turned dry, the canals dried up and the fields turned to dust."（当热带气候变得干旱，运河干涸，田野化为尘土。）（经典原句·tropical 热带的） 【搭配词块】 a tropical climate 热带气候 / tropical rain forests 热带雨林 / tropical storms 热带风暴 / the tropics 热带地区 7. abandon /əˈbændən/ v. 抛弃，放弃 【核心考点】 abandon是记叙文与说明文语篇的高频动词（及物）。用法要点：①抛弃，遗弃——abandon the city（抛弃城市）、abandon one's family（抛弃家庭）；②放弃——abandon the plan（放弃计划）、abandon hope（放弃希望）；③沉溺于——abandon oneself to（沉溺于）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：abandoned adj. 被抛弃的→ an abandoned house（废弃的房屋）；abandonment n. 抛弃。辨析：abandon（抛弃，彻底放弃）vs desert（遗弃，逃离）vs give up（放弃，口语）vs quit（退出）。写作金句：A people who abandon their rivers may keep their cities for a season, but not for a century（抛弃河流的民族或许能守住城市一季，却守不住一个世纪）。 【词根联想】 古法语abandonner"交出，放弃"（a-"向"+bandon"控制权"）→ 交出控制→ 放弃。联想：ban"控制"→ abandon（放弃）、ban（禁止）、bandit（强盗）。记住：a + bandon = 交出掌控。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：abandon的过去分词abandoned常作定语表"被废弃的"，如an abandoned village（废弃的村庄）；abandon oneself to（沉溺于）为书面表达。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"One by one, families decided to abandon their homes, and the great temples began to fall into ruin."（一家接一家，人们决定抛弃家园，宏伟的庙宇开始沦为废墟。）（经典原句·abandon 抛弃） 【搭配词块】 abandon the plan 放弃计划 / abandon hope 放弃希望 / an abandoned house 废弃的房屋 / abandon oneself to 沉溺于 8. ruin /ˈruːɪn/ n. 废墟；v. 毁灭 【核心考点】 ruin是记叙文与说明文语篇的高频名词/动词。用法要点：①（名词）废墟——fall into ruin（沦为废墟）、in ruins（成废墟）、the ruins of the temple（庙宇废墟）；②（动词）毁灭——ruin one's health（毁掉健康）、ruin the plan（毁掉计划）。派生词：ruined adj. 毁坏的→ a ruined city（毁坏的城市）。辨析：ruin（废墟/毁灭）vs destroy（摧毁）vs damage（损坏）vs wreck（破坏，船只）。写作金句：The jungle grew over the plazas, and the city became a secret kept by trees — such is the patience of ruin（丛林覆过广场，城市成了树木守着的秘密——废墟的耐心便是如此）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语ruina"倒塌"（ruere"倒下"）→ 倒塌之物→ 废墟。联想：ru"倒下"→ ruin（废墟）、ruin（毁灭）。记住：ruin = 倒下的东西。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：in ruins（成废墟）与fall into ruin（沦为废墟）为高频短语；ruin作动词时"毁掉"的用法如The storm ruined our trip（暴风雨毁掉了我们的旅行）亦为阅读常考。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The great temples fell into ruin, and the jungle, patient as ever, grew over the silent plazas."（宏伟的庙宇沦为废墟，丛林一如既往地耐心，覆过寂静的广场。）（经典原句·ruin 废墟） 【搭配词块】 fall into ruin 沦为废墟 / in ruins 成废墟 / the ruins of …的废墟 / ruin one's health 毁掉健康 9. retreat /rɪˈtriːt/ v. 撤退，退却；n. 撤退 【核心考点】 retreat是记叙文与说明文语篇的高频动词/名词。用法要点：①（动词）撤退，退却——retreat from（从…撤退）、retreat into（退入）；②（名词）撤退——beat a retreat（撤退）；隐居处——a mountain retreat（山间隐居处）。辨析：retreat（撤退，主动后撤）vs withdraw（撤回，正式）vs flee（逃离，仓皇）vs recede（退去，水）。写作金句：The last citizens retreated into the jungle, and the jungle received them as it receives all things that wait（最后的居民退入丛林，丛林如接纳一切等待之物般接纳了他们）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语retrahere"拉回"（re-"回"+trahere"拉"）→ 拉回→ 撤退。联想：tract"拉"→ retreat（撤退）、attract（吸引）、extract（提取）。记住：re + treat = 拉回来。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：retreat的名词义"隐居处、静修所"（a country retreat乡村隐居处）与动词义"撤退"并存，阅读中按语境判断；retreat from reality（逃避现实）为引申用法。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The last citizens retreated into the jungle, carrying their gods toward higher ground."（最后的居民退入丛林，带着他们的神走向更高的地方。）（经典原句·retreat 撤退） 【搭配词块】 retreat from 从…撤退 / retreat into 退入 / beat a retreat 撤退 / a mountain retreat 山间隐居处 10. investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn/ n. 调查 【核心考点】 investigation是说明文与新闻报道类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①调查——an investigation into（对…的调查）、under investigation（调查中）、carry out an investigation（进行调查）；②（科研）探究。派生词是语法填空高频考点：investigate v. 调查→ investigate the cause（调查原因）；investigator n. 调查者；investigative adj. 调查性的。辨析：investigation（调查，正式）vs research（研究）vs inquiry（询问/调查）vs exploration（探索）。写作金句：Every investigation begins with a question, and every great discovery begins with a quiet one（每一次调查都始于一个问题，每一项伟大发现都始于一个安静的问题）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语investigare"追踪"（in-"进入"+vestigium"脚印"）→ 循着脚印→ 调查。联想：vestig"脚印"→ investigation（调查）、vestige（痕迹）。记住：in + vestig = 循迹而查。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：investigation常与into搭配（an investigation into...），under investigation（接受调查）为新闻高频短语；动词investigate为语法填空常考词。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Centuries later, an investigation began, and digging through the roots, explorers uncovered a notable discovery."（数百年后，一场调查开始了；挖开树根，探索者们有了一个重大发现。）（经典原句·investigation 调查） 【搭配词块】 an investigation into 对…的调查 / under investigation 调查中 / carry out an investigation 进行调查 / investigate v. 调查 11. substance /ˈsʌbstəns/ n. 物质；实质 【核心考点】 substance是科普类与说明文语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①物质——a chemical substance（化学物质）、a dangerous substance（危险物质）；②实质，内容——in substance（本质上）、the substance of the report（报告的实质）。派生词：substantial adj. 大量的，坚固的→ substantial evidence（确凿证据）；substantiate v. 证实。辨析：substance（物质/实质）vs matter（物质，总称）vs material（材料）vs element（元素）。写作金句：A simple substance, carved with care, can outlast the empire that once valued it（一种简单的物质，经悉心雕刻，能比曾珍视它的帝国活得更久）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语substantia"本质，存在"（sub-"下"+stare"站"）→ 立于其下的东西→ 实质。联想：st"站"→ substance（实质）、substantial（坚固的）、stable（稳定的）。记住：sub + stance = 立在其下。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：substance的形容词substantial（大量的/坚固的）为阅读高频，如substantial evidence（确凿证据）；in substance（本质上）为书面短语。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Simple tools made of a substance once as precious as gold were carved into masks for the dead."（用一种曾经比黄金还珍贵的物质制成的简单工具，被雕成献给亡者的面具。）（经典原句·substance 物质） 【搭配词块】 a chemical substance 化学物质 / a dangerous substance 危险物质 / in substance 本质上 / substantial adj. 大量的 12. equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ adj. 等同的；n. 等价物 【核心考点】 equivalent是说明文与议论文语篇的高频形容词/名词。用法要点：①（形容词）等同的——be equivalent to（等同于）、an equivalent amount（等量）；②（名词）等价物，对应物——the equivalent of（…的对应物）、the English equivalent（英文对应词）。派生词：equivalence n. 等价；equivalently adv. 等价地。辨析：equivalent（等同的，价值/作用相当）vs equal（相等的，数量/地位）vs identical（完全相同的）vs similar（相似的）。写作金句：A day of rain in the desert is equivalent to a year of treasure, for timing decides value（沙漠中的一场雨等同于一年的财富，因为时机决定价值）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语aequivalere"价值相等"（aequus"相等"+valere"价值"）→ 价值相当。联想：equ"相等"→ equivalent（等同的）、equal（相等的）、equation（等式）；val"价值"→ value（价值）。记住：equi + valent = 价值相当。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：equivalent作名词表"对应物"，如the Chinese equivalent of a fairy tale（童话的中文对应物）；be equivalent to后接名词/动名词，为语法填空与写作考点。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"In that ancient world, the green stone was equivalent to wealth, carved into jewellery for the living."（在那个古老的世界里，绿石等同于财富，被雕成活人佩戴的珠宝。）（经典原句·equivalent 等同的） 【搭配词块】 be equivalent to 等同于 / the equivalent of …的对应物 / an equivalent amount 等量 / equivalence n. 等价 Part 4 词性变化总表 原词 派生词1 派生词2 派生词3 核心搭配 canal canals (n.复数) canalise (v.) --- a canal town / a canal system civilisation civilise (v.) civilised (adj.) civil (adj.) an ancient civilisation / human civilisation notable notably (adv.) note (n./v.) noted (adj.) a notable discovery / notable figures pyramid pyramids (n.复数) pyramidal (adj.) --- the pyramids of Egypt / a pyramid scheme astronomy astronomer (n.) astronomical (adj.) astronomically (adv.) study astronomy / an astronomer tropical tropic (n.) tropics (n.热带地区) --- a tropical climate / tropical rain forests abandon abandoned (adj.) abandonment (n.) --- abandon the plan / an abandoned house ruin ruined (adj.) ruins (n.废墟) --- fall into ruin / in ruins retreat retreating (adj.) --- --- retreat from / retreat into investigation investigate (v.) investigator (n.) investigative (adj.) an investigation into / under investigation substance substantial (adj.) substantiate (v.) --- a chemical substance / in substance equivalent equivalence (n.) equivalently (adv.) --- be equivalent to / the equivalent of Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 【练习题】 1.（2023新高考I卷·语法填空·改编）Food historians point to the neighboring ____________ (canals) town of Nanxiang. 2.（2021北京卷·阅读·改编）Collapseology studies the dangers of everyday ____________ (civilised). 3.（2022年1月浙江卷·阅读·改编）Klein, a ____________ (note) historian of technology, writes a lively narrative. 4.（2026山东济南·模拟）The ____________ (canals) system once connected two seas. 5.（2026广东广州·模拟）The ____________ (civilise) studied astronomy and built great pyramids. 6.（2026江苏南京·模拟）The ancient people studied ____________ (astronomically) to predict the seasons. 7.（2026浙江杭州·模拟）They built great ____________ (pyramid) that still puzzle us today. 8.（2026四川成都·模拟）The ____________ (tropic) climate turned dry and harsh. 9.（2026湖北武汉·模拟）People had to ____________ (abandoned) the city when water ran out. 10.（2026河北石家庄·模拟）The great temples fell into ____________ (ruined) over the centuries. 11.（2026福建厦门·模拟）The last citizens ____________ (retreating) into the jungle to survive. 12.（2026安徽合肥·模拟）Every ____________ (investigate) brings new evidence to light. 13.（2026陕西西安·模拟）A ____________ (notably) discovery changed the whole field. 14.（2026湖南长沙·模拟）The cave held a strange ____________ (substantial) that no one could name. 15.（2026河南郑州·模拟）Its value is ____________ (equivalence) to that of gold. 【答案】 1. canal 2. civilisation 3. notable 4. canal 5. civilisation 6. astronomy 7. pyramids 8. tropical 9. abandon 10. ruin 11. retreated 12. investigation 13. notable 14. substance 15. equivalent 【逐题解析】 1. canal — 提示词canals为复数，修饰town须用单数名词canal（运河），a canal town固定搭配。 2. civilisation — 提示词civilised为形容词，介词of后须用名词civilisation（文明）。 3. notable — 提示词note为名词/动词，修饰historian须用形容词notable（著名的）。 4. canal — 提示词canals为复数，修饰system须用单数名词canal（运河），a canal system固定搭配。 5. civilisation — 提示词civilise为动词，定冠词The后须用名词civilisation（文明）。 6. astronomy — 提示词astronomically为副词，动词study后须用名词astronomy（天文学）。 7. pyramids — 提示词pyramid为单数，great后须用复数pyramids（金字塔）。 8. tropical — 提示词tropic为名词，修饰climate须用形容词tropical（热带的）。 9. abandon — 提示词abandoned为过去分词，had to后须用动词原形abandon（抛弃）。 10. ruin — 提示词ruined为形容词，fall into后须用名词ruin（废墟），fall into ruin固定搭配。 11. retreated — 提示词retreating为现在分词，主语为复数，本句缺谓语，叙述过去用retreated（撤退）。 12. investigation — 提示词investigate为动词，Every后须用名词investigation（调查）。 13. notable — 提示词notably为副词，不定冠词A后修饰discovery须用形容词notable（显著的）。 14. substance — 提示词substantial为形容词，不定冠词a后须用名词substance（物质）。 15. equivalent — 提示词equivalence为名词，is后须用形容词equivalent（等同的），be equivalent to固定搭配。 Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 【练习题】 沿着____________（运河），古老____________（文明）研究____________（天文学），建造至今令人困惑的____________（金字塔）。 ____________（热带的）气候变干，人们____________（抛弃）城市，庙宇沦为____________（废墟），居民____________（撤退）入丛林。每一次____________（调查）带来新证据：____________（显著的）发现可能只是简单____________（物质），价值却____________（等同于）黄金。 【答案】 canal; civilisation; astronomy; pyramids; tropical; abandon; ruin; retreated; investigation; notable; substance; equivalent Part 7 关联阅读 Deep in the forest, an old canal still runs between the ruins, its water clear after centuries. Along its banks once stood a great civilisation that studied astronomy with astonishing skill. They built pyramids aligned with the stars, and their calendars were so precise that modern scholars still argue about how they were made. Their knowledge was written not in books but in stone, and the stars themselves were their pages. When the rains failed, the canals dried up, and the fields turned to dust. The people did not disappear overnight; they left slowly, carrying their tools and their gods toward higher ground. Historians still disagree about the cause, but the pattern is written clearly in the layers of dust and clay. The tropical climate had always been generous, feeding a city of thousands. Then the drought came, year after year, and the earth cracked under the sun. Farmers could no longer feed their families, and the priests could not explain the anger of the sky. One by one, families decided to abandon their homes, and the great temples began to fall into ruin. The last citizens retreated into the jungle, and the jungle, patient as ever, grew over the plazas. The forest claimed the streets, and birds nested where traders once shouted prices. Within a few generations, the city was a secret kept by trees. The vines wrapped the doorways, and the silence grew deep where drums had once marked the hours. Centuries later, an investigation began. Digging through the roots, explorers uncovered a notable discovery: simple tools made of a substance that was once as precious as gold. In that ancient world, the green stone was equivalent to wealth, carved into masks for the dead and jewellery for the living. Scientists still study the objects, trying to understand the minds that shaped them. The city is silent now, but every artefact tells a story, and every story reminds us that civilisations rise by their rivers and fall by their choices. Yet the deeper lesson is not about the past at all, but about how we use our own rivers today. 1. What did the ancient civilisation study with astonishing skill? A. Astronomy. B. Cooking. C. Music. D. Medicine. 2. Why did the people leave their city? A. The canals were blocked by fallen trees. B. The tropical climate turned dry and the fields became dust. C. The priests ordered them to move to higher ground. D. The jungle animals attacked the city. 3. What did the explorers find during the investigation? A. A map leading to a hidden cave. B. A shipwreck full of gold coins. C. Tools made of a substance once as precious as gold. D. Letters written by the last king. 4. What is the main lesson of the passage? A. Pyramids are the greatest buildings in history. B. Farmers should always plant extra food. C. The jungle always wins against human cities. D. Civilisations rise by their rivers and fall by their choices. 【参考答案与高考标准解析】 答案：1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D 第1题（细节理解题·高考高频）：首段明确——"a great civilisation that studied astronomy with astonishing skill"，这个伟大文明以惊人的技艺研究天文学，与A项完全对应，故选A。B项"烹饪"、C项"音乐"、D项"医学"均未提及。 第2题（细节理解题·高考核心）：第二段点明——"The tropical climate had always been generous... Then the drought came... the fields turned to dust"，热带气候曾经慷慨，后来干旱来临、田野化为尘土，人们不得不离开，与B项吻合，故选B。A项"运河被倒树堵塞"、C项"祭司下令搬家"、D项"丛林动物袭击"均为无中生有。 第3题（细节理解题·高考核心）：第三段明确——"explorers uncovered a notable discovery: simple tools made of a substance that was once as precious as gold"，探索者们发现由一种曾比黄金还珍贵的物质制成的工具，与C项一致，故选C。A项"藏宝图"、B项"装满金币的沉船"、D项"末代国王的信"均与原文不符。 第4题（主旨大意题·高考压轴）：全文由运河旁的文明写到干旱弃城、百年后考古发现，末段收束——"civilisations rise by their rivers and fall by their choices"，点明文明因水而兴、因抉择而衰，与D项吻合，故选D。A项"金字塔是史上最伟大建筑"、B项"农民应多种粮"、C项"丛林总赢过人类城市"均为细节曲解或绝对化。 📖 本语篇覆盖的目标词汇：canal, civilisation, notable, pyramid, astronomy, tropical, abandon, ruin, retreat, investigation, substance, equivalent Part 8 写作运用 — 词汇升级 同义转换：用本专题词汇替换下面句中的普通词，提升写作表达 1. A waterway built by people still runs through the old town. → A ____________ still runs through the old town. 2. The ancient society reached a high level of culture and progress. → The ancient ____________ reached a high level of culture and progress. 3. The scientist made an important and remarkable discovery last year. → The scientist made a ____________ discovery last year. 4. The stone buildings in the shape of pointed towers are famous worldwide. → The ____________s are famous worldwide. 5. The study of stars and planets began thousands of years ago. → ____________ began thousands of years ago. 6. The hot and wet climate of the area supports many plants. → The ____________ climate of the area supports many plants. 7. The villagers had to leave the city behind when the flood came. → The villagers had to ____________ the city when the flood came. 8. The old castle became a pile of broken stones after the war. → The old castle fell into ____________ after the war. 9. The army moved back from the front line at night. → The army ____________ed from the front line at night. 10. The police began a careful inquiry into the strange case. → The police began an ____________ into the strange case. 11. The box contains a strange material that we cannot name. → The box contains a strange ____________ that we cannot name. 12. One kilometre is the same in distance as about 0.6 mile. → One kilometre is ____________ to about 0.6 mile. 【答案】 1. canal 2. civilisation 3. notable 4. pyramids 5. Astronomy 6. tropical 7. abandon 8. ruin 9. retreat 10. investigation 11. substance 12. equivalent Part 9 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 遮挡提示，尝试用12个目标词复述下面这条记忆链： 记忆链：canal → civilisation → notable → pyramid → astronomy → tropical → abandon → ruin → retreat → investigation → substance → equivalent 复述模板（填空）： 沿着____________（运河），古老____________（文明）研究____________（天文学），建造____________（金字塔）；____________（显著的）知识刻于石上。 ____________（热带的）气候变干，人们____________（抛弃）城市，庙宇沦为____________（废墟），居民____________（撤退）。百年后____________（调查）发现：简单____________（物质）价值____________（等同于）黄金。 你的复述： __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 【自我检测答案】 填空答案：canal; civilisation; astronomy; pyramids; notable; tropical; abandon; ruin; retreated; investigation; substance; equivalent 复述模板参考版本： Along the canal stood an ancient civilisation that studied astronomy and built pyramids, with notable knowledge written in stone. When the tropical climate turned dry, people had to abandon the city, the temples fell into ruin, and the last citizens retreated into the jungle. Centuries later, an investigation uncovered a notable discovery: tools made of a substance once equivalent to gold. 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $