专题06 Unit 6 Survival语境串考点一轮高频考点 单元备考学案 -2027届高三英语外研版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语高考复习学案聚焦选修二Unit 6及高考高频词汇，将estimate、expose等12个核心知识点通过火星探索主题语境串联，以知识点列表、词根拆解、词性变化总表构建系统知识网络，通过语法填空、语篇默写等任务驱动，引导学生自主梳理考点内在联系，提升语言能力与思维品质。 亮点在于自主学习支持与个性化复习设计，如语境复现练习融入真题改编题，自我检测环节设置记忆链复述模板，助力学生自主诊断薄弱点。关联阅读与写作词汇升级活动培养学习能力，教师可通过学生完成情况精准把握学情，支持因材施教，有效提升备考实效。

乐思英语 ·高考高频知识点 专题06【语境串考点】第六单元备考学案（外研版2019） 高考高频知识点：estimate / expose / consumption / restrict / crucial / optimistic / appreciate / advanced / get rid of / consist / react / predator （知识点来源：选修二 Unit 6 · Survival + 高考高频知识点） 学校:______________ 姓名: ______________ 班级: ______________ 座号: ______________ 目录 Part 1 语境串记语篇 1 【英文语篇】 1 【中文译文】 1 Part 2 知识点列表 2 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 2 Part 4 词性变化总表 8 Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 8 【练习题】 8 Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 10 【练习题】 10 Part 7 关联阅读 10 Part 8 写作运用 — 词汇升级 11 Part 9 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 12 Part 1 语境串记语篇 【英文语篇】 Scientists estimate that Mars could be home to humans within a hundred years, and engineers around the world are already building the advanced technology needed for the journey. The first step is the most crucial one: a safe landing. Landing on Mars is far harder than landing on the moon, because the thin atmosphere makes the spacecraft difficult to slow down. Yet the astronauts remain optimistic, believing that every problem they solve brings the dream closer. Life on Mars will be far from comfortable. The planet is cold and dry, and settlers must get rid of any idea of comfort before they arrive. Outside the base, astronauts must wear heavy suits, because the surface is exposed to dangerous radiation and dust storms. Inside, every drop of water and every gram of food must be planned carefully, and the daily consumption of energy is strictly restricted. Nothing can be wasted in a world so far from home. To survive, the settlers will need to appreciate every drop of water they can save, for nothing can be wasted so far from home. Machines must be built to react to problems before humans even notice them, and every system needs a backup. Greenhouses inside the base will grow vegetables under artificial light, and the soil will consist of local minerals mixed with plant waste. There are no predators on Mars, so the main enemy is not an animal but the cold and the emptiness. As one engineer said, we are not colonising a planet; we are learning to carry the whole earth in our pockets. 【中文译文】 科学家估计（estimate），火星在一百年内可能成为人类的家园，世界各地的工程师已经在建造这次旅程所需的先进（advanced）技术。第一步是最关键（crucial）的：安全着陆。在火星着陆远比在月球着陆困难，因为稀薄的大气使航天器难以减速。然而宇航员们保持乐观（optimistic），相信每解决一个问题，梦想就更近一步。 火星上的生活远非舒适。这颗行星寒冷干燥，定居者必须在到达前get rid of（摆脱）任何关于舒适的幻想。在基地外，宇航员必须穿着沉重的航天服，因为表面暴露（expose）在危险的辐射和沙尘暴中。在基地内，每一滴水、每一克食物都必须精心规划，能源的日常消耗（consumption）受到严格限制（restrict）。在离地球如此遥远的世界里，任何东西都不能浪费。 为了生存，定居者需要appreciate（珍惜）每一滴可用之水，因为在这离家遥远的世界里任何东西都不能浪费。机器必须在人类察觉之前就对问题作出反应（react），每个系统都要有备份。基地内的温室将在人造光下种植蔬菜，土壤将由consist of（由……组成）本地矿物混合植物废料。火星上没有捕食者（predator），所以主要的敌人不是动物，而是寒冷与空旷。正如一位工程师所说，我们不是在殖民一颗行星，而是在学习把整个地球装进口袋。 Part 2 知识点列表 序号 知识点 音标 词性 + 释义 + ⚡考点： 1 estimate /ˈestɪmeɪt/ v./n. 估计，估算 ⚡考点：It is estimated that... 据估计……；estimate the cost 估算成本；a rough estimate 粗略估计 2 expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/ v. 暴露，揭露 ⚡考点：be exposed to 暴露于；接触；expose the truth 揭露真相；exposure n. 暴露 3 consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ n. 消耗，消费 ⚡考点：energy consumption 能源消耗；caloric consumption 热量摄入；consume v. 消耗 4 restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/ v. 限制，约束 ⚡考点：restrict...to 把…限制在；be restricted to 限于；restriction n. 限制 5 crucial /ˈkruːʃl/ adj. 关键的，至关重要的 ⚡考点：be crucial to 对…至关重要；a crucial role 关键作用；crucially adv. 关键地 6 optimistic /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ adj. 乐观的 ⚡考点：be optimistic about 对…乐观；optimism n. 乐观主义；optimist n. 乐观者 7 appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/ v. 感激；欣赏；理解 ⚡考点：appreciate doing 感激做；appreciate the beauty 欣赏美；appreciation n. 感激；欣赏 8 advanced /ədˈvɑːnst/ adj. 先进的，高级的 ⚡考点：advanced technology 先进技术；advanced students 高级班学生；advance v./n. 前进；进展 9 get rid of /ɡet rɪd ɒv/ 摆脱，除去 ⚡考点：get rid of the risk 摆脱风险；get rid of waste 清除垃圾；rid...of 使摆脱；be rid of 摆脱 10 consist /kənˈsɪst/ v. 由……组成；在于 ⚡考点：consist of 由…组成；consist in 在于；consist with 与…一致；be made up of 同义 11 react /riˈækt/ v. 反应，回应 ⚡考点：react to 对…作出反应；reaction n. 反应；a chain reaction 连锁反应 12 predator /ˈpredətə(r)/ n. 捕食者 ⚡考点：natural predators 天敌；predatory adj. 捕食性的；predation n. 捕食 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 1. estimate /ˈestɪmeɪt/ v./n. 估计，估算 【核心考点】 estimate是说明文与新闻类语篇的高频动词兼名词。动词用法要点：①估计，估算——estimate the cost（估算成本）、estimate that...（估计……）；②It is estimated that...（据估计……）是高考高频句型。名词用法：估计，估价——a rough estimate（粗略估计）、a conservative estimate（保守估计）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：estimation n. 估计；estimated adj. 估算的。辨析：estimate（估计，凭经验判断）vs evaluate（评估，评价）vs assess（评估，评定）vs calculate（计算，精确推算）。写作金句：It is estimated that more than half of the world's population now lives in cities（据估计，世界上超过一半的人口如今生活在城市）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语aestimare"估价"（aes"铜钱"→"评估价值"）→ 估价→ 估计。联想：estim"估价"→ estimate（估价→估计）、estimation（估计）、esteem（尊重→看重其价值）、aim（目标→估价方向）。记住：estimate=估算价值。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：estimate作名词还可表示"报价，估价单"，如get an estimate from a builder（向建筑商要一份报价）。此义常见于生活类语篇，阅读中注意。 【真题原句】 （2025全国一·阅读A真题）"It's estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050."（据估计，到2050年全球电力需求可能会翻一番以上。）（真题原句·estimate 估计） 【搭配词块】 It is estimated that... 据估计…… / estimate the cost 估算成本 / a rough estimate 粗略估计 / a conservative estimate 保守估计 2. expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/ v. 暴露，揭露 【核心考点】 expose是说明文与新闻类语篇的高频动词。用法要点：①暴露，使接触——be exposed to（暴露于；接触）——Children are exposed to too much screen time；②揭露，揭发——expose the truth（揭露真相）、expose a scandal（揭露丑闻）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：exposure n. 暴露；曝光→ exposure to sunlight（晒太阳）；exposed adj. 暴露的。辨析：expose（暴露；揭露）vs reveal（揭示，展现）vs uncover（揭开，发现）vs disclose（披露，透露）。写作金句：When you expose yourself to new ideas, your world grows wider with every page you turn（当你接触新思想时，每翻一页你的世界就变得更宽广）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语exponere"放在外面"（ex-"向外"+ponere"放置"）→ 放到外面→ 暴露。联想：pos"放置"→ expose（放到外面→暴露）、exposure（暴露）、compose（放在一起→组成）、oppose（置于对面→反对）、position（位置）。记住：ex + pose = 摆到外面。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：expose还可表示"（摄影）使（胶片）曝光"，如expose the film to light（让胶片曝光）。此义出现于摄影类语篇，阅读中注意。 【真题原句】 （2025全国一·语法填空真题）"The players' personalities are revealed during the game, and one's weaknesses are exposed to the opponent."（比赛中棋手的个性会显现出来，弱点也会暴露给对手。）（真题原句·expose 暴露） 【搭配词块】 be exposed to 暴露于；接触 / expose the truth 揭露真相 / exposure to sunlight 晒太阳 / exposed adj. 暴露的 3. consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ n. 消耗，消费 【核心考点】 consumption是说明文与新闻类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①消耗，消费——energy consumption（能源消耗）、water consumption（用水量）、fuel consumption（燃料消耗）；②（食品、饮料的）食用，饮用——food consumption（食物摄入）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：consume v. 消耗，消费；consumer n. 消费者；consuming adj. 消耗的。辨析：consumption（消耗，消费，总称）vs use（使用）vs spending（花费，开支）vs intake（摄入量）。写作金句：Reducing our energy consumption is not about living less, but about living smarter（减少能源消耗不是少生活，而是更聪明地生活）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语consumere"耗尽"（con-"完全"+sumere"取走"）→ 完全取走→ 消耗。联想：sum"取走"→ consumption（取走→消耗）、consume（消耗）、consumer（消费者）、assume（假定→取为己用）、resume（恢复→重新取）。记住：con + sume = 全部取走。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：consumption还可表示"（疾病的）消耗，肺结核（旧称）"，如die of consumption（死于肺痨）。此义为旧时用法，现代阅读中极少见。 【真题原句】 （2024年1月浙江卷·阅读D真题）"Just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption..."（正如我们需要更仔细地考虑热量摄入一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑信息摄入……）（真题原句·consumption 消耗） 【搭配词块】 energy consumption 能源消耗 / water consumption 用水量 / fuel consumption 燃料消耗 / consumer n. 消费者 4. restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/ v. 限制，约束 【核心考点】 restrict是说明文与新闻类语篇的高频动词。用法要点：①限制，约束——restrict...to（把…限制在）——Restrict your use of the phone to two hours a day；②be restricted to（仅限于）——Entry is restricted to members。派生词是语法填空高频考点：restriction n. 限制→ under restrictions（受到限制）；restrictive adj. 限制性的。辨析：restrict（限制，约束，较正式）vs limit（限制，极限）vs confine（局限，禁闭）vs control（控制）。写作金句：Freedom without responsibility becomes chaos, and responsibility without freedom becomes restriction（没有责任的自由变成混乱，没有自由的负责变成束缚）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语restringere"捆紧"（re-"向后"+stringere"捆"）→ 捆紧→ 限制。联想：strict"捆紧"→ restrict（捆紧→限制）、restriction（限制）、strict（严格的）、constrict（收缩→捆紧）、district（地区→被圈起来的区域）。记住：re + strict = 捆得更紧。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：restrict还可表示"（医学）约束，限制（活动）"，如restrict the patient's movement（限制病人的活动）。此义出现于医学类语篇，阅读中注意。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Every drop of water and every gram of food must be planned carefully, and the daily consumption of energy is strictly restricted."（每一滴水、每一克食物都必须精心规划，能源的日常消耗受到严格限制。）（经典原句·restrict 限制） 【搭配词块】 restrict...to 把…限制在 / be restricted to 限于 / under restrictions 受到限制 / restriction n. 限制 5. crucial /ˈkruːʃl/ adj. 关键的，至关重要的 【核心考点】 crucial是说明文与议论文类语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①关键的，至关重要的——be crucial to（对…至关重要）——Timing is crucial to the plan；②a crucial role（关键作用）、a crucial moment（关键时刻）。派生词：crucially adv. 关键地——Crucially, we must act now。辨析：crucial（关键的，决定性的，正式）vs important（重要的）vs vital（至关重要的，生死攸关）vs essential（必不可少的）。写作金句：The first impression is crucial, but it is the last impression that people remember longest（第一印象至关重要，但人们记得最久的是最后印象）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语crux"十字架"→ 十字路口→ 关键的抉择时刻。联想：cruc"十字"→ crucial（十字路口→关键的）、crucify（钉在十字架上）、crusade（十字军东征）、cruise（巡航→走十字路线）。记住：crucial=站在十字路口的选择。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：crucial意义稳定，无生义。注意be crucial to（对…至关重要）后接名词或动名词，是阅读与写作的高频搭配。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The first step is the most crucial one: a safe landing, for everything else depends on arriving in one piece."（第一步是最关键的：安全着陆，因为其余一切都取决于完好抵达。）（经典原句·crucial 关键的） 【搭配词块】 be crucial to 对…至关重要 / a crucial role 关键作用 / a crucial moment 关键时刻 / crucially adv. 关键地 6. optimistic /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ adj. 乐观的 【核心考点】 optimistic是议论文与人物类语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①乐观的——be optimistic about（对…乐观）——She is optimistic about the future；②an optimistic view（乐观的看法）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：optimism n. 乐观主义；optimist n. 乐观者；optimistically adv. 乐观地。反义词：pessimistic adj. 悲观的。辨析：optimistic（乐观的）vs hopeful（充满希望的）vs positive（积极的）vs confident（自信的）。写作金句：An optimistic person sees the light in every shadow, while a pessimistic one sees the shadow in every light（乐观者在每片阴影里看见光，悲观者在每束光里看见阴影）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语optimus"最好的"（opus"做"→做得最好的）→ 相信最好的→ 乐观的。联想：opt"选择；最好"→ optimistic（相信最好→乐观）、optimism（乐观主义）、optimum（最优的）、option（选择）。记住：optim=最好，乐观者相信最好的会发生。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：optimistic意义稳定，无生义。注意be optimistic about（对…乐观）与be pessimistic about（对…悲观）是反义搭配，阅读中常成对出现。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Yet the astronauts remain optimistic, believing that every problem they solve brings the dream of Mars a little closer."（然而宇航员们保持乐观，相信每解决一个问题，火星之梦就更近一步。）（经典原句·optimistic 乐观的） 【搭配词块】 be optimistic about 对…乐观 / an optimistic view 乐观的看法 / optimism n. 乐观主义 / pessimistic adj. 悲观的 7. appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/ v. 感激；欣赏；理解 【核心考点】 appreciate是记叙文与议论文类语篇的高频动词。用法要点：①感激，感谢——appreciate one's help（感激某人的帮助）、appreciate doing sth.（感激做某事）；②欣赏，赏识——appreciate the beauty（欣赏美）、appreciate good music（欣赏好音乐）；③理解，意识到——appreciate the difficulty（理解困难）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：appreciation n. 感激；欣赏→ in appreciation of（为感谢）；appreciative adj. 感激的；appreciatively adv. 感激地。辨析：appreciate（感激/欣赏）vs thank（感谢，及物接人）vs enjoy（享受）vs understand（理解）。写作金句：We never truly appreciate what we have until we are forced to plan every drop of it（直到被迫精打细算每一滴，我们才真正珍惜所拥有的）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语appretiare"估价"（ad-"向"+pretium"价格"）→ 看出价值→ 感激/欣赏。联想：preci"价格"→ appreciate（估价→欣赏）、appreciation（感激）、price（价格）、precious（珍贵的）。记住：ap + preci = 看出价值。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：appreciate后接动名词（appreciate doing），不接不定式；I would appreciate it if...（如果……我将不胜感激）是书面高频句型，其中it为形式宾语，为语法填空与写作考点。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"To survive, the settlers will need to appreciate every drop of water they can save, for nothing can be wasted so far from home."（为了生存，定居者需要珍惜每一滴可用之水，因为在这离家遥远的世界里任何东西都不能浪费。）（经典原句·appreciate 珍惜；感激） 【搭配词块】 appreciate doing 感激做 / appreciate the beauty 欣赏美 / in appreciation of 为感谢 / appreciative adj. 感激的 8. advanced /ədˈvɑːnst/ adj. 先进的，高级的 【核心考点】 advanced是说明文与科技类语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①先进的，尖端的——advanced technology（先进技术）、advanced equipment（先进设备）；②高级的，高等的——advanced students（高级班学生）、advanced mathematics（高等数学）；③（程度）深的——advanced cancer（晚期癌症）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：advance v. 前进；推进→ in advance（提前）；n. 进展→ make advances（取得进展）；advancement n. 进步；advancing adj. 前进的。辨析：advanced（先进的，高级的）vs progressive（进步的，渐进的）vs modern（现代的）vs cutting-edge（尖端的）。写作金句：Advanced technology is a tool, not a master; it serves those who know what they truly want（先进技术是工具而非主人；它服务于清楚自己真正想要什么的人）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语advance"向前"（ad-"向"+ante"在前"）→ 向前→ 先进的。联想：ance"前面"→ advanced（走在前面的→先进的）、advance（前进）、advantage（优势→站在前面）、advancement（进步）。记住：advance=走在前头。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：advanced还可表示"（疾病、时间）晚期的，后期的"，如advanced age（高龄）、advanced stage of the disease（疾病晚期）。此义出现于医学类语篇，阅读中注意。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Engineers around the world are already building the advanced technology needed for the journey to Mars, from landing systems to life support."（世界各地的工程师已经在建造火星之旅所需的先进技术，从着陆系统到生命维持系统。）（经典原句·advanced 先进的） 【搭配词块】 advanced technology 先进技术 / advanced equipment 先进设备 / advanced students 高级班学生 / in advance 提前 9. get rid of /ɡet rɪd ɒv/ 摆脱，除去 【核心考点】 get rid of是记叙文与说明文类语篇的高频动词短语。用法要点：①摆脱，除去——get rid of the risk（摆脱风险）、get rid of waste（清除垃圾）、get rid of bad habits（改掉坏习惯）；②同义表达——rid...of（使摆脱）、be rid of（摆脱了）、do away with（废除）。辨析：get rid of（摆脱，口语常用）vs remove（移除，正式）vs dispose of（处理掉，正式）。写作金句：The first step to a lighter life is to get rid of what we no longer need, from old habits to old fears（走向更轻松人生的第一步，是摆脱我们不再需要的东西——从旧习惯到旧恐惧）。 【词根联想】 古英语rydda"清除"→ rid（使摆脱）+ of → 摆脱。联想：rid"清除"→ get rid of（摆脱）、rid...of（使摆脱）、riddance（摆脱，除去）。记住：rid=清除，get rid of=把…清除掉。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：rid是规则不规则皆可的动词（rid-rid-rid），get rid of中rid为形容词性质；同源表达be rid of（已摆脱）与rid A of B（使A摆脱B）为书面用法，阅读中注意区分。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The planet is cold and dry, and settlers must get rid of any idea of comfort before they arrive."（这颗行星寒冷干燥，定居者必须在到达前摆脱任何关于舒适的幻想。）（经典原句·get rid of 摆脱） 【搭配词块】 get rid of the risk 摆脱风险 / get rid of waste 清除垃圾 / rid...of 使摆脱 / be rid of 摆脱 10. consist /kənˈsɪst/ v. 由……组成；在于 【核心考点】 consist是说明文与议论文类语篇的高频动词（不及物）。用法要点：①由……组成——consist of（由…组成）——The team consists of ten members；②在于——consist in（在于）——Happiness consists in contentment；③与……一致——consist with。注意：consist of不用于进行时态，也无被动语态（=be made up of）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：consistent adj. 一致的→ be consistent with（与…一致）；consistency n. 一致性；consistently adv. 一贯地。辨析：consist of（由…组成，整体→部分）vs compose（组成，常用被动be composed of）vs comprise（包含，组成）vs make up（组成）。写作金句：A strong team does not consist of perfect members, but of members who complete one another（强大的团队不由完美的成员组成，而由彼此互补的成员组成）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语consistere"站在一起"（con-"共同"+sistere"站立"）→ 站在一起→ 组成。联想：sist"站立"→ consist（站在一起→组成）、consistent（一致的→站在一起）、resist（抵抗→站在对面）、assist（帮助→站在旁边）。记住：con + sist = 站在一起。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：consist of（由…组成）与被动态is made up of同义，语法填空常考；consist in（在于）为书面表达，如Success consists in hard work（成功在于努力）；consist of无被动语态是易错点。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Greenhouses inside the base will grow vegetables under artificial light, and the soil will consist of local minerals mixed with plant waste."（基地内的温室将在人造光下种植蔬菜，土壤将由本地矿物混合植物废料组成。）（经典原句·consist 由……组成） 【搭配词块】 consist of 由…组成 / consist in 在于 / consist with 与…一致 / be made up of 由…组成 11. react /riˈækt/ v. 反应，回应 【核心考点】 react是说明文与议论文类语篇的高频动词（不及物）。用法要点：①反应，回应——react to（对…作出反应）——How did she react to the news？；②（化学）起反应——Iron reacts with oxygen（铁与氧发生反应）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：reaction n. 反应→ a chain reaction（连锁反应）、in reaction to（对…的反应）；reactive adj. 反应的，易反应的。辨析：react（反应，回应）vs respond（回应，应答）vs answer（回答）vs reply（答复）。写作金句：You cannot control what happens to you, but you can control how you react to it（你无法控制发生在你身上的事，但可以控制你如何回应它）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语reagere"再行动"（re-"再次"+agere"行动"）→ 反作用→ 反应。联想：act"行动"→ react（反向行动→反应）、reaction（反应）、active（活跃的）、interact（相互作用）、transaction（交易→跨着行动）。记住：re + act = 反着动一下。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：react还可表示"（对药物等）过敏反应，不良反应"，如Some patients react badly to the medicine（有些病人对这种药反应不良）。此义出现于医学类语篇。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Machines must be built to react to problems before humans even notice them, and every system needs a backup."（机器必须在人类察觉之前就对问题作出反应，每个系统都要有备份。）（经典原句·react 反应） 【搭配词块】 react to 对…作出反应 / reaction n. 反应 / a chain reaction 连锁反应 / in reaction to 对…的反应 12. predator /ˈpredətə(r)/ n. 捕食者 【核心考点】 predator是说明文与环保类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①捕食者，食肉动物——natural predators（天敌）、top predators（顶级掠食者）；②（剥削他人的）掠夺者。派生词是语法填空高频考点：predatory adj. 捕食性的→ predatory animals（捕食性动物）；predation n. 捕食行为。辨析：predator（捕食者）vs prey（猎物，被捕食者）vs hunter（猎人）vs beast（野兽）。写作金句：In nature, every predator keeps the balance, and every balance depends on every species（在自然界，每一个捕食者维持着平衡，而每一份平衡依赖于每一个物种）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语praedari"掠夺"（praeda"猎物"）→ 掠夺者→ 捕食者。联想：prey"猎物"→ predator（猎取猎物者→捕食者）、predatory（捕食性的）、prey（猎物）、depredation（掠夺，蹂躏）。记住：predator=猎取猎物的动物。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：predator还可表示"（比喻）掠夺者，压榨者"，如a corporate predator（企业掠夺者）。此义出现于经济与社会类语篇，阅读中注意。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"There are no predators on Mars, so the main enemy is not an animal but the cold and the emptiness of the red planet."（火星上没有捕食者，所以主要的敌人不是动物，而是这颗红色星球的寒冷与空旷。）（经典原句·predator 捕食者） 【搭配词块】 natural predators 天敌 / top predators 顶级掠食者 / predatory animals 捕食性动物 / prey n. 猎物 Part 4 词性变化总表 原词 派生词1 派生词2 派生词3 核心搭配 estimate estimation (n.) estimated (adj.) --- It is estimated that / a rough estimate expose exposure (n.) exposed (adj.) --- be exposed to / expose the truth consumption consume (v.) consumer (n.) consuming (adj.) energy consumption / consumer restrict restriction (n.) restrictive (adj.) restricted (adj.) restrict...to / under restrictions crucial crucially (adv.) --- --- be crucial to / a crucial role optimistic optimism (n.) optimist (n.) optimistically (adv.) be optimistic about / optimism appreciate appreciation (n.) appreciative (adj.) appreciatively (adv.) appreciate doing / in appreciation of advanced advance (v./n.) advancement (n.) advancing (adj.) advanced technology / in advance get rid of rid (v.) riddance (n.) --- get rid of the risk / rid...of consist consistent (adj.) consistency (n.) consistently (adv.) consist of / consist in react reaction (n.) reactive (adj.) reactor (n.) react to / a chain reaction predator predatory (adj.) predation (n.) --- natural predators / predatory animals Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 【练习题】 1.（2025全国一·阅读A·改编）It is ____________ (estimation) that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. 2.（2025全国一·语法填空·改编）One's weaknesses are ____________ (exposure) to the opponent during the game. 3.（2024年1月浙江卷·阅读D·改编）We need to be more thoughtful about our caloric ____________ (consume). 4.（2026山东济南·模拟）The use of water on the base is strictly ____________ (restriction). 5.（2026广东广州·模拟）A safe landing is the most ____________ (crucially) step of the whole journey. 6.（2026江苏南京·模拟）The astronauts remain ____________ (optimism) about the future of the project. 7.（2026浙江杭州·模拟）The settlers should ____________ (appreciation) every drop of water they use. 8.（2026四川成都·模拟）Engineers are building ____________ (advance) technology for the journey. 9.（2026湖北武汉·模拟）The campers want to ____________ (getting) rid of the heavy bags before the climb. 10.（2026河北石家庄·模拟）The team ____________ (consisting) of ten scientists will study the planet. 11.（2026福建厦门·模拟）Machines must be built to ____________ (reaction) to problems before humans notice them. 12.（2026江西南昌·模拟）There are no natural ____________ (predatory) on Mars. 13.（2026安徽合肥·模拟）Scientists ____________ (estimation) that Mars could be home to humans within a century. 14.（2026陕西西安·模拟）The astronauts' ____________ (expose) to radiation must be carefully limited. 15.（2026湖南长沙·模拟）Everyone on the base must ____________ (restriction) their use of electricity. 【答案】 1. estimated 2. exposed 3. consumption 4. restricted 5. crucial 6. optimistic 7. appreciate 8. advanced 9. get 10. consists 11. react 12. predators 13. estimate 14. exposure 15. restrict 【逐题解析】 1. estimated — 提示词estimation为名词，It is后须用过去分词构成被动，It is estimated that意为"据估计"。 2. exposed — 提示词exposure为名词，are后须用过去分词构成被动，be exposed to意为"暴露于"。 3. consumption — 提示词consume为动词，caloric后须用名词，caloric consumption意为"热量摄入"。 4. restricted — 提示词restriction为名词，strictly后须用过去分词构成被动，be restricted意为"被限制"。 5. crucial — 提示词crucially为副词，the most后须用形容词，the most crucial step意为"最关键的一步"。 6. optimistic — 提示词optimism为名词，remain后须用形容词作表语，remain optimistic意为"保持乐观"。 7. appreciate — 提示词appreciation为名词，情态动词should后须用动词原形，appreciate意为"珍惜；感激"。 8. advanced — 提示词advance为动词，修饰technology须用形容词，advanced technology意为"先进技术"。 9. get — 提示词getting为现在分词，want to后须用动词原形get，get rid of意为"摆脱"。 10. consists — 提示词consisting为现在分词，主语The team为单数，一般现在时用consists，consist of意为"由…组成"。 11. react — 提示词reaction为名词，不定式to后须用动词原形，react to意为"对…作出反应"。 12. predators — 提示词predatory为形容词，natural后须用名词复数，predators意为"捕食者"。 13. estimate — 提示词estimation为名词，本句缺谓语，主语scientists为复数，一般现在时用estimate。 14. exposure — 提示词expose为动词，名词所有格后须用名词，exposure意为"暴露"。 15. restrict — 提示词restriction为名词，must后须用动词原形，restrict意为"限制"。 Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 【练习题】 科学家____________（估计）百年内人类可登陆火星，安全着陆是____________（关键的）一步；工程师研发____________（先进的）技术，宇航员保持____________（乐观的）。 火星寒冷干燥，定居者需____________（摆脱）舒适幻想：表面____________（暴露于）辐射，能源____________（消耗）受严格____________（限制）；定居者____________（珍惜）每滴可用之水，机器及时____________（反应），土壤____________（由…组成）本地矿物，无____________（捕食者）威胁。 【答案】 estimate; crucial; advanced; optimistic; get rid of; exposed; consumption; restricted; appreciate; react; consist; predators Part 7 关联阅读 Wild animals are moving into cities all over the world, and scientists estimate that the number of urban foxes, raccoons and birds has grown sharply in the past twenty years. Once considered a countryside problem, this quiet invasion of the streets has become a daily sight for millions of city residents. In many ways, cities are becoming safer for wildlife than the countryside: food is easier to find, and the advanced heating systems of tall buildings keep animals warm in winter. One study found that urban foxes now live longer than their country cousins, which is crucial information for anyone planning to manage city parks. Experts point out that a single fox family can live happily in a few city blocks. This does not mean city life is easy for them. A wild animal must get rid of its old habits to survive the traffic, and pets may still attack it. Animals that are exposed to human noise and light often behave differently from those in the wild. Some cities have tried to restrict the places where animals can feed, and the animals, in turn, have learned to react to the new rules in surprising ways. For young animals born in the city, the noise and lights are all they have ever known. In Vancouver, raccoons have even learned to open special bins designed to keep them out. Some cities are even building green roofs to give animals safer places to rest. Biologists say we should appreciate the wildlife on our streets, because animals bring a wildness that makes a city healthier. After all, the main predators of these urban animals are not other animals but cars and humans. The increasing consumption of resources by growing cities forces animals to adapt, and their success shows how flexible nature can be. Most scientists are optimistic: with careful planning, people and wildlife can share the same streets, and the city ecosystem will consist of both in equal measure. Small changes, like planting more native bushes or leaving quiet corners in parks, can make a huge difference. After all, our cities are simply nature with a new shape. 1. What has happened to wild animals in cities in the past twenty years? A. Their numbers have grown sharply. B. They have moved back to the countryside. C. They have become afraid of humans. D. They have learned to fly. 2. Why do some animals live longer in cities than in the countryside? A. Because cities have more natural enemies. B. Because food is easier to find in cities. C. Because city animals never get sick. D. Because the air is cleaner in cities. 3. What can we learn about the raccoons in Vancouver? A. They refuse to eat human food. B. They were all moved to the countryside. C. They learned to open the special bins. D. They were caught and kept in zoos. 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Cities should get rid of all wild animals. B. Wild animals are a danger to city residents. C. Scientists should study animals in the countryside. D. With careful planning, people and wildlife can live together happily. 【参考答案与高考标准解析】 答案：1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D 第1题（细节理解题·高考高频）：首段明确交代——"the number of urban foxes, raccoons and birds has grown sharply in the past twenty years"，过去二十年城市狐狸、浣熊和鸟类的数量急剧增长，与A项Their numbers have grown sharply对应，故选A。B项"迁回乡村"、C项"害怕人类"、D项"学会飞行"均与原文不符。 第2题（细节理解题·高考核心）：首段是解题句——"food is easier to find"以及"urban foxes now live longer than their country cousins"，城市里更容易找到食物，使动物寿命更长，与B项Because food is easier to find in cities吻合，故选B。A项"天敌更多"与原文相悖；C项"从不生病"、D项"空气更干净"均无依据。 第3题（细节理解题·高考核心）：第二段末句是解题句——"raccoons have even learned to open special bins designed to keep them out"，温哥华的浣熊甚至学会了打开专门为防它们而设计的垃圾桶，与C项They learned to open the special bins一致，故选C。A项"拒绝人类食物"、B项"被迁到乡村"、D项"被抓进动物园"均与原文相悖。 第4题（主旨大意题·高考压轴）：全文以野生动物进城为线索：从数量增长、适应城市规则到与人类共存，末段点明主旨——"with careful planning, people and wildlife can share the same streets, and the city ecosystem will consist of both in equal measure"，只要精心规划，人与野生动物可以共存共荣，与D项With careful planning, people and wildlife can live together happily吻合，故选D。A项"赶走野生动物"、B项"野生动物危害居民"、C项"科学家应研究乡村动物"均偏离主题。 📖 本语篇覆盖的目标词汇：estimate, expose, consumption, restrict, crucial, optimistic, appreciate, advanced, get rid of, consist, react, predator Part 8 写作运用 — 词汇升级 同义转换：用本专题词汇替换下面句中的普通词，提升写作表达 1. Scientists guess that the trip will take about two years. → Scientists ____________ that the trip will take about two years. 2. The plants were left without protection against the strong sunlight. → The plants were ____________ to the strong sunlight. 3. The use of electricity in the base is limited to ten hours a day. → The ____________ of electricity in the base is limited to ten hours a day. 4. The park limits the number of visitors to two thousand a day. → The park ____________ the number of visitors to two thousand a day. 5. Choosing the right spot is a very important step for the campers. → Choosing the right spot is ____________ for the campers. 6. The team feels hopeful about finding water under the ice. → The team is ____________ about finding water under the ice. 7. I thank you for all your support during the hard times. → I ____________ all your support during the hard times. 8. The new hospital is equipped with the latest medical tools. → The new hospital is equipped with ____________ medical tools. 9. The campers want to throw away the heavy bags before the climb. → The campers want to ____________ the heavy bags before the climb. 10. The group is made up of five engineers and two doctors. → The group ____________ of five engineers and two doctors. 11. The body responds quickly when the temperature drops. → The body ____________ quickly when the temperature drops. 12. Foxes are animals that hunt other animals for food. → Foxes are natural ____________ of small animals. 【答案】 1. estimate 2. exposed 3. consumption 4. restricts 5. crucial 6. optimistic 7. appreciate 8. advanced 9. get rid of 10. consists 11. reacts 12. predators Part 9 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 遮挡提示，尝试用12个目标词复述下面这条记忆链： 记忆链：estimate → expose → consumption → restrict → crucial → optimistic → appreciate → advanced → get rid of → consist → react → predator 复述模板（填空）： 科学家____________（估计）百年内可登火星：安全着陆____________（关键的）、____________（先进的）技术、____________（乐观的）心态；表面____________（暴露于）辐射，能源____________（消耗）受____________（限制）。 定居者____________（珍惜）每滴可用之水、机器及时____________（反应）、温室土壤____________（由…组成）本地矿物、火星无____________（捕食者）却需____________（摆脱）舒适幻想。 你的复述： __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 【自我检测答案】 填空答案：estimate; crucial; advanced; optimistic; exposed; consumption; restricted; appreciate; react; consist; predators; get rid of 复述模板参考版本： Scientists estimate that humans may land on Mars within a hundred years, and a safe landing is the most crucial step. With advanced technology and an optimistic spirit, the astronauts prepare for the journey. The surface of Mars is exposed to radiation, and the consumption of energy must be strictly restricted. The settlers will appreciate every drop of water, build machines that react to problems quickly, and grow food in soil that consists of local minerals. There are no predators on Mars, but the settlers must get rid of any idea of comfort. Survival there means learning to use every resource with care. 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $乐思英语 ·高考高频知识点 专题06【语境串考点】第六单元备考学案（外研版2019） 高考高频知识点：estimate / expose / consumption / restrict / crucial / optimistic / appreciate / advanced / get rid of / consist / react / predator （知识点来源：选修二 Unit 6 · Survival + 高考高频知识点） 学校:______________ 姓名: ______________ 班级: ______________ 座号: ______________ 目录 Part 1 语境串记语篇 1 【英文语篇】 1 【中文译文】 1 Part 2 知识点列表 2 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 3 Part 4 词性变化总表 9 Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 9 【练习题】 9 Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 10 【练习题】 10 Part 7 关联阅读 10 Part 8 写作运用 — 词汇升级 11 Part 9 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 12 Part 1 语境串记语篇 【英文语篇】 Scientists estimate that Mars could be home to humans within a hundred years, and engineers around the world are already building the advanced technology needed for the journey. The first step is the most crucial one: a safe landing. Landing on Mars is far harder than landing on the moon, because the thin atmosphere makes the spacecraft difficult to slow down. Yet the astronauts remain optimistic, believing that every problem they solve brings the dream closer. Life on Mars will be far from comfortable. The planet is cold and dry, and settlers must get rid of any idea of comfort before they arrive. Outside the base, astronauts must wear heavy suits, because the surface is exposed to dangerous radiation and dust storms. Inside, every drop of water and every gram of food must be planned carefully, and the daily consumption of energy is strictly restricted. Nothing can be wasted in a world so far from home. To survive, the settlers will need to appreciate every drop of water they can save, for nothing can be wasted so far from home. Machines must be built to react to problems before humans even notice them, and every system needs a backup. Greenhouses inside the base will grow vegetables under artificial light, and the soil will consist of local minerals mixed with plant waste. There are no predators on Mars, so the main enemy is not an animal but the cold and the emptiness. As one engineer said, we are not colonising a planet; we are learning to carry the whole earth in our pockets. 【中文译文】 科学家估计（estimate），火星在一百年内可能成为人类的家园，世界各地的工程师已经在建造这次旅程所需的先进（advanced）技术。第一步是最关键（crucial）的：安全着陆。在火星着陆远比在月球着陆困难，因为稀薄的大气使航天器难以减速。然而宇航员们保持乐观（optimistic），相信每解决一个问题，梦想就更近一步。 火星上的生活远非舒适。这颗行星寒冷干燥，定居者必须在到达前get rid of（摆脱）任何关于舒适的幻想。在基地外，宇航员必须穿着沉重的航天服，因为表面暴露（expose）在危险的辐射和沙尘暴中。在基地内，每一滴水、每一克食物都必须精心规划，能源的日常消耗（consumption）受到严格限制（restrict）。在离地球如此遥远的世界里，任何东西都不能浪费。 为了生存，定居者需要appreciate（珍惜）每一滴可用之水，因为在这离家遥远的世界里任何东西都不能浪费。机器必须在人类察觉之前就对问题作出反应（react），每个系统都要有备份。基地内的温室将在人造光下种植蔬菜，土壤将由consist of（由……组成）本地矿物混合植物废料。火星上没有捕食者（predator），所以主要的敌人不是动物，而是寒冷与空旷。正如一位工程师所说，我们不是在殖民一颗行星，而是在学习把整个地球装进口袋。 Part 2 知识点列表 序号 知识点 音标 词性 + 释义 + ⚡考点： 1 estimate /ˈestɪmeɪt/ v./n. 估计，估算 ⚡考点：It is estimated that... 据估计……；estimate the cost 估算成本；a rough estimate 粗略估计 2 expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/ v. 暴露，揭露 ⚡考点：be exposed to 暴露于；接触；expose the truth 揭露真相；exposure n. 暴露 3 consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ n. 消耗，消费 ⚡考点：energy consumption 能源消耗；caloric consumption 热量摄入；consume v. 消耗 4 restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/ v. 限制，约束 ⚡考点：restrict...to 把…限制在；be restricted to 限于；restriction n. 限制 5 crucial /ˈkruːʃl/ adj. 关键的，至关重要的 ⚡考点：be crucial to 对…至关重要；a crucial role 关键作用；crucially adv. 关键地 6 optimistic /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ adj. 乐观的 ⚡考点：be optimistic about 对…乐观；optimism n. 乐观主义；optimist n. 乐观者 7 appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/ v. 感激；欣赏；理解 ⚡考点：appreciate doing 感激做；appreciate the beauty 欣赏美；appreciation n. 感激；欣赏 8 advanced /ədˈvɑːnst/ adj. 先进的，高级的 ⚡考点：advanced technology 先进技术；advanced students 高级班学生；advance v./n. 前进；进展 9 get rid of /ɡet rɪd ɒv/ 摆脱，除去 ⚡考点：get rid of the risk 摆脱风险；get rid of waste 清除垃圾；rid...of 使摆脱；be rid of 摆脱 10 consist /kənˈsɪst/ v. 由……组成；在于 ⚡考点：consist of 由…组成；consist in 在于；consist with 与…一致；be made up of 同义 11 react /riˈækt/ v. 反应，回应 ⚡考点：react to 对…作出反应；reaction n. 反应；a chain reaction 连锁反应 12 predator /ˈpredətə(r)/ n. 捕食者 ⚡考点：natural predators 天敌；predatory adj. 捕食性的；predation n. 捕食 Part 3 词根拆解 · 联想记忆 · 高考考点 1. estimate /ˈestɪmeɪt/ v./n. 估计，估算 【核心考点】 estimate是说明文与新闻类语篇的高频动词兼名词。动词用法要点：①估计，估算——estimate the cost（估算成本）、estimate that...（估计……）；②It is estimated that...（据估计……）是高考高频句型。名词用法：估计，估价——a rough estimate（粗略估计）、a conservative estimate（保守估计）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：estimation n. 估计；estimated adj. 估算的。辨析：estimate（估计，凭经验判断）vs evaluate（评估，评价）vs assess（评估，评定）vs calculate（计算，精确推算）。写作金句：It is estimated that more than half of the world's population now lives in cities（据估计，世界上超过一半的人口如今生活在城市）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语aestimare"估价"（aes"铜钱"→"评估价值"）→ 估价→ 估计。联想：estim"估价"→ estimate（估价→估计）、estimation（估计）、esteem（尊重→看重其价值）、aim（目标→估价方向）。记住：estimate=估算价值。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：estimate作名词还可表示"报价，估价单"，如get an estimate from a builder（向建筑商要一份报价）。此义常见于生活类语篇，阅读中注意。 【真题原句】 （2025全国一·阅读A真题）"It's estimated that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050."（据估计，到2050年全球电力需求可能会翻一番以上。）（真题原句·estimate 估计） 【搭配词块】 It is estimated that... 据估计…… / estimate the cost 估算成本 / a rough estimate 粗略估计 / a conservative estimate 保守估计 2. expose /ɪkˈspəʊz/ v. 暴露，揭露 【核心考点】 expose是说明文与新闻类语篇的高频动词。用法要点：①暴露，使接触——be exposed to（暴露于；接触）——Children are exposed to too much screen time；②揭露，揭发——expose the truth（揭露真相）、expose a scandal（揭露丑闻）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：exposure n. 暴露；曝光→ exposure to sunlight（晒太阳）；exposed adj. 暴露的。辨析：expose（暴露；揭露）vs reveal（揭示，展现）vs uncover（揭开，发现）vs disclose（披露，透露）。写作金句：When you expose yourself to new ideas, your world grows wider with every page you turn（当你接触新思想时，每翻一页你的世界就变得更宽广）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语exponere"放在外面"（ex-"向外"+ponere"放置"）→ 放到外面→ 暴露。联想：pos"放置"→ expose（放到外面→暴露）、exposure（暴露）、compose（放在一起→组成）、oppose（置于对面→反对）、position（位置）。记住：ex + pose = 摆到外面。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：expose还可表示"（摄影）使（胶片）曝光"，如expose the film to light（让胶片曝光）。此义出现于摄影类语篇，阅读中注意。 【真题原句】 （2025全国一·语法填空真题）"The players' personalities are revealed during the game, and one's weaknesses are exposed to the opponent."（比赛中棋手的个性会显现出来，弱点也会暴露给对手。）（真题原句·expose 暴露） 【搭配词块】 be exposed to 暴露于；接触 / expose the truth 揭露真相 / exposure to sunlight 晒太阳 / exposed adj. 暴露的 3. consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃn/ n. 消耗，消费 【核心考点】 consumption是说明文与新闻类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①消耗，消费——energy consumption（能源消耗）、water consumption（用水量）、fuel consumption（燃料消耗）；②（食品、饮料的）食用，饮用——food consumption（食物摄入）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：consume v. 消耗，消费；consumer n. 消费者；consuming adj. 消耗的。辨析：consumption（消耗，消费，总称）vs use（使用）vs spending（花费，开支）vs intake（摄入量）。写作金句：Reducing our energy consumption is not about living less, but about living smarter（减少能源消耗不是少生活，而是更聪明地生活）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语consumere"耗尽"（con-"完全"+sumere"取走"）→ 完全取走→ 消耗。联想：sum"取走"→ consumption（取走→消耗）、consume（消耗）、consumer（消费者）、assume（假定→取为己用）、resume（恢复→重新取）。记住：con + sume = 全部取走。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：consumption还可表示"（疾病的）消耗，肺结核（旧称）"，如die of consumption（死于肺痨）。此义为旧时用法，现代阅读中极少见。 【真题原句】 （2024年1月浙江卷·阅读D真题）"Just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption..."（正如我们需要更仔细地考虑热量摄入一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑信息摄入……）（真题原句·consumption 消耗） 【搭配词块】 energy consumption 能源消耗 / water consumption 用水量 / fuel consumption 燃料消耗 / consumer n. 消费者 4. restrict /rɪˈstrɪkt/ v. 限制，约束 【核心考点】 restrict是说明文与新闻类语篇的高频动词。用法要点：①限制，约束——restrict...to（把…限制在）——Restrict your use of the phone to two hours a day；②be restricted to（仅限于）——Entry is restricted to members。派生词是语法填空高频考点：restriction n. 限制→ under restrictions（受到限制）；restrictive adj. 限制性的。辨析：restrict（限制，约束，较正式）vs limit（限制，极限）vs confine（局限，禁闭）vs control（控制）。写作金句：Freedom without responsibility becomes chaos, and responsibility without freedom becomes restriction（没有责任的自由变成混乱，没有自由的负责变成束缚）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语restringere"捆紧"（re-"向后"+stringere"捆"）→ 捆紧→ 限制。联想：strict"捆紧"→ restrict（捆紧→限制）、restriction（限制）、strict（严格的）、constrict（收缩→捆紧）、district（地区→被圈起来的区域）。记住：re + strict = 捆得更紧。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：restrict还可表示"（医学）约束，限制（活动）"，如restrict the patient's movement（限制病人的活动）。此义出现于医学类语篇，阅读中注意。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Every drop of water and every gram of food must be planned carefully, and the daily consumption of energy is strictly restricted."（每一滴水、每一克食物都必须精心规划，能源的日常消耗受到严格限制。）（经典原句·restrict 限制） 【搭配词块】 restrict...to 把…限制在 / be restricted to 限于 / under restrictions 受到限制 / restriction n. 限制 5. crucial /ˈkruːʃl/ adj. 关键的，至关重要的 【核心考点】 crucial是说明文与议论文类语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①关键的，至关重要的——be crucial to（对…至关重要）——Timing is crucial to the plan；②a crucial role（关键作用）、a crucial moment（关键时刻）。派生词：crucially adv. 关键地——Crucially, we must act now。辨析：crucial（关键的，决定性的，正式）vs important（重要的）vs vital（至关重要的，生死攸关）vs essential（必不可少的）。写作金句：The first impression is crucial, but it is the last impression that people remember longest（第一印象至关重要，但人们记得最久的是最后印象）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语crux"十字架"→ 十字路口→ 关键的抉择时刻。联想：cruc"十字"→ crucial（十字路口→关键的）、crucify（钉在十字架上）、crusade（十字军东征）、cruise（巡航→走十字路线）。记住：crucial=站在十字路口的选择。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：crucial意义稳定，无生义。注意be crucial to（对…至关重要）后接名词或动名词，是阅读与写作的高频搭配。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The first step is the most crucial one: a safe landing, for everything else depends on arriving in one piece."（第一步是最关键的：安全着陆，因为其余一切都取决于完好抵达。）（经典原句·crucial 关键的） 【搭配词块】 be crucial to 对…至关重要 / a crucial role 关键作用 / a crucial moment 关键时刻 / crucially adv. 关键地 6. optimistic /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ adj. 乐观的 【核心考点】 optimistic是议论文与人物类语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①乐观的——be optimistic about（对…乐观）——She is optimistic about the future；②an optimistic view（乐观的看法）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：optimism n. 乐观主义；optimist n. 乐观者；optimistically adv. 乐观地。反义词：pessimistic adj. 悲观的。辨析：optimistic（乐观的）vs hopeful（充满希望的）vs positive（积极的）vs confident（自信的）。写作金句：An optimistic person sees the light in every shadow, while a pessimistic one sees the shadow in every light（乐观者在每片阴影里看见光，悲观者在每束光里看见阴影）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语optimus"最好的"（opus"做"→做得最好的）→ 相信最好的→ 乐观的。联想：opt"选择；最好"→ optimistic（相信最好→乐观）、optimism（乐观主义）、optimum（最优的）、option（选择）。记住：optim=最好，乐观者相信最好的会发生。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：optimistic意义稳定，无生义。注意be optimistic about（对…乐观）与be pessimistic about（对…悲观）是反义搭配，阅读中常成对出现。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Yet the astronauts remain optimistic, believing that every problem they solve brings the dream of Mars a little closer."（然而宇航员们保持乐观，相信每解决一个问题，火星之梦就更近一步。）（经典原句·optimistic 乐观的） 【搭配词块】 be optimistic about 对…乐观 / an optimistic view 乐观的看法 / optimism n. 乐观主义 / pessimistic adj. 悲观的 7. appreciate /əˈpriːʃieɪt/ v. 感激；欣赏；理解 【核心考点】 appreciate是记叙文与议论文类语篇的高频动词。用法要点：①感激，感谢——appreciate one's help（感激某人的帮助）、appreciate doing sth.（感激做某事）；②欣赏，赏识——appreciate the beauty（欣赏美）、appreciate good music（欣赏好音乐）；③理解，意识到——appreciate the difficulty（理解困难）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：appreciation n. 感激；欣赏→ in appreciation of（为感谢）；appreciative adj. 感激的；appreciatively adv. 感激地。辨析：appreciate（感激/欣赏）vs thank（感谢，及物接人）vs enjoy（享受）vs understand（理解）。写作金句：We never truly appreciate what we have until we are forced to plan every drop of it（直到被迫精打细算每一滴，我们才真正珍惜所拥有的）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语appretiare"估价"（ad-"向"+pretium"价格"）→ 看出价值→ 感激/欣赏。联想：preci"价格"→ appreciate（估价→欣赏）、appreciation（感激）、price（价格）、precious（珍贵的）。记住：ap + preci = 看出价值。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：appreciate后接动名词（appreciate doing），不接不定式；I would appreciate it if...（如果……我将不胜感激）是书面高频句型，其中it为形式宾语，为语法填空与写作考点。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"To survive, the settlers will need to appreciate every drop of water they can save, for nothing can be wasted so far from home."（为了生存，定居者需要珍惜每一滴可用之水，因为在这离家遥远的世界里任何东西都不能浪费。）（经典原句·appreciate 珍惜；感激） 【搭配词块】 appreciate doing 感激做 / appreciate the beauty 欣赏美 / in appreciation of 为感谢 / appreciative adj. 感激的 8. advanced /ədˈvɑːnst/ adj. 先进的，高级的 【核心考点】 advanced是说明文与科技类语篇的高频形容词。用法要点：①先进的，尖端的——advanced technology（先进技术）、advanced equipment（先进设备）；②高级的，高等的——advanced students（高级班学生）、advanced mathematics（高等数学）；③（程度）深的——advanced cancer（晚期癌症）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：advance v. 前进；推进→ in advance（提前）；n. 进展→ make advances（取得进展）；advancement n. 进步；advancing adj. 前进的。辨析：advanced（先进的，高级的）vs progressive（进步的，渐进的）vs modern（现代的）vs cutting-edge（尖端的）。写作金句：Advanced technology is a tool, not a master; it serves those who know what they truly want（先进技术是工具而非主人；它服务于清楚自己真正想要什么的人）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语advance"向前"（ad-"向"+ante"在前"）→ 向前→ 先进的。联想：ance"前面"→ advanced（走在前面的→先进的）、advance（前进）、advantage（优势→站在前面）、advancement（进步）。记住：advance=走在前头。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：advanced还可表示"（疾病、时间）晚期的，后期的"，如advanced age（高龄）、advanced stage of the disease（疾病晚期）。此义出现于医学类语篇，阅读中注意。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Engineers around the world are already building the advanced technology needed for the journey to Mars, from landing systems to life support."（世界各地的工程师已经在建造火星之旅所需的先进技术，从着陆系统到生命维持系统。）（经典原句·advanced 先进的） 【搭配词块】 advanced technology 先进技术 / advanced equipment 先进设备 / advanced students 高级班学生 / in advance 提前 9. get rid of /ɡet rɪd ɒv/ 摆脱，除去 【核心考点】 get rid of是记叙文与说明文类语篇的高频动词短语。用法要点：①摆脱，除去——get rid of the risk（摆脱风险）、get rid of waste（清除垃圾）、get rid of bad habits（改掉坏习惯）；②同义表达——rid...of（使摆脱）、be rid of（摆脱了）、do away with（废除）。辨析：get rid of（摆脱，口语常用）vs remove（移除，正式）vs dispose of（处理掉，正式）。写作金句：The first step to a lighter life is to get rid of what we no longer need, from old habits to old fears（走向更轻松人生的第一步，是摆脱我们不再需要的东西——从旧习惯到旧恐惧）。 【词根联想】 古英语rydda"清除"→ rid（使摆脱）+ of → 摆脱。联想：rid"清除"→ get rid of（摆脱）、rid...of（使摆脱）、riddance（摆脱，除去）。记住：rid=清除，get rid of=把…清除掉。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：rid是规则不规则皆可的动词（rid-rid-rid），get rid of中rid为形容词性质；同源表达be rid of（已摆脱）与rid A of B（使A摆脱B）为书面用法，阅读中注意区分。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"The planet is cold and dry, and settlers must get rid of any idea of comfort before they arrive."（这颗行星寒冷干燥，定居者必须在到达前摆脱任何关于舒适的幻想。）（经典原句·get rid of 摆脱） 【搭配词块】 get rid of the risk 摆脱风险 / get rid of waste 清除垃圾 / rid...of 使摆脱 / be rid of 摆脱 10. consist /kənˈsɪst/ v. 由……组成；在于 【核心考点】 consist是说明文与议论文类语篇的高频动词（不及物）。用法要点：①由……组成——consist of（由…组成）——The team consists of ten members；②在于——consist in（在于）——Happiness consists in contentment；③与……一致——consist with。注意：consist of不用于进行时态，也无被动语态（=be made up of）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：consistent adj. 一致的→ be consistent with（与…一致）；consistency n. 一致性；consistently adv. 一贯地。辨析：consist of（由…组成，整体→部分）vs compose（组成，常用被动be composed of）vs comprise（包含，组成）vs make up（组成）。写作金句：A strong team does not consist of perfect members, but of members who complete one another（强大的团队不由完美的成员组成，而由彼此互补的成员组成）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语consistere"站在一起"（con-"共同"+sistere"站立"）→ 站在一起→ 组成。联想：sist"站立"→ consist（站在一起→组成）、consistent（一致的→站在一起）、resist（抵抗→站在对面）、assist（帮助→站在旁边）。记住：con + sist = 站在一起。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：consist of（由…组成）与被动态is made up of同义，语法填空常考；consist in（在于）为书面表达，如Success consists in hard work（成功在于努力）；consist of无被动语态是易错点。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Greenhouses inside the base will grow vegetables under artificial light, and the soil will consist of local minerals mixed with plant waste."（基地内的温室将在人造光下种植蔬菜，土壤将由本地矿物混合植物废料组成。）（经典原句·consist 由……组成） 【搭配词块】 consist of 由…组成 / consist in 在于 / consist with 与…一致 / be made up of 由…组成 11. react /riˈækt/ v. 反应，回应 【核心考点】 react是说明文与议论文类语篇的高频动词（不及物）。用法要点：①反应，回应——react to（对…作出反应）——How did she react to the news？；②（化学）起反应——Iron reacts with oxygen（铁与氧发生反应）。派生词是语法填空高频考点：reaction n. 反应→ a chain reaction（连锁反应）、in reaction to（对…的反应）；reactive adj. 反应的，易反应的。辨析：react（反应，回应）vs respond（回应，应答）vs answer（回答）vs reply（答复）。写作金句：You cannot control what happens to you, but you can control how you react to it（你无法控制发生在你身上的事，但可以控制你如何回应它）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语reagere"再行动"（re-"再次"+agere"行动"）→ 反作用→ 反应。联想：act"行动"→ react（反向行动→反应）、reaction（反应）、active（活跃的）、interact（相互作用）、transaction（交易→跨着行动）。记住：re + act = 反着动一下。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：react还可表示"（对药物等）过敏反应，不良反应"，如Some patients react badly to the medicine（有些病人对这种药反应不良）。此义出现于医学类语篇。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"Machines must be built to react to problems before humans even notice them, and every system needs a backup."（机器必须在人类察觉之前就对问题作出反应，每个系统都要有备份。）（经典原句·react 反应） 【搭配词块】 react to 对…作出反应 / reaction n. 反应 / a chain reaction 连锁反应 / in reaction to 对…的反应 12. predator /ˈpredətə(r)/ n. 捕食者 【核心考点】 predator是说明文与环保类语篇的高频名词。用法要点：①捕食者，食肉动物——natural predators（天敌）、top predators（顶级掠食者）；②（剥削他人的）掠夺者。派生词是语法填空高频考点：predatory adj. 捕食性的→ predatory animals（捕食性动物）；predation n. 捕食行为。辨析：predator（捕食者）vs prey（猎物，被捕食者）vs hunter（猎人）vs beast（野兽）。写作金句：In nature, every predator keeps the balance, and every balance depends on every species（在自然界，每一个捕食者维持着平衡，而每一份平衡依赖于每一个物种）。 【词根联想】 拉丁语praedari"掠夺"（praeda"猎物"）→ 掠夺者→ 捕食者。联想：prey"猎物"→ predator（猎取猎物者→捕食者）、predatory（捕食性的）、prey（猎物）、depredation（掠夺，蹂躏）。记住：predator=猎取猎物的动物。 【熟词生义】 熟词生义：predator还可表示"（比喻）掠夺者，压榨者"，如a corporate predator（企业掠夺者）。此义出现于经济与社会类语篇，阅读中注意。 【经典原句】 （经典原句）"There are no predators on Mars, so the main enemy is not an animal but the cold and the emptiness of the red planet."（火星上没有捕食者，所以主要的敌人不是动物，而是这颗红色星球的寒冷与空旷。）（经典原句·predator 捕食者） 【搭配词块】 natural predators 天敌 / top predators 顶级掠食者 / predatory animals 捕食性动物 / prey n. 猎物 Part 4 词性变化总表 原词 派生词1 派生词2 派生词3 核心搭配 estimate estimation (n.) estimated (adj.) --- It is estimated that / a rough estimate expose exposure (n.) exposed (adj.) --- be exposed to / expose the truth consumption consume (v.) consumer (n.) consuming (adj.) energy consumption / consumer restrict restriction (n.) restrictive (adj.) restricted (adj.) restrict...to / under restrictions crucial crucially (adv.) --- --- be crucial to / a crucial role optimistic optimism (n.) optimist (n.) optimistically (adv.) be optimistic about / optimism appreciate appreciation (n.) appreciative (adj.) appreciatively (adv.) appreciate doing / in appreciation of advanced advance (v./n.) advancement (n.) advancing (adj.) advanced technology / in advance get rid of rid (v.) riddance (n.) --- get rid of the risk / rid...of consist consistent (adj.) consistency (n.) consistently (adv.) consist of / consist in react reaction (n.) reactive (adj.) reactor (n.) react to / a chain reaction predator predatory (adj.) predation (n.) --- natural predators / predatory animals Part 5 语境复现练习 — 语法填空 【练习题】 1.（2025全国一·阅读A·改编）It is ____________ (estimation) that the global demand for electricity could more than double by 2050. 2.（2025全国一·语法填空·改编）One's weaknesses are ____________ (exposure) to the opponent during the game. 3.（2024年1月浙江卷·阅读D·改编）We need to be more thoughtful about our caloric ____________ (consume). 4.（2026山东济南·模拟）The use of water on the base is strictly ____________ (restriction). 5.（2026广东广州·模拟）A safe landing is the most ____________ (crucially) step of the whole journey. 6.（2026江苏南京·模拟）The astronauts remain ____________ (optimism) about the future of the project. 7.（2026浙江杭州·模拟）The settlers should ____________ (appreciation) every drop of water they use. 8.（2026四川成都·模拟）Engineers are building ____________ (advance) technology for the journey. 9.（2026湖北武汉·模拟）The campers want to ____________ (getting) rid of the heavy bags before the climb. 10.（2026河北石家庄·模拟）The team ____________ (consisting) of ten scientists will study the planet. 11.（2026福建厦门·模拟）Machines must be built to ____________ (reaction) to problems before humans notice them. 12.（2026江西南昌·模拟）There are no natural ____________ (predatory) on Mars. 13.（2026安徽合肥·模拟）Scientists ____________ (estimation) that Mars could be home to humans within a century. 14.（2026陕西西安·模拟）The astronauts' ____________ (expose) to radiation must be carefully limited. 15.（2026湖南长沙·模拟）Everyone on the base must ____________ (restriction) their use of electricity. Part 6 知识点默写：根据汉语提示用所学单词的适当形式完成语篇 【练习题】 科学家____________（估计）百年内人类可登陆火星，安全着陆是____________（关键的）一步；工程师研发____________（先进的）技术，宇航员保持____________（乐观的）。 火星寒冷干燥，定居者需____________（摆脱）舒适幻想：表面____________（暴露于）辐射，能源____________（消耗）受严格____________（限制）；定居者____________（珍惜）每滴可用之水，机器及时____________（反应），土壤____________（由…组成）本地矿物，无____________（捕食者）威胁。 Part 7 关联阅读 Wild animals are moving into cities all over the world, and scientists estimate that the number of urban foxes, raccoons and birds has grown sharply in the past twenty years. Once considered a countryside problem, this quiet invasion of the streets has become a daily sight for millions of city residents. In many ways, cities are becoming safer for wildlife than the countryside: food is easier to find, and the advanced heating systems of tall buildings keep animals warm in winter. One study found that urban foxes now live longer than their country cousins, which is crucial information for anyone planning to manage city parks. Experts point out that a single fox family can live happily in a few city blocks. This does not mean city life is easy for them. A wild animal must get rid of its old habits to survive the traffic, and pets may still attack it. Animals that are exposed to human noise and light often behave differently from those in the wild. Some cities have tried to restrict the places where animals can feed, and the animals, in turn, have learned to react to the new rules in surprising ways. For young animals born in the city, the noise and lights are all they have ever known. In Vancouver, raccoons have even learned to open special bins designed to keep them out. Some cities are even building green roofs to give animals safer places to rest. Biologists say we should appreciate the wildlife on our streets, because animals bring a wildness that makes a city healthier. After all, the main predators of these urban animals are not other animals but cars and humans. The increasing consumption of resources by growing cities forces animals to adapt, and their success shows how flexible nature can be. Most scientists are optimistic: with careful planning, people and wildlife can share the same streets, and the city ecosystem will consist of both in equal measure. Small changes, like planting more native bushes or leaving quiet corners in parks, can make a huge difference. After all, our cities are simply nature with a new shape. 1. What has happened to wild animals in cities in the past twenty years? A. Their numbers have grown sharply. B. They have moved back to the countryside. C. They have become afraid of humans. D. They have learned to fly. 2. Why do some animals live longer in cities than in the countryside? A. Because cities have more natural enemies. B. Because food is easier to find in cities. C. Because city animals never get sick. D. Because the air is cleaner in cities. 3. What can we learn about the raccoons in Vancouver? A. They refuse to eat human food. B. They were all moved to the countryside. C. They learned to open the special bins. D. They were caught and kept in zoos. 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Cities should get rid of all wild animals. B. Wild animals are a danger to city residents. C. Scientists should study animals in the countryside. D. With careful planning, people and wildlife can live together happily. 📖 本语篇覆盖的目标词汇：estimate, expose, consumption, restrict, crucial, optimistic, appreciate, advanced, get rid of, consist, react, predator Part 8 写作运用 — 词汇升级 同义转换：用本专题词汇替换下面句中的普通词，提升写作表达 1. Scientists guess that the trip will take about two years. → Scientists ____________ that the trip will take about two years. 2. The plants were left without protection against the strong sunlight. → The plants were ____________ to the strong sunlight. 3. The use of electricity in the base is limited to ten hours a day. → The ____________ of electricity in the base is limited to ten hours a day. 4. The park limits the number of visitors to two thousand a day. → The park ____________ the number of visitors to two thousand a day. 5. Choosing the right spot is a very important step for the campers. → Choosing the right spot is ____________ for the campers. 6. The team feels hopeful about finding water under the ice. → The team is ____________ about finding water under the ice. 7. I thank you for all your support during the hard times. → I ____________ all your support during the hard times. 8. The new hospital is equipped with the latest medical tools. → The new hospital is equipped with ____________ medical tools. 9. The campers want to throw away the heavy bags before the climb. → The campers want to ____________ the heavy bags before the climb. 10. The group is made up of five engineers and two doctors. → The group ____________ of five engineers and two doctors. 11. The body responds quickly when the temperature drops. → The body ____________ quickly when the temperature drops. 12. Foxes are animals that hunt other animals for food. → Foxes are natural ____________ of small animals. Part 9 语境串联复盘 — 自我检测 遮挡提示，尝试用12个目标词复述下面这条记忆链： 记忆链：estimate → expose → consumption → restrict → crucial → optimistic → appreciate → advanced → get rid of → consist → react → predator 复述模板（填空）： 科学家____________（估计）百年内可登火星：安全着陆____________（关键的）、____________（先进的）技术、____________（乐观的）心态；表面____________（暴露于）辐射，能源____________（消耗）受____________（限制）。 定居者____________（珍惜）每滴可用之水、机器及时____________（反应）、温室土壤____________（由…组成）本地矿物、火星无____________（捕食者）却需____________（摆脱）舒适幻想。 你的复述： __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $