Unit 5 Revealing nature 外刊拓展提升（多题型专练）英语外研版选择性必修第一册

**基本信息** 以“自然揭示”为主题，整合外刊拓展、词汇语法与多元题型训练，构建“输入-内化-输出”递进式语言能力培养体系。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |外刊拓展阅读|1篇（含21个核心词汇、2个长难句）|科普类文本，聚焦塑料污染成因、影响及解决|以环保主题为核心，词汇-句法-语篇层层递进，培养文化意识与思维品质| |培优提升篇|7篇（4阅读理解+七选五+完形填空+语法填空）|涵盖细节理解、推理判断、主旨归纳等高考核心题型|从单句理解到语篇分析，训练语言能力与逻辑思维，对接高频考点| |迁移应用篇|3项（翻译+应用文+读后续写）|实用写作与创意表达结合，主题紧扣野生动物保护|从语言知识到综合运用，提升学习能力与跨文化沟通能力|

Unit 5 Revealing nature 外刊拓展提升（多题型专练） 识·单元要点概览 读·外刊拓展阅读 （来源：https://www.nationalgeographic.com）Much of the planet is swimming in discarded plastic, which is harming animal and possibly human health. Can plastic pollution be cleaned up?Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues, thanks to the overwhelming rise in production of disposable plastic products.Plastic pollution is most visible in developing Asian and African nations, where garbage collection systems are often inefficient or nonexistent. But the developed world, especially in countries with low recycling rates, also has trouble properly collecting discarded plastics. Why was plastic invented?Plastics made from fossil fuels are just over a century old. Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland created the first fully synthetic plastic in 1907. Production and development of thousands of new plastic products accelerated after World War II, which transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics would be unrecognizable today. In plastic, inventors found a light, durable material that can be used in everything from transportation to medicine. Plastics revolutionized medicine with life-saving devices, made space travel possible, lightened cars and jets—saving fuel and pollution—and saved lives with helmets, incubators, and equipment for clean drinking water.The conveniences plastics offer, however, led to a throw-away culture that reveals the material’s dark side: today, single-use plastics account for 40 percent of the plastic produced every year. Many of these products, such as plastic bags and food wrappers, have a lifespan of mere minutes to hours, yet they may persist in the environment for hundreds of years. How plastic pollution spreads around the world.Most of the plastic pollution in the oceans, Earth’s last sink, flows from land. Trash is also carried to sea by major rivers, which act as conveyor belts, picking up more and more trash as they move downstream.Once at sea, much of the plastic trash remains in coastal waters. But once caught up in ocean currents, marine plastic pollution can spread around the world.The South Pacific gyre, a circular ocean current, carries plastic pollution to Henderson Island, an uninhabited atoll in the isolated Pitcairn Group located halfway between Chile and New Zealand. There, scientists have found plastic items from Russia, the United States, Europe, South America, Japan, and China. Once in the ocean, it is difficult—if not impossible—to retrieve plastic waste. Mechanical systems, such as Mr. Trash Wheel, a litter interceptor in Maryland’s Baltimore Harbor, can be effective at picking up large pieces of plastic, such as foam cups and food containers, from inland waters.But once plastics break down into microplastics and drift throughout the water column in the open ocean, they are virtually impossible to recover. The best way to reduce plastic pollution, many scientists and conservationists say, is to prevent plastics from entering waterways in the first place via improved waste management systems and recycling, better product design, and a reduction in manufacturing single-use plastics. 【全文翻译】 地球上大量区域充斥着废弃塑料，这类塑料正在危害动物的健康，也有可能损害人类健康。塑料污染能够被清理干净吗？ 一次性塑料制品的产量激增，使得塑料污染成为最为紧迫的环境问题之一。 塑料污染在亚洲、非洲的发展中国家表现得最为触目惊心，这些地区的垃圾回收系统往往效率低下，甚至根本不存在。但发达国家，尤其是那些回收率较低的国家，同样难以妥善处理废弃塑料。 塑料因何被发明？ 以化石燃料为原料的塑料，问世不过一百余年。比利时化学家利奥·贝克兰于1907年发明了世界上第一种完全人工合成的塑料。第二次世界大战之后，成千上万种新型塑料制品的生产与研发飞速发展，极大地改变了现代社会；如今，如果没有塑料，我们的生活将面目全非。在塑料身上，发明家找到了一种质地轻便、经久耐用的材料，它的应用遍及交通、医疗等各行各业。 塑料革新了医疗行业，催生了诸多挽救生命的器械；它助力人类实现太空旅行；减轻汽车与飞机的自重，节约燃料、减少污染；头盔、恒温育婴箱以及净水设备等塑料制品也拯救了无数生命。 然而，塑料带来的种种便利，催生了一次性消费文化，也暴露出这种材料阴暗的一面：如今，一次性塑料占每年塑料总产量的40%。塑料袋、食品包装袋等诸多这类产品，使用寿命仅有几分钟到几小时，可它们却能在自然环境中留存数百年。 塑料污染如何扩散至全球。 海洋是地球最后的垃圾汇集地，海洋中的绝大多数塑料垃圾都源自陆地。各大河流如同传送带，裹挟垃圾奔向大海，河水向下游流动的过程中，还会裹挟越来越多的废弃物。 塑料垃圾进入海洋后，大部分停留在近海海域。可一旦卷入洋流，海洋塑料污染便会扩散到世界各地。 南太平洋环流是一处环形洋流，它将塑料垃圾带到亨德森岛。这座无人居住的环礁隶属于偏远的皮特凯恩群岛，地处智利与新西兰中间。科学家在岛上发现了来自俄罗斯、美国、欧洲、南美洲、日本以及中国的塑料制品。 塑料垃圾一旦进入海洋，想要回收即便不是完全不可能，也是极其困难。马里兰州巴尔的摩港的垃圾拦截装置“垃圾轮先生”这类机械设备，可以高效打捞内陆水域里泡沫杯、食品盒等大块塑料垃圾。 但当塑料分解成为微塑料，飘散散布在公海整个水体之中时，几乎就没有办法将其回收。 许多科学家与环保人士表示，减少塑料污染最好的办法，就是从源头阻止塑料进入水系：完善垃圾处理与回收体系、优化产品设计、减少一次性塑料的生产。 【核心词汇】 ( 1 / 13 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. discard v. 丢弃，抛弃 2. pressing adj. 紧迫的，亟待解决的 3. overwhelming adj. 巨大的，压倒性的 4. disposable adj. 一次性的 5. nonexistent adj. 不存在的 6. synthetic adj. 合成的，人造的 7. accelerate v. 加速，加快 8. durable adj. 耐用的，持久的 9. incubator n. 恒温育婴箱 10. throw‑away adj. 一次性使用的 11. persist v. 持续存在，留存 12. sink n. 汇集地，沉降处 13. conveyor belt 传送带 14. downstream adv. 向下游 15. ocean current 洋流 16. gyre n. 大洋环流，环流 17. atoll n. 环礁 18. retrieve v. 取回，回收 19. interceptor n. 拦截装置 20. break down 分解 21. microplastic n. 微塑料 22. water column 水体 23. conservationist n. 环保人士 24. waterway n. 水道，水系 【长难句分析】 1.Production and development of thousands of new plastic products accelerated after World War II, which transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics would be unrecognizable today. 句意：二战后，数千种新塑料产品的生产和开发加速了，这极大地改变了现代社会，以至于如今没有塑料的生活简直无法想象。 分析：本句整体是主从复合句。Production and development of thousands of new plastic products是主语，其中of thousands of new plastic products是后置定语修饰Production and development，accelerated是谓语，after World War II是时间状语。which transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics would be unrecognizable today是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，其中which在从句中作主语，transformed是谓语，the modern age是宾语，so much...that...引导结果状语从句，在这个结果状语从句中，life是主语，would be是谓语，unrecognizable是表语，without plastics是后置定语修饰life。 2. The best way to reduce plastic pollution, many scientists and conservationists say, is to prevent plastics from entering waterways in the first place via improved waste management systems and recycling, better product design, and a reduction in manufacturing single-use plastics. 句意：许多科学家和环保人士表示，减少塑料污染的最佳方法首先是通过改进废物管理系统和回收利用、优化产品设计以及减少一次性塑料制品的生产，来防止塑料进入水道。 分析：本句是主系表结构的主从复合句。The best way to reduce plastic pollution是主语，其中to reduce plastic pollution是后置定语修饰way，many scientists and conservationists say是插入语，is是系动词，to prevent plastics from entering waterways in the first place via improved waste management systems and recycling, better product design, and a reduction in manufacturing single-use plastics是表语，在这个表语中，to prevent...from...是固定结构，plastics是宾语，entering waterways是宾语补足语，in the first place是状语，via...是方式状语。 练·能力培优拔高 培优提升篇 Passage 1 Feeling anxious about getting older, especially worrying about declining health, may do more than weigh on the mind. New research from NYU School of Global Public Health suggests that these fears could be linked to faster aging at the cellular level in women. “We know from previous research that anxiety, depression, and mental health in general are associated with a number of physical health outcomes, but until now researchers haven’t focused on whether there is a correlation between worrying about aging and the process of aging itself,” said Mariana Rodrigues, a PhD student at NYU School of Global Public Health. Women, especially those in midlife, may be especially vulnerable to anxiety about aging. Social expectations around youth and appearance, along with concerns about fertility, can heighten stress during midlife. To explore the connection between aging anxiety and biological aging, researchers examined data from 726 women participating in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Participants reported how much they worried about aging-related issues. Meanwhile, blood samples were analyzed using two established epigenetic (表观遗传) clocks. One measured the speed of biological aging, while the other estimated accumulated biological damage over time. The results showed that women who reported higher levels of anxiety about growing older showed signs of faster epigenetic aging which has been linked in prior research to physical decline and greater risk of age-related diseases. The findings underscore how closely mental and physical health are connected across the lifespan, even though they are often treated separately. At the same time, the researchers caution that the study captures only a single point in time. It cannot determine cause and effect or rule out the influence of other factors. Some coping behaviors associated with anxiety, such as smoking or alcohol use, may help explain the link. When the team adjusted their analysis to account for these health behaviors, the association between aging anxiety and epigenetic aging weakened and was no longer statistically significant. Further research will be needed to understand how anxiety about aging affects long-term biological aging and how best to support people experiencing these fears. 1．What does the new study find about women? A．Aging anxiety harms their mental health. B．Aging fears may leave a mark on the body. C．Mental issues affect biological aging equally. D．Mental stress is connected with epigenetic changes. 2．What does Mariana Rodrigues mainly emphasize? A．Earlier studies paid little attention to aging anxiety. B．Aging anxiety has become a serious social problem. C．Researchers are exploring ways to slow biological aging. D．Mental health research mainly focuses on older women. 3．According to paragraph 3, we can conclude that ________. A．fertility concerns are linked to worries about aging B．women with greater aging anxiety age faster epigenetically C．appearance concerns accelerate biological aging significantly D．both epigenetic clocks managed to measure biological aging speed 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Aging anxiety will cause faster biological aging. B．The study has determined causes of accelerated aging. C．The findings undervalue the mental-physical health connection. D．Unhealthy habits may partly account for the anxiety-aging link. Passage 2 Dreams may be more important than sleep. Some people don’t need much sleep. But we all need to dream, scientists say. Dreams take up about one quarter of our sleeping time. People have several dreams each night. Dreams are like short movies. They are usually in colour. Some dreams are like old movies. They come to us over and over again. That may be because the dreamer is worrying about something. Dreaming may be a way of trying to find an answer. Some people get new ideas about their work from dreams. They could have been thinking about their work all day. These thoughts can carry over into dreams. Sometimes we wake up with a good feeling from a dream. But often we can’t remember the dream. Dreams can disappear quickly from memory. Too much dreaming can be harmful. The more we sleep, the longer we dream. The mind is hard at work when we dream. That is why we may have a long sleep and still wake up tired. 1．The main idea of the text is that _________. A．people need to dream B．people like to sleep C．dreams are like movies D．dreams are usually long 2．The best title for the text could be “_________”. A．Secret Dreams B．The Longest Sleep C．About Dreams D．Dreams and Work 3．It may be more important to dream than to _________. A．think B．sleep C．work D．study 4．Which of the following ideas can we infer from the text? A．We always remember dreams. B．All dreams are happy. C．Long dreams can make you tired. D．We should have a good dream. Passage 3 A myth is something that is not correct, but many people believe. There are a lot of myths about the human brain. One of the biggest myths is that we only use 10 percent of our brains. The next part of the myth is that if we can learn to use the rest of our brains, then we’ll be much smarter. People say this all the time, but it’s absolutely not true! The truth is that although we don’t know everything about the human brain, we know that each part of it has an important function (功能). Modern scientists think the “10 percent myth” ridiculous (荒谬的). The other most popular myth is about being “right brained” or “left brained”. According to this myth, people who use the right side of their brains are more artistic and creative. People who use the left side of their brains are better at math and science. This is as popular as the 10 percent myth, and it’s also wrong. In 2013, a study at an American university examined the right brain and left brain myth. According to the study, we use both sides of our brains equally (相等地). It’s true that we use different parts of our brains for different things. We use our left side for language more, and our right side when we need to pay attention. But there is no evidence (证据) that creative people use the right side more or that scientific people use the left side more. We’ve talked about myths, so let’s look at a few interesting facts about the brain. First of all, the brain feels no pain. Second, about 75 percent of the brain is made of water. It’s also the fattest organ in your body. Here’s another interesting fact about the brain. Around the time you turn 18 years old, it stops growing. 1．The underlined word “This” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________. A．the left brain myth B．the right brain and left brain myth C．the use of human brains D．the study of an American university 2．According to the facts mentioned in the passage, ________ may use the left brain more. A．Robert, who is learning English B．Kate, who is drawing pictures C．Jenny, who is designing clothes D．Jacob, who is doing research 3．Which of the following is TRUE about the human brain? A．It is growing all life long. B．The right side is used more by artists. C．Some parts of it are not used at all. D．Three quarters of it is made of water. 4．The passage mainly tells about _________. A．the growing of the brain B．different functions of the brain C．right brain and left brain D．myths and facts about the brain Passage 4 What is personality? How does knowledge about personality help us? 1 In general, when psychologists talk about personality, they are usually looking for things that make a person different from others or things that can explain how a person is not the same as others. Psychologists often use tests to put people in categories and compare them to explain what personality is. For example, people who are quiet and like to spend more time at home reading and doing their own things are called introverts (性格内向的人). Others who enjoy going out and spending time with other people are called extroverts. 2 Are you an introvert or extrovert? Second, how can knowledge of personality help us? Well, one of the ways is that by knowing how people behave and why they behave in a certain way, we can understand them better. 3 For example, if we know that someone is an introvert, we will understand why he or she does not feel comfortable when he or she is with a big group of newly met people. 4 Another way knowledge of personality can help us is when we want to improve ourselves. If we know what personality type we belong to and the reasons why we behave the way we do, we can then try to change some of the bad things so that they can become good. 5 A．Do you know which personality type you are? B．Personality types affect our life in many ways. C．Does personality make you different from others? D．In this way, we can make ourselves a better person. E．First of all, let us take a look at what personality means. F．This will help to make our relationship with them stronger. G．We may then help this person to make friends and talk to others. Passage 5 Hidden codes (密码) protect personal information. Banks, businesses and official departments use codes for work, especially while sending data through computers. People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 1 People can almost work out secret codes soon after others invent them. The special study of making and understanding hidden messages is known as cryptography (密码学). There are three main types of cryptography. 2 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.” 3 You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “135 520 135.” A code uses simple symbols to stand for words, phrases, or sentences. So you must have a code book. 4 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 5 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So it is necessary for us to update our codes on a regular basis. Timely changes can effectively avoid potential bugs and ensure the system runs smoothly. A．You can hardly work out any secret code if you do not own its code book. B．In any language, some letters are used more than others. C．The message can only be understood by those who know the secret word. D．As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E．You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F．With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G．Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet. Passage 6 oung children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there’s something highly exciting about 1 someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies 2 . For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was 3 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our surprising research results in child developmental psychology 4 that idea. We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC． Each 5 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 6 . We then asked the child if she could 7 or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t. The same 8 happened when the adult covered her own mouth: 9 children said that they couldn’t 10 to her. The results were clear: Our young subjects 11 the questions and knew 12 what was asked of them. Their 13 to the questions reflected their true 14 that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply 15 mutual (相互的) recognition and regard. Our findings suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method effective when others use it. 1．A．following B．taking C．escaping D．directing 2．A．exposed B．examined C．untouched D．imbalanced 3．A．supported B．guaranteed C．imagined D．interpreted 4．A．explained B．confirmed C．contradicted D．tested 5．A．parent B．child C．researcher D．doctor 6．A．feet B．nose C．hands D．ears 7．A．see B．help C．reach D．fool 8．A．event B．thing C．action D．accident 9．A．Yet B．Now C．Soon D．Once 10．A．speak B．listen C．turn D．wave 11．A．comprehended B．predicted C．explored D．ignored 12．A．partly B．honestly C．vaguely D．exactly 13．A．responses B．approaches C．contribution D．sensitivity 14．A．ability B．belief C．identity D．purpose 15．A．hold back B．relate to C．insist on D．make up Passage 7 Have you ever run 1 someone and their name just doesn’t come to you? 2 , you walk into a room and suddenly can’t recall why you’re there? Being 3 (forget) can be really annoying. But what if I tell you that there are good reasons for our memories fading away (逐渐消失)? In an interview, neuroscientist Charan Ranganath uses a storage 4 (compare). We don’t tend to store everything we’ve ever owned in our house. 5 (similar), we don’t need to store all our memories either. He says, “If we didn’t forget anything, we’d be storing too many memories, and you’d never be able to find 6 you want.” We also need to forget things in order to update our memories with new information. Imagine you get used to 7 same school timetable for a whole year, but the next year, you have new procedures. Your brain needs to be flexible and forget irrelevant details 8 (handle) the new information. And, if you’ve ever been 9 (convince) that you know a word, but it just doesn’t pop into your head, you’re not alone. This tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon may suggest that some things are not fully forgotten, just currently inaccessible. Those with a higher level of knowledge 10 (affect) more by this according to studies such as “Impact of knowledge and age on tip-of-the-tongue rates”, because their brains have to sort through more information to find the word. 迁移应用篇 一、翻译句子 1.只有通过采取综合性的保护策略，我们才能确保，这些策略既能有效减少人类生态足迹，又能促进野生动物的繁衍生息。 . . . 2.推广绿色交通方式，我们坚信这一转型——我们希望它能获得政府补贴的支持——将大幅削减空气污染，从而保护鸟类和其他动物的呼吸健康。 . . . 3.由于严格禁止非法狩猎和贸易，濒危物种的数量正稳步攀升，这证明了保护立法是有效的，尽管我们承认挑战依然存在。 . . . 4.随意排放工业废水和增加农业径流，已污染了大片水域，这对水生生态系统造成了不可逆转的损害，提醒着我们，如果继续这种模式，我们将付出沉重代价。 . . . 二、应用文 假设你是高中生李华，你校英文报The Voice of Youth正在举办以“保护野生动物”为主题的征文活动。为了建设和谐的自然生态，请你写一篇短文投稿。 要点包括： 1. 野生动物的生存现状； 2. 措施与倡议。 注意： (1) 写作词数应为80左右； (2) 可适当增加细节，使内容充实、行文连贯。 Protect Wild Animals ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 三、读后续写 I remember the park rangers saying, “Why are you going up there? There is no water on the top, and you’re not going to find any frogs.” I said, “Well, I’m going to check it out.” The Espinhaco mountain range in the east of Brazil is a very special place, and it’s mostly unknown. My house looks on to the mountain in Pico do Itambe state park, so I have my breakfast looking at it each morning. You’re surrounded by thunderstorms and strong winds, and the humidity is high. I waited for heavy rains and went to climb to the top. What had caught my eye were the bromeliad plants, which look like the top of a giant pineapple. Each plant can hold up to 2 litres of water, and inside there is so much happening. Larvae, beetles, all kinds of invertebrate (无脊椎动物) live in there—it's a whole ecosystem in a tiny space. The central cup holds loads of rainwater, and I thought there could be some frogs using them. Sure enough I was right. And this led me to discover a new species of frog, which I have committed my life to protecting. That day, I found a frog in the very first bromeliad I looked inside. I thought, wow, I’ve never seen such a tiny frog; it was the size of my nail. I couldn’t catch it—the plant was complicated inside. I looked in the next bromeliad and there was another frog. They all had them in. I saw about 20 frogs that night, and caught three. I took them to the museum for identification, but couldn’t find a match. I ended up walking around with three little frogs in my bag for a year, preserved in a jar. I would take them to meetings with me, and ask people if they had ever seen them before. 注意：（1）续写词数应为150左右； （2）请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Paragraph 1: Then I met an expert who took one look at them and said it was a new species. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 2: During my research, part of the area where these frogs live was destroyed by fire. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ $ Unit 5 Revealing nature 外刊拓展提升（多题型专练） 参考答案 练·能力培优拔高 培优提升篇 Passage 1 1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D Passage 2 1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C Passage 3 1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D Passage 4 1．E 2．A 3．F 4．G 5．D Passage 5 1．D 2．E 3．G 4．F 5．A Passage 6 1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．B 6．D 7．A 8．B 9．B 10．A 11．A 12．D 13．A 14．B 15．C Passage 7 1．into/across 2．Or 3．forgetful 4．comparison 5．Similarly 6．what 7．the 8．to handle 9．convinced 10．are affected 迁移应用篇 一、翻译句子 1.Only by adopting comprehensive conservation strategies can we ensure that these measures, which effectively reduce our ecological footprint, also promote the thriving of wildlife. 2.Promoting green transportation modes, we hold the firm belief that this transition, which we hope will be backed by government subsidies, will greatly cut air pollution, thus safeguarding the respiratory health of birds and other animals. 3.Having strictly prohibited illegal hunting and trade, we are now observing that the populations of endangered species are climbing steadily, which demonstrates that protective legislation is working, albeit we concede that obstacles persist. 4.Randomly discharging industrial wastewater and increasing agricultural runoff have contaminated vast stretches of water, which has caused irreversible damage to aquatic ecosystems, reminding us that we will pay a heavy price if we continue this pattern. 二、应用文 Protect Wild Animals Currently, many wild animals are in danger. Their habitats are being destroyed, and illegal hunting has pushed some species to the edge of extinction, breaking the ecological balance. To help, the government should make stricter laws and build more nature reserves. As students, we can spread the message of protection and refuse to buy products made from endangered animals. Wild animals are our friends. Let’s take action now. Only by protecting them can we build a harmonious natural home together. 三、读后续写 Paragraph 1: Then I met an expert who took one look at them and said it was a new species. These frogs spend their entire lifecycle inside the plant: They lay their eggs, become tadpoles and do everything inside it. I decided to focus my research on this frog, and work to save it. I never thought I would spend my career learning about frogs, but it feels like an obligation to finish this work and make sure they are protected. (心理描写) I hope to inspire others to do the same—because by protecting one species I am protecting a whole habitat. Paragraph 2: During my research, part of the area where these frogs live was destroyed by fire. Fire from the surrounding communities reaches the top of the mountain really quickly, so we have to find ways to stop it. I spared no efforts to communicate with the government, hoping we can set new reserves for them. At the same time, I managed to raise money to recover the destroyed area and its ecosystem. I think it will be my legacy, protecting this little frog. Hopefully someone will take that over, because the work won’t stop. ( 1 / 13 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $Unit 5 Revealing nature 外刊拓展提升（多题型专练） 识·单元要点概览 读·外刊拓展阅读 （来源：https://www.nationalgeographic.com）Much of the planet is swimming in discarded plastic, which is harming animal and possibly human health. Can plastic pollution be cleaned up?Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues, thanks to the overwhelming rise in production of disposable plastic products.Plastic pollution is most visible in developing Asian and African nations, where garbage collection systems are often inefficient or nonexistent. But the developed world, especially in countries with low recycling rates, also has trouble properly collecting discarded plastics. Why was plastic invented?Plastics made from fossil fuels are just over a century old. Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland created the first fully synthetic plastic in 1907. Production and development of thousands of new plastic products accelerated after World War II, which transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics would be unrecognizable today. In plastic, inventors found a light, durable material that can be used in everything from transportation to medicine. Plastics revolutionized medicine with life-saving devices, made space travel possible, lightened cars and jets—saving fuel and pollution—and saved lives with helmets, incubators, and equipment for clean drinking water.The conveniences plastics offer, however, led to a throw-away culture that reveals the material’s dark side: today, single-use plastics account for 40 percent of the plastic produced every year. Many of these products, such as plastic bags and food wrappers, have a lifespan of mere minutes to hours, yet they may persist in the environment for hundreds of years. How plastic pollution spreads around the world.Most of the plastic pollution in the oceans, Earth’s last sink, flows from land. Trash is also carried to sea by major rivers, which act as conveyor belts, picking up more and more trash as they move downstream.Once at sea, much of the plastic trash remains in coastal waters. But once caught up in ocean currents, marine plastic pollution can spread around the world.The South Pacific gyre, a circular ocean current, carries plastic pollution to Henderson Island, an uninhabited atoll in the isolated Pitcairn Group located halfway between Chile and New Zealand. There, scientists have found plastic items from Russia, the United States, Europe, South America, Japan, and China. Once in the ocean, it is difficult—if not impossible—to retrieve plastic waste. Mechanical systems, such as Mr. Trash Wheel, a litter interceptor in Maryland’s Baltimore Harbor, can be effective at picking up large pieces of plastic, such as foam cups and food containers, from inland waters.But once plastics break down into microplastics and drift throughout the water column in the open ocean, they are virtually impossible to recover. The best way to reduce plastic pollution, many scientists and conservationists say, is to prevent plastics from entering waterways in the first place via improved waste management systems and recycling, better product design, and a reduction in manufacturing single-use plastics. 【全文翻译】 地球上大量区域充斥着废弃塑料，这类塑料正在危害动物的健康，也有可能损害人类健康。塑料污染能够被清理干净吗？ 一次性塑料制品的产量激增，使得塑料污染成为最为紧迫的环境问题之一。 塑料污染在亚洲、非洲的发展中国家表现得最为触目惊心，这些地区的垃圾回收系统往往效率低下，甚至根本不存在。但发达国家，尤其是那些回收率较低的国家，同样难以妥善处理废弃塑料。 塑料因何被发明？ 以化石燃料为原料的塑料，问世不过一百余年。比利时化学家利奥·贝克兰于1907年发明了世界上第一种完全人工合成的塑料。第二次世界大战之后，成千上万种新型塑料制品的生产与研发飞速发展，极大地改变了现代社会；如今，如果没有塑料，我们的生活将面目全非。在塑料身上，发明家找到了一种质地轻便、经久耐用的材料，它的应用遍及交通、医疗等各行各业。 塑料革新了医疗行业，催生了诸多挽救生命的器械；它助力人类实现太空旅行；减轻汽车与飞机的自重，节约燃料、减少污染；头盔、恒温育婴箱以及净水设备等塑料制品也拯救了无数生命。 然而，塑料带来的种种便利，催生了一次性消费文化，也暴露出这种材料阴暗的一面：如今，一次性塑料占每年塑料总产量的40%。塑料袋、食品包装袋等诸多这类产品，使用寿命仅有几分钟到几小时，可它们却能在自然环境中留存数百年。 塑料污染如何扩散至全球。 海洋是地球最后的垃圾汇集地，海洋中的绝大多数塑料垃圾都源自陆地。各大河流如同传送带，裹挟垃圾奔向大海，河水向下游流动的过程中，还会裹挟越来越多的废弃物。 塑料垃圾进入海洋后，大部分停留在近海海域。可一旦卷入洋流，海洋塑料污染便会扩散到世界各地。 南太平洋环流是一处环形洋流，它将塑料垃圾带到亨德森岛。这座无人居住的环礁隶属于偏远的皮特凯恩群岛，地处智利与新西兰中间。科学家在岛上发现了来自俄罗斯、美国、欧洲、南美洲、日本以及中国的塑料制品。 塑料垃圾一旦进入海洋，想要回收即便不是完全不可能，也是极其困难。马里兰州巴尔的摩港的垃圾拦截装置“垃圾轮先生”这类机械设备，可以高效打捞内陆水域里泡沫杯、食品盒等大块塑料垃圾。 但当塑料分解成为微塑料，飘散散布在公海整个水体之中时，几乎就没有办法将其回收。 许多科学家与环保人士表示，减少塑料污染最好的办法，就是从源头阻止塑料进入水系：完善垃圾处理与回收体系、优化产品设计、减少一次性塑料的生产。 【核心词汇】 ( 1 / 13 ) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. discard v. 丢弃，抛弃 2. pressing adj. 紧迫的，亟待解决的 3. overwhelming adj. 巨大的，压倒性的 4. disposable adj. 一次性的 5. nonexistent adj. 不存在的 6. synthetic adj. 合成的，人造的 7. accelerate v. 加速，加快 8. durable adj. 耐用的，持久的 9. incubator n. 恒温育婴箱 10. throw‑away adj. 一次性使用的 11. persist v. 持续存在，留存 12. sink n. 汇集地，沉降处 13. conveyor belt 传送带 14. downstream adv. 向下游 15. ocean current 洋流 16. gyre n. 大洋环流，环流 17. atoll n. 环礁 18. retrieve v. 取回，回收 19. interceptor n. 拦截装置 20. break down 分解 21. microplastic n. 微塑料 22. water column 水体 23. conservationist n. 环保人士 24. waterway n. 水道，水系 【长难句分析】 1.Production and development of thousands of new plastic products accelerated after World War II, which transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics would be unrecognizable today. 句意：二战后，数千种新塑料产品的生产和开发加速了，这极大地改变了现代社会，以至于如今没有塑料的生活简直无法想象。 分析：本句整体是主从复合句。Production and development of thousands of new plastic products是主语，其中of thousands of new plastic products是后置定语修饰Production and development，accelerated是谓语，after World War II是时间状语。which transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics would be unrecognizable today是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子，其中which在从句中作主语，transformed是谓语，the modern age是宾语，so much...that...引导结果状语从句，在这个结果状语从句中，life是主语，would be是谓语，unrecognizable是表语，without plastics是后置定语修饰life。 2. The best way to reduce plastic pollution, many scientists and conservationists say, is to prevent plastics from entering waterways in the first place via improved waste management systems and recycling, better product design, and a reduction in manufacturing single-use plastics. 句意：许多科学家和环保人士表示，减少塑料污染的最佳方法首先是通过改进废物管理系统和回收利用、优化产品设计以及减少一次性塑料制品的生产，来防止塑料进入水道。 分析：本句是主系表结构的主从复合句。The best way to reduce plastic pollution是主语，其中to reduce plastic pollution是后置定语修饰way，many scientists and conservationists say是插入语，is是系动词，to prevent plastics from entering waterways in the first place via improved waste management systems and recycling, better product design, and a reduction in manufacturing single-use plastics是表语，在这个表语中，to prevent...from...是固定结构，plastics是宾语，entering waterways是宾语补足语，in the first place是状语，via...是方式状语。 练·能力培优拔高 培优提升篇 Passage 1 Feeling anxious about getting older, especially worrying about declining health, may do more than weigh on the mind. New research from NYU School of Global Public Health suggests that these fears could be linked to faster aging at the cellular level in women. “We know from previous research that anxiety, depression, and mental health in general are associated with a number of physical health outcomes, but until now researchers haven’t focused on whether there is a correlation between worrying about aging and the process of aging itself,” said Mariana Rodrigues, a PhD student at NYU School of Global Public Health. Women, especially those in midlife, may be especially vulnerable to anxiety about aging. Social expectations around youth and appearance, along with concerns about fertility, can heighten stress during midlife. To explore the connection between aging anxiety and biological aging, researchers examined data from 726 women participating in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Participants reported how much they worried about aging-related issues. Meanwhile, blood samples were analyzed using two established epigenetic (表观遗传) clocks. One measured the speed of biological aging, while the other estimated accumulated biological damage over time. The results showed that women who reported higher levels of anxiety about growing older showed signs of faster epigenetic aging which has been linked in prior research to physical decline and greater risk of age-related diseases. The findings underscore how closely mental and physical health are connected across the lifespan, even though they are often treated separately. At the same time, the researchers caution that the study captures only a single point in time. It cannot determine cause and effect or rule out the influence of other factors. Some coping behaviors associated with anxiety, such as smoking or alcohol use, may help explain the link. When the team adjusted their analysis to account for these health behaviors, the association between aging anxiety and epigenetic aging weakened and was no longer statistically significant. Further research will be needed to understand how anxiety about aging affects long-term biological aging and how best to support people experiencing these fears. 1．What does the new study find about women? A．Aging anxiety harms their mental health. B．Aging fears may leave a mark on the body. C．Mental issues affect biological aging equally. D．Mental stress is connected with epigenetic changes. 2．What does Mariana Rodrigues mainly emphasize? A．Earlier studies paid little attention to aging anxiety. B．Aging anxiety has become a serious social problem. C．Researchers are exploring ways to slow biological aging. D．Mental health research mainly focuses on older women. 3．According to paragraph 3, we can conclude that ________. A．fertility concerns are linked to worries about aging B．women with greater aging anxiety age faster epigenetically C．appearance concerns accelerate biological aging significantly D．both epigenetic clocks managed to measure biological aging speed 4．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Aging anxiety will cause faster biological aging. B．The study has determined causes of accelerated aging. C．The findings undervalue the mental-physical health connection. D．Unhealthy habits may partly account for the anxiety-aging link. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】主要说明了新研究发现女性的衰老焦虑或与细胞层面更快衰老相关，但不能确定因果，焦虑带来的不良生活习惯或是中间因素，还需要进一步开展研究。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第一段“New research from NYU School of Global Public Health suggests that these fears could be linked to faster aging at the cellular level in women.(纽约大学全球公共卫生学院的最新研究指出，这些担忧可能与女性在细胞层面加速衰老有关)”可知，这项新研究发现老龄化恐惧可能在女性身体上留下印记。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“We know from previous research that anxiety, depression, and mental health in general are associated with a number of physical health outcomes, but until now researchers haven’t focused on whether there is a correlation between worrying about aging and the process of aging itself, (我们从以往的研究中知道，焦虑、抑郁以及整体心理健康与多种身体健康状况有关，但直到现在，研究人员尚未关注过对衰老的担忧是否与衰老过程本身存在关联)”可知，玛丽安娜·罗德里格斯主要强调早期研究对衰老焦虑关注甚少。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“The results showed that women who reported higher levels of anxiety about growing older showed signs of faster epigenetic aging which has been linked in prior research to physical decline and greater risk of age-related diseases.(研究结果表明，那些报告对衰老更焦虑的女性表现出更快的表观遗传衰老迹象，而此前的研究已发现，这种现象与身体机能下降以及患年龄相关疾病的风险增加有关)”可知，衰老焦虑程度更高的女性在表观遗传上衰老得更快。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Some coping behaviors associated with anxiety, such as smoking or alcohol use, may help explain the link.(一些与焦虑相关的应对行为，例如吸烟或饮酒，可能有助于解释这种关联)”可知，不健康的生活习惯可能在一定程度上解释了焦虑与衰老之间的关联。 Passage 2 Dreams may be more important than sleep. Some people don’t need much sleep. But we all need to dream, scientists say. Dreams take up about one quarter of our sleeping time. People have several dreams each night. Dreams are like short movies. They are usually in colour. Some dreams are like old movies. They come to us over and over again. That may be because the dreamer is worrying about something. Dreaming may be a way of trying to find an answer. Some people get new ideas about their work from dreams. They could have been thinking about their work all day. These thoughts can carry over into dreams. Sometimes we wake up with a good feeling from a dream. But often we can’t remember the dream. Dreams can disappear quickly from memory. Too much dreaming can be harmful. The more we sleep, the longer we dream. The mind is hard at work when we dream. That is why we may have a long sleep and still wake up tired. 1．The main idea of the text is that _________. A．people need to dream B．people like to sleep C．dreams are like movies D．dreams are usually long 2．The best title for the text could be “_________”. A．Secret Dreams B．The Longest Sleep C．About Dreams D．Dreams and Work 3．It may be more important to dream than to _________. A．think B．sleep C．work D．study 4．Which of the following ideas can we infer from the text? A．We always remember dreams. B．All dreams are happy. C．Long dreams can make you tired. D．We should have a good dream. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】主要介绍梦的占比、特点、作用以及做梦过多带来的坏处。 【详解】1．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Dreams may be more important than sleep. Some people don’t need much sleep. But we all need to dream, scientists say. (梦境或许比睡眠更加重要。有些人不需要长时间睡眠，但是科学家表明我们所有人都需要做梦。)”，全文围绕人需要做梦、梦的相关知识展开，核心主旨是人需要做梦。 2．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Dreams may be more important than sleep. Some people don’t need much sleep. But we all need to dream, scientists say. (梦境或许比睡眠更加重要。有些人不需要长时间睡眠，但是科学家表明我们所有人都需要做梦。)”可知，整篇文章依次介绍做梦时长、梦境特点、梦的启发作用、记忆特点以及多梦的危害，通篇都是介绍和梦有关的知识。About Dreams（关于梦境）最适合作为标题。 3．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Dreams may be more important than sleep. (做梦或许比睡觉本身更加重要。)”可知，做梦比睡觉本身更加重要。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The mind is hard at work when we dream. That is why we may have a long sleep and still wake up tired. (我们做梦时大脑一直在辛苦运转，所以即便睡很久，醒来依旧疲惫。)”可知，过长的梦境会使人疲惫。 Passage 3 A myth is something that is not correct, but many people believe. There are a lot of myths about the human brain. One of the biggest myths is that we only use 10 percent of our brains. The next part of the myth is that if we can learn to use the rest of our brains, then we’ll be much smarter. People say this all the time, but it’s absolutely not true! The truth is that although we don’t know everything about the human brain, we know that each part of it has an important function (功能). Modern scientists think the “10 percent myth” ridiculous (荒谬的). The other most popular myth is about being “right brained” or “left brained”. According to this myth, people who use the right side of their brains are more artistic and creative. People who use the left side of their brains are better at math and science. This is as popular as the 10 percent myth, and it’s also wrong. In 2013, a study at an American university examined the right brain and left brain myth. According to the study, we use both sides of our brains equally (相等地). It’s true that we use different parts of our brains for different things. We use our left side for language more, and our right side when we need to pay attention. But there is no evidence (证据) that creative people use the right side more or that scientific people use the left side more. We’ve talked about myths, so let’s look at a few interesting facts about the brain. First of all, the brain feels no pain. Second, about 75 percent of the brain is made of water. It’s also the fattest organ in your body. Here’s another interesting fact about the brain. Around the time you turn 18 years old, it stops growing. 1．The underlined word “This” in Paragraph 3 refers to ________. A．the left brain myth B．the right brain and left brain myth C．the use of human brains D．the study of an American university 2．According to the facts mentioned in the passage, ________ may use the left brain more. A．Robert, who is learning English B．Kate, who is drawing pictures C．Jenny, who is designing clothes D．Jacob, who is doing research 3．Which of the following is TRUE about the human brain? A．It is growing all life long. B．The right side is used more by artists. C．Some parts of it are not used at all. D．Three quarters of it is made of water. 4．The passage mainly tells about _________. A．the growing of the brain B．different functions of the brain C．right brain and left brain D．myths and facts about the brain 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．D 【导语】文章主要澄清了关于人类大脑的“10%使用率”和“左右脑分工”两大错误观念，并介绍了大脑的相关事实。 【详解】1．词句猜测题。​根据第三段中“The other most popular myth is about being “right brained” or “left brained”.(​ 另一大广为流传的错误观念，便是关于所谓“右脑型”或“左脑型”的说法)”以及“This is as popular as the 10 percent myth, and it’s also wrong.(这一说法和“10%大脑”的流言一样广为流传，而且同样是错误的)”可知，代词This指代前半句提到的关于“右脑和左脑”的错误观念。 2．推理判断题。​根据第四段中“We use our left side for language more, and our right side when we need to pay attention.(我们在处理语言时更多地使用左脑，而在需要注意力集中时则会动用右脑)”可知，学习英语属于语言相关活动，会更多使用左脑，学习英语的Robert符合描述。 3．细节理解题。​根据最后一段中“Second, about 75 percent of the brain is made of water.(其次，大脑大约75%是由水构成的)”可知，人脑四分之三由水构成。 4．主旨大意题。​通读全文，再根据第一段“A myth is something that is not correct, but many people believe. There are a lot of myths about the human brain.(错误观念指的是不正确但很多人都相信的事物，关于人类大脑有很多这类错误观念。)”可知，文章先引入大脑相关的常见误区，先后批驳了“仅用10%大脑”，“左右脑分工”两个广为流传的错误说法，最后补充了几个关于大脑的真实冷知识，全文围绕“大脑的误区与真实事实”展开。 Passage 4 What is personality? How does knowledge about personality help us? 1 In general, when psychologists talk about personality, they are usually looking for things that make a person different from others or things that can explain how a person is not the same as others. Psychologists often use tests to put people in categories and compare them to explain what personality is. For example, people who are quiet and like to spend more time at home reading and doing their own things are called introverts (性格内向的人). Others who enjoy going out and spending time with other people are called extroverts. 2 Are you an introvert or extrovert? Second, how can knowledge of personality help us? Well, one of the ways is that by knowing how people behave and why they behave in a certain way, we can understand them better. 3 For example, if we know that someone is an introvert, we will understand why he or she does not feel comfortable when he or she is with a big group of newly met people. 4 Another way knowledge of personality can help us is when we want to improve ourselves. If we know what personality type we belong to and the reasons why we behave the way we do, we can then try to change some of the bad things so that they can become good. 5 A．Do you know which personality type you are? B．Personality types affect our life in many ways. C．Does personality make you different from others? D．In this way, we can make ourselves a better person. E．First of all, let us take a look at what personality means. F．This will help to make our relationship with them stronger. G．We may then help this person to make friends and talk to others. 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．F 4．G 5．D 【导语】文章首先解释了什么是人格，然后从理解他人和自我提升两个角度阐述了人格知识对我们生活的帮助。 【详解】1．根据空前的“What is personality? How does knowledge about personality help us?(什么是人格？了解人格的相关知识可以如何帮助我们？)”以及空后的“In general, when psychologists talked about personality, they are usually looking for things that make a person different from others or things that can explain how a person is not the same as others.(总的来说，当心理学家谈论人格时，他们通常在寻找让一个人不同于其他人的东西，或是能够解释一个人与其他人如何不一样的东西。)”可知，文章开头抛出两个核心问题，后文先解释人格定义，再介绍人格的作用。本空需要起到分层开篇、引出第一个话题的作用。E选项“First of all, let us take a look at what personality means (首先，让我们来看一下人格的含义)”用First of all对应文章两大设问，率先开启对人格定义的讲解，承接首段问句，总领下文内容，逻辑清晰，符合语境。 2．根据空前的“For example, people who are quiet and like to spend more time at home reading and doing their own things are called introverts (性格内向的人). Others who enjoy going out and spend time with other people are called extroverts.(例如，安静、喜欢花更多时间在家阅读、做自己事情的人被称作内向者。喜欢外出、和他人相处的另一类人被称作外向者。)” 以及空后的“Are you an introverts or extroverts?(你是内向者还是外向者？)”可知，前文完整介绍了内向、外向两种人格类型，后文直接对读者进行提问，空处需要一句过渡问句，承接人格分类内容，自然衔接文末提问。A选项“Do you know which personality type you are? (你知道自己属于哪一种人格类型吗)”承接上文两种人格的介绍，递进式提问，为后文进一步设问铺垫，衔接自然，符合语境。 3．根据空前的“Second, how can knowledge of personality help us?Well, one of the ways is that by knowing how people behave and why they behave in a certain way, we can understand them better.(其次，了解人格的知识会如何帮助我们呢？嗯，其中一种方式就是，通过了解人们如何行事以及他们为何以某种方式行事，我们能够更好地理解他们。)”可知，前文点明了解人格可以帮助我们更好理解他人，空处需要承接该观点，说明理解他人带来的具体益处。F选项“This will help to make our relationship with them stronger (这将有助于巩固我们与他人之间的关系)”中的This指代前文“了解人格、理解他人行为”的做法，承接上文观点，点明其对人际关系的积极作用，同时引出下文举例论证，符合语境。 4．根据空前的“For example, if we know that someone is an introvert, we will understand why he or she does not feel comfortable when he or she is with a big group of newly met people.(例如，如果我们知道某人是内向者，我们就会明白为什么他 / 她和一大群刚认识的人待在一起时会感到不自在。)”可知，本句以内向者为例，说明了解人格可以读懂他人的情绪与处境，空处需要延续该逻辑，说明读懂他人之后的具体做法与善意行为。G选项“We may then help this person to make friends and talk to others (我们可以进而帮助这个人交朋友、与人沟通交流)”承接前文案例，延伸出理解他人性格后的实际行动，贴合本段“了解人格助力人际交往”的主旨，符合语境。 5．根据空前的“If we know what personality type we belong to and the reasons why we behave the way we do, we can then try to change some of the bad things so that they can become good.(如果我们清楚自己属于哪种人格类型，并且明白我们之所以会这样行事的原因，我们就能尝试改变一些不好的方面，让它们向好转变。)”可知，前文介绍了解自我人格、改正缺点的具体做法，空处需要总结该做法带来的最终意义。D选项“In this way, we can make ourselves a better person (通过这种方式，我们可以成为更好的人)”中的In this way指代前文认知自我、改正缺点、完善自我的行为，总结本段“了解人格实现自我提升”的核心主旨，收束段落，符合语境。 Passage 5 Hidden codes (密码) protect personal information. Banks, businesses and official departments use codes for work, especially while sending data through computers. People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 1 People can almost work out secret codes soon after others invent them. The special study of making and understanding hidden messages is known as cryptography (密码学). There are three main types of cryptography. 2 For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.” 3 You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “135 520 135.” A code uses simple symbols to stand for words, phrases, or sentences. So you must have a code book. 4 For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 5 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So it is necessary for us to update our codes on a regular basis. Timely changes can effectively avoid potential bugs and ensure the system runs smoothly. A．You can hardly work out any secret code if you do not own its code book. B．In any language, some letters are used more than others. C．The message can only be understood by those who know the secret word. D．As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E．You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F．With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G．Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet. 【答案】1．D 2．E 3．G 4．F 5．A 【导语】主要介绍密码的应用与千年发展历史，依次介绍三种密码加密类型，讲解密码本的作用，说明定期更新密码的必要性。 【详解】1．根据空前的“People have used secret codes for thousands of years.(人类使用密码已经有数千年的历史。)”以及空后的“People can almost work out secret codes soon after others invent them.(人们几乎在别人发明密码之后很快就能破解密码。)”可知，前文点明密码拥有悠久使用历史，后文阐述密码一经创造，很快就会被人破译，空格处需要搭建二者之间的逻辑桥梁。D选项“As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them (只要存在密码，就有人想方设法去破解密码)”承接密码漫长的发展史，引出后文密码不断被破译的现象，起到承上启下的作用，符合语境。 2．根据空前的“There are three main types of cryptography.(密码学主要分为三大类型。)”以及空后的“For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”(例如，句子“My elephant eats too many eels”每个单词的首字母能够拼出隐藏信息“Meet me”。)”可知，本段介绍第一种加密方式，后文实例依靠提取单词首字母组成信息。E选项“You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out (你可以提取每个单词的首字母拼出信息，以此隐藏消息)”精准概括首字母加密法，总起本段内容，和后文举例完美呼应，符合语境。 3．前文已经介绍第一种首字母加密方式，根据空后的“You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26.(举个例子，你可以用数字代表每一个字母，将字母表按顺序编号为1到26。)”可知，本段介绍第二种加密方式，即用符号替代字母。G选项“Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet (另一种隐藏信息的方式是使用符号代表字母表里特定的字母)”运用Another way完成段落过渡，总领本段数字替换字母的加密原理，贴合段落内容，符合语境。 4．根据空前的 “A code uses simple symbols to stand for words, phrases, or sentences. So you must have a code book.(代码使用简单符号代表单词、短语或者句子，所以你必须拥有一本密码本。)”以及空后的“For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.”(例如，单词bridge可以代表meet，out可以代表me。)”可知，本段介绍第三种加密形式，空格处需要说明密码本的运行原理。F选项“With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words (借助密码本，你可以记录用来替代其他单词的词汇)” 承接上文密码本这一核心工具，引出后文单词相互替代的实例，逻辑连贯，符合语境。 5．根据空前的举例内容以及空后的“However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long.(然而，想要长期保守密码本的秘密十分困难。)”可知，空前后存在转折逻辑，空格处说明密码本不可或缺的地位。A选项“You can hardly work out any secret code if you do not own its code book (如果你没有对应的密码本，几乎无法破解这类密码)”点明密码本是破译此类密码的关键条件，与后文难以长期保密形成鲜明转折，符合语境。 Passage 6 oung children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there’s something highly exciting about 1 someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies 2 . For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was 3 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures. But our surprising research results in child developmental psychology 4 that idea. We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC． Each 5 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 6 . We then asked the child if she could 7 or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t. The same 8 happened when the adult covered her own mouth: 9 children said that they couldn’t 10 to her. The results were clear: Our young subjects 11 the questions and knew 12 what was asked of them. Their 13 to the questions reflected their true 14 that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply 15 mutual (相互的) recognition and regard. Our findings suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method effective when others use it. 1．A．following B．taking C．escaping D．directing 2．A．exposed B．examined C．untouched D．imbalanced 3．A．supported B．guaranteed C．imagined D．interpreted 4．A．explained B．confirmed C．contradicted D．tested 5．A．parent B．child C．researcher D．doctor 6．A．feet B．nose C．hands D．ears 7．A．see B．help C．reach D．fool 8．A．event B．thing C．action D．accident 9．A．Yet B．Now C．Soon D．Once 10．A．speak B．listen C．turn D．wave 11．A．comprehended B．predicted C．explored D．ignored 12．A．partly B．honestly C．vaguely D．exactly 13．A．responses B．approaches C．contribution D．sensitivity 14．A．ability B．belief C．identity D．purpose 15．A．hold back B．relate to C．insist on D．make up 【答案】 1．C 2．A 3．D 4．C 5．B 6．D 7．A 8．B 9．B 10．A 11．A 12．D 13．A 14．B 15．C 【导语】本文围绕幼儿捉迷藏只捂眼睛的行为展开，讲述了旧观点认为这是幼儿自我中心的表现，而相关儿童心理实验推翻了该看法。 【详解】1．考查动词。句意：对他们来说，躲开别人的视线、让自己被人看不到是一件极度令人兴奋的事。A. following跟随；B. taking拿；C. escaping逃避；D. directing指导。根据下文“unable to be seen”可知，避开他人目光，才能让自己不被发现。 2．考查形容词。句意：他们常常只用手捂住眼睛，身体其余部位全都暴露在外。A. exposed暴露的；B. examined被检查的；C. untouched未触碰的；D. imbalanced失衡的。根据上文“They often cover only their eyes with their hands”可知，孩童只遮挡双眼，剩下的身体没有遮挡。 3．考查动词。句意：长久以来，这种无效躲藏方式都被解读为幼儿极度“自我中心”的证据。A. supported支持；B. guaranteed保证；C. imagined想象；D. interpreted解释。根据下文“as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures”可推知，过去人们把孩童捂眼躲藏这一行为解读为自我中心的依据。 4．考查动词。句意：但儿童发展心理学这项出人意料的研究结果与该观点相悖。A. explained解释；B. confirmed证实；C. contradicted与……矛盾；D. tested测试。根据上文“For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was ____ as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric” (自我中心的) creatures”以及转折词“But”可知，新研究推翻了长久以来的旧观点。 5．考查名词。句意：每个孩子都和一名成年人坐在一起，成年人遮住自己的眼睛或是耳朵。A. parent父母；B. child孩童；C. researcher研究员；D. doctor医生。根据上文“We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.”以及下文“We then asked the child if she could”可知，实验对象是低龄儿童。 6．考查名词。句意：同上。A. feet脚；B. nose鼻子；C. hands手；D. ears耳朵。根据下文“We then asked the child if she could ____ or hear the adult.”可知，hear对应听觉器官耳朵。 7．考查动词。句意：随后我们询问孩子，能否看见或者听见这名成年人。A. see看见；B. help帮助；C. reach到达；D. fool愚弄。根据上文“covered her own eyes”可知，遮住眼睛对应视觉动作see。 8．考查名词。句意：当成年人捂住自己嘴巴时，发生了同样的情况：现在孩子们说他们无法和对方说话。A. event重大事件；B. thing事情；C. action动作；D. accident意外。根据上文“Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t.”以及“The same”可知，遮挡嘴巴时出现一模一样的情况。 9．考查副词。句意：同上。A. Yet还没；B. Now现在；C. Soon很快；D. Once曾经。根据上文“when the adult covered her own mouth”可知，此处承接成人捂住嘴巴这一新实验场景，描述当下孩童给出的回答。 10．考查动词。句意：同上。A. speak说话；B. listen倾听；C. turn转向；D. wave挥手。根据上文“the adult covered her own mouth”可知，嘴巴是用来交谈的器官，此处是speak to sb.，表示“与某人交谈”。 11．考查动词。句意：结果十分清晰：这些年幼的实验对象听懂了问题，完全明白我们提问的内容。A. comprehended理解；B. predicted预测；C. explored探索；D. ignored忽视。根据下文“knew ____ what was asked of them”可知，孩童知道问他们的是什么，说明他们听懂、理解了问题。 12．考查副词。句意：同上。A. partly部分地；B. honestly诚实地；C. vaguely模糊地；D. exactly准确地。根据上文“Our young subjects ______ the questions”和空后“what was asked of them”可推知，孩童能精准理解实验者的问题。 13．考查名词。句意：他们对问题的回答反映出他们真实的看法：只有你也能看见我，我才能看见你。A. responses回应，回答；B. approaches方法；C. contribution贡献；D. sensitivity敏感度。根据上文倒数第二段“children replied that they couldn’t”可知，孩童面对提问给出了答复，此处指所有回答。 14．考查名词。句意：同上。A. ability能力；B. belief观点，信念；C. identity身份；D. purpose目的。根据下文“I can see you only if you can see me, too.”可推知，这句话是孩童内心持有的固有想法与观念。 15．考查动词短语。句意：他们单纯坚持人与人之间互相看见、互相注视的准则。A. hold back抑制；B. relate to理解；C. insist on坚持；D. make up编造。根据上文倒数第二段“children replied that they couldn’t”以及最后一段“I can see you only if you can see me, too.”可知，孩童坚持这种双向对视的认知。 Passage 7 Have you ever run 1 someone and their name just doesn’t come to you? 2 , you walk into a room and suddenly can’t recall why you’re there? Being 3 (forget) can be really annoying. But what if I tell you that there are good reasons for our memories fading away (逐渐消失)? In an interview, neuroscientist Charan Ranganath uses a storage 4 (compare). We don’t tend to store everything we’ve ever owned in our house. 5 (similar), we don’t need to store all our memories either. He says, “If we didn’t forget anything, we’d be storing too many memories, and you’d never be able to find 6 you want.” We also need to forget things in order to update our memories with new information. Imagine you get used to 7 same school timetable for a whole year, but the next year, you have new procedures. Your brain needs to be flexible and forget irrelevant details 8 (handle) the new information. And, if you’ve ever been 9 (convince) that you know a word, but it just doesn’t pop into your head, you’re not alone. This tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon may suggest that some things are not fully forgotten, just currently inaccessible. Those with a higher level of knowledge 10 (affect) more by this according to studies such as “Impact of knowledge and age on tip-of-the-tongue rates”, because their brains have to sort through more information to find the word. 【答案】 1．into/across 2．Or 3．forgetful 4．comparison 5．Similarly 6．what 7．the 8．to handle 9．convinced 10．are affected 【导语】文章探讨了人们为何会忘记事情，指出遗忘有助于大脑更新信息、提高效率，并解释了“话到嘴边”现象。 【详解】1．考查介词。句意：你是否曾遇到某人却想不起他的名字？run into/across为固定搭配，意为“遇到，偶然碰到”。 2．考查连词。句意：或者，你走进一个房间，突然想不起自己为什么在那里？此处与上文“Have you ever...”构成选择关系，表示“或者”，应用连词or连接；句首单词首字母大写。 3．考查形容词。句意：健忘确实很烦人。系动词Being后应接形容词作表语，提示词forget(忘记)的形容词形式为forgetful(健忘的)。 4．考查名词。句意：在一次采访中，神经科学家Charan Ranganath使用了一个存储类比。提示词作宾语，用名词comparison(类比，比较)，有不定冠词a修饰，用单数形式。 5．考查副词。句意：同样地，我们也不需要储存所有的记忆。提示词在句中修饰整个句子，应用副词形式similarly(同样地)作状语；句首单词首字母大写。 6．考查宾语从句。句意：如果你什么都不忘，我们会储存太多记忆，你将永远找不到你想要的东西。此处引导宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，表示“……的东西”，应用连接代词what引导从句。 7．考查冠词。句意：想象你习惯了整整一年相同的学校作息表。形容词same前常用定冠词the限定。 8．考查非谓语动词。句意：你的大脑需要灵活应对，忘记不相关的细节以处理新信息。“(handle) the new information”是“forget irrelevant details”的目的，应用不定式作目的状语。 9．考查形容词。句意：而且，如果你确信自己知道一个词，但它就是想不起来，你并不孤单。be convinced that为固定短语，意为“确信……”，用形容词convinced作表语。 10．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：根据“知识与年龄对舌尖现象发生率的影响”等研究，知识水平较高的人受到的影响更大，因为他们的大脑需要筛选更多的信息来找到那个词。affect(影响)是谓语动词，与主语Those之间是被动关系；句子描述客观事实，应用一般现在时的被动语态；主语是复数代词，谓语用复数形式are affected。 迁移应用篇 一、翻译句子 1.只有通过采取综合性的保护策略，我们才能确保，这些策略既能有效减少人类生态足迹，又能促进野生动物的繁衍生息。 . . . 2.推广绿色交通方式，我们坚信这一转型——我们希望它能获得政府补贴的支持——将大幅削减空气污染，从而保护鸟类和其他动物的呼吸健康。 . . . 3.由于严格禁止非法狩猎和贸易，濒危物种的数量正稳步攀升，这证明了保护立法是有效的，尽管我们承认挑战依然存在。 . . . 4.随意排放工业废水和增加农业径流，已污染了大片水域，这对水生生态系统造成了不可逆转的损害，提醒着我们，如果继续这种模式，我们将付出沉重代价。 . . . 【答案】1.Only by adopting comprehensive conservation strategies can we ensure that these measures, which effectively reduce our ecological footprint, also promote the thriving of wildlife. 2.Promoting green transportation modes, we hold the firm belief that this transition, which we hope will be backed by government subsidies, will greatly cut air pollution, thus safeguarding the respiratory health of birds and other animals. 3.Having strictly prohibited illegal hunting and trade, we are now observing that the populations of endangered species are climbing steadily, which demonstrates that protective legislation is working, albeit we concede that obstacles persist. 4.Randomly discharging industrial wastewater and increasing agricultural runoff have contaminated vast stretches of water, which has caused irreversible damage to aquatic ecosystems, reminding us that we will pay a heavy price if we continue this pattern. 二、应用文 假设你是高中生李华，你校英文报The Voice of Youth正在举办以“保护野生动物”为主题的征文活动。为了建设和谐的自然生态，请你写一篇短文投稿。 要点包括： 1. 野生动物的生存现状； 2. 措施与倡议。 注意： (1) 写作词数应为80左右； (2) 可适当增加细节，使内容充实、行文连贯。 Protect Wild Animals ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Protect Wild Animals Currently, many wild animals are in danger. Their habitats are being destroyed, and illegal hunting has pushed some species to the edge of extinction, breaking the ecological balance. To help, the government should make stricter laws and build more nature reserves. As students, we can spread the message of protection and refuse to buy products made from endangered animals. Wild animals are our friends. Let’s take action now. Only by protecting them can we build a harmonious natural home together. 【导语】本篇书面表达要求考生以李华的身份，围绕 “保护野生动物” 主题投稿，介绍野生动物的生存现状，并提出保护措施与倡议，倡导共建和谐自然生态。 【详解】1. 词汇积累 破坏：destroy → damage 灭绝：extinction → dying out 禁止：refuse → decline 和谐的：harmonious → peaceful 2. 句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：Their habitats are being destroyed, and illegal hunting has pushed some species to the edge of extinction, breaking the ecological balance. 拓展句：Their habitats are being destroyed, and illegal hunting has pushed some species to the edge of extinction, which breaks the ecological balance. 【点睛】【高分句型 1】Their habitats are being destroyed, and illegal hunting has pushed some species to the edge of extinction, breaking the ecological balance.（运用现在分词breaking作结果状语） 【高分句型 2】Only by protecting them can we build a harmonious natural home together.（运用only+状语倒装句） 三、读后续写 I remember the park rangers saying, “Why are you going up there? There is no water on the top, and you’re not going to find any frogs.” I said, “Well, I’m going to check it out.” The Espinhaco mountain range in the east of Brazil is a very special place, and it’s mostly unknown. My house looks on to the mountain in Pico do Itambe state park, so I have my breakfast looking at it each morning. You’re surrounded by thunderstorms and strong winds, and the humidity is high. I waited for heavy rains and went to climb to the top. What had caught my eye were the bromeliad plants, which look like the top of a giant pineapple. Each plant can hold up to 2 litres of water, and inside there is so much happening. Larvae, beetles, all kinds of invertebrate (无脊椎动物) live in there—it's a whole ecosystem in a tiny space. The central cup holds loads of rainwater, and I thought there could be some frogs using them. Sure enough I was right. And this led me to discover a new species of frog, which I have committed my life to protecting. That day, I found a frog in the very first bromeliad I looked inside. I thought, wow, I’ve never seen such a tiny frog; it was the size of my nail. I couldn’t catch it—the plant was complicated inside. I looked in the next bromeliad and there was another frog. They all had them in. I saw about 20 frogs that night, and caught three. I took them to the museum for identification, but couldn’t find a match. I ended up walking around with three little frogs in my bag for a year, preserved in a jar. I would take them to meetings with me, and ask people if they had ever seen them before. 注意：（1）续写词数应为150左右； （2）请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Paragraph 1: Then I met an expert who took one look at them and said it was a new species. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 2: During my research, part of the area where these frogs live was destroyed by fire. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Paragraph 1: Then I met an expert who took one look at them and said it was a new species. These frogs spend their entire lifecycle inside the plant: They lay their eggs, become tadpoles and do everything inside it. I decided to focus my research on this frog, and work to save it. I never thought I would spend my career learning about frogs, but it feels like an obligation to finish this work and make sure they are protected. (心理描写) I hope to inspire others to do the same—because by protecting one species I am protecting a whole habitat. Paragraph 2: During my research, part of the area where these frogs live was destroyed by fire. Fire from the surrounding communities reaches the top of the mountain really quickly, so we have to find ways to stop it. I spared no efforts to communicate with the government, hoping we can set new reserves for them. At the same time, I managed to raise money to recover the destroyed area and its ecosystem. I think it will be my legacy, protecting this little frog. Hopefully someone will take that over, because the work won’t stop. 【导语】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述作者在Pico do Itambe州立公园的山上寻找新物种青蛙的故事。 【详解】1.段落续写： ①由续写第一段首句“然后我遇到了一位专家，他看了一眼，说这是一个新物种。”可以预测续写第一段主要内容：作者想通过研究这种青蛙从而更好保护它们。 ②由第二段首句“在我的研究过程中，这些青蛙生活的部分地区被大火烧毁。”可以预测续写第二段主要内容：作者联系政府建立保护区，并作者积极筹集资金恢复被破坏的地区及其生态系统。 2.续写线索：专家确定是新物种——作者开始研究这种青蛙——发现这种青蛙生活的部分地区被大火烧毁——作者联系政府建立保护区——积极筹集资金恢复被破坏的地区及其生态系统 3.词汇激活 行为类 ①.拯救：save /rescue ②.保护：protect/preserve ③.努力：spare no efforts to/try one’s best to 心理类 ①.决定：decide to/be determined to/make up one’s mind to ②.希望地：hopefully /with hope    【点睛】[高分句型1]. I never thought I would spend my career learning about frogs, but it feels like an obligation to finish this work and make sure they are protected. （运用了省略that的宾语从句） [高分句型2]. I spared no efforts to communicate with the government, hoping we can set new reserves for them. （运用了现在分词作状语） [高分句型3]. Hopefully someone will take that over, because the work won’t stop.（运用because引导的原因状语从句） $