内容正文:
译林版八年级上学期第四单元 单词讲义
资料用前提示:适合初中夯实基础或学生的拔高训练,对于基础有一定要求,超纲词汇和扩展词汇均已标注出来,使用过程中请根据学生实际情况使用。
1. mooncake /ˈmuːnkeɪk/ n. 月饼
用法:可数名词。搭配:make mooncakes(做月饼);eat mooncakes at the Mid-Autumn Festival(中秋节吃月饼)。
词根词缀:moon(月亮)+ cake(饼)→ mooncake,合成词。
衍生词:moon(n. 月亮)→ ________。
例句:We usually eat mooncakes at the Mid-Autumn Festival.
2. shelf /ʃelf/ n. (pl. shelves) 架子
用法:可数名词,复数 ________。搭配:on the shelf(在架子上);a bookshelf(书架)。
衍生词:同类复数变化:knife → ________;leaf → leaves(叶子)。
例句:There are many books on the shelf in my room.
3. rose /rəʊz/ n. 玫瑰(花)
用法:可数名词。搭配:a bunch of roses(一束玫瑰);grow roses(种玫瑰)。
衍生词:rose(n. 玫瑰)→ ________。注意与 rise 的过去式 rose(升起)区分。
例句:My father bought a bunch of roses for my mother.
4. *coloured paper /ˈkʌləd/ n. 彩纸
用法:* 拓展词汇。coloured(彩色的)+ paper(纸)。搭配:make a lantern with coloured paper(用彩纸做灯笼)。
词根词缀:colour(颜色)+ -ed(形容词后缀)→ coloured,英式拼写;美式拼写为 colored。
衍生词:colour(n./v. 颜色;着色)→ ________ → colourful(adj. 色彩丰富的)。
5. tape /teɪp/ n. 胶带 vt. 用胶带粘贴
用法:名词(胶带)和动词(用胶带粘贴)。搭配:a roll of tape(一卷胶带);tape the paper to the wall(把纸用胶带贴到墙上)。
衍生词:tape recorder(录音机——已学)。
例句:He used some tape to fix the broken paper.
6. glue /ɡluː/ n. 胶,胶水 vt. (用胶水)黏合,粘贴
用法:名词(不可数,胶水)和动词(黏合)。搭配:a tube of glue(一管胶水);glue A to B(把A粘到B上)。
衍生词:gluey(adj. 胶黏的——拓展,不常用)。
例句:Please glue the two pieces of paper together.
7. *fold /fəʊld/ vt. 折叠
用法:* 拓展词汇。搭配:fold the paper in half(把纸对折);fold up(折叠起来)。反义:unfold(展开——见第42条 un- 前缀)。
衍生词:fold(v. 折叠)→ ________。
8. complete /kəmˈpliːt/ adj. 完成的,结束的;全部的 vt. 完成
用法:形容词(全部的;完成的)和动词(完成)。搭配:a complete set(一整套);complete the task(完成任务)。辨析:complete(完成——较正式)vs. finish(完成——口语常用)。
词根词缀:com-(加强)+ plete(满)→ 使充满 → 完成。
衍生词:complete → ________ → incomplete(adj. 不完整的——反义,前缀 in-)。
例句:Please complete the work before Friday.
9. DIY n. (= do-it-yourself) 自己动手
用法:缩写词,全称 do-it-yourself(自己动手)。搭配:a DIY course(手工课);do some DIY(做手工)。
衍生词:do-it-yourself → 缩写 ________。
例句:My father often does some DIY at weekends.
★★★10. crazy /ˈkreɪzi/ adj. 狂热的;迷恋的
用法:形容词。搭配:be crazy about...(对……着迷)。注意:crazy 意为「着迷的」时语气强烈,比 like 程度更深。
衍生词:crazy(adj.)→ ________。
例句:She is crazy about pop music.
11. be crazy about 热衷于
用法:固定短语,后接名词或动名词:be crazy about doing sth.(热衷于做某事)。He is crazy about ________ basketball.
衍生词:同义短语:be fond of(喜欢——拓展);be interested in(对……感兴趣)。
12. born /bɔːn/ adj. 天生的
用法:常与 be 连用:be born(出生);be born in...(出生于……);be born to do sth.(天生适合做某事)。The famous singer was born in a small town in 2000.
衍生词:born 是 bear(出生——拓展)的过去分词。
13. *handyman /ˈhændimæn/ n. (pl. handymen) 手巧的人
用法:* 拓展词汇。复数 ________。搭配:a useful handyman(心灵手巧的人)。
词根词缀:handy(手巧的)+ man(人)→ handyman。handy 由 hand(手)+ -y(形容词后缀)构成。
衍生词:hand(n. 手)→ handy(adj. 手巧的)→ ________。
★★★14. mistake /mɪˈsteɪk/ n. 错误
用法:可数名词。搭配:make a mistake(犯错误);correct the mistakes(改正错误);by mistake(错误地——不是故意)。
词根词缀:mis-(错误的)+ take(拿)→ 拿错 → 错误。前缀 mis- 表示「错误地」:misunderstand(误解——拓展)。
衍生词:过去式 ________。短语:mistake A for B(把A错当成B——拓展)。
例句:Don't be afraid of making mistakes in class.
15. *power cut n. 断电,停电
用法:* 拓展词汇。名词短语:power(电力)+ cut(切断)。搭配:have a power cut(停电)。
衍生词:power(n. 电力;力量)→ ________。
16. *pipe /paɪp/ n. 管道,管子
用法:* 拓展词汇。名词。搭配:water pipes(水管);a gas pipe(煤气管)。
衍生词:相关词:________。
17. fill ... with 使……充满
用法:动词短语:fill A with B(用B把A装满);被动 be filled with(充满)。The box is filled with books.
衍生词:fill(v. 装满)→ ________。注意拼写联系:fill → full。
18. unlucky /ʌnˈlʌki/ adj. 不幸的,不顺利的
用法:形容词,反义词 ________。搭配:be unlucky(不走运)。
词根词缀:un-(不)+ lucky(幸运的)→ unlucky。前缀 un- 表示「不」:unhappy(不开心的)。
衍生词:luck(n. 运气)→ ________ → ________ → unlucky(adj.)。
★★★19. instead /ɪnˈsted/ adv. 反而
用法:副词,常用于句末或句首。辨析:instead(反而——独立使用)vs. instead of(而不是——后接名词/动名词)。He didn't go out. Instead, he stayed at home.
搭配:instead of doing sth.(而不是做某事)。
20. course /kɔːs/ n. 课程
用法:可数名词。搭配:take a course(上课程);a DIY course(手工课程);of course(当然——已学)。
衍生词:相关词:________。
例句:We are taking a DIY course this term.
21. mess /mes/ n. 杂乱,不整洁
用法:名词,常与 a 连用。搭配:in a mess(乱七八糟);make a mess(弄得一团糟)。
衍生词:mess(n.)→ ________。
例句:The room was in a mess after the party.
22. in a mess 乱七八糟
用法:介词短语,作表语或状语。反义短语:in order(整齐有序)。
衍生词:对比:in order(整齐);out of order(出故障——拓展)。
23. lamp /læmp/ n. 灯
用法:可数名词。搭配:a table lamp(台灯);turn on the lamp(开灯)。
衍生词:相关词:light(n. 光;灯——已学)。
例句:Please turn on the lamp. It's dark here.
24. catch one's eye 引起某人注意
用法:固定短语,= attract one's attention(吸引某人的注意)。代词放在中间:catch my eye。The beautiful picture caught my ________.
25. surprised /səˈpraɪzd/ adj. 惊奇的,感到意外的
用法:形容词,主语是人。搭配:be surprised at...(对……感到惊讶);be surprised to do sth.(惊讶地做某事)。辨析:surprised(人感到惊讶)vs. ________。
衍生词:surprise(n./v. 惊奇;使惊讶)→ ________ → surprising(adj. 令人惊讶的)。
例句:We were all surprised at the good news.
26. impossible /ɪmˈpɒsəbl/ adj. 不可能的
用法:形容词,反义词 ________。搭配:It is impossible (for sb.) to do sth.(某人不可能做某事)。
词根词缀:im-(不)+ possible(可能的)→ impossible。前缀 im- 是 in- 的变体(用于 p/b/m 前)。
衍生词:impossible → 名词 ________。
例句:It is impossible to finish the work in one hour.
27. paint /peɪnt/ n. 油漆;绘画颜料
用法:名词(油漆;颜料)和动词(刷漆;画画)。搭配:paint the walls(刷墙);a box of paints(一盒颜料)。
衍生词:paint(v.)→ ________ → painting(n. 绘画——已学)。
例句:They painted the walls blue last week.
28. can /kæn/ n. 金属容器,塑料容器
用法:名词,可数名词。搭配:a can of Coke(一罐可乐);a paint can(油漆罐)。注意与情态动词 can(能——已学)词性不同。
衍生词:canned(adj. 罐装的——拓展)。
29. everywhere /ˈevriweə(r)/ adv. & pron. 到处
用法:副词/代词。搭配:look everywhere(到处找);be everywhere(到处都是)。
词根词缀:every(每)+ where(地方)→ everywhere。同类词:somewhere(某处——已学)、________。
例句:We looked for the key everywhere.
30. chalk /tʃɔːk/ n. 粉笔
用法:不可数名词。搭配:a piece of chalk(一支粉笔);write with chalk(用粉笔写)。
衍生词:相关词:________。
例句:The teacher wrote the new words with chalk.
31. mark /mɑːk/ n. 标记;分数
用法:可数名词。搭配:make a mark(做记号);get full marks(得满分);question mark(问号)。
衍生词:同音词:________。
例句:She got full marks in the English test.
32. brush /brʌʃ/ n. 刷子;画笔
用法:可数名词,复数 ________。搭配:a paintbrush(画笔);a toothbrush(牙刷——已学)。
词根词缀:paint(颜料)+ brush(刷子)→ paintbrush,合成词。
例句:Clean the brush after you finish painting.
33. instructions /ɪnˈstrʌkʃnz/ n. [pl.] 用法说明
用法:复数名词,意为「用法说明」。搭配:follow the instructions(按照说明操作);read the instructions(阅读说明书)。
词根词缀:instruct(v. 指导——拓展)+ -ion(名词后缀)→ instruction,复数加 -s。
衍生词:instruct(v. 指导——拓展)→ ________。
例句:Read the instructions carefully before you use it.
34. dangerous /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/ adj. 危险的
用法:形容词。搭配:be dangerous to do sth.(做某事很危险);a dangerous animal(危险的动物)。
词根词缀:danger(n. 危险)+ -ous(形容词后缀,表示「有……的」)→ dangerous。同后缀词:famous(著名的)。
衍生词:danger(n. 危险)→ ________。
例句:It's dangerous to play with fire.
★★★35. usual /ˈjuːʒuəl/ adj. 通常的,寻常的
用法:形容词。搭配:as usual(像往常一样——固定短语);the usual time(往常的时间)。
衍生词:usual(adj.)→ ________。
例句:He got up earlier than usual this morning.
36. *tie-dye /ˈtaɪ daɪ/ vt. 扎染(织物)
用法:* 拓展词汇。动词。搭配:tie-dye a T-shirt(扎染一件T恤)。
词根词缀:tie(系)+ dye(染色)→ tie-dye。由两个动词合成的复合动词。
37. *twist /twɪst/ vt. 使扭曲,使弯曲
用法:* 拓展词汇。动词。搭配:twist the cloth(拧布);twist the lid(拧开盖子)。
衍生词:过去式 ________。
38. *cloth /klɒθ/ n. 布料,织物
用法:* 拓展词汇。不可数名词。搭配:a piece of cloth(一块布);cut the cloth(裁剪布料)。辨析:cloth(布料——不可数)vs. clothes(衣服——复数,已学)。
衍生词:cloth(n. 布料)→ clothes(n. 衣服)→ ________。
39. tie /taɪ/ vt. (用线、绳等)系,拴,绑,捆
用法:动词。搭配:tie A to B(把A系到B上);tie up(捆起来)。He tied the dog to the tree. 注意与名词「领带」(已学)词性不同。
衍生词:过去式 ________;现在分词 ________。
40. *thread /θred/ n. 线
用法:* 拓展词汇。不可数名词。搭配:a needle and thread(针线);thread the needle(穿针——动词,拓展)。
衍生词:相关词:line(n. 线——已学)。
41. *dye /daɪ/ vt. 给……染色,染 n. 染料,染液
用法:* 拓展词汇。动词和名词。搭配:dye the cloth blue(把布染成蓝色)。注意与 die(死亡——已学)同音不同义。
衍生词:过去式 ________。
42. untie /ʌnˈtaɪ/ vt. 解开
用法:动词。搭配:untie the knot(解开绳结);untie the rope(解开绳子)。反义词:tie(系——第39条)。
词根词缀:un-(做相反动作)+ tie(系)→ untie。同类词:unlock(开锁——拓展)。
衍生词:untie → 反义 ________。
例句:He untied the rope and set the dog free.
43. method /ˈmeθəd/ n. 方法
用法:可数名词。搭配:a method of doing sth.(做某事的方法);teaching methods(教学方法)。辨析:method(系统的方法)vs. way(方式——更口语)。
衍生词:methodical(adj. 有条理的——超纲)。
例句:This is a good method of learning English words.
44. product /ˈprɒdʌkt/ n. 产品
用法:可数名词。搭配:local products(本地产品);a new product(新产品)。
词根词缀:produce(v. 生产——拓展)+ -t → product。同根词:production(n. 生产——超纲)。
例句:The shop sells many local products.
★★★45. not only ... but also ... 不仅……而且……
用法:并列连词,连接两个并列成分。连接主语时,谓语动词与最近的主语一致(就近原则——拓展):Not only he but also I am...
He can not only draw pictures ________ but also do DIY.
46. *workshop /ˈwɜːkʃɒp/ n. 作坊
用法:* 拓展词汇。名词。搭配:a DIY workshop(手工坊);a workshop for making paper flowers(做纸花的工作坊)。
词根词缀:work(工作)+ shop(场所)→ workshop,合成词。
47. dry /draɪ/ vt. & vi. (使)变干;(把……)弄干
用法:动词(使变干)和形容词(干燥的——已学)。搭配:dry the dishes(擦干盘子);dry the wet clothes(弄干湿衣服)。
衍生词:过去式 ________。
例句:Please dry your hands before eating.
48. *pattern /ˈpætn/ n. 图案;模式
用法:* 拓展词汇。名词。搭配:a beautiful pattern(漂亮的图案);a pattern on the cloth(布上的图案)。
衍生词:相关词:design(n./v. 设计——拓展)。
49. *roll /rəʊl/ n. 卷;管
用法:* 拓展词汇。名词。搭配:a roll of paper(一卷纸);a roll of tape(一卷胶带)。
衍生词:注意一词多义:roll(n. 卷)→ roll(v. 滚动——已学)。
50. reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ vt. & vi. 减少
用法:动词。搭配:reduce waste(减少浪费);reduce the cost(降低成本——拓展)。
词根词缀:re-(往回)+ duce(引导)→ 引回 → 减少。前缀 re- 见 Unit 3 repeat。
衍生词:reduce(v.)→ ________。
例句:We should reduce the use of plastic bags.
51. waste /weɪst/ n. 浪费;废料
用法:名词(浪费;废料)和动词(浪费)。搭配:reduce waste(减少浪费);a waste of time(浪费时间)。Don't waste water.
衍生词:waste(v.)→ ________。
52. joy /dʒɔɪ/ n. 高兴;乐趣
用法:名词。搭配:to one's joy(令某人高兴的是);the joy of making things(制作的乐趣)。
衍生词:joy(n.)→ ________;enjoy(v. 享受——已学,en- + joy)。
例句:To our joy, we finished the project on time.
53. glove /ɡlʌv/ n. 手套
用法:可数名词,常用复数。搭配:a pair of gloves(一副手套);wear gloves(戴手套)。
衍生词:相关词:mitten(n. 连指手套——超纲)。
例句:Put on your gloves before you go out.
54. *finger /ˈfɪŋɡə(r)/ n. (手套的)指部;手指
用法:* 拓展词汇。名词。搭配:the finger of a glove(手套的指部);five fingers(五个手指)。
衍生词:相关词:thumb(n. 拇指——拓展);toe(n. 脚趾——拓展)。
55. *button /ˈbʌtn/ n. 纽扣;按钮
用法:* 拓展词汇。名词。搭配:press the button(按按钮);do up the button(扣纽扣——拓展)。
衍生词:注意与 bottom(底部——易混淆)区分。
56. *onto /ˈɒntə; ˈɒntu/ prep. 到……上,向……上
用法:* 拓展词汇。介词。搭配:climb onto the roof(爬到屋顶上);put the books onto the shelf(把书放到架子上)。辨析:onto(到……上——动作)vs. on(在……上——状态)。
衍生词:onto = on to(合写)。同类:into(到……里——已学)。
第二部分 单元练习
一、单项选择(共15题)
1. We usually eat ______ at the Mid-Autumn Festival. They are round and sweet.
A. mooncakes B. roses C. gloves D. lamps
2. The books are on the ______. You can take one down easily.
A. pipe B. shelf C. chalk D. brush
3. My brother is crazy ______ making model planes. He spends hours on it.
A. about B. of C. with D. for
4. I made a ______ in my homework again. I must be more careful.
A. course B. mess C. mistake D. mark
5. It is ______ for me to finish the work in ten minutes. It takes at least an hour.
A. possible B. impossible C. usual D. dangerous
6. Please read the ______ carefully before you use the new machine.
A. products B. methods C. instructions D. patterns
7. It's ______ to play with fire. You may get hurt.
A. dangerous B. happy C. lucky D. crazy
8. He didn't go to the party. ______, he stayed at home to finish his DIY project.
A. Instead B. Besides C. Also D. Because
9. We were all ______ at the news. We couldn't believe it.
A. surprising B. surprise C. surprised D. surprises
10. To ______ the waste, we can reuse old paper and bottles.
A. make B. reduce C. catch D. paint
11. The room was in a ______. The children had made it dirty and untidy.
A. course B. joy C. mess D. mark
12. He can ______ speak English ______ write it. What a talented boy!
A. not; but B. both; and C. not only; but also D. either; or
13. Could you ______ the rope? The dog can't move at all.
A. tie B. untie C. fold D. glue
14. The famous singer was ______ in a small town in 2000.
A. born B. bored C. burnt D. broken
15. The beautiful picture on the wall caught my ______ at once.
A. eye B. hand C. face D. foot
二、根据句意和首字母/中文提示填单词(共10题)
1. My mother bought some m____________ for the Mid-Autumn Festival. They taste really good.
2. Please read the i____________ carefully before you start the DIY project.
3. Don't make a m____________ again. Be more careful with your homework!
4. The classroom is in a m____________ after the art class. Let's clean it up.
5. It's d____________ to play with fire. Never try it at home!
6. We should r____________ waste and protect our environment.
7. The wet clothes will d____________ in the sun quickly.
8. He t____________ the box with a rope to keep it closed.
9. To our j____________, the project was finished on time.
10. The tie-dye T-shirt is a beautiful p____________ of our workshop.
三、句子翻译(共5题,用括号内提示词)
1. 我的奶奶热衷于做月饼。(be crazy about, mooncakes)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
2. 请在使用新机器之前仔细阅读说明。(instructions, before)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. 那本书在书架上,你可以随时取阅。(on the shelf)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
4. 我们应该减少浪费,保护环境。(reduce waste)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
5. 他不但会画画,还会做手工。(not only ... but also ...)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
第三部分 参考答案
一、单项选择
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B
6. C 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B
11. C 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. A
二、填单词
1. mooncakes 2. instructions 3. mistake 4. mess 5. dangerous
6. reduce 7. dry 8. tied 9. joy 10. product
三、句子翻译
1. My grandma is crazy about making mooncakes.
2. Please read the instructions carefully before you use the new machine.
3. The book is on the shelf. You can read it at any time.
4. We should reduce waste and protect the environment.
5. He can not only draw pictures but also do DIY.
【正文挖空参考答案(供教师参考)】1. mooncakes;2. shelves/knives;3. rosy;4. coloured/colorful;5. tape;6. glue;7. folder;8. completely;9. DIY;10. craze;11. playing;12. born;13. handymen/handyman;14. mistook;15. powerful;16. plumber;17. full;18. lucky/lucky/luckily;19. instead;20. subject;21. messy;22. order;23. lamp;24. eye;25. surprising/surprised;26. possible/impossibility;27. painter;28. canned;29. nowhere;30. chalkboard;31. March;32. brushes;33. instructions;34. dangerous;35. usually;36. tie-dye;37. twisted;38. clothing;39. tied/tying;40. thread;41. dyed;42. tie;43. method;44. product;45. but;46. workshop;47. dried;48. pattern;49. roll;50. reduction;51. wasteful;52. joyful;53. glove;54. finger;55. button;56. onto
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