2027届英语 新高考I卷阅读理解D篇专项练习 深度讲解 讲义-2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语高考复习讲义聚焦新高考I卷阅读理解D篇，针对抽象议论文与深奥说明文（哲学/心理/社会批评），覆盖推理判断、态度推断、写作目的、主旨大意等核心考点，按“命题规律导学+15篇专项训练+词汇附录”架构，通过“六步阅读法”导学、限时训练、逐题六维精讲（定位/同义替换/解析/技巧等）及技巧延伸，帮助学生系统突破难点。 讲义创新采用“抽象阅读六步阅读法”培养思维品质，如哲学类文本通过“命题—反命题—辩证收束”结构分析，引导学生抓“might struggle”等未定论语气推断作者态度，同步积累抽象词汇与实用短语。分层设计15篇专项训练，配合高频干扰项破解策略，有效提升学生语言能力与应考效率，为教师把控复习节奏提供精准指导。

新高考 I 卷 · 阅读理解 D 篇专项 深度讲解版（拔高版）· 抽象阅读 / 议论文深度突破训练 Reading Comprehension Passage D — Abstract & Argumentative Reading (Advanced) 适用对象 高三一轮/二轮复习，需攻克 D 篇抽象议论文与深奥说明文（哲学/心理/社会批评）的拔高学生 对标标准 新高考 I 卷 D 篇：抽象说明文或议论文，约 350–430 词，4 小题，难度最高，重推理/态度/写作目的/主旨 内容构成 命题规律导学 + 15 篇专项（逐题六维精讲 + 技巧延伸 + 同义替换 + 实用短语）+ 词汇附录 使用建议 先读导学掌握‘六步阅读法’，再限时完成每篇（建议 11–13 分钟），订正时精读讲解并积累抽象词汇 ———————————————————————————————— 高三英语一轮复习备课组 · 2026 第一部分　D 篇命题规律与解题策略（导学） ———————————————————————————————————————— 一、新高考 I 卷 D 篇核心特征（四篇最难） 维度 特征说明 文本类型 抽象说明文（Exposition）或议论文（Argumentation）：哲学思辨、心理机制、社会批评为主 文本长度 约 350–430 词；篇幅未必最长，但信息密度与抽象度最高 题量 共 4 小题（阅读 A/B/C/D 合计 15 题，D 篇固定 4 题） 主要题型 推理判断、态度/语气推断、写作目的、主旨大意（或标题）、词义/句意猜测 难度 ★★★★ 高，重在‘抓抽象论点—辨长难句—推言外之意—定作者态度’ 考查能力 识别抽象概念、推断隐含态度、概括深层主旨、判断作者意图与语气 二、D 篇五类题型拆解（识别标志 + 破解要点） 题型 识别标志 破解要点 推理判断题 含 infer / imply / suggest / conclude 选‘原文无原句、推进一步’项；D 篇最爱考，警惕‘原文照抄’干扰 态度/语气推断 含 attitude / tone / feel about 找评价性形容词与情态动词；态度须有原文支撑，忌主观臆断 写作目的 含 purpose / writes to / intend 区分 inform / persuade / warn / criticize / argue；D 篇常‘论证某观点’ 主旨/标题 含 main idea / best title 看首尾段与高频抽象词；选‘覆盖全篇’的概括项，忌细节偏项 词义/句意猜测 含 the underlined word / phrase means 看定义、同反义、举例、逻辑衔接；抽象学术词忌望文生义 三、抽象阅读六步阅读法（形成肌肉记忆） 第 1 步　读首段定中心论点：D 篇首段常抛出一个抽象命题或悖论，先抓核心概念。 第 2 步　标信号词理逻辑：however / therefore / yet / indeed 是解题路标，长难句先找主谓宾。 第 3 步　辨作者立场：哪些词带褒贬？是支持、质疑、还是辩证？态度藏在修饰语里。 第 4 步　理展开方式：是‘提出问题—分析—升华’，还是‘现象—悖论—反思’？ 第 5 步　题文同步定位：题干关键词回原文‘夹击’定位，勿凭印象作答。 第 6 步　定主旨看全局：排除仅讲某段细节的选项，选‘覆盖全篇、含抽象核心词’的概括项。 四、推理判断题破解表（D 篇重中之重） 推理类型 识别 破解 态度推理 问作者/研究对象的态度 找评价性形容词与情态动词，态度须有原文支撑 因果推理 问某现象的原因/结果 顺逻辑链找 because / lead to / result in 等信号 隐含结论 含 it can be inferred that 选项应是‘合理推进一步’，而非无依据臆断 写作意图 含 the author writes to 区分 inform / persuade / warn / criticize / argue 五、词义 / 句意猜测五大线索（学术语境） 线索 标志 用法 定义线索 被破折号、that is、namely 直接解释 破折号后即为释义 同义/复现 后文用近义词或同义短语重述 找并列或重述的表达 反义/对比 but / however / unlike 引出相反概念 由反义推断未知词 举例线索 such as / for instance 后的例子 由例子反推类别词含义 构词/逻辑 前缀(uni-/bio-/mis-)、因果逻辑 拆词根或据上下文逻辑推导 六、主旨 / 写作目的 / 态度辨析（D 篇易混，须分清） 题干词 问什么 怎么选 main idea 全文核心内容概括 选覆盖全篇、含抽象核心词的概括句 best title 凝练、吸引、点题 常含核心抽象名词或隐喻，忌过大或过小 author's purpose 作者‘为什么写’ inform 介绍 / persuade 劝说 / warn 警示 / argue 论证 tone / attitude 作者语气或态度 positive / negative / objective / skeptical / critical 等 七、高频干扰项套路（务必识破） 套路 表现 对策 以偏概全 用某段细节冒充全文主旨 回到首段+尾段验证是否覆盖全篇 偷换概念 把 A 的特征安到 B 头上 对比选项主语与原文是否一致 绝对化 含 never / all / must 等绝对词 原文多为‘通常/可能’，绝对项多错 无中生有 原文未提却看似合理 凡原文无依据的项一律排除 答非所问 说法正确但答非所问 先看题干问什么，再核对选项指向 第二部分　15 篇专项训练（逐题六维精讲 + 技巧延伸） ———————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 1 · 哲学·自由意志与决定论 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 For centuries, the question of whether human beings truly choose their actions has divided philosophers. On one side stands the intuition most of us carry daily: that we weigh options and decide. On the other stands a line of argument, refreshed by modern neuroscience, suggesting that every choice is the inevitable result of causes beyond our control—genes, upbringing, and the exact state of the brain at the moment of decision. In famous experiments, researchers claimed to predict a person's button press several seconds before the subject felt any intention to move, a finding some hailed as the death of free will. Yet the matter is far from settled. Critics point out that predicting a tendency is not proving the feeling of choice is an illusion, and that the experiments measured trivial motions, not the moral decisions that make the debate matter. What the dispute reveals is less a fact than a tension at the heart of how we live: we punish criminals as if they chose, yet excuse behavior as if it were caused. A society that took hard determinism seriously might struggle to justify praise, blame, or law as we know them, since no one would be the true author of their deeds. Still, even if our freedom is narrower than we imagine, the experience of deliberation remains real enough to guide life. The practical question is not whether free will exists in some absolute sense, but what picture of human agency best supports a just and responsible culture. Held too loosely, the belief that nothing is chosen can become a quiet excuse for every failing; held too rigidly, the conviction that we are wholly self-made can harden into blame for those dealt worse hands. Perhaps the wisest stance is to act as though choice matters—because, for the conduct of a life and the making of a community, the stance we adopt shapes the world we build, whether or not the stars or the synapses had already written the ending. Critics of the fatalistic reading answer that a caused choice is still a choice. Deliberation, on their account, is not an illusion painted over the machinery but one of the gears itself, and a person whose reasoning makes a difference to what follows is free in every sense that matters practically, whatever the deeper metaphysics turns out to be. A person who believes their efforts count tends to try; a person who believes they are a puppet tends to slump, and the difference between a striving society and a resigned one may hang on exactly this unglamorous faith, which no brain scan has yet managed to disprove. 【题目】 1. What does the passage say about the famous neuroscience experiments? A. They proved free will no longer exists B. They predicted a motion before the felt intention, but critics say it is not decisive C. They measured moral decisions directly D. They showed the feeling of choice is certainly an illusion 2. What does the underlined word 'determinism' most probably mean? A. The belief that all acts are caused by prior factors beyond control B. A kind of exercise C. The freedom to choose anything D. A political party 3. What can we infer about a society that fully accepts hard determinism? A. It would have no problem with law B. It might struggle to justify praise, blame, or law C. People would try harder D. Crime would disappear 4. What is the author's main purpose in writing this passage? A. To prove free will is an illusion B. To explore the tension and argue we should act as if choice matters C. To promote neuroscience D. To defend criminals 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.A 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：researchers claimed to predict a person's button press several seconds before the subject felt any intention · 同义替换：predicted before felt intention, but critics say not decisive → 预测早于意图，但存疑 · 解析：原文‘研究者称能在主观意图前数秒预测按键，但批评者指出预测倾向≠证明选择感是幻觉’，B 正确。A 证明自由意志消失、C 直接测道德决策、D 肯定幻觉均夸大或反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 claimed / critics point out 的‘有发现但非定论’；勿把‘claimed’当‘proved’。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：A · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：every choice is the inevitable result of causes beyond our control · 同义替换：inevitable result of causes beyond control → 一切皆由不可控前因注定 · 解析：上文‘每个选择都是不可控前因的必然结果’，determinism 指‘决定论、万事皆有前因注定’，A 正确。B 运动、C 任意选、D 政党均错。 · 技巧：猜词看同位解释：causes beyond our control = 决定论核心；注意与 free will 相对。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：A society that took hard determinism seriously might struggle to justify praise, blame, or law · 同义替换：struggle to justify praise, blame, or law → 难以证成褒贬与法律 · 解析：原文‘彻底接受决定论的社会可能难以证成褒奖、责备或法律’，可推其会动摇责任体系，B 正确。A 无问题、C 更努力、D 犯罪消失均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 might struggle to justify；‘无人是行为真正作者’→责任体系受冲击。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：Perhaps the wisest stance is to act as though choice matters · 同义替换：act as though choice matters → 主张‘不妨假定选择重要’（探讨+论证） · 解析：尾段点明‘最明智的姿态是假定选择重要’，意在探讨自由意志张力并论证‘照此行动’的实用立场，B 正确。A 证 illusion(文中未定)、C 推神经科学、D 为罪犯辩护均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看尾段 wise stance / act as though；D 篇常‘探讨+论证某立场’而非单纯介绍。 【解题技巧延伸】 【哲学/思辨类解题延伸】此类‘命题—反命题—辩证收束’议论文，结构为‘提出张力—呈现两难—给实用立场’。推理题多考‘某立场的推论’，抓 might struggle / critics point out 的‘未定论’语气；写作目的看尾段 wise stance，常为 explore + argue。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） intuition　n. 直觉 determinism　n. 决定论 inevitable　adj. 必然的 agency　n. 能动性；主体行为 upbringing　n. 教养；成长环境 conviction　n. 信念 illusion　n. 错觉 puppet　n. 木偶；受人摆布者 dispute　n. 争论 resigned　adj. 顺从的；认命的 tension　n. 张力；矛盾 unglamorous　adj. 平凡的；不引人注目的 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 we weigh options and decide 我们权衡选项并决定 beyond our control 超出我们的控制 the true author of their deeds 其行为的真正作者 act as though choice matters 表现得仿佛选择很重要 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · divide philosophers 使哲学家分裂 · carry daily 日常怀有 · refresh by neuroscience 被神经科学刷新 · hail as 欢呼为… · justify praise or blame 为褒贬正名 · shape the world we build 塑造我们构建的世界 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 2 · 语言·语言塑造思维 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 Does the language we speak quietly shape the way we think, or merely label thoughts we would have anyway? The strong version of this idea, once popular, claimed that speakers of a language with no future tense could not conceive of tomorrow, a claim now largely rejected as absurd. Yet a weaker, better-supported version survives. In many languages, direction is given not by 'left' and 'right' but by absolute compass points—north, south, east, west—and speakers of these languages perform strikingly better at spatial memory tasks, as if their grammar keeps them constantly oriented. Similarly, languages that force speakers to state whether they saw, heard, or inferred an event produce people more alert to the source of knowledge. The effect is not that language fixes thought like a cage; rather, it nudges attention, making some distinctions habitual and others easy to miss. A learner of a new language does not gain a new brain, but does gain new grooves of habit, new ways of slicing the world that the native tongue left unseen. This is why translation is never quite neutral: a word carries a history of use a dictionary cannot fully pass on. Critics warn against exaggeration—people can think what their grammar does not require, and trading languages does not swap minds. Still, the weight of evidence suggests our mother tongue is less a window onto thought than a pair of tinted glasses we rarely notice we are wearing. To learn another language, then, is not merely to add vocabulary but to try on another tint, to feel, however briefly, how the same world looks when filtered through different habits of attention. Researchers testing the weaker claim have found effects that are small but stubbornly repeatable. Speakers whose grammar obliges them to mark how they know a thing tend to recall their sources more accurately; speakers whose nouns carry gender describe the same bridge as sturdy or as elegant depending on the article attached to it. None of this imprisons a mind. It merely tilts one, the way a slope tilts water without deciding where the river ends. The humble lesson is that much of what we call 'common sense' is in fact grammatical habit worn smooth by repetition, and that meeting a foreign tongue can loosen, at least for a moment, the quiet grip of the only one we have ever known. 【题目】 1. What is the 'weaker, better-supported version' mentioned in the passage? A. Language completely fixes thought like a cage B. Language nudges attention, making some distinctions habitual C. Language has no effect at all D. Future tense is required to think of tomorrow 2. What does the underlined phrase 'tinted glasses' most probably mean? A. Real sunglasses B. A hidden habit of perception we rarely notice C. A type of window D. Coloured paper 3. What can we infer about translation between languages? A. It is perfectly neutral B. It is never quite neutral because words carry untranslatable history C. It swaps minds D. It requires no effort 4. What is the main idea of the passage? A. Language is only a label with no effect B. Language subtly shapes attention and thought without fixing it C. We must all learn ten languages D. Grammar is useless 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：it nudges attention, making some distinctions habitual and others easy to miss · 同义替换：nudges attention ... habitual → 推动注意力，使某些区分成习惯 · 解析：原文‘较弱版本指语言轻推注意力，使某些区分成习惯、另一些易被忽略’，B 正确。A 完全禁锢(文中否定)、C 毫无影响、D 需未来时均错。 · 技巧：概念细节题定位 weaker version / nudges attention；注意‘弱版本≠无影响≠完全决定’的辩证。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：our mother tongue is less a window ... than a pair of tinted glasses we rarely notice we are wearing · 同义替换：glasses we rarely notice wearing → 几乎不觉察佩戴的（认知滤镜） · 解析：比喻‘母语更像一副我们几乎不觉察戴着的染色眼镜’，指‘隐性的认知习惯滤镜’，B 正确。A 真墨镜、C 窗、D 彩纸均望文生义。 · 技巧：猜词看比喻：glasses=认知滤镜，we rarely notice=隐性；结合 less a window 的对比。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：translation is never quite neutral: a word carries a history of use a dictionary cannot fully pass on · 同义替换：never quite neutral ... history a dictionary cannot pass → 非中性，词典传不尽历史 · 解析：原文‘翻译从不真正中性，词承载词典传不尽的使用史’，可推跨语言转换必有损耗，B 正确。A 中性(文中否定)、C 交换心智、D 不需努力均错。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 never quite neutral / history cannot pass on；‘不可译性’是核心推论。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：主旨大意 · 定位：language nudges attention ... less a window onto thought than a pair of tinted glasses · 同义替换：nudges attention ... tinted glasses → 轻推注意力，是染色眼镜而非窗户 · 解析：全文围绕‘语言潜移默化塑造注意力与思维，但不像牢笼般固定思维’展开，B 正确。A 仅标签(文中否定)、C 学十种、D 语法无用均错。 · 技巧：主旨题抓 nudges attention / less a window than glasses；‘潜移默化+非决定’是中心。 【解题技巧延伸】 【语言/认知类解题延伸】此类‘强假说—弱假说—例证—收束’说明文，常先破后立。主旨题抓 nudges attention / less window than glasses；猜词多考隐喻(tinted glasses)；infer 题看 never quite neutral 的‘非中性’。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） conceive　v. 构想；设想 neutral　adj. 中性的 absurd　adj. 荒谬的 tinted　adj. 染色的 compass　n. 罗盘；方位 repetition　n. 重复 spatial　adj. 空间的 humble　adj. 朴素的；谦卑的 infer　v. 推断 grip　n. 掌控；抓握 groove　n. 习惯；沟槽 loosen　v. 松开；放松 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 conceive of tomorrow 设想明天 constantly oriented 时刻辨明方位 new grooves of habit 新的习惯沟槽 worn smooth by repetition 被重复磨得光滑（习以为常） 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · shape the way we think 塑造我们的思维方式 · label thoughts 为思想贴标签 · perform better at 在…上表现更好 · alert to the source 对来源保持警觉 · add vocabulary 增加词汇 · try on another tint 试戴另一种色调 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 3 · 心理·幸福适应 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 Most people believe that winning the lottery or landing a dream job would make them happy forever. Psychologists who study well-being have learned otherwise. Within a year or two, lottery winners report levels of satisfaction barely higher than before, and accident victims who lost the use of their limbs often return, over time, to a surprisingly similar baseline. This phenomenon, called hedonic adaptation, works like an emotional thermostat: good fortune raises the setting briefly, misfortune lowers it, but the mind steadily drifts back to its set point. The implication is uncomfortable. If neither great gain nor great loss changes our lasting happiness much, then the relentless pursuit of more may be chasing a moving target. People imagine the next purchase will finally satisfy, yet each acquisition soon becomes the new normal and stops delivering. What does move the needle, research suggests, are not rising incomes but changes in how we spend attention—meaningful relationships, a sense of progress, and experiences over mere objects. Crucially, adaptation is not destiny. We can interrupt it by varying pleasures so they do not fade into routine, by savouring moments instead of rushing past them, and by comparing ourselves to our past selves rather than to neighbours who seem ahead. A society built on the promise that buying more brings contentment is, in this light, selling a quietly unstable product, because the very mechanism that lets us enjoy a novelty is the one that soon tires of it. The deeper irony is that we fear loss more than we value gain, yet both, in the long run, leave us much where they found us. The pattern is not a counsel of despair. Adaptation blunts misfortune as reliably as it dulls delight, and the same mechanism that flattens the thrill of a new car returns a grieving person, slowly and without permission, to laughter. What it forbids is the arithmetic most of us practise, in which happiness is stored up by acquisition, as though contentment were a substance to be accumulated rather than a rate at which we notice what is already there. To live well may thus mean accepting the thermostat rather than fighting it endlessly—choosing pursuits whose rewards renew instead of diminish, and learning that the steadiest happiness is less a prize to be won than a posture to be kept, a way of attending to ordinary days before the novelty that briefly lit them has, as it always does, grown plain. 【题目】 1. What does 'hedonic adaptation' refer to according to the passage? A. The habit of buying more things B. The mind's tendency to return to a baseline of happiness C. A type of lottery D. Physical exercise 2. What does the underlined word 'baseline' most probably mean? A. A temporary high B. One's usual or normal level of happiness C. A type of line D. A new purchase 3. What can we infer about the pursuit of more wealth? A. It always brings lasting happiness B. It may chase a moving target because gains fade via adaptation C. Lottery winners stay happy forever D. Buying more is the best path 4. What is the author's main point about living well? A. Buy as much as possible B. Accept adaptation and choose renewing pursuits and a steady posture of attention C. Avoid all loss D. Win the lottery 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：the mind steadily drifts back to its set point · 同义替换：drifts back to its set point → 回归心理设定点 · 解析：原文‘幸福适应如情绪恒温器，心智稳步回归设定点’，B 正确。A 购物习惯、C 彩票、D 体育锻炼均错。 · 技巧：定义细节题定位 set point / drifts back；adaptation=‘回归基线’是常考术语。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：accident victims ... return ... to a surprisingly similar baseline · 同义替换：return ... to a similar baseline → 回到相似的（常态）水平 · 解析：前文说肢体受损者随时间‘回到惊人相似的基线’，baseline 指‘常态、基准幸福水平’，B 正确。A 暂时高峰、C 线条、D 新购均错。 · 技巧：猜词看 return to / similar：baseline=常态基准；与 set point 同义复现。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：the relentless pursuit of more may be chasing a moving target ... each acquisition soon becomes the new normal · 同义替换：chasing a moving target ... becomes new normal → 追移动靶，所得很快成常态 · 解析：原文‘不断追逐更多像追移动靶，每次所得很快变常态不再带来满足’，可推财富追逐因适应而落空，B 正确。A 永享、C 彩民永远幸福、D 购物最佳均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 moving target / becomes new normal；‘适应使增益失效’是核心推论。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：主旨大意 · 定位：accepting the thermostat ... choosing pursuits whose rewards renew ... a posture to be kept · 同义替换：accept thermostat ... rewards renew ... posture kept → 接受恒温器，选可更新回报、保持姿态 · 解析：尾段点明‘接受恒温器、选择回报可更新的追求、把幸福当作可保持的姿态’，B 正确。A 尽量买、C 避损失、D 中彩票均错。 · 技巧：主旨题抓 accept the thermostat / rewards renew / posture to be kept；‘接纳+选可持续回报’是中心。 【解题技巧延伸】 【心理/幸福类解题延伸】此类‘常识误区—实验证据—机制—生活启示’议论文，恒温器隐喻是核心。定义题定位 set point；infer 题抓 moving target / becomes new normal；主旨看 accept the thermostat 的‘接纳+可持续’。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） well-being　n. 幸福；福祉 contentment　n. 满足 baseline　n. 基线；基准 novelty　n. 新奇事物 thermostat　n. 恒温器 irony　n. 讽刺 relentless　adj. 不懈的 destiny　n. 命运 acquisition　n. 获得物；习得 diminish　v. 减少；减弱 savor　v. 品味；享受 posture　n. 姿态；态度 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 barely higher than before 几乎不高于从前 drifts back to its set point 漂回设定点 chasing a moving target 追逐移动靶 rewards renew instead of diminish 回报更新而非递减 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · land a dream job 得到理想工作 · report levels of satisfaction 报告满意度水平 · move the needle 起作用；改变局面 · savour moments 品味当下 · compare to past selves 与过去的自己比较 · grow plain 变得平淡 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 4 · 自我·叙事身份 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 We often speak of the self as if it were a fixed thing inside us, a core waiting to be found. A different tradition in psychology suggests the self is something we tell. On this view, a person is less a substance than a story—a running account that stitches separate moments into a single 'I' who seems to persist. The narrative begins early: a child is not born with a life story but learns, through questions from parents, to bind scattered events into 'the time we moved' or 'when I was shy.' Over years, this inner autobiography does real work. It gives past pain a plot, which can soften its sting; it lets us see effort as leading somewhere, not as random noise. Yet the story is also a cage. To keep the tale coherent, we quietly edit, downplaying facts that spoil the plot and exaggerating those that fit. We become, in a sense, the author who fears a plot hole more than the truth. Therapy, in this light, is less about recovering a buried self than about rewriting the script—trying on a new genre for old events, so a failure becomes a detour rather than a verdict. Cultures differ in the stories they licence: some prize a bold individual arc, others a quiet fitting into the group. None is the 'true' self; each is a usable fiction that helps a life cohere. The danger is not that we narrate but that we forget we are the narrator, mistaking the edited tale for a fixed fate. To know oneself, then, may be less a digging than a drafting—an ongoing authorship in which the pencil stays in hand. Sceptics object that a story may be a prison as easily as a gift, and they are right. A person convinced that one chapter of failure is the whole book will read each new page as further evidence for a verdict already delivered. A person who remembers they are writing can revise a painful chapter instead of re-reading it as law, and a society that teaches this craft to the young may raise not seekers of a hidden core but makers of a life, who meet each turning not with the question 'who am I?' already answered, but with the freer one: 'what story shall I tell next, and whom might it set free?' 【题目】 1. What does the passage say the self is, on the narrative view? A. A fixed core waiting to be found B. A story that stitches moments into a persisting 'I' C. A physical substance D. A buried object 2. What does the underlined word 'cohere' most probably mean? A. To fall apart B. To hold together as a unified whole C. To disappear D. To repeat 3. What can we infer about how we maintain our life story? A. We record everything exactly B. We edit, downplaying spoiling facts and exaggerating fitting ones C. We never change it D. The story is always the truth 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To prove the self is a buried object B. To argue we are authors of our self-story and can revise it C. To praise therapy only D. To deny narrative 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：a person is less a substance than a story—a running account that stitches separate moments into a single 'I' · 同义替换：less a substance than a story ... stitches moments → 非实体而是串联时刻的故事 · 解析：原文‘人不是实体而是故事，把零散时刻缝合成持续的‘我’’，B 正确。A 固定内核(文中否定)、C 物质、D 埋藏物均错。 · 技巧：概念细节题定位 less a substance than a story；注意‘非实体而是叙事’的对照定义。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：each is a usable fiction that helps a life cohere · 同义替换：helps a life cohere → 助人生成为一个整体 · 解析：前文说故事把人生‘缝合成持续的我’，cohere 指‘凝聚、成为一个连贯整体’，B 正确。A 瓦解、C 消失、D 重复均反。 · 技巧：猜词看并列：stitches into a single 'I' 同义，cohere=‘连贯统一’。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：we quietly edit, downplaying facts that spoil the plot and exaggerating those that fit · 同义替换：edit ... downplaying ... exaggerating → 编辑：淡化破坏情节者、夸大契合者 · 解析：原文‘为保持连贯我们悄悄编辑，淡化破坏情节的事实、夸大契合者’，可推叙事含选择性扭曲，B 正确。A 全记录、C 不变、D 总是真相均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 edit / downplaying / exaggerating；‘为连贯而选择性编辑’是推论核心。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：know oneself ... may be less a digging than a drafting—an ongoing authorship in which the pencil stays in hand · 同义替换：less a digging than a drafting ... pencil stays in hand → 非挖掘而是撰写，笔在手中（可改写） · 解析：尾段点明‘认识自我不如说是撰写，笔始终在手’，意在论证‘我们是自我故事的作者、可改写’，B 正确。A 埋藏物(否定)、C 只赞治疗、D 否认叙事均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看尾段 drafting / pencil stays in hand；‘论证人可改写自我叙事’而非介绍或否认。 【解题技巧延伸】 【自我/叙事类解题延伸】此类‘实体自我—叙事自我—编辑机制—赋能收束’议论文，隐喻密集(self as story/author)。概念题定位 less a substance than a story；infer 题抓 edit / downplaying；写作目的看 drafting / pencil in hand 的‘可改写’。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） substance　n. 实体；物质 exaggerate　v. 夸大 stitch　v. 缝合；串联 verdict　n. 定论；裁决 autobiography　n. 自传 licence　v. 准许；认可 plot　n. 情节；脉络 fiction　n. 虚构；小说 coherent　adj. 连贯的 buried　adj. 埋藏的 downplay　v. 淡化；轻描淡写 drafting　n. 起草；撰写 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 a fixed thing inside us 体内固定之物 stitches separate moments 缝合零散时刻 a usable fiction 一个可用的虚构 the pencil stays in hand 笔握在手中（可改写） 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · speak of the self 谈论自我 · bind scattered events 把零散事件系在一起 · soften its sting 减轻其刺痛 · fit into the group 融入群体 · recover a buried self 找回埋藏的自我 · revise a painful chapter 修改痛苦的一章 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 5 · 伦理·道德运气 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 We like to believe that praise and blame track how good a person is, not mere luck. Yet consider two drivers who both run a red light while distracted. One passes safely; the other kills a child who stepped into the road a second later. The acts are identical, the character of the drivers no different—only chance separates a careless man from a murderer. This puzzle, known as moral luck, exposes a crack in our ordinary moral thinking. We judge the second driver far more harshly, though what he controlled was the same reckless act, not its deadly outcome. Defenders of common sense reply that the outcome reveals something true: a world where such a death occurs is worse, and we signal its seriousness by blaming more. But the unease remains: if blame should follow control, and no one controls the pedestrian's timing, then much of what we call desert seems to ride on fortune. The issue matters beyond traffic. Generals are honoured for wars they happened to win, condemned for those they lost, though both may have decided equally well. A society that pretends luck plays no part in judgment risks flattering the lucky and crucifying the unlucky, confusing what happened with who someone is. The honest response is not to abandon moral praise but to temper it with humility, admitting that the line between a hero and a fool can be drawn by a detail no one chose. Perhaps justice is less a scale that weighs only merit than a practice that, knowing its own blindness to luck, weighs lightly and pardons where it can. Attempts to escape the puzzle have not fared well. Some insist that only intentions carry moral weight, yet no legal system on earth sentences the reckless driver who kills exactly as it sentences the one who happens not to. Others concede that outcomes count, but must then explain why a gust of wind, a second of delay, or an empty pavement may decide whether a man spends his life as a citizen or as a criminal. A court that remembers moral luck may still punish the act, to protect others, while refusing to read a random tragedy as proof of a rotten soul—and a public that learns this may blame a little less, and understand a little more, the stranger whose only crime was to be standing where chance, and not character, dealt its blow. 【题目】 1. What is 'moral luck' as described in the passage? A. Luck that makes people moral B. The same act judged differently because of uncontrolled outcomes C. A type of traffic law D. Reward for good character 2. What does the underlined word 'desert' most probably mean here? A. A dry place B. What one deserves (praise or blame) C. A kind of food D. To leave 3. What can we infer about generals mentioned in the passage? A. They are always judged only by merit B. They are honoured or condemned by outcomes they did not fully control C. They never make mistakes D. Luck never affects their fame 4. What is the author's main point about justice? A. Justice should weigh only merit, ignoring luck B. Justice should temper praise with humility, knowing its blindness to luck C. We should abandon all blame D. The lucky deserve everything 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：only chance separates a careless man from a murderer ... blamed more for the outcome · 同义替换：same act, different blame by outcome → 同行为因结果不同而受不同责 · 解析：原文‘两司机行为相同，仅因不可控结果不同而受责不同’，道德运气指‘相同行为因未控结果受不同评判’，B 正确。A 使人有德、C 交规、D 奖好品性均错。 · 技巧：概念细节题定位 only chance separates / blamed for outcome；‘行为同、评判异因运气’是定义。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：much of what we call desert seems to ride on fortune · 同义替换：desert ... ride on fortune → 应得（褒贬）取决于运气 · 解析：上文谈 praise/blame 与 control，desert 指‘应得之褒贬’，B 正确。A 沙漠、C 食物、D 离开均望文生义。 · 技巧：猜词看语境：desert 与上句 blame/praise 同指‘应得’，ride on fortune 印证‘取决于运气’。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：Generals are honoured for wars they happened to win, condemned for those they lost, though both may have decided equally well · 同义替换：honoured or condemned by outcomes not fully controlled → 因未全控的结果受褒或贬 · 解析：原文‘将军因碰巧打赢受尊、因战败受谴，尽管决策可能同样好’，可推其毁誉受未全控结果（运气）影响，B 正确。A 仅按功、C 不犯错、D 运气无关均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 happened to win / lost / decided equally well；‘毁誉随运气’是类比推论。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：主旨大意 · 定位：justice is less a scale that weighs only merit than a practice that ... weighs lightly and pardons where it can · 同义替换：less weigh only merit ... weighs lightly, pardons → 非只秤功，而知盲于运气、轻秤宽恕 · 解析：尾段点明‘正义不是只秤功的秤，而是知自身对运气盲目、故轻秤且能宽恕’，B 正确。A 只秤功(文中否定)、C 弃一切责、D 幸运者得一切均错。 · 技巧：主旨题抓 less weigh only merit / weighs lightly and pardons；‘谦卑待运气、轻秤宽恕’是中心。 【解题技巧延伸】 【伦理/哲学类解题延伸】此类‘反例切入—概念命名—类比扩展—公正收束’议论文，道德悖论是核心。概念题定位 only chance separates；infer 题用将军类比抓 happened to win/lost；主旨看 less weigh only merit / pardons 的‘谦卑宽恕’。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） distracted　adj. 分心的 humility　n. 谦卑 reckless　adj. 鲁莽的 flatter　v. 奉承；使得意 harshly　adv. 严厉地 pardon　v. 宽恕 desert　n. 应得之赏罚 rotten　adj. 腐烂的；败坏的 condemn　v. 谴责 tragedy　n. 悲剧 crucify　v. 残酷对待；钉十字架 stranger　n. 陌生人 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 run a red light 闯红绿灯 only chance separates 仅运气使之分野 ride on fortune 取决于运气 weighs lightly and pardons 轻秤而宽恕 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · track how good 追踪一个人有多好 · exposes a crack 暴露一道裂缝 · signal its seriousness 标示其严重性 · temper with humility 以谦卑节制 · confuse with 把…与…混淆 · read as proof of 解读为…的证据 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 6 · 生态·生态自我 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 The dominant story of modern life places humans outside nature, as masters entitled to use it. Rivers became resources, forests became timber, and animals became either pests or products. This framing, powerful for a few centuries of growth, now collides with its own consequences: warming skies, emptied oceans, and a sixth extinction unfolding in plain sight. A quieter alternative has long existed at the edges of philosophy and Indigenous thought: the idea that the self does not end at the skin. On this view, a person is a knot in a vast living web, sustained by air, water, soil, and the countless beings that preceded them. To harm the web is not to spoil a tool but to injure a kin. Such a self, often called ecological, feels loss not as inconvenience but as a wound to its own extended body. Critics dismiss this as sentiment, yet the practical difference is real. A master asks 'what can I extract?'; a knot asks 'what can I keep in balance?' The first measures success in yield, the second in continuity. Neither vision alone solves the crisis, but the second makes restraint intelligible, even natural, where the first finds it puzzling. Recovering an ecological self need not mean abandoning science or cities; it means letting facts about interdependence shape feeling, so that a melting glacier is not a distant headline but a dimming of one's own household. The task is not to worship nature as separate and holy, nor to grind it as separate and dead, but to relearn that the boundary was a useful error—useful when we were few, dangerous now that we are many. The objection is obvious: a self that includes rivers looks too vague to guide a budget or draft a law. Yet the boundary we currently draw is no less a construction, merely an older and better rehearsed one, and it has proved precise enough to license the felling of forests that took ten thousand years to assemble. A people that redraws the line to include the more-than-human world may act not from guilt alone but from belonging, defending a home that happens to be larger than the walls they once thought enclosed the only self worth defending, and finding, in that larger care, a steadier reason to live than the fleeting comfort of taking ever more. 【题目】 1. What does the passage say about the dominant modern view of nature? A. Humans are part of nature as kin B. Humans are outside nature, entitled to use it as resource C. Nature should be worshipped D. Rivers have rights 2. What does the underlined idea 'a knot in a living web' most imply here? A. Humans are isolated individuals B. Humans are connected parts of a living whole, like kin C. Nature is a tool D. Animals are pests 3. What can we infer about the 'master' versus 'knot' attitudes? A. Both measure success the same way B. Master seeks extraction; knot seeks balance and continuity C. The knot wants maximum yield D. The master cares for continuity 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To argue we should worship nature as separate B. To propose relearning our bond with nature as an ecological self C. To promote maximum extraction D. To deny science 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：places humans outside nature, as masters entitled to use it · 同义替换：outside nature, masters entitled to use → 人在自然外、有权利用 · 解析：原文‘主流叙事把人置于自然之外、视为主人有权利用之’，B 正确。A 为亲属(是生态自我观)、C 崇拜、D 河流有权均错。 · 技巧：概念细节题定位 outside nature / masters entitled；注意‘主流观’与‘生态自我观’对照。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：a person is a knot in a vast living web ... injure a kin · 同义替换：knot in a web ... injure a kin → 如亲属般的互联整体中的结 · 解析：原文‘人是庞大生命网中的一个结，伤害网即伤亲属’，可推生态自我观把人视为互联整体的一部分，B 正确。A 孤立、C 工具、D 害虫均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 knot in a web / injure a kin；‘互联+亲属感’是生态自我核心。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：A master asks 'what can I extract?'; a knot asks 'what can I keep in balance?' · 同义替换：extract vs keep in balance → 索取 vs 维持平衡 · 解析：原文对比‘主人问能提取什么，结问能维持何种平衡’，可推二者目标迥异：前者索取、后者求衡与延续，B 正确。A 同标准、C 结求高产、D 主人重延续均错。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 extract vs keep in balance 的对比；‘索取型 vs 平衡型’是态度分野。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：relearn that the boundary was a useful error ... redraws the line to include the more-than-human world · 同义替换：relearn bond ... include more-than-human → 重新学习与自然相连（生态自我） · 解析：尾段点明‘重新认识到‘人—自然’边界是有用的错误，应重划界线纳入非人世界’，意在倡导以生态自我重连自然，B 正确。A 崇拜分离自然(文中否定)、C 最大索取、D 否认科学均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看尾段 relearn / redraws the line；‘倡导生态自我、重连自然’而非崇拜或掠夺。 【解题技巧延伸】 【生态/环境类解题延伸】此类‘主流观—替代观—对比—重连收束’议论文，核心隐喻是‘人是生命网之结’。概念题定位 outside nature / masters；infer 题用 master vs knot 对比；写作目的看 relearn / redraws the line 的‘重连自然’。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） entitled　adj. 有资格的；被视为有权 ecological　adj. 生态的 timber　n. 木材 inconvenience　n. 不便 collide　v. 冲突；碰撞 sentiment　n. 感伤；情绪 extinction　n. 灭绝 restraint　n. 克制 Indigenous　adj. 本土的；原住的 interdependence　n. 相互依存 sustain　v. 维持；支撑 glacier　n. 冰川 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 outside nature 在自然之外 a knot in a living web 生命网中的一个结 keep in balance 维持平衡 the more-than-human world 非人（更广阔）世界 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · place outside nature 置于自然之外 · collide with consequences 与后果相撞 · empty oceans 空荡的海洋 · sustain by air and water 由空气与水维系 · make restraint intelligible 使克制可理解 · redraw the line 重划界线 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 7 · 认知·深度注意力 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 To think deeply once meant simply to think; today it is a skill under siege. The modern environment is engineered to fracture attention into seconds: a ping, a swipe, a tab opened and forgotten. Against this, the capacity for sustained focus—what some call deep attention—is not merely declining but being quietly redefined as outdated. Yet the costs are subtle and serious. Complex problems, from climate to personal finances, are not solved in the flick of a thumb; they demand the slower labour of holding several thoughts at once, turning them over, and resisting the pull to flee into something newer. What fragments attention also flattens thought, leaving us informed but not understanding, connected but not comprehending. Defenders of the new pace argue it is simply how minds now work, and that speed is a form of intelligence. There is truth in agility, but agility without depth is a dancers' leap that lands nowhere. The rare ability to sit with difficulty, to read a long argument without relief, may matter more than ever precisely because it is rare. Recovering depth is not a retreat to the past but a deliberate practice: it means scheduling boredom, closing the infinite feed, and treating concentration as a muscle that strengthens only under load it would rather avoid. A culture that prizes only the quick and the novel risks raising a generation fluent in snippets yet silent before a sentence that asks for patience. The question is not whether technology is useful—it is—but whether we will keep the older, slower power that makes use of it wise. Defenders of the new tempo reply that shallow scanning is simply an adaptation to abundance, and that a mind is right to offload what machines can hold for it. The answer is that judgement cannot be offloaded. Deciding which of a thousand retrieved facts deserves weight, and which merely arrived first, is precisely the labour that only sustained attention has ever been able to perform. A mind trained to skim cannot suddenly plunge; the dive must be practised, and practised against a current that profits from keeping it at the surface, so that the deepest thinking may become, for those who still defend it, not a default of the age but a quiet act of resistance, a way of saying that some truths are worth the unhurried time they have always required. 【题目】 1. What does the passage say deep attention is facing today? A. It is thriving everywhere B. It is under siege, fragmented by a ping/swipe environment C. It is praised by all D. It is required by technology 2. What does the underlined phrase 'a dancers' leap that lands nowhere' most probably mean? A. A beautiful dance B. Agility without depth that goes nowhere C. A safe landing D. A kind of sport 3. What can we infer about a culture that prizes only speed? A. It raises deep thinkers B. It may raise a generation fluent in snippets but unable with patience C. It improves comprehension D. It values long arguments 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To praise constant speed B. To warn against losing deep attention and urge its deliberate practice C. To ban technology D. To mock readers 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：the capacity for sustained focus ... is not merely declining but being quietly redefined as outdated · 同义替换：sustained focus ... redefined as outdated → 持续专注被边缘化、视作过时 · 解析：原文‘持续专注能力不仅在衰退，更被悄然重新定义为过时’，即深度注意力正受冲击、被碎片化环境消解，B 正确。A 兴盛、C 被赞、D 被技术要求均反。 · 技巧：概念细节题定位 under siege / redefined as outdated；‘受冲击+被贬为过时’是核心判断。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：agility without depth is a dancers' leap that lands nowhere · 同义替换：agility without depth ... lands nowhere → 无深度的敏捷无处着落 · 解析：前文‘敏捷若无深度’，比喻‘舞者之跃却无处落足’，指‘只有速度而无深度终无所得’，B 正确。A 美舞、C 安全落足、D 运动均错。 · 技巧：猜词看比喻：leap that lands nowhere=‘无着落的跳跃’，对应 agility without depth。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：a generation fluent in snippets yet silent before a sentence that asks for patience · 同义替换：fluent in snippets ... silent before patience → 善碎片、拙于需耐心的长句 · 解析：原文‘只重快捷新奇的文化可能养出熟悉碎片、却对需耐心的长句沉默的一代’，可推其损害深度理解力，B 正确。A 育深思者、C 提升理解、D 重长论证均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 fluent in snippets / silent before patience；‘碎片化一代’是推论核心。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：Recovering depth is ... a deliberate practice ... treat concentration as a muscle · 同义替换：recovering depth ... deliberate practice → 重拾深度需刻意练习（警示+倡导） · 解析：尾段及全文意在警示碎片化正侵蚀深度注意力，并倡导‘将其作为需刻意练习的能力’，B 正确。A 赞速度、C 禁技术、D 嘲读者均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看 recovering depth / deliberate practice；‘警示丧失+倡导练习’而非单纯介绍。 【解题技巧延伸】 【认知/媒介类解题延伸】此类‘危机现象—代价—驳斥—倡导练习’议论文，核心隐喻是‘专注如肌肉’。概念题定位 under siege / redefined outdated；infer 题抓 fluent in snippets / silent before patience；写作目的看 recovering depth / deliberate practice。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） siege　n. 围攻；冲击 snippet　n. 片段；摘录 fracture　v. 破碎；分裂 plunge　v. 投入；深潜 sustained　adj. 持续的 skim　v. 略读 subtle　adj. 微妙的 retreat　n. 退却； retreat agility　n. 敏捷 deliberate　adj. 审慎的；刻意的 fluent　adj. 流畅的 unhurried　adj. 从容的；不慌的 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 under siege 受到冲击 fracture attention into seconds 把注意力碎成秒 lands nowhere 无处着落 fluent in snippets 熟悉碎片（信息） 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · engineer to fracture 被设计来瓦解 · a swipe, a tab 一次滑动、一个标签页 · resist the pull 抗拒那股拉力 · treat as a muscle 当作肌肉（对待） · prize only the quick 只看重快捷 · skim cannot suddenly plunge 略读者无法骤然深潜 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 8 · 教育·专长的本质 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 The old story of genius is comforting: a few rare minds are simply born with a gift, and the rest of us watch from afar. Decades of research into expertise tell a less romantic but more useful tale. When scientists compared top performers in music, sport, and chess, the stark difference was not inborn talent alone but in the amount of deliberate practice—structured, effortful work aimed at weaknesses, not merely the hours one enjoys. A violinist who repeats what she already plays well learns little; one who slows the hard passage, analyses each error, and repeats it until it is automatic is building the neural machinery of mastery. Importantly, practice must be pushed to the edge of ability, where mistakes are frequent and feedback immediate; comfort is the enemy of growth. This is why ten years of casual play seldom beats five of focused training. Yet effort is not the whole story. The body sets limits—no practice makes everyone an Olympic sprinter—and starting age, health, and opportunity shape the ceiling. The useful lesson is not 'anyone can do anything' but 'most people can go much further than they assume, if the work is right.' Schools and employers often misread this, praising innate gift and thereby letting able students quit when struggle appears, as if difficulty proved a lack of talent. The better message is that struggle is the signal of the right workout, not its failure. The claim is easily overstated. Practice explains far more of the variation in chess or violin, where the rules hold still, than in fields that shift underfoot, and no quantity of drilling makes an average frame tall enough for professional basketball. What the research does dismantle is the fatalism of the classroom, where a child who struggles quietly concludes that the door was locked before they arrived. Effort is not sufficient; it is merely the part still under our control. A culture that teaches learners to read difficulty as data rather than verdict may keep more of them in the room where the slow, unglamorous reps accumulate into something that looks, from the outside, exactly like the gift everyone wrongly assumed was there from the start, when in fact it was built, rep by patient rep, in full view of anyone who knew how to watch. 【题目】 1. What did research find was the stark difference among top performers? A. Inborn talent alone B. The amount of deliberate, effortful practice aimed at weaknesses C. Natural gift only D. Watching from afar 2. What does the underlined word 'innate' most probably mean? A. Learned through practice B. Present from birth; inborn C. Bought with money D. Forgotten 3. What can we infer about ten years of casual play vs five of focused training? A. Casual play always wins B. Focused training usually beats casual play despite fewer hours C. Hours alone decide everything D. Practice is useless 4. What is the author's main idea about expertise? A. Only born geniuses succeed B. Most can go further than assumed through right (deliberate) practice, not gift alone C. Practice is meaningless D. Struggle proves no talent 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：the stark difference was not inborn talent alone but in the amount of deliberate practice · 同义替换：not inborn alone but deliberate practice → 非仅天赋，而是刻意练习量 · 解析：原文‘顶尖者间的显著差异不在天生才华，而在刻意练习的量’，B 正确。A 仅天赋、C 仅天赋、D 远观均错。 · 技巧：细节题定位 stark difference / deliberate practice；注意‘not ... alone but’结构。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：praising innate gift ... difficulty proved a lack of talent · 同义替换：innate gift ... lack of talent → 先天禀赋（与习得相对） · 解析：与 deliberate practice（刻意练习/习得）相对，innate gift 指‘与生俱来的天赋’，B 正确。A 习得、C 购买、D 遗忘均错。 · 技巧：猜词看对比：innate (born) vs deliberate practice (built)；反义推出‘天生的’。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：ten years of casual play seldom beats five of focused training · 同义替换：casual seldom beats focused, even with fewer hours → 专注训练常以更少时胜随意玩 · 解析：原文‘十年随意玩鲜能胜五年专注训’，可推质（专注）胜于量（时长），B 正确。A 随意常胜、C 时长定一切、D 练习无用均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 seldom beats / focused training；‘质胜量、专注胜随意’是核心推论。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：主旨大意 · 定位：most people can go much further than they assume, if the work is right · 同义替换：go much further ... if the work is right → 方法对，多数人可远超自认极限 · 解析：尾段点明‘多数人若方法正确可远超自认极限’，即专长靠对的刻意练习而非仅天赋，B 正确。A 仅天才、C 练习无意义、D 困难证无才均错。 · 技巧：主旨题抓 most can go further / if the work is right；‘方法对的刻意练习＞天赋’是中心。 【解题技巧延伸】 【教育/专长类解题延伸】此类‘天赋神话—研究破 myth—条件—启示’说明文，刻意练习是核心概念。细节题定位 stark difference / deliberate practice；infer 题抓 casual seldom beats focused；主旨看 most can go further / if the work is right。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） genius　n. 天才 automatic　adj. 自动的 romantic　adj. 浪漫的；不切实际的 ceiling　n. 上限 stark　adj. 明显的 innate　adj. 先天的 inborn　adj. 天生的 verdict　n. 定论 deliberate　adj. 刻意的 rep　n. 一次重复；一遍 effortful　adj. 费力的 accumulate　v. 积累 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 born with a gift 与生俱有天赋 deliberate practice 刻意练习 pushed to the edge of ability 推到能力边缘 read difficulty as data 把困难当作数据（信息） 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · watch from afar 从远处观望 · aim at weaknesses 针对弱点 · analyse each error 分析每个错误 · immediate feedback 即时反馈 · misread this 误读这一点 · accumulate into 积累成 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 9 · 求知·无知的价值 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 Certainty is seductive. It feels like knowledge, sounds like conviction, and earns the trust of crowds. Yet the history of inquiry suggests that the most fertile minds were not those who knew most, but those most aware of what they did not know. Socrates made a career of confessing ignorance, and called himself wise only because he knew the limits of his knowledge. This is not laziness dressed as humility. Genuine not-knowing is active: it is the question that refuses to settle, the hypothesis held loosely enough to be abandoned when evidence arrives. A mind certain of its answer stops looking, and a field that prizes only conclusion over question slowly mistakes confidence for truth. The cost is visible in experts who, having won status, defend predictions they should retract, and in institutions that confuse the appearance of certainty with its reality. By contrast, cultures of science advance precisely because they institutionalise doubt—requiring that claims be testable, revisable, and openly challenged. To be wrong in such a culture is not shame but data. The wider lesson reaches past labs. A citizen who admits 'I do not yet understand this' is harder to manipulate than one who believes every slogan. A leader who says 'we are uncertain, so let us learn' may govern more wisely than one who mistakes a hunch for a plan. The discipline of doubt is not nihilism; it is the engine that keeps understanding honest. The distinction matters, because a fashionable relativism now borrows the language of humility to excuse indifference, insisting that since nothing is certain, nothing need be examined. Genuine intellectual humility runs in the opposite direction. It is demanding rather than permissive, obliging a person to hold conclusions loosely enough to test them and firmly enough to act while the testing goes on. To cultivate it is to trade the cheap comfort of false certainty for the sturdier, quieter power of a mind that knows the shape of its own ignorance, and therefore keeps asking—because the questions we refuse to ask are the only ones that can still surprise us, and a life spent defending answers it never questioned is, in the end, a life that has mistaken the noise of conviction for the music of getting somewhere. 【题目】 1. What does the passage say about the 'most fertile minds'? A. They knew the most facts B. They were most aware of what they did not know C. They never questioned D. They avoided ignorance 2. What does the underlined word 'seductive' most probably mean? A. Unattractive B. Tempting; drawing one in C. Difficult D. Truthful 3. What can we infer about a mind 'certain of its answer'? A. It keeps searching B. It stops looking, mistaking confidence for truth C. It welcomes doubt D. It revises easily 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To praise false certainty B. To argue that admitting ignorance and doubt is a strength, not weakness C. To defend experts always D. To promote nihilism 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：the most fertile minds were ... most aware of what they did not know · 同义替换：most aware of what they did not know → 最清楚自己不知什么 · 解析：原文‘最有创造力的头脑不是知道最多，而是最清楚自己不知什么’，B 正确。A 知最多、C 从不多问、D 避无知均错。 · 技巧：细节题定位 most fertile minds / aware of what they did not know；注意‘not most but most aware’对照。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：Certainty is seductive. It feels like knowledge, sounds like conviction · 同义替换：feels like knowledge ... earns trust → 令人误以为知、引人信赖（诱人） · 解析：后文‘确定性让人误以为知、赢得信赖’，seductive 指‘诱人的、吸引人的’，B 正确。A 无吸引、C 困难、D 真实均错。 · 技巧：猜词看后文解释：seductive=‘诱人’，feels like knowledge 印证其迷惑性。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：A mind certain of its answer stops looking, and ... mistakes confidence for truth · 同义替换：stops looking ... mistakes confidence for truth → 停止探寻，把自信当真理 · 解析：原文‘对已得答案确信的头脑会停止寻找，并把自信误当真理’，可推确定性阻碍求知，B 正确。A 继续搜、C 迎疑、D 易改均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 stops looking / mistakes confidence for truth；‘确定→止步’是核心推论。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：the discipline of doubt is ... the engine that keeps understanding honest · 同义替换：doubt is the engine that keeps understanding honest → 疑为保诚实的引擎（力量） · 解析：尾段点明‘怀疑的 discipline 是使理解保持诚实的引擎’，意在论证‘承认无知与怀疑是一种力量’，B 正确。A 赞虚假确定、C 总护专家、D 倡虚无均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看 discipline of doubt / engine keeps honest；‘论证无知与怀疑之力’而非介绍或宣扬虚无。 【解题技巧延伸】 【求知/哲思类解题延伸】此类‘常识反讽—例证—机制—升华’议论文，苏格拉底式无知是核心。细节题定位 most fertile minds / aware of not knowing；infer 题抓 stops looking / mistakes confidence；写作目的看 discipline of doubt / engine keeps honest。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） seductive　adj. 诱人的 revisable　adj. 可修订的 conviction　n. 确信；信念 nihilism　n. 虚无主义 fertile　adj. 多产的；富有创造力的 manipulate　v. 操纵 hypothesis　n. 假设 hunch　n. 直觉；预感 retract　v. 撤回；收回 sturdy　adj. 坚实的 institutionalise　v. 使制度化 cultivate　v. 培养 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 made a career of confessing ignorance 以承认无知为业 holds loosely enough 足够松弛地持有（假设） mistakes confidence for truth 把自信误当真理 the engine that keeps understanding honest 使理解保持诚实的引擎 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · earn the trust of crowds 赢得众人的信任 · know the limits of 知道…的限度 · settle for an answer 满足于某个答案 · confuse appearance with reality 把表象与实质混淆 · institutionalise doubt 使怀疑制度化 · cultivate the discipline 培养这种自律 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 10 · 社会·数字自我 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 We used to have a self; now we also have a feed. The version of a person presented online is rarely the whole of them, yet it is the version strangers meet first, and increasingly the one they judge. This curated self is not a lie exactly—most posts are true moments—but it is a selected truth, polished for an audience that rewards the bright and the brief. Over time, the gap between the performed self and the private one can widen until the performer forgets which is home. Psychologists note a quiet cost: constant self-presentation breeds a hunger for the reaction, so that an experience feels unfinished until it is posted, liked, and measured. The person begins to live for the mirror rather than in the moment. Defenders reply that everyone has always performed—at work, at parties—and that the feed is merely a new stage. True, but the old stages were local and forgetful; the new one is global and permanent, and the audience never sleeps. A joke at a dinner fades; a caption online is indexed forever and may greet a future employer or stranger. The deeper shift is not in pretending but in who authors the self. When the metric of a good life becomes the number of responses, the self is quietly outsourced to the crowd, shaped less by conviction than by what travels. To reclaim ownership is not to vanish from the feed but to ask, before each post, whether it expresses a self one chose or performs a self the audience expects. The trouble is not vanity, which is old, but scale. Never before could an ordinary person set an unedited life beside several thousand edited ones before breakfast, and lose that comparison every morning to strangers who were never really competing. A life led by that question may post less and mean more, and a person who can sit with an experience unshared, unmeasured, and unliked without feeling it was wasted, has recovered something the feed was designed to make us forget: that the most important moments were always the ones we lived before we thought to prove them, and that a self worth meeting is the one we are, not the one we have learned to stage for a gaze that, in the end, was never really looking at us at all. 【题目】 1. What does the passage say the online self is? A. A complete lie B. A selected, polished truth performed for an audience C. The whole person D. Unknown to strangers 2. What does the underlined word 'curated' most probably mean? A. Randomly shown B. Carefully selected and arranged C. Forgotten D. Deleted 3. What can we infer about the difference between old and new 'stages'? A. They are exactly the same B. Old stages were local/forgetful; new is global/permanent and never sleeps C. New stages fade fast D. Old stages were global 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To tell readers to quit the internet B. To urge reclaiming self-authorship rather than performing for the audience C. To praise likes D. To deny performance exists 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：it is a selected truth, polished for an audience that rewards the bright and the brief · 同义替换：selected truth, polished for audience → 经筛选、为观众打磨的真相 · 解析：原文‘线上自我是筛选过的真相，为偏爱鲜明简短的观众而打磨’，B 正确。A 完全是谎(文中说非谎)、C 完整的人、D 陌生人不知均错。 · 技巧：概念细节题定位 selected truth / polished for audience；注意‘非谎但被筛选’的辩证。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：The curated self is not a lie exactly—most posts are true moments · 同义替换：curated self ... true moments, selected → 被精选安排的自我 · 解析：与‘selected truth’呼应，curated 指‘精心筛选与编排的’，B 正确。A 随机、C 遗忘、D 删除均错。 · 技巧：猜词看并列：curated = selected，呼应 selected truth；‘策展式’即精心编排。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：the old stages were local and forgetful; the new one is global and permanent, and the audience never sleeps · 同义替换：old local/forgetful vs new global/permanent → 旧本地易逝，新全球永恒 · 解析：原文‘旧舞台本地且易忘，新舞台全球且永恒、观众不眠’，可推数字舞台的持久与广度放大了表演代价，B 正确。A 相同、C 新舞台速逝、D 旧舞台全球均错。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 local/forgetful vs global/permanent；‘持久+全球’是数字自我新特征。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：ask ... whether it expresses a self one chose or performs a self the audience expects · 同义替换：reclaim self-authorship, not perform for audience → 重夺自我 authorship，不为观众表演 · 解析：尾段点明‘每次发布前自问：表达的是自选的我，还是为观众表演的我’，意在倡导重夺自我主导权，B 正确。A 退网、C 赞点赞、D 否认表演均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看 reclaim ownership / self one chose；‘重夺自我书写权’而非退网或赞许。 【解题技巧延伸】 【社会/数字自我类解题延伸】此类‘现象—代价—驳斥—夺回收束’议论文，核心隐喻是‘自我被外包给人群’。概念题定位 selected truth / polished；infer 题用 old vs new stage 对比；写作目的看 reclaim ownership / self one chose。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） curated　adj. 精心筛选的 conviction　n. 信念 polish　v. 打磨；润饰 reclaim　v. 收回；重夺 perform　v. 表演；展现 metric　n. 度量；指标 breed　v. 滋生；养育 gaze　n. 凝视；目光 index　v. 编入索引；记录 permanent　adj. 永久的 outsource　v. 外包；转交 wasted　adj. 浪费的；白费的 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 a curated self 一个被策展的自我 selected truth 被筛选的真相 live for the mirror 为镜子而活（为展示而活） outsourced to the crowd 外包给了人群 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · judge at first sight 第一眼就评判 · breed a hunger for reaction 滋生对回应的渴求 · measure an experience 衡量一段经历 · a new stage 一个新舞台 · reclaim ownership 重夺所有权 · perform a self 表演一个自我 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 11 · 时间·时间感知 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 As people age, almost everyone notices the same oddity: the years seem to accelerate. Summer once lasted forever; now a season slips by before it is noticed. This is not merely sentiment. One explanation rests on proportion—each year is a smaller fraction of a life already lived, so a single trip around the sun means less against seventy winters than against seven. A second rests on novelty: childhood is dense with firsts, and the brain stamps new experience richly, while adulthood repeats familiar patterns the mind files quickly and forgets. The less we notice, the less we later recall, and the thinner the past feels. A third, more unsettling, view holds that time itself has not changed, but our attention has—fragmented, anticipating the next task, never fully in the hour we are living. To slow the felt speed, then, is not to fight the clock but to recover attention: to do one thing, to meet it with all senses, to let an afternoon be an afternoon rather than a gap to be filled. Cultures that rush treat time as a resource to spend; those that savour it treat time as a medium to inhabit. The first counts minutes saved, the second counts moments met. Neither is wrong, but a life lived only in the first mode may reach its end surprised by how little of it remains in memory, having spent the coin without ever quite holding it. Perhaps the truest wealth is not more years but more presence in the years we have, a presence that turns the same slipping seconds into something the mind can keep. Neither explanation is complete, and laboratory work complicates both. Asked to judge when a minute has passed, the old and the young perform much alike; the acceleration shows up only in memory, where a year thin in landmarks collapses into a single sentence. Time, it seems, is not felt fast so much as remembered short. A person who learns to dwell, even briefly, in the unrushed minute may find that time, accused of flying, was only waiting to be noticed—and that the hours we say we lack were, all along, the ones we lent to everything except the life happening in front of us, which asked only to be attended, and which we, busy counting, forgot to live. 【题目】 1. What does the 'proportion' explanation say about felt time? A. Each year feels longer with age B. Each year is a smaller fraction of a life lived, so feels shorter C. Time itself changes speed D. Children feel time fast 2. What does the underlined word 'stamps' most probably mean here? A. To mail a letter B. To imprint or record richly in memory C. To cancel D. To ignore 3. What can we infer about why adulthood feels faster than childhood? A. Adulthood has more firsts B. Adulthood repeats familiar patterns the mind files quickly, so less is recalled C. Children have better memory D. Time actually speeds up 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To prove time changes speed B. To explain why time feels faster and urge recovering attention to slow felt time C. To promote rushing D. To deny age matters 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：each year is a smaller fraction of a life already lived ... means less against seventy winters than against seven · 同义替换：smaller fraction of life lived → 占已活生命比例更小，故觉短 · 解析：原文‘每一年占已活生命的比例更小，故相对七十年不如七年时显得少’，B 正确。A 更觉长、C 时间变速、D 儿童觉快均错。 · 技巧：细节题定位 proportion / smaller fraction of life；‘比例说’解释主观时间。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：the brain stamps new experience richly, while adulthood ... files quickly · 同义替换：brain stamps ... richly vs files quickly → 大脑丰富地‘烙印’新体验 · 解析：与‘files quickly（快速归档）’对比，stamps 指‘深深烙印/记录于记忆’，B 正确。A 寄信、C 取消、D 忽略均错。 · 技巧：猜词看对比：stamps vs files quickly，反义推出‘深烙于记忆’。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：adulthood repeats familiar patterns the mind files quickly and forgets · 同义替换：repeats familiar patterns ... files quickly → 重复熟悉模式，快速归档而忘 · 解析：原文‘成年重复熟悉模式、心智快速归档并遗忘’，可推成年因缺乏新异而记少、故觉快，B 正确。A 成年更多首次(反)、C 儿童记更好(未提)、D 时间真加速(文中否定)均错。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 repeats familiar patterns / files quickly；‘熟悉→少记→觉快’是核心推论。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：To slow the felt speed ... is to recover attention · 同义替换：slow felt speed ... recover attention → 放缓主观时间靠重获注意力（倡导） · 解析：尾段点明‘放缓主观时间不是对抗时钟而是重获注意力’，意在解释时间感加速并倡导以专注放缓，B 正确。A 证时间变速(文中否定)、C 倡匆忙、D 否认年龄均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看 slow felt speed / recover attention；‘解释现象+倡导重获注意力’而非介绍变速。 【解题技巧延伸】 【时间/感知类解题延伸】此类‘现象—三解释—对策—升华’议论文，主观时间的三重解释是核心。细节题定位 proportion / smaller fraction；infer 题抓 repeats familiar patterns / files quickly；写作目的看 slow felt speed / recover attention。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） oddity　n. 怪事；反常 unsettling　adj. 令人不安的 accelerate　v. 加速 anticipate　v. 预期；期盼 proportion　n. 比例 savour　v. 品味；享受 fraction　n. 分数；部分 inhabit　v. 居住于；沉浸于 novelty　n. 新奇；新鲜事 presence　n. 当下；临在 stamp　v. 烙印；铭记 dwell　v. 停留；沉浸 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 a smaller fraction of a life 已活生命中更小的比例 dense with firsts 充满诸多第一次 files quickly and forgets 快速归档并遗忘 counts moments met 计算相遇的时刻 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · slips by 悄然溜走 · rest on proportion 基于比例说 · stamp new experience 深烙新体验 · fragmented attention 碎片化的注意力 · treat time as a resource 把时间当资源 · recover attention 重获注意力 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 12 · 社会·消费与身份 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 Modern economies depend on a quiet persuasion: that buying the right things will make us the right kind of person. Advertisements rarely sell objects alone; they sell identities—the adventurous self who drives a certain car, the capable self who owns a certain tool, the beloved self who gives a certain gift. The pitch works because identity is fragile and unfinished, and the promise of completion through purchase is hard to resist. Yet the completion never lasts. A new possession quickly becomes part of the background, and the self it was meant to build slips back into doubt, prompting the next search for a thing that will finally fit. Sociologists call this the treadmill of taste: as soon as a symbol is widely owned, it stops signalling the distinction it promised, and the search moves on. The cost is not only money but attention—years spent arranging a life for the gaze of others rather than for one's own quiet contentment. Critics argue that consumer identity is not wholly false; objects can carry real memory and belonging, a grandmother's ring meaning more than its price. The problem is the substitution, when a purchased image stands in for a self never examined. To loosen the grip is not to reject belongings but to ask, before each purchase, whether it serves a life one has chosen or an image one has been sold. None of this makes buying wicked. Objects genuinely carry meaning, and an inherited watch or a well chosen gift may hold a relationship together more honestly than a sermon. The difficulty begins when the meaning is rented rather than earned, arriving pre-written from a studio that has never met the buyer, so that a self assembled from purchases must be renewed each season at a price somebody else keeps setting. A person who can enjoy a thing without needing it to certify who they are has taken a small freedom back from the market, and a culture that teaches this may raise not better customers but steadier selves, who meet the question 'who am I?' not in a shop window but in the harder, freer mirror of what they do when no brand is watching, and who find, in that unwatched moment, an answer no logo could ever print. 【题目】 1. What do advertisements mainly sell according to the passage? A. Objects only B. Identities, the kind of person one becomes C. Free gifts D. Memories only 2. What does the underlined word 'treadmill' most probably mean? A. A type of exercise machine B. An endless, self-defeating cycle of pursuit C. A quiet road D. A popular song 3. What can we infer about the 'completion' purchased through buying? A. It lasts forever B. It never lasts; the self slips back to doubt and seeks the next thing C. It proves identity D. It saves money 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To promote shopping B. To warn against letting purchased images substitute for an unexamined self C. To ban belongings D. To praise brands 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：they sell identities—the adventurous self who drives a certain car · 同义替换：sell identities ... the self who → 卖的是‘身份/某种自我’ · 解析：原文‘广告很少只卖物，而是卖身份——开某车的冒险自我…’，B 正确。A 仅物品、C 免费赠、D 仅记忆均错。 · 技巧：细节题定位 sell identities；‘卖身份而非卖物’是消费社会核心。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：the treadmill of taste: as soon as a symbol is widely owned, it stops signalling ... the search moves on · 同义替换：treadmill of taste ... search moves on → 品味 treadmill（无尽循环） · 解析：后文‘符号一旦普及即失效、追求转向别处’，treadmill 喻‘无尽、徒劳的追求循环’，B 正确。A 健身机、C 路、D 歌均望文生义。 · 技巧：猜词看喻义+后文解释：treadmill=‘永不停歇的徒劳循环’。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：the completion never lasts ... the self it was meant to build slips back into doubt, prompting the next search · 同义替换：completion never lasts ... slips back to doubt → 圆满从不持久，自我重回怀疑 · 解析：原文‘购得的圆满从不持久，本要建构的自我重回怀疑，催生下一次寻找’，可推消费满足短暂、自我复疑，B 正确。A 永存、C 证身份、D 省钱均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 never lasts / slips back to doubt；‘短暂满足→再寻’是消费循环推论。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：when a purchased image stands in for a self never examined ... ask whether it serves a life one has chosen · 同义替换：purchased image stands in for unexamined self → 用购买形象替代未省察的自我（警示） · 解析：尾段点明‘当购买形象替代从未省察的自我’并倡导自问‘是否服务于自选的人生’，意在警示勿让消费形象取代真我，B 正确。A 促购、C 禁所有物、D 赞品牌均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看 purchased image stands in for self / life one has chosen；‘警示消费替代真我’而非介绍或赞扬。 【解题技巧延伸】 【社会/消费类解题延伸】此类‘机制—循环—代价—启示’议论文，核心隐喻是‘消费替代真我’。细节题定位 sell identities；猜词多考隐喻(treadmill)；infer 题抓 never lasts / slips back to doubt；写作目的看 purchased image stands in for self。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） persuasion　n. 说服 sociologist　n. 社会学家 fragile　adj. 脆弱的 taste　n. 品味 pitch　n. 推销；说辞 substitution　n. 替代 treadmill　n. 徒劳循环 certify　v. 证明；认证 distinction　n. 区别；声望 logo　n. 商标；标识 prompt　v. 促使；引发 belonging　n. 归属感 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 sell identities 售卖身份 the treadmill of taste 品味的徒劳循环 slips back into doubt 退回怀疑 a self never examined 一个从未被省察的自我 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · depend on a quiet persuasion 依赖一种安静的说服 · sell the adventurous self 售卖冒险的自我 · stop signalling distinction 不再标示区隔 · arrange a life for the gaze 为他人的目光安排人生 · loosen the grip 松开掌控 · certify who they are 证明他们是谁 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 13 · 伦理·生物中心伦理学 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 We are used to weighing the value of nature by what it does for us—clean air to breathe, views to enjoy, resources to take. This human-centered scale, useful for daily life, quietly assumes that a mountain has no worth until a person notices it, and a species no right until it proves useful. A different tradition, older than the invoice, holds that life has value in itself, simply because it is alive and striving. On this biocentric view, a river's right to flow is not granted by its beauty to tourists but by its being a river; a frog's claim on existence is not earned by its role in a textbook food web but by its own silent effort to continue. The shift sounds soft, yet it changes everything about responsibility. If value is merely instrumental, we may trade a forest for a car park whenever the math favours us; if value is intrinsic, the trade demands a reason that reaches beyond convenience. Critics reply that treating all life as equal is impossible—we must eat, and even a carrot is alive. The honest answer is not that every life counts the same, but that more lives than we admit deserve a hearing before we silence them. A meadow razed for a warehouse is not only a loss of scenery but a silencing of countless unseen creatures whose only crime was to exist unphotographed. To widen the circle of concern is not to worship trees but to admit that our own survival was never a solo act, that we are tenant species among others, borrowing a planet we did not make and cannot replace. The practical objection, that such a view would paralyse agriculture and medicine, misreads it. To value life in itself is to demand a justification for harm, not to declare harm impossible, and a reason that must be given aloud is already a restraint the invoice never imposed. A people that learns to ask, before it digs, whether the ground it breaks is someone's only home, may build less and belong more, and may leave behind not a conquered world but a shared one—because a morality that counts only the human voice has, until now, mistaken the loudest speaker for the only one in the room, and called the silence of the rest mere absence, when it was in fact the unspoken consent of a world asked nothing, and given nothing back. 【题目】 1. What does the human-centered scale assume about nature? A. Nature has value in itself B. Nature has worth only when noticed or useful to people C. Mountains have rights D. Species deserve equal care 2. What does the underlined word 'intrinsic' most probably mean? A. Useful to humans B. Belonging to something as its own essential value, not merely a tool C. Beautiful D. Cheap 3. What can we infer about the 'honest answer' to the equality criticism? A. All life counts exactly the same B. More lives than we admit deserve a hearing before being silenced C. We must never eat D. Only humans matter 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To worship trees B. To argue we should widen our moral concern beyond the human-centered scale C. To promote car parks D. To deny human survival 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：assumes that a mountain has no worth until a person notices it, and a species no right until it proves useful · 同义替换：no worth until noticed / useful → 无人注意或有用则无价值 · 解析：原文‘人类中心尺度假定山无人注意则无价值、物种无有用性则无权利’，B 正确。A 内在价值(是生物中心观)、C 山有权、D 物种同等均错。 · 技巧：细节题定位 no worth until noticed / proves useful；注意‘人类中心 vs 生物中心’对照。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：if value is intrinsic, the trade demands a reason that reaches beyond convenience · 同义替换：intrinsic ... beyond convenience → 内在价值（超越便利） · 解析：与 instrumental（工具性的）相对，intrinsic 指‘内在固有的价值，非仅作工具’，B 正确。A 对人有用(是instrumental)、C 美、D 便宜均错。 · 技巧：猜词看对比：intrinsic vs instrumental，反义推出‘内在固有’。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：more lives than we admit deserve a hearing before we silence them · 同义替换：more lives deserve a hearing before silenced → 更多生命在被灭前应被倾听 · 解析：原文‘诚实的回答不是一切生命等值，而是比我们承认的更多生命在被静默前应得倾听’，可推应扩大道德关怀圈，B 正确。A 全等值(文中否定)、C 不可食、D 仅人重要均错。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 more lives deserve a hearing；‘扩大关怀圈而非绝对平等’是平衡推论。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：widen the circle of concern ... a tenant species among others · 同义替换：widen the circle of concern → 扩大关怀圈（超越人类中心） · 解析：尾段点明‘拓宽关怀之圈、视己为他者中的租户物种’，意在论证应将道德关怀扩及非人世界，B 正确。A 拜树、C 推车位、D 否认人类生存均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看 widen the circle of concern / tenant species；‘扩展道德关怀圈’而非崇拜或否定。 【解题技巧延伸】 【伦理/生态类解题延伸】此类‘人类中心—生物中心—反驳—扩展收束’议论文，intrinsic vs instrumental 是核心对照。细节题定位 no worth until noticed；猜词看 intrinsic vs instrumental；写作目的看 widen the circle of concern。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） invoice　n. 发票；账单 warehouse　n. 仓库 striving　adj. 奋力生存的 tenant　n. 租户；栖息者 biocentric　adj. 生物中心的 meadow　n. 草地 intrinsic　adj. 内在的；固有的 unphotographed　adj. 未被拍摄的 instrumental　adj. 工具性的 consent　n. 同意；默许 raze　v. 夷平；铲平 morality　n. 道德 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 value in itself 价值自在 no worth until noticed 无人注意则无价值 trade a forest for a car park 以森林换停车场 widen the circle of concern 拓宽关怀之圈 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · weigh the value 权衡价值 · clean air to breathe 可呼吸的洁净空气 · grant a right 赋予权利 · earn by its role 凭其角色赢得 · silence unseen creatures 使未见生物沉默 · borrow a planet 借用一颗星球 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 14 · 权利·沉默的价值 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 In a culture that prizes talk, silence is easily mistaken for emptiness, or worse, for guilt. Courts once assumed that a suspect who stayed quiet had something to hide; employers read the quiet worker as lacking ambition; friends hear silence as coldness. Yet silence is not the absence of content but often its deliberate withholding, a space in which a person keeps possession of their own response. The right to remain silent is, at root, the right to decide what of oneself enters the public record, and to do so without punishment for the choice. To erode that right is to demand a performance of the self on cue, turning the inner life into evidence always owed to others. There are, of course, silences that harm—the witness who says nothing while a wrong goes unchallenged, the companion who withholds the truth a friend needs. The task is to tell these apart, not to abolish silence altogether. A wise society protects the quiet that shields the vulnerable and the thoughtful, while expecting speech where silence masks harm. The confusion arises because we have few words for the kinds of silence: the silence of reflection differs from the silence of fear, and the silence of restraint from the silence of consent. To read them all as one is to mistake a pause for a verdict. In an age of constant posting, the ability to stay silent—to hold a thought unshared, to let a question hang, to refuse the pressure to perform a reaction—is a quiet form of freedom, and perhaps a lost one. There are, of course, silences that wrong others. The witness who says nothing while an injustice proceeds, the institution that buries what the public paid to learn, and the friend who withholds a warning are not exercising a right but evading a duty. The freedom to withhold is not a licence to conceal what one owes, and the difficulty lies in telling the two apart without surrendering the judgement to whoever happens to be loudest. A person who can be silent without apology, and speak without being forced, has kept the two gates of the self in their own hands; a community that honours this may hear less noise but more truth, because it has stopped confusing the duty to speak with the permission to be left alone, and has learned that some of the most honest things a person can say are the ones they rightly choose not to. 【题目】 1. What does the passage say courts once assumed about a silent suspect? A. They had nothing to hide B. Staying quiet meant having something to hide C. Silence proved innocence D. Silence was praise 2. What does the underlined phrase 'on cue' most probably mean? A. At a chosen time B. On command; when demanded by others C. By chance D. In silence 3. What can we infer about different kinds of silence? A. All silence is guilt B. Silences differ (reflection vs fear, restraint vs consent) and should not be read as one C. Silence always harms D. Only speech is honest 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To ban all speech B. To defend the right to silence and distinguish harmful from protective silence C. To praise guilt D. To promote constant posting 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：Courts once assumed that a suspect who stayed quiet had something to hide · 同义替换：silent suspect had something to hide → 沉默嫌疑人有所隐瞒 · 解析：原文‘法庭曾假定保持沉默的嫌疑人有所隐瞒’，B 正确。A 无隐瞒、C 证清白、D 受赞均错。 · 技巧：细节题定位 courts assumed / had something to hide；‘沉默=有罪的旧偏见’是切入点。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：demand a performance of the self on cue, turning the inner life into evidence always owed to others · 同义替换：performance on cue ... owed to others → 应要求即时表演（被索求） · 解析：与‘always owed to others（总欠他人）’呼应，on cue 指‘应要求、按指令’，B 正确。A 自选时、C 偶然、D 沉默均错。 · 技巧：猜词看并列：on cue = when demanded，呼应 owed to others‘被索求即表演’。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：the silence of reflection differs from the silence of fear ... mistake a pause for a verdict · 同义替换：reflection vs fear, restraint vs consent → 各类沉默不同，不可混为一谈 · 解析：原文‘反思之默不同于恐惧之默，克制之默不同于同意之默，混同即把停顿当定论’，可推应区分沉默类型，B 正确。A 皆罪、C 总有害、D 仅言诚实均错。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 differs from / mistake a pause for a verdict；‘区分沉默类型’是推论核心。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：protects the quiet that shields ... while expecting speech where silence masks harm · 同义替换：protect quiet ... expect speech where silence masks harm → 护有益之默、责有害之默 · 解析：尾段点明‘保护护弱与深思的安静，同时在沉默掩害处期待言说’，意在辩护沉默权并区分有害与保护性的沉默，B 正确。A 禁言、C 赞罪、D 倡常发均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看 protects the quiet / expecting speech where silence masks harm；‘辩护沉默权+区分’而非禁言或常发。 【解题技巧延伸】 【社会/权利类解题延伸】此类‘偏见—正名—辨析—辩护收束’议论文，核心是对沉默的多元区分。细节题定位 courts assumed / had something to hide；猜词看 on cue = on demand；infer 题抓 differs from / mistake a pause；写作目的看 protects the quiet / expecting speech where silence masks harm。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） emptiness　n. 空虚 restraint　n. 克制 withholding　n. 保留 consent　n. 同意 erode　v. 侵蚀；削弱 verdict　n. 定论；裁决 abolish　v. 废除 apology　n. 道歉 vulnerable　adj. 脆弱的；易受伤害的 mask　v. 掩盖 thoughtful　adj. 深思的 honour　v. 尊重；珍视 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 mistaken for emptiness 被误认为空虚 deliberate withholding 刻意的保留 on cue 应要求；按指令 mistake a pause for a verdict 把停顿误当定论 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · prize talk 看重言谈 · stay quiet 保持沉默 · keep possession of 保有…的掌控 · erode that right 侵蚀那项权利 · withhold the truth 隐瞒真相 · expect speech 期待言说 —————————————————————————————————————— 专项训练 15 · 技术·技术异化 —————————————————————————————————————— 【原文】 We built tools to extend the hand, then the mind, and somewhere along the way the tools began to bend the maker. The smartphone meant to free our time now dictates it; the feed meant to inform now directs our attention; the algorithm meant to serve us now shapes what we want. This reversal—the thing made to serve becoming the thing served—philosophers once named alienation, a state in which the products of our labour and ingenuity slip beyond our control and start to govern us. It is not that the devices are evil, but that their logic, optimized for engagement and profit, runs counter to the slower logic of a life well lived. A person addicted to a feed is not choosing; they are being chosen by it, their desires manufactured by the very system that profits from them. The danger is invisible because it feels like freedom: the screen offers infinite choice while narrowing the choices that matter—what to notice, what to ignore, who to become. To recover agency is not to smash the tools but to set their terms: to use them by design, not by default, and to recover the older capacity to be alone with a thought. A free person in the age of smart machines is not one who uses no machines, but one who uses them without being used by them, who can switch the feed off and still know what they think. To notice this is not to demand a return to candles. Tools have always shaped their users, and the plough remade the peasant long before the phone remade the commuter. What is new is speed and intent: systems now designed by people who are paid to measure precisely how long an attention can be held, and then to hold it a moment longer. The test of any tool is whether, having made it, we remain its maker or become its product; and a society that cannot answer this without checking its phone has already, in the quiet way these things happen, begun to live inside the answer it was too distracted to choose—a world where the machines we built to save time have, by taking it, quietly decided what that time was for, and where the only rebellion left is the small, radical act of looking up, and thinking, and deciding for oneself, again. 【题目】 1. What does the passage say happened to the tools we built? A. They always served us perfectly B. They began to bend the maker, dictating time and attention C. They disappeared D. They became evil on purpose 2. What does the underlined word 'alienation' most probably mean? A. A feeling of closeness B. A state where our products slip beyond control and govern us C. A type of machine D. Happiness 3. What can we infer about a person 'addicted to a feed'? A. They are freely choosing B. They are being chosen by the feed; their desires are manufactured C. They control the system D. They profit from it 4. What is the author's main purpose? A. To tell readers to smash all machines B. To urge recovering agency: use tools by design, not be used by them C. To praise addiction D. To deny tools help 【深度讲解】 答案速查：1.B 2.B 3.B 4.B ▍第 1 题 · 答案：B · 题型：细节理解 · 定位：the tools began to bend the maker ... now dictates it ... now directs our attention · 同义替换：tools began to bend the maker → 工具开始扭曲制造者 · 解析：原文‘工具开始扭曲制造者，手机支配时间、推送主导注意力’，B 正确。A 完美服务、C 消失、D 蓄意作恶(文中说非恶而是逻辑使然)均错。 · 技巧：细节题定位 tools began to bend the maker；‘制造者被工具反制’是异化核心。 ▍第 2 题 · 答案：B · 题型：词义猜测 · 定位：a state in which the products of our labour and ingenuity slip beyond our control and start to govern us · 同义替换：products slip beyond control, govern us → 产物失控并统治我们 · 解析：后文直接解释‘劳动与才智的产物滑出掌控并开始统治我们’，alienation 指‘异化、被造物反制’，B 正确。A 亲密、C 机器、D 快乐均错。 · 技巧：猜词看后文定义：alienation=‘产物失控反制创造者’，即异化。 ▍第 3 题 · 答案：B · 题型：推理判断 · 定位：A person addicted to a feed is not choosing; they are being chosen by it, their desires manufactured · 同义替换：not choosing ... being chosen, desires manufactured → 非选择，而被选、欲望被制造 · 解析：原文‘沉迷推送者并非在选择，而是被其选择，欲望由牟利系统制造’，可推其已失自主，B 正确。A 自由选、C 控系统、D 获利均反。 · 技巧：infer 题抓 not choosing / being chosen；‘欲望被制造、自主丧失’是异化推论。 ▍第 4 题 · 答案：B · 题型：写作目的 · 定位：use them by design, not by default ... without being used by them · 同义替换：use by design, not used by them → 按设计用工具，而非被其用（倡导夺回主动权） · 解析：尾段点明‘按设计而非默认使用工具、不被其使用’，意在倡导重获主体性(agency)，B 正确。A 砸机器(文中反对)、C 赞沉迷、D 否认工具益处均错。 · 技巧：写作目的题看 use by design / without being used by them；‘倡导夺回主体性’而非弃工具或赞异化。 【解题技巧延伸】 【技术/哲学类解题延伸】此类‘工具反制—异化命名—机制—夺收回束’议论文，alienation 是核心概念。细节题定位 tools began to bend the maker；猜词看后文定义 alienation；infer 题抓 not choosing / being chosen；写作目的看 use by design / without being used by them。 【词汇积累】（本篇高频词） dictate　v. 支配；驱使 manufacture　v. 制造；炮制 reversal　n. 逆转；反转 agency　n. 主体性；能动性 alienation　n. 异化 radical　adj. 根本的；激进的 ingenuity　n. 才智；独创性 smash　v. 砸碎 optimize　v. 优化 default　n. 默认；缺省 addict　v. 使沉迷 distracted　adj. 分心的 【同义替换积累】（D 篇答案多为原文同义转换或深层推断，务必熟记） 原文 / 题干表达 选项 / 释义对应 bend the maker 扭曲制造者 the thing served 被服侍之物 run counter to 与…背道而驰 being used by them 被它们所使用 【实用短语】（可迁移到写作与完形） · extend the hand 延伸双手（能力） · dictate one's time 支配某人的时间 · slip beyond control 滑出掌控 · optimized for engagement 为参与度而优化 · by design, not by default 按设计而非默认 · look up and think 抬头思考 —————————————————————————————————————— 第三部分　高频词汇总（按专项） ———————————————————————————————————————— 专项 1 · 哲学·自由意志与决定论 intuition　n. 直觉 determinism　n. 决定论 inevitable　adj. 必然的 agency　n. 能动性；主体行为 upbringing　n. 教养；成长环境 conviction　n. 信念 illusion　n. 错觉 puppet　n. 木偶；受人摆布者 dispute　n. 争论 resigned　adj. 顺从的；认命的 tension　n. 张力；矛盾 unglamorous　adj. 平凡的；不引人注目的 专项 2 · 语言·语言塑造思维 conceive　v. 构想；设想 neutral　adj. 中性的 absurd　adj. 荒谬的 tinted　adj. 染色的 compass　n. 罗盘；方位 repetition　n. 重复 spatial　adj. 空间的 humble　adj. 朴素的；谦卑的 infer　v. 推断 grip　n. 掌控；抓握 groove　n. 习惯；沟槽 loosen　v. 松开；放松 专项 3 · 心理·幸福适应 well-being　n. 幸福；福祉 contentment　n. 满足 baseline　n. 基线；基准 novelty　n. 新奇事物 thermostat　n. 恒温器 irony　n. 讽刺 relentless　adj. 不懈的 destiny　n. 命运 acquisition　n. 获得物；习得 diminish　v. 减少；减弱 savor　v. 品味；享受 posture　n. 姿态；态度 专项 4 · 自我·叙事身份 substance　n. 实体；物质 exaggerate　v. 夸大 stitch　v. 缝合；串联 verdict　n. 定论；裁决 autobiography　n. 自传 licence　v. 准许；认可 plot　n. 情节；脉络 fiction　n. 虚构；小说 coherent　adj. 连贯的 buried　adj. 埋藏的 downplay　v. 淡化；轻描淡写 drafting　n. 起草；撰写 专项 5 · 伦理·道德运气 distracted　adj. 分心的 humility　n. 谦卑 reckless　adj. 鲁莽的 flatter　v. 奉承；使得意 harshly　adv. 严厉地 pardon　v. 宽恕 desert　n. 应得之赏罚 rotten　adj. 腐烂的；败坏的 condemn　v. 谴责 tragedy　n. 悲剧 crucify　v. 残酷对待；钉十字架 stranger　n. 陌生人 专项 6 · 生态·生态自我 entitled　adj. 有资格的；被视为有权 ecological　adj. 生态的 timber　n. 木材 inconvenience　n. 不便 collide　v. 冲突；碰撞 sentiment　n. 感伤；情绪 extinction　n. 灭绝 restraint　n. 克制 Indigenous　adj. 本土的；原住的 interdependence　n. 相互依存 sustain　v. 维持；支撑 glacier　n. 冰川 专项 7 · 认知·深度注意力 siege　n. 围攻；冲击 snippet　n. 片段；摘录 fracture　v. 破碎；分裂 plunge　v. 投入；深潜 sustained　adj. 持续的 skim　v. 略读 subtle　adj. 微妙的 retreat　n. 退却； retreat agility　n. 敏捷 deliberate　adj. 审慎的；刻意的 fluent　adj. 流畅的 unhurried　adj. 从容的；不慌的 专项 8 · 教育·专长的本质 genius　n. 天才 automatic　adj. 自动的 romantic　adj. 浪漫的；不切实际的 ceiling　n. 上限 stark　adj. 明显的 innate　adj. 先天的 inborn　adj. 天生的 verdict　n. 定论 deliberate　adj. 刻意的 rep　n. 一次重复；一遍 effortful　adj. 费力的 accumulate　v. 积累 专项 9 · 求知·无知的价值 seductive　adj. 诱人的 revisable　adj. 可修订的 conviction　n. 确信；信念 nihilism　n. 虚无主义 fertile　adj. 多产的；富有创造力的 manipulate　v. 操纵 hypothesis　n. 假设 hunch　n. 直觉；预感 retract　v. 撤回；收回 sturdy　adj. 坚实的 institutionalise　v. 使制度化 cultivate　v. 培养 专项 10 · 社会·数字自我 curated　adj. 精心筛选的 conviction　n. 信念 polish　v. 打磨；润饰 reclaim　v. 收回；重夺 perform　v. 表演；展现 metric　n. 度量；指标 breed　v. 滋生；养育 gaze　n. 凝视；目光 index　v. 编入索引；记录 permanent　adj. 永久的 outsource　v. 外包；转交 wasted　adj. 浪费的；白费的 专项 11 · 时间·时间感知 oddity　n. 怪事；反常 unsettling　adj. 令人不安的 accelerate　v. 加速 anticipate　v. 预期；期盼 proportion　n. 比例 savour　v. 品味；享受 fraction　n. 分数；部分 inhabit　v. 居住于；沉浸于 novelty　n. 新奇；新鲜事 presence　n. 当下；临在 stamp　v. 烙印；铭记 dwell　v. 停留；沉浸 专项 12 · 社会·消费与身份 persuasion　n. 说服 sociologist　n. 社会学家 fragile　adj. 脆弱的 taste　n. 品味 pitch　n. 推销；说辞 substitution　n. 替代 treadmill　n. 徒劳循环 certify　v. 证明；认证 distinction　n. 区别；声望 logo　n. 商标；标识 prompt　v. 促使；引发 belonging　n. 归属感 专项 13 · 伦理·生物中心伦理学 invoice　n. 发票；账单 warehouse　n. 仓库 striving　adj. 奋力生存的 tenant　n. 租户；栖息者 biocentric　adj. 生物中心的 meadow　n. 草地 intrinsic　adj. 内在的；固有的 unphotographed　adj. 未被拍摄的 instrumental　adj. 工具性的 consent　n. 同意；默许 raze　v. 夷平；铲平 morality　n. 道德 专项 14 · 权利·沉默的价值 emptiness　n. 空虚 restraint　n. 克制 withholding　n. 保留 consent　n. 同意 erode　v. 侵蚀；削弱 verdict　n. 定论；裁决 abolish　v. 废除 apology　n. 道歉 vulnerable　adj. 脆弱的；易受伤害的 mask　v. 掩盖 thoughtful　adj. 深思的 honour　v. 尊重；珍视 专项 15 · 技术·技术异化 dictate　v. 支配；驱使 manufacture　v. 制造；炮制 reversal　n. 逆转；反转 agency　n. 主体性；能动性 alienation　n. 异化 radical　adj. 根本的；激进的 ingenuity　n. 才智；独创性 smash　v. 砸碎 optimize　v. 优化 default　n. 默认；缺省 addict　v. 使沉迷 distracted　adj. 分心的 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $