Unit 1 Reading and Thinking（阅读课讲义）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

本讲义聚焦“问题-证据-结论如何推动科学进步”核心知识点，通过排序科学研究步骤、分析John Snow调查中的关键证据（如Broad Street泵死亡聚集、酒馆工人健康案例）、构建因果链等学习支架，帮助学生掌握“问题-理论-调查-证据-结论-行动-影响”的科学探究结构。 该资料以John Snow案例为载体，通过CER框架（主张-证据-推理）和批判性阅读活动培养思维品质，微写作任务（含2项证据和逻辑连接）提升语言能力。课堂分核心与选做活动优化教学效率，课后巩固含语言应用与逻辑重构，助力学生查漏补缺，体现“以证据为核心”的学科特色教学方法。

人教版高中英语选择性必修第二册 UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS Reading and Thinking 阅读课讲义（学生原卷版） QUESTION 提出问题 EVIDENCE 收集证据 CONCLUSION 形成结论 核心问题：How do questions and evidence lead to progress? 姓名：________________ 班级：________________ 日期：________________ 使用说明与学习目标 讲义定位 本讲义配合教材第1-3页使用，不替代教材原文。课堂重点不是逐句翻译，而是重建John Snow的科学调查链，理解证据如何支持、修正并强化结论。 学生原卷版用于课堂学习、独立作答和课后订正。请先完成任务，再依据教师反馈修改。 课堂实施：本讲义为任务资源池，不要求全部在80分钟内完成。建议核心路径为Activity 1、4、5、6、8、10、11、13、16、19、24；其余活动按班情选做或用于课后巩固。 一、学习目标 识别文本的"问题 - 理论 - 调查 - 证据 - 结论 - 行动 - 影响"结构。 提取并解释四组关键证据，区分theory, observation/data, evidence, conclusion和intervention。 使用过程、因果和比较表达，完成一段有证据链的科学发现说明。 理解科学进步依赖提问、核查、相互印证的证据以及公共责任。 二、课堂产出 产出 完成标准 评价证据 科学调查流程图 7个环节完整，顺序合理 能说明每一步"为什么接着发生" 证据推理表 至少解释3项证据的作用 不只摘录事实，还说明它支持什么判断 80-100词微写作 含2项证据、2个逻辑连接方式 结构清楚，结论与证据对应 三、课堂路线图 环节 主要任务 建议时间 Lead-in 从"猜测"和"证据"差异进入主题 8分钟 Pre-reading 排序科学研究步骤，预测标题与结构 10分钟 While-reading 略读结构、精读证据链、追问证据作用 42分钟 Post-reading 提炼语言、评价科学思维、完成微写作 20分钟 贯穿性提醒 不要把"Snow相信水传播理论"误写成"Snow已经证明了该理论"。相信是研究起点，证据链才使判断具有说服力。 1 Lead-in 从"观点"走向"证据" Activity 1 Quick Choice: Which statement is more scientific? [3 min] 阅读下面两种说法，选择更有说服力的一项，并说明理由。 A. The water is dangerous because many people say so. B. The water may be dangerous because people who drank it became ill more often than those who did not. 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 2 Quote to Question [3 min] 阅读单元首页名言，完成问题。 "To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science." What two abilities does the quote connect with scientific progress? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 3 Set the Scene [2 min] 根据教材情境回答：In 1854, more than 500 people died in ten days in two London streets. What would a doctor need to find out first? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Pre-reading 建立科学调查框架 Activity 4 Order the Stages of Scientific Research [5 min] 将教材中的七个研究步骤排序，并用箭头连接。 教材给出的步骤 正确序号 analyse the results ask a question draw a conclusion collect data find a problem find supporting evidence think of a method 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 5 Predict from the Title [5 min] 观察标题 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS "KING CHOLERA"，回答问题。 1. Why is "King Cholera" put in quotation marks? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What does the verb defeats make you expect from the passage? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which is more likely to be the turning point: Snow's belief, his evidence, or his fame? Why? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3 While-reading Text Structure and Inquiry Chain Activity 6 Skim for the Macro Structure [6 min] 快速浏览全文，为五段匹配功能。 段落 功能选项 我的答案 Para. 1 A. Wider confirmation and public-health explanation ______________________________ Para. 2 B. Long-term impact and scientific legacy ______________________________ Para. 3 C. Investigation, converging evidence, conclusion and intervention ______________________________ Para. 4 D. Deadly problem and the scientist who would not give up ______________________________ Para. 5 E. Competing theories and the need for proof ______________________________ 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 7 Write a One-sentence Main Idea [4 min] 用一句英文概括全文，必须包含method, finding和impact。 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 核心结构：从问题到进步 1 Problem 2 Theory / Question 3 Method / Data 4 Evidence / Reasoning ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ 5 Conclusion 6 Intervention 7 Wider Impact ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ 关键判断 结论不是从"地图上有很多黑条"直接跳出来的。Snow还要解释例外、寻找远距离个案，并在更大范围比较不同水源，证据才相互印证。 4 While-reading Evidence: What Did Each Clue Do? Activity 8 Read Paragraph 3: Build the Evidence Table [12 min] 精读第三段。不要只摘抄事实，要说明每项信息在推理中发挥什么作用。 线索 文本事实 证据作用 Cluster near the Broad Street pump Multiple deaths occurred near the pump. ______________________________ ______________________________ No deaths in several nearby households Some nearby houses had no deaths. ______________________________ ______________________________ Pub workers remained healthy They received free beer and did not drink pump water. ______________________________ ______________________________ Woman and daughter after moving away They drank delivered pump water and both died. ______________________________ ______________________________ Activity 9 Negative Evidence Matters [4 min] 回答：Why are the healthy pub workers important evidence rather than a problem for Snow's theory? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 10 From Clues to Conclusion [5 min] 判断下列信息属于theory, data/observation, conclusion还是intervention。 信息 性质 理由 Bad air caused cholera. ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Many deaths were marked near the pump. ______________________________ ______________________________ The pump water carried cholera germs. ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ The pump handle was removed. ______________________________ ______________________________ 概念辨析 Theory（待检验解释）≠ Evidence（支持或反驳解释的信息）≠ Conclusion（根据证据形成的判断）≠ Intervention（依据判断采取的行动）。 5 While-reading Wider Confirmation and Critical Reading Activity 11 Read Paragraph 4: A Larger Comparison [7 min] 完成"水源 - 暴露 - 结果"比较。 比较对象 水源情况 结果 推理作用 Customers of some water companies River Thames water polluted by raw waste Much more likely to get cholera ______________________________ ______________________________ People drinking pure or boiled water Cleaner or treated water Less likely to get cholera ______________________________ ______________________________ Why does Paragraph 4 make Snow's conclusion more convincing? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 12 Check the Strength of a Claim [5 min] 阅读三种结论，选择最符合文本证据强度的一项。 选项 表述 A The map alone proved every detail about cholera. B Several connected observations led Snow to a well-supported conclusion about polluted water. C Snow was correct mainly because he was already a famous doctor. 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 13 Cause-and-effect Chain [6 min] 根据全文补全因果链。 Cause / Action Connector Result / Impact Snow found connected evidence. ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ The pump handle was removed. ______________________________ ______________________________ Water companies began to sell clean water. ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Snow used maps and statistics to study disease. ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ 批判性阅读提示 在高中语篇层面，可以说证据"支持并确认"了Snow的判断。更严谨地说，单一观察不能独立证明因果；文本通过聚集、例外、远距离个案和大范围比较建立了相互印证的证据链。 6 While-reading Paragraph-by-paragraph Questions Activity 14 Paragraph 1: Problem and Determination [5 min] 回答问题。 1. Why was cholera described as one of the most feared diseases? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What contrast is created at the end of Paragraph 1? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 15 Paragraph 2: Competing Explanations [5 min] 回答问题。 1. What were the two contradictory theories? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why did Snow still need proof after subscribing to the second theory? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 16 Paragraph 5: Impact and Legacy [5 min] 回答问题。 1. What changed in public health because of Snow's work? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which quality is most strongly demonstrated by the whole investigation: intelligence, persistence, or responsibility? Support your answer with one action. 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 7 Post-reading How the Text Builds Its Argument Activity 17 Title and Narrative Energy [4 min] 分析标题中的写作效果。 表达 写作效果 迁移提示 defeats ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ "King Cholera" ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ John Snow as subject ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Activity 18 Evidence Arrangement [5 min] 为什么作者先写地图聚集，再写"无死亡住户"和远距离母女？ 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Activity 19 Claim-Evidence-Reasoning [6 min] 用CER框架概括全文核心论证。 C - Claim E - Evidence R - Reasoning ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ 学习迁移 本课CER中的"结论 - 证据 - 解释"，将在Using Language写作课转化为"品质判断 - 人物事例 - 关联解释"。共同原则是：观点不能悬空，必须有证据。 8 Post-reading Language Building for Evidence-based Writing Activity 20 Key Expressions by Function [8 min] 按功能积累，而不是孤立背词。 功能 核心表达 迁移例句 提出或检验解释 contradictory theories; subscribe to a theory; need proof ______________________________ ______________________________ 调查与发现 investigate; mark ... on a map; multiple cases; suspect that ... ______________________________ ______________________________ 判断因果 be to blame; carry germs; a link between A and B ______________________________ ______________________________ 采取行动 accordingly; intervention; stop ... in its tracks ______________________________ ______________________________ 说明影响 a substantial decrease; thanks to; transform the way ... ______________________________ ______________________________ 四个可迁移句式 功能 句式框架 示例 对比理论 One theory was that ..., while the other was that ... ______________________________ ______________________________ 从现象到怀疑 There were multiple ..., which led sb to suspect that ... ______________________________ ______________________________ 解释证据 The fact that ... suggests / supports the idea that ... ______________________________ ______________________________ 比较风险 Those who ... were more likely to ... than those who ... ______________________________ ______________________________ 使用边界 "be to blame"表示应对问题负责，语气较强；用于科学说明时应有证据支撑。 "thanks to"通常引出积极原因；负面原因优先使用because of / as a result of。 "more likely to"表达概率差异，不等于"所有人都会"。 9 Post-reading Sentence Logic and Imitation Activity 21 Analyse and Imitate [8 min] 分析句内逻辑，再完成仿写。 Sentence 1 对比两种理论 One theory was that bad air caused the disease. The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Imitate: 关于"学生课堂注意力下降"写出两种可能解释。 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Sentence 2 由现象形成怀疑 There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street. ... Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Imitate: 用which led ... to suspect that ...连接"多名学生在同一餐后不适"与"共同食物可能有关"。 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Sentence 3 用比较强化证据 The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Imitate: 比较"规律复习"和"考前突击"的信息保持情况。 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 10 Post-reading Scientific Thinking and Responsibility Activity 22 What Made Snow's Work Scientific? [7 min] 从下列品质中选择三项，每项必须配一个文本行动。 品质 文本行动证据 questioning mind ______________________________ ______________________________ evidence awareness ______________________________ careful reasoning ______________________________ ______________________________ willingness to act ______________________________ ______________________________ public responsibility ______________________________ ______________________________ Activity 23 Counterfactual Thinking [6 min] 思考"缺少某项证据会怎样"。 1. If Snow had only seen deaths near the pump but ignored the healthy nearby households, what weakness would remain? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. If the woman and daughter had not been identified, would the conclusion become impossible or merely less strong? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why was removing the handle part of scientific responsibility, not just scientific knowledge? 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 讨论要求 所有评价必须回到文本行动。避免只说"He was clever / great / determined"。推荐句式：He showed ..., as can be seen from the fact that ... 11 Post-reading Micro-writing: Explain the Investigation Activity 24 Write an Evidence-based Process Paragraph [12 min] 根据提示完成80-100词短文：How did John Snow reach and act on his conclusion? 写作硬要求 内容：至少写出3个研究环节，并使用2项具体证据。 逻辑：至少使用2种连接方式，如when, while, which led ..., therefore, accordingly, as a result。 结尾：用一句话说明科学启示，不能只写"John Snow was great"。 段落功能 可用内容 可用语言 Problem / Question 1854 outbreak; competing theories; need for proof When ...; Although ...; Snow questioned whether ... Method / Evidence map; cluster; pub workers; woman and daughter He found that ...; The fact that ... supported ... Conclusion / Action pump water; remove handle These clues led him to conclude ...; Accordingly, ... Insight evidence before conclusion The investigation shows that ... 写作区（80-100词） 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 8分课堂评价表 维度 2分 1分 0分 Content 3+ stages and 2 precise pieces of evidence Stages or evidence partly incomplete Mainly retells without inquiry process Reasoning Evidence clearly leads to conclusion Connection is present but weak Conclusion is unsupported Organisation Clear sequence and 2+ connectors Generally clear with limited linking Ideas are disconnected Language Mostly accurate and concise Some errors but meaning clear Frequent errors block meaning 修改动作 在初稿上至少完成两处可见修改：①补充或替换一项证据；②改进一个逻辑连接或比较表达。 12 Homework 课后巩固（建议25-30分钟） A. 必做：Language in Context Activity 25 Complete the Sentences [8 min] 用方框中表达的适当形式填空。 subscribe to | investigate | contradictory | proof | be to blame | accordingly | substantial | transform 1. The two witnesses gave __________ accounts, so the team checked the records again. 2. A useful explanation still requires __________ that others can examine. 3. The doctor began to __________ why several patients shared the same symptoms. 4. At first, many people __________ the idea that the disease came from polluted water. 5. The data suggested that one contaminated source might __________. 6. The safety risk was clear; __________, the machine was shut down immediately. 7. The new treatment led to a __________ decrease in severe cases. 8. Digital mapping has __________ the way researchers track outbreaks. 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ B. 必做：Reconstruct the Logic Activity 26 Put the Events in Order [6 min] 将下列事件按全文逻辑排序。 a. Snow had the pump handle removed. b. Snow examined a map of deaths and unusual cases. c. Clean-water practice improved and disease study changed. d. Snow faced competing explanations of cholera. e. He concluded that the pump water carried germs. 我的作答： ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ C. 必做：Revise Your Paragraph Activity 27 Revision Checklist [10-15 min] 将课堂微写作修改为100-120词，并逐项打钩。 □ I stated the problem or research question clearly. □ I included at least two different pieces of evidence. □ I explained how the evidence supported the conclusion. □ I used at least two logical connectors accurately. □ I ended with a specific insight about evidence or responsibility. D. 选做：Design a Mini Investigation Activity 28 From Claim to Test [Optional] 选择一个校园中的可调查问题，写出简要研究方案。 项目 填写内容 示例提示 Claim / Question What do you want to check? Does a five-minute review at the end of class improve next-day recall? Data What will you collect? Short quiz results from two comparable groups. Comparison What will you compare? Review group vs. no-review group. Caution What else may affect the result? Prior knowledge, task difficulty, attendance. 选做题评价原则 方案不要求真正实施，但必须体现"问题可调查、数据可收集、有比较意识、知道结论可能受其他因素影响"。 — Unit 1 Reading and Thinking 阅读课讲义（学生原卷版）结束 — 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 人教版高中英语选择性必修第二册 UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS Reading and Thinking 阅读课讲义（解析版） QUESTION 提出问题 EVIDENCE 收集证据 CONCLUSION 形成结论 核心问题：How do questions and evidence lead to progress? 答案与解析用红色或提示框呈现；开放性问题答案不唯一。 使用说明与学习目标 讲义定位 本讲义配合教材第1-3页使用，不替代教材原文。课堂重点不是逐句翻译，而是重建John Snow的科学调查链，理解证据如何支持、修正并强化结论。 解析版供教师备课、课堂核对和课后订正使用。派生学生原卷版时，应删除红色答案、解析和教师提示，并保留必要书写空间。 课堂实施：本讲义为任务资源池，不要求全部在80分钟内完成。建议核心路径为Activity 1、4、5、6、8、10、11、13、16、19、24；其余活动按班情选做或用于课后巩固。 一、学习目标 识别文本的"问题 - 理论 - 调查 - 证据 - 结论 - 行动 - 影响"结构。 提取并解释四组关键证据，区分theory, observation/data, evidence, conclusion和intervention。 使用过程、因果和比较表达，完成一段有证据链的科学发现说明。 理解科学进步依赖提问、核查、相互印证的证据以及公共责任。 二、课堂产出 产出 完成标准 评价证据 科学调查流程图 7个环节完整，顺序合理 能说明每一步"为什么接着发生" 证据推理表 至少解释3项证据的作用 不只摘录事实，还说明它支持什么判断 80-100词微写作 含2项证据、2个逻辑连接方式 结构清楚，结论与证据对应 三、课堂路线图 环节 主要任务 建议时间 Lead-in 从"猜测"和"证据"差异进入主题 8分钟 Pre-reading 排序科学研究步骤，预测标题与结构 10分钟 While-reading 略读结构、精读证据链、追问证据作用 42分钟 Post-reading 提炼语言、评价科学思维、完成微写作 20分钟 贯穿性提醒 不要把"Snow相信水传播理论"误写成"Snow已经证明了该理论"。相信是研究起点，证据链才使判断具有说服力。 1 Lead-in 从"观点"走向"证据" Activity 1 Quick Choice: Which statement is more scientific? [3 min] 阅读下面两种说法，选择更有说服力的一项，并说明理由。 A. The water is dangerous because many people say so. B. The water may be dangerous because people who drank it became ill more often than those who did not. 参考答案：B更有说服力。B给出了可以调查和比较的现象，而A只是传闻。 解析：科学判断需要可观察、可比较、可核查的信息。 Activity 2 Quote to Question [3 min] 阅读单元首页名言，完成问题。 "To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science." What two abilities does the quote connect with scientific progress? 参考答案：The ability to raise new questions and the ability to examine old problems from a new angle. 解析：名言强调科学并非只积累事实，还需要提出问题和重新审视既有解释。 Activity 3 Set the Scene [2 min] 根据教材情境回答：In 1854, more than 500 people died in ten days in two London streets. What would a doctor need to find out first? 参考答案：Possible answers: What caused the disease? How was it spreading? What did the victims have in common? 解析：问题应当可调查，并指向病因、传播路径或共同暴露因素。 教师提示 导入只需建立"观点需要证据"的认知冲突，不展开霍乱医学史。随后立即进入教材Activity 1。 2 Pre-reading 建立科学调查框架 Activity 4 Order the Stages of Scientific Research [5 min] 将教材中的七个研究步骤排序，并用箭头连接。 教材给出的步骤 正确序号 analyse the results ask a question draw a conclusion collect data find a problem find supporting evidence think of a method 参考答案：find a problem → ask a question → think of a method → collect data → analyse the results → find supporting evidence → draw a conclusion 解析：这是一条概括性的研究路径。真实研究可能往返修正，但本文总体遵循这一逻辑。 Activity 5 Predict from the Title [5 min] 观察标题 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS "KING CHOLERA"，回答问题。 1. Why is "King Cholera" put in quotation marks? 参考答案：It is a figurative nickname. Cholera is personified as a powerful enemy that once controlled people's lives. 2. What does the verb defeats make you expect from the passage? 参考答案：A problem-solution account: a serious threat, an investigation or struggle, decisive evidence, action, and eventual progress. 3. Which is more likely to be the turning point: Snow's belief, his evidence, or his fame? Why? 参考答案：His evidence. A belief starts the investigation, but evidence allows him to reach and defend a conclusion. 解析：此题为后文证据链埋伏笔。 3 While-reading Text Structure and Inquiry Chain Activity 6 Skim for the Macro Structure [6 min] 快速浏览全文，为五段匹配功能。 段落 功能选项 参考答案 Para. 1 A. Wider confirmation and public-health explanation Problem + Snow's determination Para. 2 B. Long-term impact and scientific legacy Competing theories + research question Para. 3 C. Investigation, converging evidence, conclusion and intervention Investigation + evidence + intervention Para. 4 D. Deadly problem and the scientist who would not give up Wider confirmation of water-borne spread Para. 5 E. Competing theories and the need for proof Impact + legacy 参考答案：正确匹配：Para. 1-D; Para. 2-E; Para. 3-C; Para. 4-A; Para. 5-B. 解析：第三段是全文核心，包含"方法 - 数据 - 例外 - 补充案例 - 结论 - 干预"。第四段不是简单重复结论，而是用更大范围的数据建立联系。 Activity 7 Write a One-sentence Main Idea [4 min] 用一句英文概括全文，必须包含method, finding和impact。 参考答案：By mapping deaths and comparing people's water exposure, John Snow identified polluted water as the source of cholera, stopped a local outbreak, and transformed the study of disease. 解析：合格主旨不能只写"John Snow defeated cholera"，还应交代他如何做以及产生了什么影响。 核心结构：从问题到进步 1 Problem 2 Theory / Question 3 Method / Data 4 Evidence / Reasoning Cholera killed millions; its cause and cure were unknown. Two contradictory theories; Snow suspected germs in food or water. He mapped deaths and compared different cases. Several clues pointed to the Broad Street pump. 5 Conclusion 6 Intervention 7 Wider Impact The pump water carried cholera germs. The pump handle was removed; the outbreak stopped. Clean-water practice improved; epidemiology was transformed. 关键判断 结论不是从"地图上有很多黑条"直接跳出来的。Snow还要解释例外、寻找远距离个案，并在更大范围比较不同水源，证据才相互印证。 4 While-reading Evidence: What Did Each Clue Do? Activity 8 Read Paragraph 3: Build the Evidence Table [12 min] 精读第三段。不要只摘抄事实，要说明每项信息在推理中发挥什么作用。 线索 文本事实 证据作用（解析） Cluster near the Broad Street pump Multiple deaths occurred near the pump. Suggests a connection between the pump and the outbreak; identifies a likely source. No deaths in several nearby households Some nearby houses had no deaths. Creates an apparent exception that must be explained; prevents a careless conclusion based only on distance. Pub workers remained healthy They received free beer and did not drink pump water. Explains the exception: being near the pump was not enough; exposure to its water mattered. Woman and daughter after moving away They drank delivered pump water and both died. Separates water exposure from location and strongly supports the pump-water explanation. Activity 9 Negative Evidence Matters [4 min] 回答：Why are the healthy pub workers important evidence rather than a problem for Snow's theory? 参考答案：Because their case helps rule out simple location as the cause. They lived or worked near the pump but did not drink its water. Their health therefore strengthens the idea that the water, not merely the neighbourhood, was responsible. 解析："没有发生什么"也可能是证据。关键是它能否排除另一种解释。 Activity 10 From Clues to Conclusion [5 min] 判断下列信息属于theory, data/observation, conclusion还是intervention。 信息 性质 理由 Bad air caused cholera. Theory An existing explanation, not yet verified in this investigation. Many deaths were marked near the pump. Data / observation A recorded pattern from the map. The pump water carried cholera germs. Conclusion An explanation reached after connecting several clues. The pump handle was removed. Intervention An action taken according to the conclusion. 概念辨析 Theory（待检验解释）≠ Evidence（支持或反驳解释的信息）≠ Conclusion（根据证据形成的判断）≠ Intervention（依据判断采取的行动）。 5 While-reading Wider Confirmation and Critical Reading Activity 11 Read Paragraph 4: A Larger Comparison [7 min] 完成"水源 - 暴露 - 结果"比较。 比较对象 水源情况 结果 推理作用 Customers of some water companies River Thames water polluted by raw waste Much more likely to get cholera Shows the water-disease link beyond one pump and one street. People drinking pure or boiled water Cleaner or treated water Less likely to get cholera Provides a comparison group and strengthens the explanation. Why does Paragraph 4 make Snow's conclusion more convincing? 参考答案：Because it provides a broader comparison involving different water companies and many people. The same pattern appears on a larger scale: polluted water is associated with more cholera, while pure or boiled water is associated with less disease. Activity 12 Check the Strength of a Claim [5 min] 阅读三种结论，选择最符合文本证据强度的一项。 选项 表述 A The map alone proved every detail about cholera. B Several connected observations led Snow to a well-supported conclusion about polluted water. C Snow was correct mainly because he was already a famous doctor. 参考答案：B 解析：A夸大单一证据的作用；C诉诸身份而非证据。本文的说服力来自多项信息相互印证。 Activity 13 Cause-and-effect Chain [6 min] 根据全文补全因果链。 Cause / Action Connector Result / Impact Snow found connected evidence. Therefore / Accordingly, he concluded that the pump water carried germs. The pump handle was removed. As a result, the local outbreak was stopped in its tracks. Water companies began to sell clean water. Consequently, the threat of cholera saw a substantial decrease. Snow used maps and statistics to study disease. For this reason, he is considered the father of modern epidemiology. 批判性阅读提示 在高中语篇层面，可以说证据"支持并确认"了Snow的判断。更严谨地说，单一观察不能独立证明因果；文本通过聚集、例外、远距离个案和大范围比较建立了相互印证的证据链。 6 While-reading Paragraph-by-paragraph Questions Activity 14 Paragraph 1: Problem and Determination [5 min] 回答问题。 1. Why was cholera described as one of the most feared diseases? 参考答案：Because it caused severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and death, while people did not know how to prevent or treat it. 2. What contrast is created at the end of Paragraph 1? 参考答案：Although Snow became a famous doctor, he never lost his desire to defeat cholera. 解析："成名"没有结束他的探索，突出问题意识和持续投入。 Activity 15 Paragraph 2: Competing Explanations [5 min] 回答问题。 1. What were the two contradictory theories? 参考答案：One theory held that bad air caused cholera; the other held that germs in food or water caused it. 2. Why did Snow still need proof after subscribing to the second theory? 参考答案：Because a scientific explanation must be supported by evidence that others can examine; personal belief is not enough. Activity 16 Paragraph 5: Impact and Legacy [5 min] 回答问题。 1. What changed in public health because of Snow's work? 参考答案：Water companies began to sell clean water, and people better understood how to prevent cholera. 2. Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology? 参考答案：Because his use of maps, comparisons, and statistics transformed how scientists study the spread of disease. 3. Which quality is most strongly demonstrated by the whole investigation: intelligence, persistence, or responsibility? Support your answer with one action. 参考答案：Answers may vary. Example: Persistence. Snow continued investigating even after becoming a successful doctor, and he examined several pieces of evidence before announcing a conclusion. 解析：开放题必须用"品质 + 行动证据"作答，不能只列形容词。 7 Post-reading How the Text Builds Its Argument Activity 17 Title and Narrative Energy [4 min] 分析标题中的写作效果。 表达 写作效果 迁移提示 defeats Turns an investigation into a struggle with a clear outcome. Use a strong verb to foreground decisive action. "King Cholera" Personifies the disease as a powerful enemy. A figurative label can make an abstract threat vivid. John Snow as subject Places the scientist and his action at the centre. Keep the agent clear in a process account. Activity 18 Evidence Arrangement [5 min] 为什么作者先写地图聚集，再写"无死亡住户"和远距离母女？ 参考答案：The order mirrors the investigation. The map first suggests a source; the nearby healthy households raise a question; the pub workers explain the exception; the woman and daughter provide supporting evidence independent of location. The sequence lets the reader follow Snow's reasoning rather than receive a ready-made answer. Activity 19 Claim-Evidence-Reasoning [6 min] 用CER框架概括全文核心论证。 C - Claim E - Evidence R - Reasoning The Broad Street pump water carried cholera germs. Deaths clustered near the pump; pub workers who avoided the water stayed healthy; a woman and daughter died after drinking delivered pump water; polluted-water customers had higher risk. Across different situations, illness follows polluted-water exposure rather than simple location, so the water is the best explanation. 为课时2预埋 本课CER中的"结论 - 证据 - 解释"，将在Using Language写作课转化为"品质判断 - 人物事例 - 关联解释"。共同原则是：观点不能悬空，必须有证据。 8 Post-reading Language Building for Evidence-based Writing Activity 20 Key Expressions by Function [8 min] 按功能积累，而不是孤立背词。 功能 核心表达 迁移例句 提出或检验解释 contradictory theories; subscribe to a theory; need proof The two explanations were contradictory, and the researcher needed proof before drawing a conclusion. 调查与发现 investigate; mark ... on a map; multiple cases; suspect that ... Multiple cases appeared in the same area, which led the team to suspect a common source. 判断因果 be to blame; carry germs; a link between A and B The comparison suggested a link between polluted water and disease. 采取行动 accordingly; intervention; stop ... in its tracks Accordingly, an immediate intervention was introduced to stop the problem in its tracks. 说明影响 a substantial decrease; thanks to; transform the way ... Thanks to cleaner water, the number of cases saw a substantial decrease. 四个可迁移句式 功能 句式框架 示例 对比理论 One theory was that ..., while the other was that ... One theory was that poor air quality caused the symptoms, while the other was that contaminated food was responsible. 从现象到怀疑 There were multiple ..., which led sb to suspect that ... There were multiple absences in the same classroom, which led the teacher to suspect a shared cause. 解释证据 The fact that ... suggests / supports the idea that ... The fact that the pub workers stayed healthy supports the idea that drinking the pump water mattered. 比较风险 Those who ... were more likely to ... than those who ... Those who drank polluted water were more likely to get cholera than those who drank clean water. 使用边界 "be to blame"表示应对问题负责，语气较强；用于科学说明时应有证据支撑。 "thanks to"通常引出积极原因；负面原因优先使用because of / as a result of。 "more likely to"表达概率差异，不等于"所有人都会"。 9 Post-reading Sentence Logic and Imitation Activity 21 Analyse and Imitate [8 min] 分析句内逻辑，再完成仿写。 Sentence 1 对比两种理论 One theory was that bad air caused the disease. The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. 参考答案：结构：One theory was that ...; the other was that ...。功能：并列呈现互相竞争的解释，为后续检验创造问题。 Imitate: 关于"学生课堂注意力下降"写出两种可能解释。 参考答案：One theory is that students lose attention because the task is too difficult; the other is that frequent phone use has reduced their ability to focus for long periods. 解析：示例仅用于结构迁移，不要求把未经调查的解释写成事实。 Sentence 2 由现象形成怀疑 There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street. ... Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 参考答案：逻辑：观察到聚集现象 → 形成可检验怀疑。suspected表示阶段性判断，比proved更符合当时证据状态。 Imitate: 用which led ... to suspect that ...连接"多名学生在同一餐后不适"与"共同食物可能有关"。 参考答案：Several students became ill after the same meal, which led the school doctor to suspect that a common food item might be responsible. Sentence 3 用比较强化证据 The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. 参考答案：结构：People who A were more likely to B than those who C。功能：设置比较组，使关联更清楚。 Imitate: 比较"规律复习"和"考前突击"的信息保持情况。 参考答案：Students who reviewed regularly were more likely to retain the information than those who studied only before the test. 10 Post-reading Scientific Thinking and Responsibility Activity 22 What Made Snow's Work Scientific? [7 min] 从下列品质中选择三项，每项必须配一个文本行动。 品质 文本行动证据 questioning mind He did not simply accept the popular bad-air theory. evidence awareness He mapped exact addresses and compared cases. careful reasoning He explained apparent exceptions and sought supporting evidence. willingness to act He had the pump handle removed after reaching a conclusion. public responsibility His work helped improve clean-water practice and disease prevention. Activity 23 Counterfactual Thinking [6 min] 思考"缺少某项证据会怎样"。 1. If Snow had only seen deaths near the pump but ignored the healthy nearby households, what weakness would remain? 参考答案：He might confuse location with water exposure and fail to explain an important exception. 2. If the woman and daughter had not been identified, would the conclusion become impossible or merely less strong? 参考答案：It would become less strong, not impossible. The cluster and pub workers would still matter, but the distant case provides especially useful supporting evidence that exposure to the water, rather than location, was central. 3. Why was removing the handle part of scientific responsibility, not just scientific knowledge? 参考答案：Because Snow used the conclusion to reduce immediate harm. Scientific understanding gained public value through timely action. 讨论要求 所有评价必须回到文本行动。避免只说"He was clever / great / determined"。推荐句式：He showed ..., as can be seen from the fact that ... 11 Post-reading Micro-writing: Explain the Investigation Activity 24 Write an Evidence-based Process Paragraph [12 min] 根据提示完成80-100词短文：How did John Snow reach and act on his conclusion? 写作硬要求 内容：至少写出3个研究环节，并使用2项具体证据。 逻辑：至少使用2种连接方式，如when, while, which led ..., therefore, accordingly, as a result。 结尾：用一句话说明科学启示，不能只写"John Snow was great"。 段落功能 可用内容 可用语言 Problem / Question 1854 outbreak; competing theories; need for proof When ...; Although ...; Snow questioned whether ... Method / Evidence map; cluster; pub workers; woman and daughter He found that ...; The fact that ... supported ... Conclusion / Action pump water; remove handle These clues led him to conclude ...; Accordingly, ... Insight evidence before conclusion The investigation shows that ... 参考范文（94词） 参考范文：When cholera broke out in London in 1854, John Snow questioned the popular theory that bad air caused it. He mapped the homes of the dead and found many deaths near the Broad Street pump. He also noticed that pub workers who avoided the water stayed healthy, while a woman who had moved away died after drinking water from the same pump. These clues led him to conclude that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle removed, and the outbreak was stopped. Reliable conclusions grow from connected evidence, not guesswork. 解析：范文按"问题 - 方法 - 两项证据 - 结论 - 行动 - 启示"组织。没有堆砌生词，逻辑连接明确。 8分课堂评价表 维度 2分 1分 0分 Content 3+ stages and 2 precise pieces of evidence Stages or evidence partly incomplete Mainly retells without inquiry process Reasoning Evidence clearly leads to conclusion Connection is present but weak Conclusion is unsupported Organisation Clear sequence and 2+ connectors Generally clear with limited linking Ideas are disconnected Language Mostly accurate and concise Some errors but meaning clear Frequent errors block meaning 修改动作 在初稿上至少完成两处可见修改：①补充或替换一项证据；②改进一个逻辑连接或比较表达。 12 Homework 课后巩固（建议25-30分钟） A. 必做：Language in Context Activity 25 Complete the Sentences [8 min] 用方框中表达的适当形式填空。 subscribe to | investigate | contradictory | proof | be to blame | accordingly | substantial | transform 1. The two witnesses gave __________ accounts, so the team checked the records again. 2. A useful explanation still requires __________ that others can examine. 3. The doctor began to __________ why several patients shared the same symptoms. 4. At first, many people __________ the idea that the disease came from polluted water. 5. The data suggested that one contaminated source might __________. 6. The safety risk was clear; __________, the machine was shut down immediately. 7. The new treatment led to a __________ decrease in severe cases. 8. Digital mapping has __________ the way researchers track outbreaks. 参考答案：1 contradictory; 2 proof; 3 investigate; 4 subscribed to; 5 be to blame; 6 accordingly; 7 substantial; 8 transformed B. 必做：Reconstruct the Logic Activity 26 Put the Events in Order [6 min] 将下列事件按全文逻辑排序。 a. Snow had the pump handle removed. b. Snow examined a map of deaths and unusual cases. c. Clean-water practice improved and disease study changed. d. Snow faced competing explanations of cholera. e. He concluded that the pump water carried germs. 参考答案：d → b → e → a → c 解析：理论冲突提出问题；调查产生证据；证据支持结论；结论指导干预；干预与研究方法产生影响。 C. 必做：Revise Your Paragraph Activity 27 Revision Checklist [10-15 min] 将课堂微写作修改为100-120词，并逐项打钩。 □ I stated the problem or research question clearly. □ I included at least two different pieces of evidence. □ I explained how the evidence supported the conclusion. □ I used at least two logical connectors accurately. □ I ended with a specific insight about evidence or responsibility. D. 选做：Design a Mini Investigation Activity 28 From Claim to Test [Optional] 选择一个校园中的可调查问题，写出简要研究方案。 项目 填写内容 示例提示 Claim / Question What do you want to check? Does a five-minute review at the end of class improve next-day recall? Data What will you collect? Short quiz results from two comparable groups. Comparison What will you compare? Review group vs. no-review group. Caution What else may affect the result? Prior knowledge, task difficulty, attendance. 选做题评价原则 方案不要求真正实施，但必须体现"问题可调查、数据可收集、有比较意识、知道结论可能受其他因素影响"。 13 教师参考：板书与课堂收束 一、建议板书 左侧：Inquiry Chain 中部：Evidence Chain 右侧：Transfer Problem → Question → Method → Data → Analysis → Evidence → Conclusion Cluster near pump + healthy pub workers + distant cases + water-company comparison Claim needs evidence. Evidence needs explanation. Conclusion guides action. 二、课堂收束问题 How did questions and evidence lead to progress in John Snow's investigation? 参考答案：Snow first questioned existing explanations, then collected and compared evidence rather than relying on belief. The connected evidence supported a conclusion about polluted water, which guided an effective intervention and later changed public-health practice and disease research. 三、易错点纠偏 常见表述 问题 建议改写 Snow proved the theory before investigating. Confuses belief with conclusion. Snow subscribed to the theory but still needed proof. People near the pump got cholera. Ignores exceptions and exposure. Many deaths clustered near the pump, but the key factor was drinking its water. The map was the only evidence. Reduces a chain to one clue. The map, exceptions, distant cases, and wider water comparisons supported one another. Snow was successful because he was clever. Trait label lacks evidence. His careful mapping, comparison, and willingness to revise explanations made the investigation persuasive. 四、教材与资源边界 教材主文本：John Snow Defeats "King Cholera", 人教版选择性必修第二册 Unit 1, pp. 2-3。 本讲义新增内容：证据作用表、概念辨析、CER分析、微写作支架与作业题，均围绕教材语篇重新设计。 课堂引用原文时以教材为准；本讲义不替代音频、地图和教材版式。 本课最终结论 Scientific progress does not begin with a perfect answer. It begins with a question, grows through connected evidence, and becomes meaningful when sound conclusions guide responsible action. — Unit 1 Reading and Thinking 阅读课讲义（解析版）结束 — 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $