Unit 1 Period 1 Reading and Thinking（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语知识清单围绕“Science and Scientists”主题，以爱因斯坦科学名言解读为引入，系统梳理重点词汇（含22个核心单词及12类词形变化）、21个必备词块，深入解析subscribe、suspect等7个核心词汇的搭配、例句及“即学即练”习题，进而呈现until、so...that等5类经典句式，构建从词汇积累到句式应用的语言能力培养支架。 知识链路以“主题引入—词汇基础—核心词汇深化—句式应用—易错辨析”为逻辑主线，每个核心词汇配备语境例句与针对性练习，经典句式结合学科案例（如约翰·斯诺研究霍乱）解析用法。通过词汇易混辨析（如frustrated/frustrating）、短语搭配及句型易错点总结，培养学生精准运用语言的思维品质，提升自主学习能力，符合新课标语言能力与学习能力的培养要求。

Unit 1 Science and Scientists Reading and Thinking To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science. —Albert Einstein & Leopold Infeld 译文：提出新的问题、开辟新的可能性，或从新的角度审视旧问题，都需要创造性的想象力；而这正是真正的科学进步的标志。 解读：这句话出自爱因斯坦与利奥波德·英费尔德合著的《物理学的进化》。它强调，科学的发展并不只是依靠在既定框架内寻找答案，更重要的是能够发现旧问题中被忽略的矛盾、空白与可能性，并以新的方式重新提出问题。解答一个问题，往往需要数学计算、实验方法和技术能力；而提出一个真正重要的新问题，则需要突破惯有思维的创造性想象力。许多科学突破正是如此产生的：研究者并非立刻得到了答案，而是先意识到原有的提问方式不够准确，或既有理论无法解释新的现象，于是重新界定问题、调整观察角度，进而打开新的研究道路。因此，这句话并不是轻视答案的价值，而是在说明：真正推动科学前进的，除了“把题做对”的能力，更有“发现什么才是值得问的问题”的能力。 一、重点单词 1. severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 2. frustrated adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 3. contradictory adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 4. infection n.感染；传染 5. germ n.微生物；细菌；病菌 6. subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) 7. proof n.证据；证明；检验 8. multiple adj.数量多的；多种多样的 9. pump n.泵；抽水机；打气筒 10. household n．一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人 11. suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 12. blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责 13. handle n．把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)；(用手)触碰 14. intervention n.介入；出面；干涉 15. infect vt.使感染；传染 16. link n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联 17. raw adj.未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的 18. pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的 19. substantial adj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 20. decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 21. transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变 22. microscope n. 显微镜 二、重点单词变形 1. frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→frustrate vt.使懊恼；使沮丧→frustration n. 沮丧；懊恼；挫败 2. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的→contradict v. 与……矛盾；否认；反驳 3. proof n. 证据；证明；检验→prove vt.证明 4. infection n. 感染；传染→infect vt. 使感染；传染→infectious adj. 感染的；传染的 5. multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的→multiply v. 乘；成倍增加；(使)繁殖 6. suspect vt. 怀疑；猜想n. 嫌疑犯；可疑对象adj. 可疑的；不可信的→suspicious adj. 怀疑的；可疑的→suspicion n. 怀疑；疑心；嫌疑→suspiciously adv. 怀疑地；可疑地 7. intervention n. 介入；出面；干涉→intervene vi. 干扰；介入 8. pure adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的→purely adv. 完全地；纯粹地→purify vt. 净化；使……洁净 9. transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态　vi. 改变；转变→transformation n. 改观；改变 10. subscribe vi. 订阅；订购；赞同→subscription n. 订阅；订购；订阅费→subscriber n. 订阅者；用户 11. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的→contradict vt. 反驳；与……矛盾→contradiction n. 矛盾；反驳；不一致 12. investigate vt. 调查；研究；侦查→investigation n. 调查；研究；侦查→investigator n. 调查员；研究者；侦探→investigative adj. 调查性的；研究性的 三、必备词块 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. used to do sth过去常常做某事 2. in time经过一段时间之后；迟早；最后 3. attend to照料 4. give birth生(孩子)；分娩 5. once and for all最终地；彻底地 6. in general通常；一般而言 7. subscribe to同意；赞同 8. be determined to do sth决心做某事 9. water pump水泵 10. what is more更重要的是；而且 11. as a result of由于……(后跟原因) 12. be likely to do sth有可能做某事 13. thanks to幸亏；由于 14. be to blame (对某事)负有责任 15. the most feared disease 最可怕的疾病 四、核心词汇 1. subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) 原文：Snow subscribed to the second theory. 斯诺赞同第二种看法。 词形变化：subscription n. 订阅；订购；会费 subscriber n. 订阅者；认购者；用户 常见搭配：subscribe to sth同意（= agree on）；赞同；定期捐款；订阅(杂志或报纸) subscribe to a belief / theory / view 赞同某种信念／理论／观点 subscribe to a club 定期缴纳会费加入俱乐部 subscribe to a newspaper / magazine / channel 订阅报纸／杂志／频道 subscribe for sth 认购股份 subscribe for shares 认购股份 例句：She does not subscribe to the idea that money brings happiness. 她并不赞同“金钱带来幸福”这一观点。 【即学即练】 1. I decided to take out a subscription (subscribe) to a gardening magazine. 2. Cable television companies have launched major campaigns to increase their number of subscribers (subscribe). 3. 写出下列句中黑体部分的汉语意思 ① He subscribes to the view that children can benefit from being independent. 同意；赞同 ② This is the school your father subscribed to generously in the past. 定期捐款 ③ Using the money I earned in the holiday, I have subscribed to several magazines recently. 订阅 2. suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任　n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 原文：Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。 词形变化：suspicious adj. 怀疑的；可疑的 suspicion n. 怀疑；疑心；嫌疑 suspiciously adv. 怀疑地；可疑地 常见搭配：v. 怀疑；猜想；认为……可能 suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人做了某事 suspect that... 怀疑 / 觉得…… suspect sb. to be... 怀疑某人是…… n. 嫌疑人 a murder suspect 一名谋杀案嫌疑人 例句：She was suspected of cheating in the final examination, but no clear evidence was found. 她被怀疑在期末考试中作弊，但没有发现确凿证据。 注意：suspect sb. of doing sth. 是高频考点，不能说：suspect sb. to do sth.；suspect 后接从句时，常带“我觉得可能如此，但不确定”的语气。 【即学即练】 1. We had long suspected him to be (be) the person responsible for the mistake. 2. The police suspected the man of stealing (steal) the valuable painting. 3. I suspect that he knows more about the accident than he is willing to tell us. 4. Several members of staff are under suspicion (suspect) of stealing money. 5. His colleagues became suspicious (suspect) when he did not appear at work, since he was always punctual. 3. blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责　n．责备；指责 原文：Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。 常见搭配：vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 blame sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而责备某人 blame sth. on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事 be to blame (for sth.) 应对某事负责；该受责备 shift the blame onto sb. 把责任转嫁给某人 n．责备；指责 bear/take the blame (for sth) (对某事)承担责任 put/lay the blame (for sth) on sb (将某事)归咎于某人 例句：Don’t blame others for your own mistakes; instead, learn from them and try to do better next time. 不要因为自己的错误而责怪别人；相反，应从中吸取教训，争取下次做得更好。 注意：be to blame中的to blame用主动形式表达被动含义。 【即学即练】 1. The teacher did not blame Tom for being (be) late because he helped an injured old man on his way to school. 2. Parents should not always put the blame on their children when problems arise. 3. She took the blame for the broken window, although it was actually an accident. 4. No one but himself was to blame (blame) for missing such a valuable opportunity.. 5. Many people blame the heavy traffic on the rapid increase in the number of private cars. 4. link n．联系；纽带　vt.把……连接起来；相关联原文：Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. 此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。 常见搭配：n. 联系；纽带　 a link between A and B A和B之间的联系 a link with sb./sth. 与某人/某事的联系 establish / build a link建立联系 click on a link 点击链接 vt. 把……连接起来；相关联 link ... to/with ... 将……和……联系或连接起来 link up with 与……连接起来；使结合 例句：There is a close link between regular exercise and good health. 经常锻炼与健康之间有密切联系。 【即学即练】 1. Click on the link to find more information about the competition. 2. Although they live far apart, the Internet enables them to stay linked (link). 3. Scientists have linked air pollution to/with a growing number of health problems. 4. We should link up with other English learners from around the world. 5. decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低原文：Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。 常见搭配： n. 减少；降低；减少量 decrease in sth. 某方面的减少 a decrease of + 数字/百分比 减少了……　 on the decrease在减少；在下降 vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 decrease to ... 减少到…… decrease by ... 减少了…… decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到…… 拓展：decrease的反义词increase的用法：increase to ... 增加(长)到…… increase by ... 增加(长)了…… on the increase 正在增加 例句：The population of this small town is on the decrease because many young people move to big cities. 这个小镇的人口正在减少，因为许多年轻人搬到了大城市。 【即学即练】 1. The unemployment rate decreased from 6 percent to 4 percent last year. 2. There has been a significant decrease in the use of plastic bags in our school. 3. The price of wheat has decreased by 5 per cent.. 4. Thanks to stricter traffic rules, the number of road accidents is on the decrease. 5. After several days of treatment, his temperature decreased to normal. 6. thanks to幸亏；由于 原文：Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. 幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。 解析：thanks to意为“多亏；由于”，后面接名词、代词或动名词，常用来强调某个原因带来了积极、令 人满意的结果，语气中往往带有感谢或肯定的意味。它和because of一样都表示原因，但thanks to更适合用于好结果，例如：Thanks to the teachers’ help, I made great progress in English. 不过，它有时也可用于带一点讽刺意味的坏结果，如：Thanks to the traffic jam, we missed the train. 使用时注意，thanks to后面不能直接接完整句子，应接名词性成分。 拓展：表示“因为；由于”的短语 (1) because of最常用、最自然，口语和书面语都可以用，语气中性。它可以放在句首或句末，单纯说明原因。 (2) owing to意思和because of很接近，但更正式一些，常见于通知、报道、说明文或书面表达中。强调某件事是由某个原因造成的。 (3) due to也表示“由于”，常用于较正式的书面语。它尤其常放在be due to后，说明某种结果、现象或问题的原因。 (4) as a result of意思是“由于……的结果”，比单纯的because of更强调“原因导致了后果”。后面通常接一个比较明确的事件、行为或情况。 (5) on account of意思也是“因为；由于”，语气较正式，常用于书面语、通知和正式说明中。它与because of基本可以互换，但日常对话里不如because of常见。 例句：The baby is awake thanks to you and your shouting. 都怪你和你的大喊大叫，把婴儿吵醒了。 【即学即练】 1. It’s thanks to Sandy that I heard about the job. 2. Thanks to your timely help, I managed to finish the work on time.多亏了你的及时帮助，我按时完成了工作。 3. 句型转换 The meeting was postponed because the chairman was ill. →The meeting was postponed because of the chairman’s illness. 7. transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态　vi. 改变；转变 原文：Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. 此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。 词形变化：transformation n. 改观；改变 transformative adj. 带来重大变化的 常见搭配：transform ... into ... 使……变成…… transform into 转化成；改造为 be transformed from ... into ... 由……变成…… 例句： 常见搭配：transform A from ... into ... 把A从……变成…… be transformed from ... into ... 由……变成…… 例句：Education can transform a poor village from an isolated place into a lively community. 教育能够把一个贫困、闭塞的村庄变成充满活力的社区。 【即学即练】 1. With the help of modern technology, deserts can be transformed into fertile land. 2. The volunteers worked together to transform (transform) the empty land into a beautiful community garden. 3. Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation (transform) in her outlook. 4. Such a theory stresses the transformative (transform) and educational possibilities of architecture. 五、经典句式 1. … until …. “直到……才…… / 一直……到……”原文：Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。 分析：… until … 表示某个动作、状态或情况持续到某一时间点为止，具体译法要看主句是否带否定：(1) 在肯定句中，通常译为“一直……到……”，强调动作或状态在until所引导的时间之前一直持续；(2) 在否定句中，常构成not … until …，译为“直到……才……”，强调主句动作在until所表示的时间到来后才发生。until 后既可以接表示时间的名词短语，也可以接时间状语从句。 拓展：(1) until可换成till，意思相同，但till更口语化，正式写作中更推荐用until； (2) not … until … 若放在句首，主句要部分倒装，如Not until he explained it did I understand the problem.； (3) until引导时间状语从句时，即使主句表示将来，从句通常也用一般现在时，不用一般将来时，如I won’t leave until he comes back.，不能说until he will come back。 (4) 肯定句中的 until 强调“动作或状态持续到某时”，所以通常和持续性动词连用，如 She lived there until 2020.；若是短暂动作，常用否定结构not … until …，如 She didn’t arrive until 2020. (5) 强调句It was not until … that …. 例句：I will keep trying until I achieve my goal. 我会一直努力，直到实现目标 【即学即练】 1. We should not give up until we find a solution to the problem. 在找到解决问题的方法之前，我们不应该放弃。 2. I didn’t understand the meaning of responsibility until I joined the volunteer activity. (改为倒装句) Not until I joined the volunteer activity did I understand the meaning of responsibility. 3. I didn’t realize how much I loved it until I left my hometown. (改为强调句) It was not until I left my hometown that I realized how much I loved it. 2. so ... that ...“如此……以至于……”原文：He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。 分析：so … that … 表示“如此……以至于……”，用来说明前面的程度很高，从而导致后面的结果；其中so用来修饰形容词或副词，that引导结果状语从句，基本结构是so + 形容词/副词 + that + 句子 拓展：(1) 引导结果状语从句的两个句型：so 修饰形容词或副词，而 such 修饰名词短语 ① so ... that ... so＋adj./adv.＋that ... so＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that ... so＋many/much/few/little＋可数名词复数/不可数名词＋that ... ② such ... that ... such＋adj.＋可数名词复数/不可数名词＋that ... such＋a/an＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋that ...　(＝ so＋adj.＋a/an ＋可数名词单数＋that ...) (2) 当so或such位于句首时，主句应用部分倒装形式，如 So tired was he that he fell asleep immediately. 例句：It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything. 天太黑了，以至于我什么也看不见。 【即学即练】 1. There were so few students in the classroom that the teacher canceled the class. 2. He made such great progress that his parents were very proud of him. 3. It was such an exciting match that we all shouted loudly. (改为so … that … 结构) The match was so exciting that we all shouted loudly. 4. The news was so surprising that nobody could believe it. (改为倒装句) So surprising was the news that nobody could believe it. 3. It seemed that ... “好像……；似乎……”原文：It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。 分析：It seemed that … 表示“好像……；似乎……”，用来根据当时看到、听到或感觉到的情况作出不完全确定的判断，语气比直接陈述更委婉，常暗示“看上去是这样，但未必完全确定”。其中it是形式主语，真正表达内容的是后面的that从句，基本结构为It seemed that + 句子，这个句式常用于叙述过去发生的事情，因此seemed多用过去式；也可以根据时态改为It seems that …，表示现在的判断，在口语或写作中，它还常可改写为It seemed/seems as if/as though … 或Someone seemed/seems to do…。 例句：It seemed that nothing could stop him from achieving his dream. 似乎没有什么能够阻止他实现梦想。 【即学即练】 1. It seemed that the whole world had fallen silent after the heavy snow. 2. As I stood on the stage, it seemed that my heart was beating faster than ever before. 当我站在舞台上时，我的心似乎比以往任何时候都跳得更快。 3. For a moment, it seemed that time had stopped, leaving only the sound of the rain. 有那么一瞬间，时间似乎停止了，只剩下雨声。 4. … so that … “为了……；以便……”原文：Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. 于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。 分析：… so that … 常用于表示目的，意为“为了……；以便……”，说明主句采取某个动作是为了实现后面从句所表示的目标，基本结构是“主句 + so that + 从句”。在这种用法中，so that后面通常接完整句子，并常与can, could, may, might, will, would等情态动词连用。需要注意的是，so that 后不能直接接动词原形或名词；如果主句和从句主语相同，也常可改用 in order to / so as to + 动词原形 拓展：so that 有时也可表示结果，意为“因此；所以”，这时后面通常不是“目的”，而是事情自然产生的后果，不过在高中写作中，最好通过是否含有情态动词和语境来判断：有明确“想达到的目标”时多为“为了”，表示客观后果时才译为“所以”。最后，要注意它不能和表示结果的 so … that …混淆。 例句：We should save water and electricity so that future generations can enjoy a better environment. 我们应该节约水电，以便后代能够享有更好的环境。 【即学即练】 1. I got up early so that I could catch the first bus to school. 我早起，以便赶上去学校的第一班公交车。 2. She made a detailed plan so that she would not waste time preparing for the competition. 她制定了详细计划，以免在准备比赛时浪费时间。 3. He practiced speaking English every day so that he could communicate with foreign visitors confidently. 他每天练习说英语，以便能够自信地与外国游客交流。 5. 时间/地点/领域 + see / witness + 变化或事件 “……见证了……；……出现了……；……经历了……”原文：Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。 分析：该句式是英语中常见的书面表达，常用于新闻报道、图表描述和议论文写作，表示“某段时间、某个地方或某一领域发生、出现或经历了某种变化或事件”。这里的see和witness都不是字面上的“看见、目击”，而是引申为“经历、出现、发生、见证”；其中主语通常是表示时间、地点或抽象范围的名词，如the past decade, recent years, the city, the country, the education sector，后面常接增长、下降、变化、发展、改革等名词短语，如rapid growth, a sharp decrease, major changes, the rise of …。这种表达能避免反复使用there was / there were，使语言更正式、更有概括性。 例句：The past few years have seen the rise of short videos and online shopping. 过去几年见证了短视频和网络购物的兴起。 【即学即练】 1. The past decade has seen rapid growth in online education. 过去十年，在线教育经历了迅速发展 2. The countryside has seen remarkable improvements in transportation and education. 农村地区在交通和教育方面取得了显著改善。 3. The digital age has witnessed a dramatic transformation in the way people communicate. 数字时代见证了人们交流方式的巨大变革 一、词汇易混辨析 1. frustrated/ frustrating frustrated：强调“感到沮丧、受挫的人”的情绪；frustrating：强调“令人沮丧、让人受挫的事物或情况”。 易错点：用 frustrating 形容人的感受，或用 frustrated 形容事情。 例子：✅ I felt frustrated because I couldn’t solve the problem. ❌ I felt frustrating because I couldn’t solve the problem. 错误理由：frustrated 表示“感到沮丧、受挫的”，用于描述人的情绪状态。句中的主语 I 是产生这种情绪的人，所以应使用 frustrated。frustrating 表示“令人沮丧、让人受挫的”，用于描述使人产生这种情绪的人、事或情况。因此，I felt frustrating 按字面会变成“我让别人感到沮丧”，而不是“我自己感到沮丧”。 ✅ This is a frustrating problem. ❌ This is a frustrated problem. 错误理由：这里的 problem 是“让人感到受挫的原因”，所以要用 frustrating，表示“令人沮丧的问题”。frustrated 通常描述有情绪的人，表示“感到受挫的”。问题本身不会有“沮丧”的情绪，所以不能说 a frustrated problem。 记忆：-ed：人“感到”怎样；-ing：事物“让人感到”怎样 注意：不过别把口诀绝对化：frustrating也可以修饰人，意思是“这个人让别人受挫”；frustrated也可修饰 ambition、plan等，意思是“受阻的、未实现的”。真正要判断的是：它表示的是感受者，还是造成感受的因素。 2. subscribe to/ agree on subscribe to：主要有两层意思：①“订阅某项服务、报刊或频道”；② 较正式地表示“认同、支持某种观点、理论、信念或原则”。它强调的通常不是一时的同意，而是对某种看法有较稳定、较主动的认可。 agree with：强调“与某人意见一致”或“赞同某个具体观点、建议、说法”。它更常用于日常交流，可以直接接人，也可以接观点、意见、决定等。 易错点：表示“同意某人说的话”时误用 subscribe to；subscribe to 后一般不能直接接人。 例子：✅ I agree with you that students should have enough time to rest after school. ❌ I subscribe to you that students should have enough time to rest after school. 错误理由：agree with + 人 表示“同意某人的看法”。这里的 you 是一个人，因此应说 agree with you。subscribe to 在表示“认同”时，后面通常接 观点、理论、信念、原则 等抽象名词，如 an idea, a belief, a theory，一般不直接接人。 ✅ I subscribe to the idea that exercise is important. ✅ I agree with the idea that exercise is important. 说明：这两句都正确，但语气略有不同。agree with the idea that...：表示“我同意这个具体观点”，语气较日常、直接。subscribe to the idea that...：表示“我认同并支持这种理念”，语气更正式，也更强调较长期或原则性的认可。 记忆：subscribe to = 订阅；认同一套观点。 agree with = 同意某人；赞同某个看法。 3. proof/ evidence proof：强调“足以证明某事真实”的确凿依据，语气更强，常表示结论已经能够成立； evidence：强调“支持某种判断的证据、迹象或材料”，可以由照片、证词、视频、指纹等多项内容构成，但单独一项未必足以完全证明结论。 用法上，proof可以作可数名词，也可以作不可数名词；evidence通常是不可数名词，不能说an evidence，应说a piece of evidence或some evidence。 易错点：把 evidence 当作可数名词使用，或在只表示“支持性材料”时误用 proof。 例子：✅ The police found enough evidence to suggest that he had been near the scene that night. ❌ The police found an evidence that he had been near the scene that night. 错误理由：evidence 通常是不可数名词，前面不能直接用 an。应改为 some evidence、enough evidence 或 a piece of evidence。 ✅ The video provided clear proof that the package had been delivered to the wrong address. ✅ The video provided clear evidence that the package had been delivered to the wrong address. 说明：两句都正确。proof 强调这段视频足以把事实证明清楚；evidence 只强调视频是支持这一判断的重要证据，语气相对弱一些。 ✅ The fingerprints were strong evidence that someone had entered the room before the police arrived. ❌ The fingerprints were a proof that someone had entered the room before the police arrived. 错误理由：这里的指纹只是支持“有人进入过房间”的线索，未必已经能完全证明具体是谁进入或事情的全部经过，因此用 evidence 更准确。若证据足以得出确定结论，才更适合用 proof。 4. suspect/ doubt suspect：强调“根据迹象、线索或感觉，认为某事可能是真的”，但还没有确凿证据；常用于怀疑某人做了某事，或推测某件事可能发生。 doubt：强调“对某事不相信、没有把握，认为它可能不是真的或不太可能发生”。 易错点：把doubt误当成“怀疑某事是真的”。 例子：✅ I suspect that he left early because he looked upset. ❌ I doubt that he left early because he looked upset. 错误理由：suspect that he left early 表示“我根据他看起来不开心这一线索，觉得他很可能早走了”。而doubt that he left early 表示“我不太相信他早走了”，与后面的原因逻辑相反。 ✅ The police suspect him of taking the missing wallet. ❌ The police doubt him of taking the missing wallet. 错误理由：表示“怀疑某人做了某事”时，常用suspect somebody of doing something。doubt 不用于doubt somebody of doing something 这一结构；它通常接名词、代词或从句，表示“不相信、质疑”。 补充：✔ I don’t doubt that she will finish the project on time. 意思是“我相信她会按时完成项目。” 错误提醒：don’t doubt that... 不是“不怀疑但不确定”，而通常表示“相信、确信”。 记忆：suspect that... = 怀疑……很可能是真的。 doubt that... = 怀疑……不是真的／不太可能是真的。 5. decrease/ reduce/ decline decrease：强调数量、程度、价格、温度等“变少、下降”，既可表示事物自然下降，也可表示使某物减少；常用于较客观的数量变化。 reduce：强调“主动使……减少”，通常需要人、机构、政策或措施作主语，后面直接接被减少的对象。 decline：强调数量、水平、质量、健康状况等“逐渐下降”，常用于销售额、人口、经济、质量等较正式语境；表示“下降”时通常不直接接宾语。 易错点：把 reduce 用于事物自然下降，或把表示“下降”的decline当作及物动词使用。 例子：✅ The number of visitors decreased during the rainy weekend. ❌ The number of visitors reduced during the rainy weekend. 错误理由：这里描述的是游客数量自然减少，应使用decrease。reduce通常强调“某人或某种措施使某物减少”，更自然的表达是：The museum reduced ticket prices during the rainy weekend. ✅ The company reduced its advertising budget last month. ❌ The company declined its advertising budget last month. 错误理由：reduce 可以直接接宾语，表示“主动减少广告预算”。decline 表示“下降”时通常作不及物动词，不能直接说 decline its budget。应说：The company’s advertising budget declined last month. 记忆：decrease表示“变少”，reduce表示“使……变少”，decline表示“逐渐下降”。 6. transform/ change transform：强调“彻底改变、使发生显著转变”，通常指外观、性质、功能或状态发生较大变化，变成明显不同的新事物；常用结构是transform A into B。 change：表示一般的“改变、变化”，范围更广，可以是小的、暂时的或日常的调整，也可以指较大的变化；常用结构有change sth、change from A to B。 易错点：把普通、局部的调整误用为transform；或把transform A into B误写成transform A to B。 例子：✅ The museum changed its opening hours for the summer. ❌ The museum transformed its opening hours for the summer. 错误理由：这里仅指博物馆调整夏季开放时间，属于日常、局部的改变，应使用 change。transform 强调根本性或显著的转变，用来修饰“开放时间”会显得夸张、不自然。 ✅ The renovation transformed the old warehouse into a lively arts center. ❌ The renovation transformed the old warehouse to a lively arts center. 错误理由：表示“把 A 变成 B”时，transform 后通常接 into，即 transform A into B。to 常用于change A to B或change from A to B等结构，不能直接替代这里的 into。 补充：✅ The renovation changed the old warehouse into a lively arts center. 这句语法上也正确，但 changed 只表示“发生了变化”；transformed 更能突出这次翻修带来了彻底、显著的改变。 二、短语搭配易错 1. used to do sth过去常常做某事 used to + 动词原形，表示过去经常做某事或过去存在某种状态，但现在通常已经不再这样了。它后面要接动词原形，不能接动名词。 易错点：把 used to 后面的动词误用成动名词。 例子：✅ She used to walk to school every morning. ❌ She used to walking to school every morning. 2. attend to照料 attend to：表示“照料、照顾某人”或“处理、关注某事”。其中 to 是介词，后面接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把 attend to 后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ The nurse is attending to an elderly patient in the next room. ❌ The nurse is attending to care for an elderly patient in the next room. 3. be contradictory to与……相矛盾 be contradictory to：表示“与某事、某种说法或事实相矛盾”。其中 to 是介词，后面通常接名词、代词或名词性从句；常用于比较观点、证据、陈述和事实之间的不一致。 易错点：漏掉介词 to。 例子：✅ His explanation is contradictory to what he said yesterday. ❌ His explanation is contradictory what he said yesterday. 4. subscribe to同意；赞同 subscribe to 表示“认同、赞同某种观点、理论、信念或原则”。to 是介词，后面通常接名词、代词或动名词，不直接接人；常见搭配有 subscribe to an idea / a belief / a theory。 易错点：把subscribe to后面直接接人，或接动词原形。 例子：✅ She subscribes to the idea of protecting animals. ❌ She subscribes to protect animals. 5. be to blame for ... 对……应负责任 be to blame for ... 表示“某人应对某件坏事、错误或问题负责”。其中 to blame 是固定搭配，常用于说明责任归属；for 后面接名词、代词或动名词。 易错点：把 to blame误写成 to be blamed，或在for后面直接接动词原形。 例子：✅ The careless driver is to blame for the accident. ❌ The careless driver is to be blamed for the accident. 6. be linked to与……连接；与……有关联，与……有联系 be linked to 表示“与……连接”或“与……存在关联”。既可表示实际的物理连接，也可表示两个事物之间有原因、影响或联系。to后面接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把to后面的动词误用成原形。 例子：✅ Regular exercise is linked to better sleep quality. ❌ Regular exercise is linked to improve sleep quality. 7. thanks to幸亏；由于 thanks to表示“由于、因为”，后接名词、代词或名词短语；常用于说明某个原因带来了好的结果，因此也可译为“幸亏”。 易错点：thanks to后不能直接接动词原形；表示原因时，后面应接名词或动名词短语。 例子：✅ Thanks to your help, I finished the project on time. ❌ Thanks to help me, I finished the project on time. 三、句型易错点 1. how 引导宾语从句：动词 + how + 主语 + 谓语 课文：John Snow showed how it could be overcome. 易错点：how 后面是宾语从句，要用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序。 例子：✅ John Snow showed how the disease could be controlled. ❌ John Snow showed how could the disease be controlled. 2. because 引导原因状语从句：主句 + because + 从句 课文：John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. 易错点：because表示原因，不能和so连用。 例子：✅ Snow felt frustrated because nobody knew the cause. ❌ Because nobody knew the cause, so Snow felt frustrated. 3. One ... was that ..., and another was that ...：一个……是……，另一个……是…… 课文：One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection. 易错点：that引导表语从句，说明“理论的具体内容”；不能直接把完整句子放在was后面而省略that。 例：✅ One explanation was that polluted water caused the disease. ❌ One explanation was polluted water caused the disease. 4. so + 形容词/副词 + that + 从句：如此……以至于…… 课文：The cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 易错点：so后接形容词或副词，that 后接完整句子；不能漏掉that。 例子：✅ The outbreak was so serious that hundreds of people died. ❌ The outbreak was so serious hundreds of people died. 5. There be句型：There + be + 名词 + 地点/时间 课文：There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street. 易错点：谓语动词be的单复数要与后面的真正主语一致；multiple deaths是复数，因此用were。 例：✅ There were several deaths near the water pump. ❌ There was several deaths near the water pump. 6. the way + 主语 + 谓语：……的方式 课文：Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. 易错点：the way 后可以直接接完整从句；一般不与 how 连用。 例子：✅ Snow changed the way scientists study diseases today. ❌ Snow changed the way how scientists study diseases today. $Unit 1 Science and Scientists Reading and Thinking To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science. —Albert Einstein & Leopold Infeld 译文：提出新的问题、开辟新的可能性，或从新的角度审视旧问题，都需要创造性的想象力；而这正是真正的科学进步的标志。 解读：这句话出自爱因斯坦与利奥波德·英费尔德合著的《物理学的进化》。它强调，科学的发展并不只是依靠在既定框架内寻找答案，更重要的是能够发现旧问题中被忽略的矛盾、空白与可能性，并以新的方式重新提出问题。解答一个问题，往往需要数学计算、实验方法和技术能力；而提出一个真正重要的新问题，则需要突破惯有思维的创造性想象力。许多科学突破正是如此产生的：研究者并非立刻得到了答案，而是先意识到原有的提问方式不够准确，或既有理论无法解释新的现象，于是重新界定问题、调整观察角度，进而打开新的研究道路。因此，这句话并不是轻视答案的价值，而是在说明：真正推动科学前进的，除了“把题做对”的能力，更有“发现什么才是值得问的问题”的能力。 一、重点单词 1. adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的 2. adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 3. adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 4. n.感染；传染 5. n.微生物；细菌；病菌 6. vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) 7. n.证据；证明；检验 8. adj.数量多的；多种多样的 9. n.泵；抽水机；打气筒 10. n．一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人 11. vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 12. vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责 13. n．把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)；(用手)触碰 14. n.介入；出面；干涉 15. vt.使感染；传染 16. n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联 17. adj.未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的 18. adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的 19. adj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 20. n．减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 21. vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变 22. n. 显微镜 二、重点单词变形 1. frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→ vt.使懊恼；使沮丧→ n. 沮丧；懊恼；挫败 2. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的→ v. 与……矛盾；否认；反驳 3. proof n. 证据；证明；检验→ vt.证明 4. infection n. 感染；传染→ vt. 使感染；传染→ adj. 感染的；传染的 5. multiple adj. 数量多的；多种多样的→ v. 乘；成倍增加；(使)繁殖 6. suspect vt. 怀疑；猜想n. 嫌疑犯；可疑对象adj. 可疑的；不可信的→ adj. 怀疑的；可疑的→suspicion n. 怀疑；疑心；嫌疑→ adv. 怀疑地；可疑地 7. intervention n. 介入；出面；干涉→ vi. 干扰；介入 8. pure adj. 干净的；纯的；纯粹的→ adv. 完全地；纯粹地→ vt. 净化；使……洁净 9. transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态　vi. 改变；转变→ n. 改观；改变 10. subscribe vi. 订阅；订购；赞同→ n. 订阅；订购；订阅费→ n. 订阅者；用户 11. contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的→ vt. 反驳；与……矛盾→ n. 矛盾；反驳；不一致 12. investigate vt. 调查；研究；侦查→ n. 调查；研究；侦查→ n. 调查员；研究者；侦探→ adj. 调查性的；研究性的 三、必备词块 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. 过去常常做某事 2. 经过一段时间之后；迟早；最后 3. 照料 4. 生(孩子)；分娩 5. 最终地；彻底地 6. 通常；一般而言 7. 同意；赞同 8. 决心做某事 9. 水泵 10. 更重要的是；而且 11. 由于……(后跟原因) 12. 有可能做某事 13. 幸亏；由于 14. (对某事)负有责任 15. 最可怕的疾病 四、核心词汇 1. subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) 原文：Snow subscribed to the second theory. 斯诺赞同第二种看法。 词形变化：subscription n. 订阅；订购；会费 subscriber n. 订阅者；认购者；用户 常见搭配：subscribe to sth同意（= agree on）；赞同；定期捐款；订阅(杂志或报纸) subscribe to a belief / theory / view 赞同某种信念／理论／观点 subscribe to a club 定期缴纳会费加入俱乐部 subscribe to a newspaper / magazine / channel 订阅报纸／杂志／频道 subscribe for sth 认购股份 subscribe for shares 认购股份 例句：She does not subscribe to the idea that money brings happiness. 她并不赞同“金钱带来幸福”这一观点。 【即学即练】 1. I decided to take out a (subscribe) to a gardening magazine. 2. Cable television companies have launched major campaigns to increase their number of (subscribe). 3. 写出下列句中黑体部分的汉语意思 ① He subscribes to the view that children can benefit from being independent. ② This is the school your father subscribed to generously in the past. ③ Using the money I earned in the holiday, I have subscribed to several magazines recently. 2. suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任　n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 原文：Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。 词形变化：suspicious adj. 怀疑的；可疑的 suspicion n. 怀疑；疑心；嫌疑 suspiciously adv. 怀疑地；可疑地 常见搭配：v. 怀疑；猜想；认为……可能 suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人做了某事 suspect that... 怀疑 / 觉得…… suspect sb. to be... 怀疑某人是…… n. 嫌疑人 a murder suspect 一名谋杀案嫌疑人 例句：She was suspected of cheating in the final examination, but no clear evidence was found. 她被怀疑在期末考试中作弊，但没有发现确凿证据。 注意：suspect sb. of doing sth. 是高频考点，不能说：suspect sb. to do sth.；suspect 后接从句时，常带“我觉得可能如此，但不确定”的语气。 【即学即练】 1. We had long suspected him (be) the person responsible for the mistake. 2. The police suspected the man of (steal) the valuable painting. 3. I suspect he knows more about the accident than he is willing to tell us. 4. Several members of staff are under (suspect) of stealing money. 5. His colleagues became (suspect) when he did not appear at work, since he was always punctual. 3. blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责　n．责备；指责 原文：Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. 斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。 常见搭配：vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 blame sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而责备某人 blame sth. on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事 be to blame (for sth.) 应对某事负责；该受责备 shift the blame onto sb. 把责任转嫁给某人 n．责备；指责 bear/take the blame (for sth) (对某事)承担责任 put/lay the blame (for sth) on sb (将某事)归咎于某人 例句：Don’t blame others for your own mistakes; instead, learn from them and try to do better next time. 不要因为自己的错误而责怪别人；相反，应从中吸取教训，争取下次做得更好。 注意：be to blame中的to blame用主动形式表达被动含义。 【即学即练】 1. The teacher did not blame Tom for (be) late because he helped an injured old man on his way to school. 2. Parents should not always put the blame their children when problems arise. 3. She took the blame the broken window, although it was actually an accident. 4. No one but himself was (blame) for missing such a valuable opportunity.. 5. Many people blame the heavy traffic the rapid increase in the number of private cars. 4. link n．联系；纽带　vt.把……连接起来；相关联原文：Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. 此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。 常见搭配：n. 联系；纽带　 a link between A and B A和B之间的联系 a link with sb./sth. 与某人/某事的联系 establish / build a link建立联系 click on a link 点击链接 vt. 把……连接起来；相关联 link ... to/with ... 将……和……联系或连接起来 link up with 与……连接起来；使结合 例句：There is a close link between regular exercise and good health. 经常锻炼与健康之间有密切联系。 【即学即练】 1. Click the link to find more information about the competition. 2. Although they live far apart, the Internet enables them to stay (link). 3. Scientists have linked air pollution a growing number of health problems. 4. We should link up other English learners from around the world. 5. decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低原文：Through Snow’s tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。 常见搭配： n. 减少；降低；减少量 decrease in sth. 某方面的减少 a decrease of + 数字/百分比 减少了……　 on the decrease在减少；在下降 vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 decrease to ... 减少到…… decrease by ... 减少了…… decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到…… 拓展：decrease的反义词increase的用法：increase to ... 增加(长)到…… increase by ... 增加(长)了…… on the increase 正在增加 例句：The population of this small town is on the decrease because many young people move to big cities. 这个小镇的人口正在减少，因为许多年轻人搬到了大城市。 【即学即练】 1. The unemployment rate decreased 6 percent 4 percent last year. 2. There has been a significant decrease the use of plastic bags in our school. 3. The price of wheat has decreased 5 per cent. 4. Thanks to stricter traffic rules, the number of road accidents is the decrease. 5. After several days of treatment, his temperature decreased normal. 6. thanks to幸亏；由于 原文：Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. 幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。 解析：thanks to意为“多亏；由于”，后面接名词、代词或动名词，常用来强调某个原因带来了积极、令 人满意的结果，语气中往往带有感谢或肯定的意味。它和because of一样都表示原因，但thanks to更适合用于好结果，例如：Thanks to the teachers’ help, I made great progress in English. 不过，它有时也可用于带一点讽刺意味的坏结果，如：Thanks to the traffic jam, we missed the train. 使用时注意，thanks to后面不能直接接完整句子，应接名词性成分。 拓展：表示“因为；由于”的短语 (1) because of最常用、最自然，口语和书面语都可以用，语气中性。它可以放在句首或句末，单纯说明原因。 (2) owing to意思和because of很接近，但更正式一些，常见于通知、报道、说明文或书面表达中。强调某件事是由某个原因造成的。 (3) due to也表示“由于”，常用于较正式的书面语。它尤其常放在be due to后，说明某种结果、现象或问题的原因。 (4) as a result of意思是“由于……的结果”，比单纯的because of更强调“原因导致了后果”。后面通常接一个比较明确的事件、行为或情况。 (5) on account of意思也是“因为；由于”，语气较正式，常用于书面语、通知和正式说明中。它与because of基本可以互换，但日常对话里不如because of常见。 例句：The baby is awake thanks to you and your shouting. 都怪你和你的大喊大叫，把婴儿吵醒了。 【即学即练】 1. It’s thanks Sandy that I heard about the job. 2. , I managed to finish the work on time.多亏了你的及时帮助，我按时完成了工作。 3. 句型转换 The meeting was postponed because the chairman was ill. →The meeting was postponed . 7. transform vt. 使改观；使改变形态　vi. 改变；转变 原文：Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. 此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。 词形变化：transformation n. 改观；改变 transformative adj. 带来重大变化的 常见搭配：transform ... into ... 使……变成…… transform into 转化成；改造为 be transformed from ... into ... 由……变成…… 例句： 常见搭配：transform A from ... into ... 把A从……变成…… be transformed from ... into ... 由……变成…… 例句：Education can transform a poor village from an isolated place into a lively community. 教育能够把一个贫困、闭塞的村庄变成充满活力的社区。 【即学即练】 1. With the help of modern technology, deserts can be transformed fertile land. 2. The volunteers worked together (transform) the empty land into a beautiful community garden. 3. Going to college brought about a dramatic (transform) in her outlook. 4. Such a theory stresses the (transform) and educational possibilities of architecture. 五、经典句式 1. … until …. “直到……才…… / 一直……到……”原文：Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. 在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。 分析：… until … 表示某个动作、状态或情况持续到某一时间点为止，具体译法要看主句是否带否定：(1) 在肯定句中，通常译为“一直……到……”，强调动作或状态在until所引导的时间之前一直持续；(2) 在否定句中，常构成not … until …，译为“直到……才……”，强调主句动作在until所表示的时间到来后才发生。until 后既可以接表示时间的名词短语，也可以接时间状语从句。 拓展：(1) until可换成till，意思相同，但till更口语化，正式写作中更推荐用until； (2) not … until … 若放在句首，主句要部分倒装，如Not until he explained it did I understand the problem.； (3) until引导时间状语从句时，即使主句表示将来，从句通常也用一般现在时，不用一般将来时，如I won’t leave until he comes back.，不能说until he will come back。 (4) 肯定句中的 until 强调“动作或状态持续到某时”，所以通常和持续性动词连用，如 She lived there until 2020.；若是短暂动作，常用否定结构not … until …，如 She didn’t arrive until 2020. (5) 强调句It was not until … that …. 例句：I will keep trying until I achieve my goal. 我会一直努力，直到实现目标 【即学即练】 1. . 在找到解决问题的方法之前，我们不应该放弃。 2. I didn’t understand the meaning of responsibility until I joined the volunteer activity. (改为倒装句) . 3. I didn’t realize how much I loved it until I left my hometown. (改为强调句) . 2. so ... that ...“如此……以至于……”原文：He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。 分析：so … that … 表示“如此……以至于……”，用来说明前面的程度很高，从而导致后面的结果；其中so用来修饰形容词或副词，that引导结果状语从句，基本结构是so + 形容词/副词 + that + 句子 拓展：(1) 引导结果状语从句的两个句型：so 修饰形容词或副词，而 such 修饰名词短语 ① so ... that ... so＋adj./adv.＋that ... so＋adj.＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that ... so＋many/much/few/little＋可数名词复数/不可数名词＋that ... ② such ... that ... such＋adj.＋可数名词复数/不可数名词＋that ... such＋a/an＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋that ...　(＝ so＋adj.＋a/an ＋可数名词单数＋that ...) (2) 当so或such位于句首时，主句应用部分倒装形式，如 So tired was he that he fell asleep immediately. 例句：It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything. 天太黑了，以至于我什么也看不见。 【即学即练】 1. There were few students in the classroom that the teacher canceled the class. 2. He made great progress that his parents were very proud of him. 3. It was such an exciting match that we all shouted loudly. (改为so … that … 结构) .. 4. The news was so surprising that nobody could believe it. (改为倒装句) . 3. It seemed that ... “好像……；似乎……”原文：It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。 分析：It seemed that … 表示“好像……；似乎……”，用来根据当时看到、听到或感觉到的情况作出不完全确定的判断，语气比直接陈述更委婉，常暗示“看上去是这样，但未必完全确定”。其中it是形式主语，真正表达内容的是后面的that从句，基本结构为It seemed that + 句子，这个句式常用于叙述过去发生的事情，因此seemed多用过去式；也可以根据时态改为It seems that …，表示现在的判断，在口语或写作中，它还常可改写为It seemed/seems as if/as though … 或Someone seemed/seems to do…。 例句：It seemed that nothing could stop him from achieving his dream. 似乎没有什么能够阻止他实现梦想。 【即学即练】 1. seemed that the whole world had fallen silent after the heavy snow. 2. As I stood on the stage, . 当我站在舞台上时，我的心似乎比以往任何时候都跳得更快。 3. For a moment, , leaving only the sound of the rain. 有那么一瞬间，时间似乎停止了，只剩下雨声。 4. … so that … “为了……；以便……”原文：Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. 于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。 分析：… so that … 常用于表示目的，意为“为了……；以便……”，说明主句采取某个动作是为了实现后面从句所表示的目标，基本结构是“主句 + so that + 从句”。在这种用法中，so that后面通常接完整句子，并常与can, could, may, might, will, would等情态动词连用。需要注意的是，so that 后不能直接接动词原形或名词；如果主句和从句主语相同，也常可改用 in order to / so as to + 动词原形 拓展：so that 有时也可表示结果，意为“因此；所以”，这时后面通常不是“目的”，而是事情自然产生的后果，不过在高中写作中，最好通过是否含有情态动词和语境来判断：有明确“想达到的目标”时多为“为了”，表示客观后果时才译为“所以”。最后，要注意它不能和表示结果的 so … that …混淆。 例句：We should save water and electricity so that future generations can enjoy a better environment. 我们应该节约水电，以便后代能够享有更好的环境。 【即学即练】 1. I got up early . 我早起，以便赶上去学校的第一班公交车。 2. She made a detailed plan . 她制定了详细计划，以免在准备比赛时浪费时间。 3. He practiced speaking English every day . 他每天练习说英语，以便能够自信地与外国游客交流。 5. 时间/地点/领域 + see / witness + 变化或事件 “……见证了……；……出现了……；……经历了……”原文：Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. 经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。 分析：该句式是英语中常见的书面表达，常用于新闻报道、图表描述和议论文写作，表示“某段时间、某个地方或某一领域发生、出现或经历了某种变化或事件”。这里的see和witness都不是字面上的“看见、目击”，而是引申为“经历、出现、发生、见证”；其中主语通常是表示时间、地点或抽象范围的名词，如the past decade, recent years, the city, the country, the education sector，后面常接增长、下降、变化、发展、改革等名词短语，如rapid growth, a sharp decrease, major changes, the rise of …。这种表达能避免反复使用there was / there were，使语言更正式、更有概括性。 例句：The past few years have seen the rise of short videos and online shopping. 过去几年见证了短视频和网络购物的兴起。 【即学即练】 1. . 过去十年，在线教育经历了迅速发展 2. . 农村地区在交通和教育方面取得了显著改善。 3. . 数字时代见证了人们交流方式的巨大变革 一、词汇易混辨析 1. frustrated/ frustrating frustrated：强调“感到沮丧、受挫的人”的情绪；frustrating：强调“令人沮丧、让人受挫的事物或情况”。 易错点：用 frustrating 形容人的感受，或用 frustrated 形容事情。 例子：✅ I felt frustrated because I couldn’t solve the problem. ❌ I felt frustrating because I couldn’t solve the problem. 错误理由：frustrated 表示“感到沮丧、受挫的”，用于描述人的情绪状态。句中的主语 I 是产生这种情绪的人，所以应使用 frustrated。frustrating 表示“令人沮丧、让人受挫的”，用于描述使人产生这种情绪的人、事或情况。因此，I felt frustrating 按字面会变成“我让别人感到沮丧”，而不是“我自己感到沮丧”。 ✅ This is a frustrating problem. ❌ This is a frustrated problem. 错误理由：这里的 problem 是“让人感到受挫的原因”，所以要用 frustrating，表示“令人沮丧的问题”。frustrated 通常描述有情绪的人，表示“感到受挫的”。问题本身不会有“沮丧”的情绪，所以不能说 a frustrated problem。 记忆：-ed：人“感到”怎样；-ing：事物“让人感到”怎样 注意：不过别把口诀绝对化：frustrating也可以修饰人，意思是“这个人让别人受挫”；frustrated也可修饰 ambition、plan等，意思是“受阻的、未实现的”。真正要判断的是：它表示的是感受者，还是造成感受的因素。 2. subscribe to/ agree on subscribe to：主要有两层意思：①“订阅某项服务、报刊或频道”；② 较正式地表示“认同、支持某种观点、理论、信念或原则”。它强调的通常不是一时的同意，而是对某种看法有较稳定、较主动的认可。 agree with：强调“与某人意见一致”或“赞同某个具体观点、建议、说法”。它更常用于日常交流，可以直接接人，也可以接观点、意见、决定等。 易错点：表示“同意某人说的话”时误用 subscribe to；subscribe to 后一般不能直接接人。 例子：✅ I agree with you that students should have enough time to rest after school. ❌ I subscribe to you that students should have enough time to rest after school. 错误理由：agree with + 人 表示“同意某人的看法”。这里的 you 是一个人，因此应说 agree with you。subscribe to 在表示“认同”时，后面通常接 观点、理论、信念、原则 等抽象名词，如 an idea, a belief, a theory，一般不直接接人。 ✅ I subscribe to the idea that exercise is important. ✅ I agree with the idea that exercise is important. 说明：这两句都正确，但语气略有不同。agree with the idea that...：表示“我同意这个具体观点”，语气较日常、直接。subscribe to the idea that...：表示“我认同并支持这种理念”，语气更正式，也更强调较长期或原则性的认可。 记忆：subscribe to = 订阅；认同一套观点。 agree with = 同意某人；赞同某个看法。 3. proof/ evidence proof：强调“足以证明某事真实”的确凿依据，语气更强，常表示结论已经能够成立； evidence：强调“支持某种判断的证据、迹象或材料”，可以由照片、证词、视频、指纹等多项内容构成，但单独一项未必足以完全证明结论。 用法上，proof可以作可数名词，也可以作不可数名词；evidence通常是不可数名词，不能说an evidence，应说a piece of evidence或some evidence。 易错点：把 evidence 当作可数名词使用，或在只表示“支持性材料”时误用 proof。 例子：✅ The police found enough evidence to suggest that he had been near the scene that night. ❌ The police found an evidence that he had been near the scene that night. 错误理由：evidence 通常是不可数名词，前面不能直接用 an。应改为 some evidence、enough evidence 或 a piece of evidence。 ✅ The video provided clear proof that the package had been delivered to the wrong address. ✅ The video provided clear evidence that the package had been delivered to the wrong address. 说明：两句都正确。proof 强调这段视频足以把事实证明清楚；evidence 只强调视频是支持这一判断的重要证据，语气相对弱一些。 ✅ The fingerprints were strong evidence that someone had entered the room before the police arrived. ❌ The fingerprints were a proof that someone had entered the room before the police arrived. 错误理由：这里的指纹只是支持“有人进入过房间”的线索，未必已经能完全证明具体是谁进入或事情的全部经过，因此用 evidence 更准确。若证据足以得出确定结论，才更适合用 proof。 4. suspect/ doubt suspect：强调“根据迹象、线索或感觉，认为某事可能是真的”，但还没有确凿证据；常用于怀疑某人做了某事，或推测某件事可能发生。 doubt：强调“对某事不相信、没有把握，认为它可能不是真的或不太可能发生”。 易错点：把doubt误当成“怀疑某事是真的”。 例子：✅ I suspect that he left early because he looked upset. ❌ I doubt that he left early because he looked upset. 错误理由：suspect that he left early 表示“我根据他看起来不开心这一线索，觉得他很可能早走了”。而doubt that he left early 表示“我不太相信他早走了”，与后面的原因逻辑相反。 ✅ The police suspect him of taking the missing wallet. ❌ The police doubt him of taking the missing wallet. 错误理由：表示“怀疑某人做了某事”时，常用suspect somebody of doing something。doubt 不用于doubt somebody of doing something 这一结构；它通常接名词、代词或从句，表示“不相信、质疑”。 补充：✔ I don’t doubt that she will finish the project on time. 意思是“我相信她会按时完成项目。” 错误提醒：don’t doubt that... 不是“不怀疑但不确定”，而通常表示“相信、确信”。 记忆：suspect that... = 怀疑……很可能是真的。 doubt that... = 怀疑……不是真的／不太可能是真的。 5. decrease/ reduce/ decline decrease：强调数量、程度、价格、温度等“变少、下降”，既可表示事物自然下降，也可表示使某物减少；常用于较客观的数量变化。 reduce：强调“主动使……减少”，通常需要人、机构、政策或措施作主语，后面直接接被减少的对象。 decline：强调数量、水平、质量、健康状况等“逐渐下降”，常用于销售额、人口、经济、质量等较正式语境；表示“下降”时通常不直接接宾语。 易错点：把 reduce 用于事物自然下降，或把表示“下降”的decline当作及物动词使用。 例子：✅ The number of visitors decreased during the rainy weekend. ❌ The number of visitors reduced during the rainy weekend. 错误理由：这里描述的是游客数量自然减少，应使用decrease。reduce通常强调“某人或某种措施使某物减少”，更自然的表达是：The museum reduced ticket prices during the rainy weekend. ✅ The company reduced its advertising budget last month. ❌ The company declined its advertising budget last month. 错误理由：reduce 可以直接接宾语，表示“主动减少广告预算”。decline 表示“下降”时通常作不及物动词，不能直接说 decline its budget。应说：The company’s advertising budget declined last month. 记忆：decrease表示“变少”，reduce表示“使……变少”，decline表示“逐渐下降”。 6. transform/ change transform：强调“彻底改变、使发生显著转变”，通常指外观、性质、功能或状态发生较大变化，变成明显不同的新事物；常用结构是transform A into B。 change：表示一般的“改变、变化”，范围更广，可以是小的、暂时的或日常的调整，也可以指较大的变化；常用结构有change sth、change from A to B。 易错点：把普通、局部的调整误用为transform；或把transform A into B误写成transform A to B。 例子：✅ The museum changed its opening hours for the summer. ❌ The museum transformed its opening hours for the summer. 错误理由：这里仅指博物馆调整夏季开放时间，属于日常、局部的改变，应使用 change。transform 强调根本性或显著的转变，用来修饰“开放时间”会显得夸张、不自然。 ✅ The renovation transformed the old warehouse into a lively arts center. ❌ The renovation transformed the old warehouse to a lively arts center. 错误理由：表示“把 A 变成 B”时，transform 后通常接 into，即 transform A into B。to 常用于change A to B或change from A to B等结构，不能直接替代这里的 into。 补充：✅ The renovation changed the old warehouse into a lively arts center. 这句语法上也正确，但 changed 只表示“发生了变化”；transformed 更能突出这次翻修带来了彻底、显著的改变。 二、短语搭配易错 1. used to do sth过去常常做某事 used to + 动词原形，表示过去经常做某事或过去存在某种状态，但现在通常已经不再这样了。它后面要接动词原形，不能接动名词。 易错点：把 used to 后面的动词误用成动名词。 例子：✅ She used to walk to school every morning. ❌ She used to walking to school every morning. 2. attend to照料 attend to：表示“照料、照顾某人”或“处理、关注某事”。其中 to 是介词，后面接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把 attend to 后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ The nurse is attending to an elderly patient in the next room. ❌ The nurse is attending to care for an elderly patient in the next room. 3. be contradictory to与……相矛盾 be contradictory to：表示“与某事、某种说法或事实相矛盾”。其中 to 是介词，后面通常接名词、代词或名词性从句；常用于比较观点、证据、陈述和事实之间的不一致。 易错点：漏掉介词 to。 例子：✅ His explanation is contradictory to what he said yesterday. ❌ His explanation is contradictory what he said yesterday. 4. subscribe to同意；赞同 subscribe to 表示“认同、赞同某种观点、理论、信念或原则”。to 是介词，后面通常接名词、代词或动名词，不直接接人；常见搭配有 subscribe to an idea / a belief / a theory。 易错点：把subscribe to后面直接接人，或接动词原形。 例子：✅ She subscribes to the idea of protecting animals. ❌ She subscribes to protect animals. 5. be to blame for ... 对……应负责任 be to blame for ... 表示“某人应对某件坏事、错误或问题负责”。其中 to blame 是固定搭配，常用于说明责任归属；for 后面接名词、代词或动名词。 易错点：把 to blame误写成 to be blamed，或在for后面直接接动词原形。 例子：✅ The careless driver is to blame for the accident. ❌ The careless driver is to be blamed for the accident. 6. be linked to与……连接；与……有关联，与……有联系 be linked to 表示“与……连接”或“与……存在关联”。既可表示实际的物理连接，也可表示两个事物之间有原因、影响或联系。to后面接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把to后面的动词误用成原形。 例子：✅ Regular exercise is linked to better sleep quality. ❌ Regular exercise is linked to improve sleep quality. 7. thanks to幸亏；由于 thanks to表示“由于、因为”，后接名词、代词或名词短语；常用于说明某个原因带来了好的结果，因此也可译为“幸亏”。 易错点：thanks to后不能直接接动词原形；表示原因时，后面应接名词或动名词短语。 例子：✅ Thanks to your help, I finished the project on time. ❌ Thanks to help me, I finished the project on time. 三、句型易错点 1. how 引导宾语从句：动词 + how + 主语 + 谓语 课文：John Snow showed how it could be overcome. 易错点：how 后面是宾语从句，要用陈述句语序，不能用疑问句语序。 例子：✅ John Snow showed how the disease could be controlled. ❌ John Snow showed how could the disease be controlled. 2. because 引导原因状语从句：主句 + because + 从句 课文：John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. 易错点：because表示原因，不能和so连用。 例子：✅ Snow felt frustrated because nobody knew the cause. ❌ Because nobody knew the cause, so Snow felt frustrated. 3. One ... was that ..., and another was that ...：一个……是……，另一个……是…… 课文：One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection. 易错点：that引导表语从句，说明“理论的具体内容”；不能直接把完整句子放在was后面而省略that。 例：✅ One explanation was that polluted water caused the disease. ❌ One explanation was polluted water caused the disease. 4. so + 形容词/副词 + that + 从句：如此……以至于…… 课文：The cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 易错点：so后接形容词或副词，that 后接完整句子；不能漏掉that。 例子：✅ The outbreak was so serious that hundreds of people died. ❌ The outbreak was so serious hundreds of people died. 5. There be句型：There + be + 名词 + 地点/时间 课文：There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street. 易错点：谓语动词be的单复数要与后面的真正主语一致；multiple deaths是复数，因此用were。 例：✅ There were several deaths near the water pump. ❌ There was several deaths near the water pump. 6. the way + 主语 + 谓语：……的方式 课文：Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. 易错点：the way 后可以直接接完整从句；一般不与 how 连用。 例子：✅ Snow changed the way scientists study diseases today. ❌ Snow changed the way how scientists study diseases today. $