5. 谓语动词 直通新高考英语初升高衔接精讲精练

**基本信息** 以动词分类为基础，通过“时间×形态”框架系统梳理时态、语态及主谓一致三大原则，结合真题实例与分层练习，构建谓语动词完整知识体系，提升语言理解与表达能力。 **专项设计** |模块|题量/典例|方法提炼|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |动词分类|4类说明+例句|按功能分为行为、系、助、情态动词，明确独立与辅助作用|从动词功能切入，奠定谓语构成基础| |时态|9种核心时态+3类练习（21题）|“时间×形态”组合法，重点掌握一般/进行/完成时的构成与标志词|以时间维度（现在/过去/将来）和形态维度（一般/进行/完成）构建时态矩阵| |语态|8种时态被动结构+10题练习|“be+done”核心公式，通过be动词变化体现时态|在时态基础上延伸被动转换，结合高考真题强化应用| |主谓一致|3大原则+10题练习|语法一致、意义一致、就近原则分类记忆法|从语法形式到实际意义，覆盖集合名词等特殊用法|

直通新高考英语 初升高衔接精讲精练 第五讲 谓语动词 学习目标 1. 掌握动词的四大分类（行为、系、助、情态）及其在句中的作用。 2. 理解“时间 × 形态”构成 16 种时态，重点掌握 9 种核心时态。 3. 掌握被动语态“be + done”的构成与各时态变化。 4. 掌握主谓一致的三大原则（语法一致、意义一致、就近原则）。 本讲导读 谓语是句子的灵魂和核心，由动词充当，故称谓语动词。谓语动词涵盖时态、语态、主谓一致、语气四大方面。本讲系统梳理动词分类、十六种时态的构成与用法、被动语态的变换规律以及主谓一致的三大原则，并通过填空与翻译练习帮你牢固掌握谓语动词的核心知识，为高中英语语法学习奠定坚实基础。 ✅ ✅ 热身：感知谓语动词 A powerful earthquake destroyed the whole village last night. 昨晚一场强烈的地震摧毁了整个村庄。 This small town is a peaceful and lovely place. 这座小镇是一处宁静美好的地方。 Those students are discussing the plan in the classroom. 那群学生正在教室里讨论方案。 We could take a walk along the river after dinner. 晚饭后我们可以沿着河边散步。 The school sports meeting will be held next Friday morning. 校运会将于下周五上午举办。 一、动词的分类 Classification of Verbs 动词按其在句中的功能可分为四大类：行为动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。其中行为动词可独立作谓语，又称实义动词；后三类在句中起辅助作用。 类别 说明与例句 行为动词 及物动词 vt.：后面必须接宾语。My brother recommended a useful app. / 不及物动词 vi.：后面不接宾语。The volcano erupted and the tourists fled. 系动词 be (am/is/are/was/were)；感官 look/sound/taste/smell/feel；变化 become/grow/turn/get/go/come/fall；保持 keep/stay/remain；表象 seem/appear。 助动词 be：与 doing 构成进行时，与 done 构成被动语态。do/does/did：构成否定、疑问、强调。have/has/had：与 done 构成完成时态。will/would/shall：构成将来时态。 情态动词 can/could, should, may/might, must, had better, have to 等，与动词原形连用，表达情感态度。We should balance study and exercise. 二、谓语动词的“时与态” Tense & Aspect 英语时态由“时间”与“形态”组合而成。“时间”分为现在、过去、将来、过去将来四种；“形态”分为一般、进行、完成、完成进行四种。两两组合，共 16 种时态。高中阶段需重点掌握一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行等 9 种核心时态。 形态 ＼ 时间 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 do / does did will do would do 进行 am/is/are doing was/were doing will be doing would be doing 完成 have/has done had done will have done would have done 完成进行 have/has been doing had been doing will have been doing would have been doing 1. 谓语动词的时态 —— 一般时 Simple Tenses 时态 用法与构成 一般现在时 表经常性、习惯性动作或客观事实、真理。构成：am/is/are; do/does。例：The earth moves around the sun. 一般过去时 表过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。构成：was/were; did。例：He joined the volunteer group last term. 一般将来时 表将来某时要发生的动作或存在的状态。构成：will/shall do; am/is/are going to do。例：We will take part in the sports meeting. 过去将来时 表从过去某时看来将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。构成：would do; was/were going to do。例：She said she would visit the Great Wall. 即时练习（一般时） 1. The Dragon Boat Festival __________(fall) on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. 2. The sun __________(rise) in the east and __________(set) in the west. 3. Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _____________ (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. 4. We __________(organize) a charity sale for the disaster area next week. 5. If their marketing plans succeed, they _____________(increase) their sales by 20 percent. 6. The teacher said the field trip __________(be) both fun and meaningful. 2. 谓语动词的时态 —— 进行时 Progressive Tenses 时态 用法与构成 现在进行时 表示正在进行的动作；也可表示将来已确定的安排（常用 go, come, start, move, leave）。构成：am/is/are doing。例：Look! The students are practicing. 过去进行时 表示过去正在进行的动作，常与 when/while 引导的从句搭配。构成：was/were doing。例：I was reading when the earthquake happened. 将来进行时 表示将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。构成：will be doing。例：This time next week, we will be climbing Mount Tai. 即时练习（进行时） 1. Look! The children __________(play) basketball on the playground. 2. We __________(leave) for the summer camp tomorrow morning. 3. He __________(listen) to English songs when the teacher came in. 4. This time next month, she __________(travel) around France. 5. At eight o'clock last night, I __________(watch) a documentary on TV. 3. 谓语动词的时态 —— 完成时 Perfect Tenses 时态 用法与构成 现在完成时 表动作已完成或持续到现在，强调对现在的影响；常与 already, yet, just, ever, never, since, for 连用。构成：have/has done。例：We have learned over 1,000 words this term. 过去完成时 表示过去某时之前已完成的动作，即“过去的过去”；常与 by the time, before, when 连用。构成：had done。例：By the time the rescue team arrived, many had escaped. 现在完成进行时 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，可能还要继续。构成：have/has been doing。例：I have been learning English since I was ten. 即时练习（完成时） 1. In the last five years, Cao __________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents. 2. Since 2011, the country ___________ (grow) more corn than rice. 3. By about 6000 BC, people ______________ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise. 4. I __________(finish) my homework already, so I can go out to play. 5. She said she __________(see) that film before, so she didn't want to see it again. 6. We __________(live) in this quiet neighborhood since 2010. 7. He __________(work) on this research project for three hours without a break. 8. By the time we got to the station, the train __________(leave). 三、谓语动词的语态 —— 主动与被动 Voice: Active & Passive 语态分为主动语态和被动语态。被动语态强调动作的承受者，基本构成是“be + 过去分词（done）”。被动语态的各种时态通过 be 动词的变化来体现。 时态 被动结构 例句 一般现在时 am/is/are done English is spoken in many countries. 一般过去时 was/were done The bridge was built by the local people in 1990. 一般将来时 will be done The new library will be completed next year. 现在进行时 am/is/are being done The injured players are being treated in the hospital. 过去进行时 was/were being done The village was being rebuilt when the second quake hit. 现在完成时 have/has been done The lost hikers have been found by the rescue team. 过去完成时 had been done The old town had been destroyed before the army arrived. 含情态动词 can/must be done The fire must be reported at once. 即时练习（被动语态） 1. English __________(speak) as a second language in many African countries. 2. The whole village __________(destroy) by the earthquake last night. 3. The new teaching building __________(build) next year. 4. The injured climber __________(treat) in the hospital now. 5. Such dangerous behavior must __________(stop) at once. 6. Drivers __________(require) to switch off their mobile phones while driving nowadays. 7. (2021全国甲卷) It __________ (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been restored. 8. (2017全国Ⅰ卷) When fat and salt _____________(remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. 9. (2016全国II卷) Truly elegant chopsticks might ____________(make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. 10. The window __________(break) by the naughty boy with a stone yesterday. 四、谓语动词的主谓一致原则 Subject-Verb Agreement 主谓一致指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语保持一致。英语中有三大原则：语法一致、意义一致、就近原则。 原则 规则与例句 语法一致 谓语动词与主语在语法形式上保持一致，主语单数用单数，复数用复数。例：Books are our good friends. / Tom prefers science to art. 意义一致 谓语动词与主语的实际意义保持一致。people, the police, cattle 等用复数；news, physics, mathematics 等用单数；family, team, class 等集合名词强调整体用单数，强调个体用复数。例：The police are searching... / The news is frightening. 就近原则 谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致，适用于 there be 句型及 or / either...or / neither...nor / not only...but also 连接的并列主语。例：There is a dictionary and two notebooks. / Not only the teacher but also the students are excited. 即时练习（主谓一致） 1. The number of people invited to the party ____________(be) fifty, but a number of them ____________(be) absent for different reasons. 2. Not only the mother but also the children ____________(be) there then. 3. There __________(be) lots of people at the restaurant when I got there. 4. (2016全国II卷) Leaving the less important things until tomorrow _______(be) often acceptable. 5. The police _______(be) determined to bring back the thieves for further investigation. 6. The news __________(be) very encouraging, so everyone cheered up. 7. Mathematics __________(be) my favorite subject when I was in senior high. 8. Either the teacher or the students __________(be) wrong about the answer. 9. Two thirds of the water in the lake __________(be) seriously polluted. 10. My family __________(be) a big one with ten members, but my family __________(be) all very friendly to neighbors. 课后练习 一、用括号内动词的正确形式填空（共 20 题） 1. The school library __________(open) at 8 a.m. and closes at 9 p.m. every day. 2. By the end of last term, we __________(learn) more than 2,000 English words. 3. A new bridge __________(build) across the river next year. 4. Look at the dark clouds! It __________(rain) soon. 5. He __________(read) a novel when I called him last night. 6. The birthday cake __________(make) by my mother yesterday evening. 7. Neither the students nor the teacher __________(know) the correct answer. 8. The number of students in our school __________(be) increasing year by year. 9. We __________(wait) for the bus at the stop for half an hour. 10. She said she __________(attend) the lecture the following day. 11. The important documents __________(send) to the manager by now. 12. Two fifths of the land in this area __________(cover) with green trees. 13. We __________(keep) in close touch with each other since we graduated from high school. 14. A wonderful speech __________(give) by the principal at the moment. 15. He __________(work) in this factory for ten years by next month. 16. The children __________(play) games in the garden right now. 17. More attention __________(pay) to environmental protection in recent years. 18. Each of the students in Class One __________(have) a new dictionary. 19. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ______(make) over the years. 20. It __________(be) three years since we last met each other. 二、翻译练习（共 10 题） 1. 这本书是我昨天在书店买的。 2. 他正在写信的时候，灯突然灭了。 3. 到去年年底，他们已经种了五百棵树。 4. 明天这个时候，我将正乘飞机飞往伦敦。 5. 这条河被污染了。 6. 不仅他，而且他的父母也去过北京。 7. 我们学校的学生数量正在增加。 8. 他学习英语已经五年了。 9. 据说这座大桥将于明年建成。 10. 警察正在调查这起交通事故。 参考答案 即时练习 · 一般时 1. falls（一般现在时；客观事实） 2. rises; sets（一般现在时；习惯性真理） 3. recommended（一般过去时） 4. will organize / are going to organize（一般将来时） 5. will increase（主将从现） 6. would be（过去将来时） 即时练习 · 进行时 1. are playing（现在进行时；Look!） 2. are leaving（现在进行时表将来） 3. was listening（过去进行时） 4. will be traveling（将来进行时） 5. was watching（过去进行时） 即时练习 · 完成时 1. has walked（现在完成时） 2. has grown（现在完成时） 3. had discovered（过去完成时） 4. have finished（现在完成时） 5. had seen（过去完成时） 6. have lived（现在完成时） 7. has been working（现在完成进行时） 8. had left（过去完成时） 即时练习 · 被动语态 1. is spoken 2. was destroyed 3. will be built 4. is being treated 5. be stopped 6. are required 7. was built 8. are removed 9. be made 10. was broken 即时练习 · 主谓一致 1. was; were 2. were 3. were 4. is 5. are 6. was 7. was 8. are 9. is 10. is; are 课后练习 · 一、填空 1. opens 2. had learned 3. will be built 4. is going to rain 5. was reading 6. was made 7. knows 8. is 9. have been waiting 10. would attend 11. have been sent 12. is covered 13. have kept 14. is being given 15. will have worked 16. are playing 17. has been paid 18. has 19. have made 20. is 课后练习 · 二、翻译 1. This book was bought (by me) in the bookstore yesterday. / I bought this book in the bookstore yesterday. 2. The light went out suddenly while he was writing a letter. / When he was writing a letter, the light went out suddenly. 3. By the end of last year, they had planted 500 trees. 4. This time tomorrow, I will be flying to London. 5. The river has been polluted. / The river was polluted. 6. Not only he but also his parents have been to Beijing. 7. The number of students in our school is increasing. 8. He has been learning English for five years. 9. It is said that the bridge will be completed next year. / The bridge is said to be completed next year. 10. The police are investigating the traffic accident. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $