Unit 1 Period 2 Using language(1)—Grammar（配套教参Word）-【步步高】2025-2026学年高一英语必修第二册学习笔记（外研版·新教材）

本讲义聚焦高中英语情态动词（Ⅰ）的核心知识点，系统梳理can与be able to、need、have to与must、dare、had better的基本特征及用法。通过语篇感知引入，结合即时演练与综合练习，构建“感知-讲解-应用”的学习支架，帮助学生逐步掌握情态动词的语法规则。 该资料以语篇导入提升语言能力，如通过短文让学生直观感知情态动词用法；对比辨析can与be able to等培养思维品质，引导学生精准区分用法差异；分层练习设计促进学习能力，课中辅助教师高效授课，课后助力学生巩固知识、查漏补缺，体现英语学科“学用结合”的教学特色。

Period 2　Using language(1)—Grammar 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并完成练习 Learning that you ①dare not speak English in front of your classmates，I am here to give you some advice.Firstly，you ②needn’t worry about losing face in front of your class.Secondly，you ③had better join an English Corner to practice your English.Some time later，you will ④be able to speak English fluently.Finally，you ⑤must be confident and be brave，or you will ⑥have to stay behind forever.Do as I have told you，and I believe you ⑦can speak English as fluently as others. 以上语段中的黑体部分均含有情态动词，情态动词不能单独作谓语，后面要加实义动词原形。情态动词的否定式通常是在其后直接加not，如①和②。 情态动词(Ⅰ) 一、基本特征 1．情态动词有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，需和实义动词或系动词一起作谓语。 She can speak English though she is only six. 尽管她只有6岁，但她会说英语。 2．情态动词一般无人称和数的变化，个别情态动词有现在时和过去时两种时态变化。 She can run very fast.她能跑得很快。 When I was young，I could climb any tree in the forest.在我小时候，森林里的任何一棵树我都能爬上去。 3．情态动词的否定式通常是在其后面直接加not。 The young man can’t carry the big stone. 这个年轻人搬不动那块大石头。 4．情态动词后接动词原形。 They must be in the classroom. 他们一定在教室里。 二、基本用法 1．can与be able to的用法 (1)can只有现在时和过去时(could)两种时态，而be able to则有更多的时态变化，be able to还有非谓语形式。 I can speak French but I can’t speak Spanish. 我会说法语，但是不会说西班牙语。 By the time she was eight，she could read Greek and Latin.她8岁时就会读希腊文和拉丁文了。 Will you be able to come to my party tomorrow? 明天你能来参加我的派对吗？ I’m sorry I haven’t been able to answer your letter in time.对不起，我没能及时给你回信。 Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill. 能够以有意义的方式交流想法是一项宝贵的技能。 (2)can一般指自身具有的能力，而be able to则表示经过一段时间的努力后所具有的能力，相当于manage to do或succeed in doing。 The girl can’t answer the question. 这个女孩不能回答这个问题。 If you keep practicing，you will be able to play basketball well. 如果你不断练习，你就能把篮球打好。 (3)在否定结构中，was/were able to与could没有区别。 She ran fast but she wasn’t able to/couldn’t catch the bus. 她跑得很快可还是没能赶上公交车。 [即时演练1]　根据汉语提示补全语段 我的朋友告诉我她因为眼睛疼而无法看清事物。目前我很担心她将能否参加即将到来的钢琴比赛。她说她希望能够参加比赛。因为她在六岁的时候就能够弹奏几种乐器了，弹钢琴对她来说曾经是小菜一碟。 My friend told me that she ①couldn’t/wasn’t able to see things clearly because her eyes hurt.At the moment，I’m very worried about whether she ②will be able to take part in the coming piano competition.She says she hopes to ③be able to participate in it.Since she ④was able to play several musical instruments when she was six years old，playing the piano used to be a piece of cake for her. 2．need的用法 (1)need用作情态动词时，后跟动词原形，表示“需要，有必要”，无人称和数的变化，多用于疑问句、否定句或条件句中。 —Need I finish the work today? —Yes，you must/have to./No，you needn’t. ——我需要今天完成这项工作吗？ ——是的，你必须完成。/不用，你不必完成。 There’s plenty of time.You needn’t drive so fast. 时间很充足，你不必开这么快。 注意：由need引起的一般疑问句，肯定回答常用must或have to；否定回答常用needn’t。 (2)need用作实义动词时，后可接名词、动名词、不定式等，有人称、时态和数的变化。 You need to practice speaking English more often.你需要更经常地练习说英语。 My watch doesn’t work and needs repairing/to be repaired.我的手表坏了，需要修理。 [即时演练2]　用适当的情态动词填空/完成句子 ①—Need I clean the room now? —Yes，you must/have to./No，you needn’t. ②我喜欢周末，因为不必早起。 I love the weekend, because I needn’t get up early/don’t need to get up early. 3．have to与must (1)have to表示“必须，不得不”，有时态、人称和数的变化，其否定形式为don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to。 It’s too late.I have to go home now. 太晚了，我现在得回家了。 You don’t have to finish the work now. 你没有必要现在就完成这项工作。 (2)have to表示一种客观的需要，而must表示一种主观的需要。 I have to attend an important meeting this afternoon. 今天下午我不得不参加一个重要的会议。 You must obey the rules of your school. 你必须遵守你们学校的规则。 (3)must还可表示“偏偏，偏要，非得”，常指不愉快的事。 Must you make so much noise? 你非得弄出这么大的声音吗？ (4)must可表示推断、猜测，意为“一定是；准是；想必”。 You must be joking.你一定在开玩笑。 (5)must的否定式must not经常用缩写形式mustn’t，表示说话人不许可或禁止某人做某事，意为“一定不要；别；不能”等。 [即时演练3]　选词填空 ①You must(must/have to) study hard if you want to get good grades. ②I have to(must/have to) go now.My mother is waiting for me at home. ③He mustn’t(mustn’t/doesn’t have to) park his car here.It’s a no-parking zone. ④They have to(must/have to) leave early because they have a long journey ahead. ⑤The light in his room is on.He must(must/have to) be at home. 4．dare的用法 (1)dare既可以作实义动词，也可以作情态动词。作情态动词时多用于疑问句、否定句、条件状语从句以及表示怀疑的名词性从句中，表示“敢……”。 I dare not walk through the wood at night. 夜间我不敢在小树林里走。 —Dare you catch the mouse? —No，I daren’t. ——你敢抓老鼠吗？ ——不，我不敢。 I don’t know whether he dare try it. 我不知道他是否敢尝试。 Unless you dare take responsibility，don’t expect to lead the team. 除非你敢承担责任，否则别指望能领导团队。 (2)dare作实义动词时，后接带to的不定式。在否定句、疑问句中，不定式符号to可以省略。 The children don’t dare (to) make a sound while their parents are sleeping. 孩子们在父母睡觉时不敢弄出一点声音。 Does he dare (to) tell you what he has done? 他敢告诉你们他所做的事情吗？ (3)dare用于习语I dare say(我敢说；我想；或许)中。 I dare say this book is better than the last one you recommended. 我觉得这本书比你上次推荐的那本更好。 5．had better的用法 had better后跟动词原形，表示“最好……”，常用于建议或劝告，其否定式是在had better后加not，缩写形式是“’d better”。 You’d better get there before it gets dark. 你最好在天黑前到那里。 We’d better not talk so loudly. 我们最好不要这么大声说话。 [即时演练4]　翻译句子 ①你敢独自在那片森林里过夜吗？ Do you dare (to)/Dare you spend the night alone in that forest? ②她不敢告诉她父母这个坏消息。 She doesn’t dare (to)/daren’t tell her parents the bad news. ③你最好现在就出发，否则你会迟到的。 You’d better set off now，or you’ll be late. ④我们最好不要在暴风雨天气外出。 We’d better not go out in stormy weather. Ⅰ.语段选词填空 I 1.could not read with my eyes painful.My roommate suggested I should have an eye examination.“You 2.had better go to the hospital and the doctor 3.may help you find out why，”he said. When I arrived at the hospital，I found many people waiting there.So I 4.had to wait for my turn.When it was my turn，the doctor examined my eyes carefully and said，“I 5.dare say you don’t protect your eyes well.But you 6.needn’t worry about it.Use some medicine and soon you will 7.be able to recover.Besides，keep in mind that you 8.mustn’t make your eyes too tired.” After I heard that，my worried heart was finally in relief. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．你最好提前订票。 You had better book the ticket ahead of time. 2．你敢尝试这种辣火锅吗？ Do you dare to try this spicy hot pot？ 3．我的车上积了一层灰尘，需要清洗。 My car is covered with a sheet of dust and it needs washing/to be washed. 4．由于糟糕的天气，运动会不得不被推迟。 The sports meeting has to be put off due to the bad weather. 5．在动物园里，你一定不要太靠近那些动物，以防被咬伤。 In the zoo you mustn’t approach those animals too closely in case you are bitten. 作业2 [分值：72.5分] Ⅰ.选词填空(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分) 1．The road is blocked.We have to(have to/must) take another route. 2．They dare(dare/must) not walk into the forest because it is so dark. 3．You needn’t(couldn’t/needn’t) tell me anything if you don’t want to. 4．The students mustn’t(mustn’t/needn’t) make a noise in the reading room. 5．If you have an income of over 5,000 yuan，you must(must/can) pay tax(税)． 6．If you can lend me the money，I needn’t(shouldn’t/needn’t) ask my friend for help. 7．You can’t(can’t/needn’t) go to the wedding in that old dress which is out of fashion. 8．At the last moment the player was able to(could/was able to) hit the ball in and they won. 9．He could(can/could) speak three languages when he was only ten years old. 10．Although it was raining heavily，they were able to(could/were able to) reach the airport on time. Ⅱ.完成句子(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分) 1．经过培训，Lucy能够泡出一杯完美的乌龙茶。 After the training，Lucy was able to make a perfect cup of oolong tea. 2．恐怕你不敢做这样的事。 I’m afraid you dare not/daren’t do/don’t dare (to) do such a thing. 3．我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗？ Do I need to leave my telephone number and address? 4．我们最好早点去超市，不然酸奶可能就卖完了。 We had better go to the supermarket early，or the yoghurt may be sold out. 5．如果你非要走的话，至少也要等到暴风雨结束。 If you must go，at least wait until the storm is over. Ⅲ.主题语篇阅读(共8小题；每小题2.5分，满分20分) A (2025·辽宁高一上期末) Satow，now 56，left her home in Virginia two decades ago to start a new life in southern France.Born in a family of farmers with a passion for the kitchen，she had a background in catering(餐饮业) and her love of food fueled her ambition of one day moving to the French region，Provence. Satow worked for several high-quality dining restaurants in the US，which inspired her passion for fine food，wine and cooking.She attended a cooking school in Colorado，where she completed a course in French techniques and joined a wine club. As it happened，her British husband’s job took the couple across the Atlantic and in 2005，they settled near Provence，a picturesque town.Later Satow met her French partner，Christophe Daumas，with whose support and encouragement，she started looking for a specialized space where she could offer cooking classes. La Cuisine Provençal，her cooking school，finally opened in 2021.She now has customers from all over the world，mostly travelers coming to Provence for the first time，but also locals.In the winter when there are fewer tourists，she offers classes for French people such as creating a holiday meal.The school offers collective group classes in English and French with a maximum of 50 participants，and organizes private dinners. At the beginning，Satow admits，she was quite concerned as an outsider and could not imagine competing with French chefs.Since then，mainly on her own，she has read hundreds of recipes，learned lots of tips，discovered French regional dishes and tasted wine at graperies(葡萄园)． She likes to stick to teaching real local cuisine with a few changes.“It is important to show respect for the local Provencal cuisine which developed over hundreds of years and is still made by local people in their homes.I’ve taken those recipes and improved them with the novel cuisine and chef techniques I learned in the US，and I’ve added my own touches.” she says. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了热爱烹饪的美国人Satow实现了移居法国普罗旺斯的理想，并在法国普罗旺斯开办烹饪学校的经历。 1．What do you know about Satow before her coming to Provence? A．She had no working experience in catering. B．Her ambition was to run her own restaurant. C．She completed her course in cooking in the US. D．Her French partner gave her much encouragement. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“She attended a cooking school in Colorado，where she completed a course in French techniques and joined a wine club.”可知，Satow在美国完成了烹饪课程。故选C项。 2．What can we learn about La Cuisine Provençal? A．Both tourists and natives can attend the school. B．Most of the learners come from overseas. C．There are courses on cuisine around the earth. D．It offers classes for locals free of charge. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段可知，她的烹饪学校La Cuisine Provençal终于在2021年开业。顾客来自世界各地，大多数是第一次来普罗旺斯的游客，但也有当地人。在游客较少的冬季，她为法国人提供课程，比如制作节日大餐。所以，关于烹饪学校La Cuisine Provencal，游客和当地人都可以参加。故选A项。 3．Which words can best describe Satow? A．Generous and influential. B．Outgoing and friendly. C．Hardworking and determined. D．Caring and confident. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第五段中“Since then...wine at graperies(葡萄园)．(从那时起，她主要靠自己的力量阅读了数百份食谱，学习了许多技巧，发现了法国地方美食，品尝了葡萄酒)”以及第六段中“She likes to stick...a few changes.(她喜欢坚持教授一些稍有改良的真正的当地美食)”可知，Satow学习和提升厨艺的过程中展现出了她的坚持与努力，可得出Satow是一个勤奋和意志坚定的人。故选C项。 4．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Satow’s teaching strategies. B．Satow’s attitude to cuisine. C．Satow’s passion for cooking. D．Satow’s life changes. 答案　B 解析　段落大意题。根据最后一段可知，她喜欢坚持教授一些稍有改良的真正的当地美食。她尊重当地美食，借鉴了当地的食谱，用她在美国学到的新奇的烹饪方法和烹饪技巧对它们进行了改进，并加入了她自己的风格。可知，最后一段主要讲的是Satow对烹饪的态度。故选B项。 B(此篇精读) (2025·江苏盐城高一上期末) Whether you shop for food in a traditional grocery store or a big-box store，most of your options are junk foods.Terms on food packaging like “low fat”，“gluten-free”，“keto-friendly”，and “a good source of fiber” don’t answer the fundamental question：Is this food good for me? There is little reliable guidance available for people who don’t have the time，patience or skill to analyze the nutrition labels(标签)． But what we really need is a bold(大胆的) move that would be to prevent people from food that’s bad for them：a warning sign that a high-sugar soda or breakfast cereal product，for example，is an unhealthy choice. Chile，Mexico，Brazil and dozens of other countries have worked to change food labeling.Research has suggested that these labels can help people understand nutritional quality and change their purchasing habits.Finally，the goal of the labels is to improve nutrition and reduce the consumption of over-processed foods. After Chile adopted several rules in 2016，researchers found that the consumption of drinks high in sugar and sodium declined by nearly 25 percent.In Uruguay a survey published in 2020 assessing the early effects of nutritional warnings found that 58 percent of participants who noticed the warning changed their decisions about buying a product.Of those who changed their decisions,17 percent said they chose a similar product with fewer warnings，and 18 percent decided not to buy a similar product at all. In the United States，new labeling laws will be much more challenging to take effect.As you might expect，food producers will surely try to stop warning labels from being required.They are arguing that these plans would be costly and that those costs would be passed on to consumers.But research conducted soon after Chile’s food labeling and advertising law passed showed no effects on total employment and negligible effects on wages(工资) and profit，even as consumer consumption of unhealthy foods declined. To be clear，this is just one of many steps toward providing all Americans with a healthy diet.But knowable front-of-package labeling is one of the best levers(杠杆) available to policymakers，and it is already working elsewhere.It can work here，too. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章指出消费者当下购买的食物多为垃圾食品，包装标签难以帮助他们判断食物好坏，智利等多国改变食品标签且取得成效，美国实施新标签法遇阻，但有研究表明其负面影响小，应该推行这种措施。 5．What does paragraph 1 focus on? A．The doubt about nutrition. B．The problem with labels. C．The doubt about package. D．The problem with food. 答案　B 解析　段落大意题。根据第一段中“Terms on food packaging...the nutrition labels(标签)．(食品包装上的‘低脂肪’、‘无麸质’、‘适合生酮饮食’和‘富含纤维’等字眼并没有回答一个基本问题：这种食物对我有好处吗？对于那些没有时间、耐心或技能来分析营养标签的人来说，这些标签无法提供可靠的指导)”可知，本段指出食品标签不能有效帮助消费者判断食物是否有益这一问题，强调的是食品标签存在的问题。故选B项。 6．What do the examples of Chile and Uruguay show? A．Warning labels can effectively change people’s buying behavior. B．People in the two countries have better nutrition awareness. C．Food producers there work well with the government. D．The consumption of over-processed foods has been stopped. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段可知，智利的研究人员发现，高糖和高钠饮料的消费量下降了近25%。在乌拉圭，58%注意到警告的参与者改变了购买产品的决定。在那些改变了决定的人中，17%的人说他们选择了警告更少的类似产品，18%的人决定根本不买类似的产品。这些具体的数据和例子表明，食品上的警告标签能够切实有效地影响人们在购物时的选择，从而改变他们的购买行为。故选A项。 7．What does the underlined word “negligible” mean in paragraph 5? A．Obvious. B．Lasting. C．Insignificant. D．Huge. 答案　C 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词的上文和下文可知，这里有转折，虽然食品生产商反对警告标签，认为这成本高且成本会转嫁给消费者，但实际上影响不大，对工资和利润影响应该是“微不足道的，不值一提的”，画线词意思与insignificant“微不足道的，不显著的”接近。故选C项。 8．What’s the author’s attitude towards adopting warning labels in the United States? A．Unclear. B．Opposing. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. 答案　D 解析　观点态度题。作者在文中列举了其他国家实施食品警告标签取得的积极效果，并在最后一段中指出“But knowable front-of-package labeling is one of the best levers(杠杆) available to policymakers，and it is already working elsewhere.It can work here，too.”，由此可知这一举措在美国应该也是可行的。因此，作者对在美国采用警告标签持支持态度。故选D项。 [词汇积累] 1．reliable/rɪ'laɪəbl/adj.可信赖的；可依靠的 2．guidance/'ɡaɪdns/n.指导，引导 3．available/ə'veɪləbl/adj.可用的，可获得的 4．decline/dɪ'klaɪn/v.减少 5．take effect见效；开始起作用 [句式分析] 1．In Uruguay a survey published in 2020 assessing the early effects of nutritional warnings found that 58 percent of participants who noticed the warning changed their decisions about buying a product. 分析：这是一个复合句。主语为 a survey，谓语动词为found；主语后有两个分词短语作定语，分别是published in 2020和assessing the early effects of nutritional warnings；that引导宾语从句；who引导定语从句，修饰participants。 翻译：在乌拉圭，2020年发布的一项评估营养警告早期影响的调查发现，58%注意到警告的参与者改变了购买产品的决定。 2．But research conducted soon after Chile’s food labeling and advertising law passed showed no effects on total employment and negligible effects on wages and profit，even as consumer consumption of unhealthy foods declined. 分析：此句为复合句。主语是research，谓语动词为showed；“conducted soon after Chile’s food...passed” 作后置定语；as引导时间状语从句。 翻译：但在智利食品标签和广告法通过后不久进行的研究表明，即使在不健康食品消费下降的同时，对总就业率也没有影响，对工资和利润的影响也是微不足道的。 Ⅳ.七选五阅读(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分) (2025·江苏南通高一上期中) The Internet offers us an opportunity to know more people (without actually needing to “know them”)，with very little effort.But are online friendships the same as in-real-life(IRL) friendships? 1 While digital immigrants(移民) (such as me，a 43-year-old man) support scientist John Suler’s belief that people “separate their online lives from their offline lives”，the digital natives(such as my son，an 18-year-old boy) growing with social media find differences between online and offline friendships more unclear. The Pew Research Center(PRC) finds that 57% of American teens make new friends online.But，it also finds that most “digital friendships” stay in the digital space with only 20% of teens having met an online friend in person.It seems that real-time friendships are considered more valuable than digital friendships even among the digital natives. 2 Online meetings come a close third.The reason why online friendships are placed below IRL friendships is the absence of physical intimacy(亲密)． So，is the Internet bad for relationships? Obviously not.But for the net，I could have never kept in touch with or met my high school friend after a quarter of a century. 3 83% of teen social media users believe that social media makes them feel more connected to their friends’ lives.However，online interactions can sometimes have a negative effect on existing relationships.68% of teen social media users report having experienced unpleasant feelings toward their friends on social media. 4 The Internet is undoubtedly an invaluable link between people separated by distance. 5 And a balance of online and offline interactions will pave the way for better relationships in the world. A．Best friends meet most often at schools and homes. B．People from different countries hold different opinions. C．But this link must be based on intimacy and familiarity. D．How people see online friendships and IRL friendships depends on their age. E．And the digital native seems to find online interactions with real-life friends beneficial. F．26% of all teens have had an argument with a friend over something that happened online. G．54% of online gaming teens feel more connected to existing friends with whom they play games. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了网络友谊和现实生活中友谊的异同，以及人们对这两种友谊的看法。 1．答案　D 解析　根据下文“While digital immigrants(移民) (such as me，a 43-year-old man) support...the digital natives (such as my son，an 18-year-old boy) growing with...friendships more unclear.”可知，不同年龄层对网络友谊和现实生活友谊有着不同看法，是对D项“人们如何看待网络友谊和现实生活中的友谊取决于他们的年龄”中观点的举例说明，语意连贯。故选D项。 2．答案　A 解析　上文“It seems that real-time friendships are considered more valuable than digital friendships even among the digital natives.”提到现实友谊在数字原住民中也被认为更有价值。A选项“最好的朋友经常在学校和家里见面”承接上文，进一步说明现实友谊的重要性，并能引出下文 “Online meetings come a close third.”。故选A项。 3．答案　E 解析　上文“But for the net，I could have never kept in touch with or met my high school friend after a quarter of a century.”提到网络帮助作者与旧友保持联系。E选项“数字原住民似乎觉得与现实生活中的朋友进行在线互动是有益的”与上文构成并列关系，通过举例来论证段首观点，说明网络对人际关系是有益的。故选E项。 4．答案　F 解析　上文“However，online interactions can sometimes have a negative effect on existing relationships...on social media.”提到在线互动也可能对现有关系产生负面影响并举例说明这样的负面影响。F选项“26%的青少年曾因为网上发生的事情与朋友发生过争执”承接上文，进一步举例说明在线互动可能带来的负面影响，即青少年可能因为网上的事情与朋友发生争执。故选F项。 5．答案　C 解析　上文“The Internet is undoubtedly an invaluable link between people separated by distance.”提到互联网是远距离人们之间的一个宝贵联系。C选项“但这种联系必须建立在亲密和熟悉的基础上”承接上文，且“this link”指代上文中的“an invaluable link”。故选C项。 Ⅴ.语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) (2025·四川眉山高一上期末) Roujiamo is one of the most popular Chinese snacks.Despite its 1. (compare)to a hamburger，it carries far more geographical and historical meaning. Roujiamo is 2. (close) associated with the north-central city of Xi’an，in Shaanxi Province.Since 202 BCE，Xi’an has been both the eastern terminal of the Silk Road and the capital for 13 more-or-less successive Chinese 3. (dynasty)． Traditionally，roujiamo mainly consists of two parts—the flatbread and the filling.The meat preparation used to make the filling for roujiamo dates back 4. the Warring States period.The introduction into China of Central Asian-style flatbreads，like the kind used in roujiamo，in general,5. (owe) to Ban Chao，a Chinese general who spent over 30 years battling 6. union of nomadic(游牧的) tribes to regain control of the farthest western reaches of China.The flatbread bun，called baijimo，takes its name from 7._____________ is today known as Beiji township.There exist differences between the flatbreads used for different districts in Shaanxi.For example，the flatbread used for Tongguan roujiamo is unlike 8._______________ used in the Xi’an style.Tongguan roujiamo，was named after a town that，in days long past,9. (guard)a strategic pass roughly 120km east of Xi’an. Despite its tasty flavor，it’s risky 10. (eat) on the go.Proper roujiamo is filled to bursting，regardless of the potential consequences for one’s clothes and dry-cleaning budget. 1．答案　comparison 解析　考查名词。形容词性物主代词its修饰名词，作宾语，应用名词comparison，不可数。故填comparison。 2．答案　closely 解析　考查副词。修饰形容词associated应用副词closely，故填closely。 3．答案　dynasties 解析　考查名词的数。dynasty为可数名词，根据上文13 more-or-less successive Chinese可知用复数形式。故填dynasties。 4．答案　to 解析　考查固定短语。短语date back to表示“追溯到”。故填to。 5．答案　is owed 解析　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：一般来说，中亚风格的面饼(比如肉夹馍中的面饼)传入中国要归功于中国将军班超，他花了30多年时间与游牧部落联盟作战，重新夺回了对中国最西部地区的控制。主语与谓语owe构成被动关系，陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为The introduction into China of Central Asian-style flatbreads，谓语用单数。故填is owed。 6．答案　a 解析　考查冠词。此处指一个游牧部落联盟，表泛指，应用不定冠词，且union发音以辅音音素开头，故用a。故填a。 7．答案　what 解析　考查宾语从句。空处引导宾语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，故填what。 8．答案　that 解析　考查代词。此处指上文同类事物flatbread，后跟定语，应用代词that。故填that。 9．答案　guarded 解析　考查时态。根据时间状语in days long past可知为一般过去时。故填guarded。 10．答案　to eat 解析　考查非谓语动词。此处为句式it＋be＋adj.＋to do sth，it作形式主语，不定式为真正的主语。故填to eat。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $