Unit 1 Back to school-2026-2027学年高中英语语法专项精讲精练必修一（译林版）

Unit 1 Back to school 语法专项精讲精练 语法概览 女同步语法一：句子成分与句子结构 ★同步语法二：构词法：形容词后缀 语法精讲精练 (一)基本定义 句子成分是构成句子的基本功能单位，包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语 等。简单句的五种基本句型是高考语法填空、短文改错和写作中的核心基础。 (二)核心成分速查表 成分 定义 表现形式 高考常见考点 主语 动作的执行者或描述对象 名词、代词、动名词、不定 主谓一致、从句引导 式、从句 词 谓语 说明主语的动作或状态 动词（时态、语态、情态） 动词形式、主谓一致 及物动词后必带宾 宾语 动作的承受者 名词、代词、动名词、不定 式、从句 语、双宾语 形容词、名词、介词短语、分 非谓语动词作定语、 定语 修饰名词或代词 词、从句 定语从句 修饰动词、形容词、副词 状语从句、非谓语作 状语 副词、介词短语、不定式、分 或全句 词、从句 状语 补语 补充说明宾语或主语 名词、形容词、不定式、分词 宾语补足语、主补 (表语) 表语 位于系动词后，说明主语 名词、形容词、介词短语、不 系动词+表语结构、 身份或状态 定式、从句 从句 三) 简单句的五种基本句型（高考必考） 句型 结构 例句 说明 ①主谓(S+V) 主语+不及物动词 The sun rises. 动词后无宾语，可加状语 ②主谓宾 主语+及物动词+宾语 She loves music. 宾语是动作承受者 (S+V+O) ③主谓双宾 主语+及物动词+间接 He gave me a 人(IO)+物(DO)或物 (S+V+I0+DO) 宾语+直接宾语 book +to/for+人 ④主谓宾补 主语+及物动词+宾语 They named the 补充说明宾语的状态或身 (S+V+O+C) +宾语补足语 baby Tom. 份 ⑤主系表 The food smells 系动词(be,look,feel, 主语+系动词+表语 (S+V+P) good. seem等) 考点提示 Q双宾：I bought her a gift.(her是间接宾语，git是直接宾语) ⑧宾补：I find the book interesting.(interesting补充说明book) (四)定语与状语的位置与功能对比 功能 位置 常见形式 例句 被修饰名词 a beautiful garden,a stone 定语（前置） 之前 形容词、名词、单个分词 bridge 被修饰名词 介词短语、分词短语、不定式 the book on the desk,the 定语（后置） 之后 短语、定语从句 boy running fast 状语 句首、句 中、句末 副词、介词短语、从句等 Quickly,he left.He left quickly. 易错点：状语位置灵活，但副词不能放在谓语动词和宾语之间（如不能说He欣es very much music）.。 (五)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1.判断句子基本结构，确定谓语动词形式 g例句：The news (make)everyone excited.解析：主谓宾补结构，make 是谓语，用过去式made。 2.区分双宾语和宾语补足语 ②例句：We made him our monitor.(宾语补足语，monitor补充him的身份) ②例句：We made him a cake.(双宾语，him和cake是两个宾语) 3.非谓语动词作定语或状语时，其逻辑主语与主句主语一致 9例句： (see)from the top,the city looks beautiful.→Seen(分词作状 语，逻辑主语是city) 4.定语从句与简单句的转换 例句：The boy who is playing basketball is my brother.→The boy playing basketball is my brother. 二、专项练习 （一)单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.The teacher asked us the classroom right after class. A.clean B.to clean C.cleaning D.cleaned 2.I found the movie and wanted to leave early. A.boring B.bored C.to bore D.being bored 3.The news me that we had won the game. A.excited B.exciting C.excitedly D.excitement 4.He gave the girl a book,and the girl him a smile. A.returned B.returning C.to return D.was returned 5.The building now will be a library. A.built B.being built C.to build D.to be built 6.Standing on the top of the mountain,we could see the sun A.rise B.rising C.to rise D.rose 7.The problem at the meeting is hard to solve. A.discussing B.discussed C.to discuss D.being discussed 8.She looks after the long journey. A.tiredly B.tired C.tiring D.to tire 9.The experiment next month will be very important A.done B.being done C.to be done D.doing 10.1 found it difficult the work in such a short time. A.finish B.to finish C.finishing D.finished (二)句子成分划分(8小题) 请指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分（主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语）。 1.The old man walked slowly in the park 成分： 2.She bought her mother a present. 成分（划线部分为整个谓语部分，需区分“"her mother"和“a present"): her mother _a present 3.We consider the plan practical. 成分： 4.The tree planted last year has grown tall. 成分： 5.He suddenly stopped talking. 成分： 6.The sky turned dark after the storm. 成分： 7.I saw him crossing the street. 成分： 8.The question asked by the teacher is difficult. 成分： (三)用所给结构改写句子(6小题) 根据括号内的要求，将下列句子改写成指定结构。 l.The man is my uncle.He is standing under the tree.(改为含定语从句的复合句) 2.I found that the book was interesting.(改为“find+宾语+宾语补足语"结构) 3.The teacher gave the students some advice.(改为含双宾语的句子，用"advice"作直 接宾语，"students”作间接宾语) 4.Ve heard that the girl was singing in the next room.(改为"hear+宾语+现在分 词”结构) 5.The problem is so difficult that it can't be solved.(改为"too.to"简单句) 6.She turned off the light.Then she left the room.(合并为含有分词作状语的简单句) 三、参考答案 (一）单项 1.B;2.A;3.A;4.A;5.B;6.B;7.B;8.B;9.C;10.B 选择 (二)句子 1.状语；2.her mother:间接宾语；a present:直接宾语；3.宾语补足语；4. 成分划分 定语；5.状语；6.表语；7.宾语补足语；8.定语 1.The man who is standing under the tree is my uncle.2.I found the (三)用所 book interesting.3.The teacher gave the students some advice.( 给结构改导 The teacher gave some advice to the students.);4.We heard the girl 句子 singing in the next room.5.The problem is too difficult to solve. 6.Having turned off the light,she left the room.(Turning off the light,she left the room.) 章 语法精讲精练二 (一)基本定义 形容词后缀是附着在名词、动词或其他形容词词根后的构词要素，通过添加后缀使单词转 变为形容词性，表达“具有.性质的“与相关的“能够..的等含义。掌握常见形 容词后缀及其规侧，是高考英语语法填空、短文改错、写作提升词汇丰富度的关键考点。 (二) 常见形容词后缀分类与用法 后缀 含义 典型例词 注意点 何 种 词 后 充满… hope→nopeful, 少数变化需去e或变y为i 的；具 名 -ful beauty→peautiful, (如 有.…性 词 质的 success-→successful beauty--→beautiful) 没有.… hope-→hopeless, 与-fu构成反义对（如 -less 的；缺 名 home→nomeless,. 乏的 hopeful/hopeless) care-→careless 能够… 动 的；值 词 read-→readable, 注意拼写：-able更常 able 1- 得 或 comfort-comfortable, 用，-ible用于少数词（如 ible 的； 名 access.→accessible possible,visible) 可的 词 有..性 动 词 常见以-tive或-sive结尾 质的； -ive 或 act-→active,attract--→attractive, (如creative 有.作 用的 名 expense→expensive impressive) 词 具有… 的； 多… danger-→dangerous, 有时去掉e再加（如 ous 词 fame-→famous, fame→famous) 的； courage→courageous 像的 与…有 nature→natural, 关的；属 名 注意：少数以-a结尾（如 -al 词 nation-→national, 于的 special,social) environment-environmental 有… 的； -Y 多… 名 rain-→rainy,dit→dirty, 常表示天气、状态或特征 词 的； fun→funny 像.…的 ish 带有… 名 child-→childish,fool-→foolish, 有时带贬义（如 的；具 词 red-→reddish childish)或表示"略 有..特 或 带" 形 征的；稍 容 微的 词 具有.… -ent differ.-→different, 性质的； 注意区分-ent与-ant,需 - 动 处于… 词 import→important, 记忆 ant depend-dependent 状态的 (三)核心区分与易错点 1.同根词后缀不同，含义截然不同（高考高频考点） consider:considerate(体贴的)vs considerable(相当多的；重要的) sense:sensible(明智的；合情理的)vs sensitive(敏感的；易受影响的) respect:respective(分别的；各自的)vs respectful(表示尊敬的)vs respectable(值得尊敬的) compare:comparable(可比较的；类似的)vs comparative(比较的；相对 的) 2.拼写变化规则 以-y结尾的名词变形容词：去y为i再加后缀：beauty→beautiful,,envy-→envious, history-→historical(但注意直接加-al的情况如nemory--→nemorial) 以-e结尾的词：常去e再加后缀：fame-→famous,fortune-→fortunate,. nature--→natural(但注意：courage-→courageous不去e;change-→changeable 保留e) 以-able结尾的词：常值接加在动词后，但动词以-e结尾时需去e:love→lovable, advise-→advisable(但notice-→noticeable保留e以保持c发音) 3.形容词否定前缀与后缀的叠加 un-+形容词后缀：un+fortune+ate=unfortunate(不幸的)， un+believe+able=unbelievable(难以置信的) in-/im-/ir-/il-+形容词后缀：in+active=inactive(不活跃的)，im+possible =impossible(不可能的)，ir+regular=irregular(不规则的)，il+legal= il川legal(非法的) (四)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1根据语境选择正确后缀（词性转换题核心） 1 The weather here is quite (change).-changeable (易变的) 例2：She gave us a very (help)suggestion.helpful (有帮助的) 2.区分同根词不同后缀的含义差异 例1：The (respect)teacher is loved by all students. respectable(值得尊敬的)或respected(受尊敬的)，但语境强调“值得尊敬"常 用respectable 例2：Its (sense)to wear a coat in such cold weather.-sensible (明智的) 3.注意拼写变化与不规侧形式 例1：The book is quite (enjoy).→enjoyable(合人愉快的)，注意 enjoyi直接加-able 例2：The (fame)writer gave a speech.→famous(注意去掉e再加 ous) 4.否定前缀与后缀组合的辨识 例1：Itis (legal)to park here.→illegal(非法的) 例2：His explanation was (believe).unbelievable (难以置信的) 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.The teacher is very she always cares about her students'feelings A.considerate B.considerable C.considered D.considering 2.It was of him to leave the meeting early without saying goodbye. A.childish B.childlike C.childless D.child 3.The government has taken measures to protect the environment. A.effect B.effective C.efficiently D.efficiency 4.The movie is so that everyone watching it feels excited. A.excite B.excited C.exciting D.excitement 5.This kind of material is to high temperatures. A.sensible B.sensitive C.senseless D.sensory 6.The old man lives alone,but he doesn't feel because he has many friends. A.lonely B.lovely C.lively D.friendless 7.The news that he failed the exam made his parents angry. A.disappointing B.disappointed C.disappoint D.disappointment 8.All the soldiers were sent to the hospital immediately. A.wound B.wounded C.wounding D.wounds 9.It is for us to finish the work in two days;we need more time. A.possible B.impossible C.possibly D.possibility 10.The lecture was so that many students fell asleep A.bored B.boring C.bore D.boredom (二）)用所给词的适当形式填空(8小题) 每空填入一个形容词形式。 1.The (danger)animal should be kept away from children. 2.She made an (amaze)discovery in the lab yesterday. 3.The city has a long and_(history)background. 4.His (help)advice saved me a lot of trouble. 5.The (wind)weather made it hard to walk outside. 6.This chair is very (comfort)to sit on. 7.He is a (create)writer,always coming up with new ideas. 8.The (fog)morning delayed all the flights. (三)篇章语法填空（(12小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给单词的适当形容词形式。 Last summer,I visited a small village in the mountains.The environment there was very 1. (peace),and the air was 2. (fresh).I stayed in a 3. (wood)house which was quite 4. (comfort).The villagers were 5. (friend)and 6. (help).They told me many 7. (interest)stories about the local history. One day,I joined a 8. (guide)tour to a nearby waterfall.The path was 9. (rock)and a little 10.(danger),but the view was 11. (amaze).I took many 12. (memory)photos there.This trip was truly a(n)13. (forget)experience. 三、参考答案 (一)单项 1.A;2.A;3.B;4.C;5.B;6.A;7.A;8.B;9.B;10.B 选择 (二)用所 给词的适当 1.dangerous 2.amazing 3.historical ;4.helpful ;5.windy 6. 形式填空 comfortable 7.creative ;8.foggy (三)篇章 1.peaceful 2.fresh 3.wooden 4.comfortable 5.friendly 6 语法填空 helpful 7.interesting 8.guided ;9.rocky 10.dangerous 11. amazing 12.memorable 13.unforgettable