Unit 3 The world of science-2026-2027学年高中英语语法专项精讲精练必修三（外研版）

Unit 3 The world of science 语法专项精讲精练 语法概览 ☆同步语法一：现在完成时被动语态(Present perfect passive). ★同步语法二：时态辨析：两组（现完Vs一过；一过Vs过完） 语法精讲精练一 (一）基本定义 现在完成时的被动语态表示从过去某个时间开始一直持续到现在（或刚刚完成）的被动动作， 强调动作对现在造成的影响或结果，且主语是动作的承受者。结构为：have/has+been+ 过去分词。这是高考语法填空、短文改错、写作中的高频考点，常与主动语态、其他时态的被 动语态混淆。 (二)核心用法与结构对比 项目 现在完成时主动语态 现在完成时被动语态 结构 have/has done have/has been done 主语角色 动作执行者 动作承受者 The workers have built the The bridge has been built (by the 例句 bridge. workers). 含义 工人建了桥（强调动作完成） 桥被建好了（强调桥的状态） (三)核心用法详解 1.表示过去发生的被动动作对现在造成影响或结果 重点：动作完成的时间不具体，但结果与现在联系。 O例句：The classroom has been cleaned already.教室已经被打扫干净了。（现 在很整洁) 对比：The classroom was cleaned yesterday..教室昨天被打扫了。（仅陈述过去事 实，不强调现在状态) 2.表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的被动动作（常与for/since连用） O例句：This book has been translated into many languages since2000.这 本书自2000年以来被翻译成多种语言。（持续至今） 特殊考点：短暂动词（如open,close,marry)的被动语态在完成时中不能与时间段连 用，需用系表结构。例如：The door has been open for three hours..√（状态）而 非The door has been opened for three hours.X(短暂动作) 3.用于句型"It is the first/second..time that+主语+have/has been done” g例句：It is the first time that this problem has been solved.这是该问题第- 次被解决。 4.与情态动词连用表示“可能/应该已经被…” 结构：情态动词+have been done O例句：The problem must have been discussed yesterday.这个问题昨天肯定 被讨论过了。 (四)现在完成时被动语态Vs一般过去时被动语态（高考必考点） 对比维度 现在完成时被动 一般过去时被动 时间状语 already,yet,just,ever,never, yesterday,last week,in 2020, since,for... ago... 动作结果 强调对现在的影响或结果 仅强调过去发生的动作，与现在无关 例句对比 The window has been The window was repaired repaired.(现在窗子是好的) yesterday.(仅陈述昨天被修) (五)易错点与高频考点 1.过去分词的拼写 不规则动词过去分词必须准确（如write→vritten,break-→oroken,see-seen) 2.主谓一致 主语为单数时用nas been,复数时用have been。例如： The project has been finished.(单数) The projects have been finished.(复数) 3.被动语态中by短语的省略 当动作执行者不重要或不明时，可省略by短语。例如：The meeting has been postponed.(无需说明被谁推迟) 4.与现在完成进行时主动语态的区别 前者强调被动结果(have been doing主动持续，have been done被动结果) 5.疑问句与否定句 疑问句将have/has提前，否定句在have/has后加not。例如： ©例句：Has the letter been sent?信被寄出了吗？ O例句：The letter has not been sent yet.信还没被寄出。 (六)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1.时间状语判断时态 看到already,.yet,just,recently,lately,since,for+时间段等，优先考虑现在完成时。 O例句：The new road has already been built.新路已经修好了。 2.主动/被动语态混淆 注意主语与动词的逻辑关系。主语是动作承受者则用被动。 误：The book has published.正：The book has been published 3.时态交叉考查 在语境中对比现在完成时被动与一般过去时被动。 The building (was completed)last year,but the interior (has not been decorated)yet.大楼去年完工，但内部还未装修。 4.特殊句型“Itis/was+名词+that+现在完成时被动” g例句：It is the third time that the record has been broken. 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.The experiment several times,but the results are still uncertain. A.has conducted B.has been conducted C.conducted D.was conducting 2.All the tickets for the concert_out by the time we arrived at the box office. A.have been sold B.had been sold C.were sold D.are sold 3.Over the past decade,great progress in the field of Al technology. A.has made B.has been made C.made D.was made 4.-Have you heard about the new policy? -Yes,it_widely discussed on the Internet recently. A.is being B.has been C.was D.will be 5.The machine requires regular maintenance;otherwise,it for years. A.hasn't been used B.wasn't used C.hadn't been used D.isn't used 6.The famous novel into over 30 languages since it came out. A.translated B.has translated C.has been translated D.was translated 7.By the end of this year,the new airport into service. A.will have been put B.has been put C.had been put D.was put 8.It is the first time that such a serious mistake in our company. A.has been made B.was made C.is made D.had been made 9.The meeting_for two hours before anyone realized the topic was off track. A.has been going B.had been going C.has been conducted D.was conducted 10.-Why is the work still unfinished? -Because the necessary materials yet. A.haven't been delivered B.weren't delivered C.haven't delivered D.aren't delivered (二)用所给词的适当形式填空(8小题) 根据句子语境，用括号内动词的适当形式填空（注意主动/被动和时态）。 1.The new policy (discuss)by the committee every month since last year. 2.So far,no such case (report)in this area. 3.The building (damage)in the earthquake,but it hasn't been repaired yet. 4.It is the third time that the bridge (destroy)by floods 5.The problem(solve)already,so you don't need to worry. 6.The young man (charge)with theft,and he is now in court. 7.The experiment (complete)by the end of last month,but the data hasn't been analyzed. 8.Great changes (take place)in my hometown since 2010,but many old buildings (pull down)as well. (三)篇章语法填空（10小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给词的正确形式（需考虑时态、语态、非谓语等）。 The Great Wall is one of the most famous wonders in the world.Over the centuries,it 1. (rebuild)and 2. (repair)many times.Since 1987, the Great Wall 3.(list)as a UNESCO World Heritage site In recent years,a large number of tourists 4. (attract)to visit this historic site.However,some parts of the wall 5.(damage)by weather and human activities.To protect it,many conservation projects 6. (launch).For example,a special team 7.(send)to restore the most dangerous sections last year,and the work 8. (complete)so far. It is reported that more than 10 million dollars 9. (spend)on the protection of the Great Wall since 2020.The visitors 10.(ask)to follow the rules to preserve this precious heritage. 三、参考答案 (一)单项 1.B;2.B;3.B;4.B;5.A;6.C;7.A;8.A;9.B;10.A 选择 (二)用所 1.has been discussed 2.has been reported 3.has been damaged 给词的适当 4.has been destroyed 5.has been solved 6.has been charged 形式填空 7.had been completed 8.have taken place;have been pulled down (三)篇章 1.has been rebuilt 2.repaired 3.has been listed 4.have been 语法填空 attracted 5.have been damaged 6.have been launched 7.was sent 8.has been completed 9.has been spent 10.are asked 语法精讲精练二 (一）)基本定义 现在完成时：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成影响或结果，或表示从过去持续到现在的动 作或状态。结构：have/has+动词过去分词。 一般过去时：表示过去某个具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态，与现在无关。结构：动词 过去式。 过去完成时：表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作（即“过去的过去“）。结 构：had+动词过去分词。 (二)核心用法与区别 1.第一组：现在完成时Vs一般过去时 对比维 现在完成时 一般过去时 度 ★时间 以过去某个时间为参照，动作已 以现在为参照，强调与现在的联系 参照 结束 ★时间 常与模糊时间连用：already,yet,ever, 常与具体过去时间连用： 状语特 never,just,recently,so far,up to now, yesterday,last...,...ago,in 征 in the past/last+时间段 1990,just now 动作状 动作可能发生在过去，但结果或影响持续到现 动作完全结束，与现在无关 态 在 常见考 ①是否表示"影响至今”②for/since引导的时 ①明确过去时间状语②动词过去 点 间段③瞬间动词与延续性动词 式拼写 现在完成时：I have seen the movie.(我了解这部电影的内容) 一般过去时：I saw the movie yesterday..(只说明昨天看了，不涉及现在) 现在完成时：She has lived here for ten years.(她至今仍住在这里) 一般过去时：She lived here for ten years.(她會在这里住过十年，现已搬走) 2.第二组：一般过去时Vs过去完成时 对比维 一般过去时 过去完成时 度 ★时间 以现在为参照的过去 以过去某个时间为参照的“更早的过去” 参照 ★动作 多个动作按时间顺序依次发生， 明确表示一个动作发生在另一个过去动作之前， 先后关 通常由上下文或连词（如then, 常用by/before/when等引导 系 and)体现 标志性 ①by the time+一般过去时②before+一 结构 般过去时③主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过 去时 常见考 ①过去时间状语②过去连续事 ①与一般过去时对比②表示未实现的愿望（如 点 件 had hoped,had intended) 一般过去时：When I arrived,the train left.(一般过去时：arrive和left可能几 乎同时，或先后顺序不明显) 过去完成时：When I arrived,the train had already left.(过去完成时：火车 在我到达之前已离开) 过去完成时：By the time he was ten,he had learned to play the piano. (在他十岁之前已经学会) (三)核心含义区分与易错点 1.现在完成时的常考时间状语 since+时间点/从句：since20l0,since|came here for+时间段：for three years,for a long time already yet /ever never /just recently so far/up to now in the past/last+时i间段：in the past five years 2.一般过去时的常考时间状语 yesterday,the day before yesterday last night week month year ..ago three days ago in+过去年份：in1998 just now,once upon a time 3.过去完成时的常考时间状语 by the time+一般过去时从句：By the time we got there.. before+一般过去时时间点：before he came when从句（表示“当..时，另一个动作已经完成）：When I woke up,the sun had risen. 主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时：He said that he had finished the work 4.易错点归纳 ①现在完成时不能与明确的过去时间状语(yesterday,last week等)连用。 ②一般过去时不能与fo+时间段（表示持续至今）连用，除非语境明确表示已结 束。 ③过去完成时必须有明确的过去时间参照点，不能单独出现。 ④瞬间动词（如die,leave,arrive)的完成时不能与时间段连用，需改为状态性表 达。例：He has died for ten years.(X)He has been dead for ten years. () ⑤“I had hoped/intended/thought/meant to do'表示“本希望/打算/认 为..”但未实现。 (四)高考高频考点总结（附例句） ①根据时间状语选择时态 I have seen him recently./I saw him yesterday. (明确时间状语决定时态) ②语境中“影响”的判断 :-Tom is hungry.-Oh,he hasn't had lunch yet.He had lunch at 12. (现在完成时强调结果，一般过去时强调事实) ③by the time+一般过去时 By the time he arrived,we had finished dinner. (主句用过去完成时) ④过去完成时在间接引语中 例：She said she had seen the film before (将直接引语的现在完成时或一般过去时转成过去完成时) ⑤延续性动词与瞬间动词的转化 例：He bought the book last week.→He has had the book for a week. (完成时中瞬间动词不能加时间段) 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.l the book yet.Can I keep it for another week? A.have finished B.didn't finish C.haven't finished D.finished 2.She_ in this school since she graduated from university. A.taught B.has taught C.had taught D.was teaching 3.-Have you ever visited the Great Wall?-Yes,I it last summer. A.visit B.have visited C.visited D.had visited 4.By the time we arrived,the meeting for ten minutes. A.has begun B.had begun C.began D.was beginning 5.He to Canada before he moved to the US. A.has been B.was C.had been D.went 6.1 my homework when my mother came back. A.finish B.have finished C.was finishing D.had finished 7.The train when I got to the station. A.already left B.has already left C.had already left D.was leaving 8.She told me that she the film twice A.sees B.saw C.had seen D.has seen 9.-Where is Tom?-He to the library. A.has gone B.has been C.went D.goes 10.l Bill since we graduated from high school. A.didn't see B.haven't seen C.don't see D.hadn't seen (二)用所给动词的适当形式填空(8小题) 根据句子语境，用括号内动词的正确时态形式填空。 1. already (finish)my homework.Can I go out now? 2.She (live)in Beijing for three years when she was young 3.He (work)in that company since 2015. 4.We (have)a picnic if the weather is fine tomorrow. 5.By the end of last term,we (learn)over 2,000 English words. 6.When I got to the cinema,the movie already (start). 7.They (not see)each other for many years until they met at the party. 8.My father (buy)a new car last week. (三)篇章语法填空（12小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给动词的正确时态形式。 Last summer,my family and I 1. (decide)to visit the ancient city of Xi'an.Before we 2. (set)off,I 3. (read)many travel guides about the city.I 4. (never be)to that part of China before,so I was very excited.When we 5. (arrive)at the airport,our guide 6. (already,wait)for us.She 7. (be)very friendly.She 8. (tell) us that she 9. (work)as a guide for six years.By the time we 10. (check)in at the hotel,we 11. (travel)for over five hours. However,we still 12. (feel)energetic and went out to explore the night market. 三、参考答案 (一)单项 1.C;2.B;3.C;4.B;5.C;6.D;7.C;8.C;9.A;10.B 选择 (二)用所 1.have finished 2.lived 3.has worked 4.will have 5.had 给词的适当 learned 6.had started;7.had not seen 8.bought 形式填空 (三)篇章 1.decided 2.set 3.had read 4.had never been 5.arrived 6. 语法填空 had already waited 7.was 8.told 9.had worked 10.checked 11.had traveled 12.felt