Unit 4 Life and Technology-2026-2027学年高中英语语法专项精讲精练必修三（沪外版）

Unit 4 Life and Technology 语法专项精讲精练 语法概览 ☆同步语法一：虚拟语气 ★同步语法二：动词短语搭配：Verb+down 语法精讲精练一 (一)基本定义 虚拟语气是英语中一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人假设的、与事实相反的情况，或表达 愿望、建议、命合、要求等非真实情境。它不同于陈述语气（表达事实）和祈使语气（表达命 令/请求)，是高考语法填空、短文改错和写作中的高频考点。 (二)核心用法与动词形式变化 虚拟语气的核心在于时态“倒退”：表达与现在事实相反时，动词用一般过去时；与过去事实相 反时，动词用过去完成时；与将来事实可能相反时，动词用“were to/should+动词原形"或 一般过去时。 条件从句(if从 时间基准 主句谓语形式 例句（对应用法） 句)谓语形式 一般过去时(be If I were you,I would/could/might/should 与现在事实相反 would accept the 用were) 动词原形 offer. 与过去事实相反 过去完成时(had would/could/might/should If he had studied +过去分词) have+过去分词 harder,he would have passed the exam. ①一般过去时 If it should rain (be用were)② 与将来事实可能相 tomorrow,the should+动词原 would/could/might/should 反 动词原形 match would be 形③were to+ 动词原形 canceled. (三)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用 1.wish+宾语从句（表愿望，与事实相反） 与现在相反：wish+主语+一般过去时(be用were) 与过去相反：wish+主语+had+过去分词 与将来相反：wish+主语+would/could+动词原形 Q例句：I wish I knew the answer.(现在不知道) ②例句：She wished she had attended the lecture..(过去没去) 2.suggest/recommend/order/insist/demand等表示建议、命冷、要求的动 词后的宾语从句 谓语形式：should+动词原形(should可省路) 注意：insist表示“坚持认为”（事实）时不用虚拟；suggest表示"暗示/表明”（事实）时 也不用虚拟。 g例句：The doctor suggested that he(should)take a rest.. 3.ltis+形容词(necessary/important/essential/strange等)+that主语 从句 谓语形式：should+动词原形(should可省略) O例句：It is necessary that every student(should)obey the rules. (四)其他特殊虚拟语气结构 1.asif/as though引导的状语从句 与现在相反：asif+主语+一般过去时(be用were) 与过去相反：asif+主语+had+过去分词 O例句：He talks as if he knew everything.(其实他不知道) 2.without/but for表示“要是没有”（含蓄虚拟) 主句用would have done(对过去虚拟)或would do(对现在虚拟) O例句：Without your help,I would have failed.(过去事实：你帮了我) 3.ltis(high)time that+主语+一般过去时（或should+动词原形，should不可 省) 表示“该做...了”（与现在事实相反) ②例句：It is high time that we took action. 4.would rather+主语+一般过去时（对现在/来虚拟）或+had+过去分词（对过 去虚拟) ②例句：I would rather you came tomorrow.(你明天来，但可能不会) (五)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1.条件从句中be动词一律用were(无论人称) ②例句：If I were you.… 2混合虚拟：从句与过去相反，主句与现在相反时，时态要分开处理 3.倒装虚拟：当if省略时，从句要把were/had/should:提到主语前 O例句：Had he arrived earlier,,he would have caught the train.(=If he had arrived earlier...) 4.隐含条件：通过短语(otherwise,or,but for)暗示虚拟 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.lf1 you,I would not make such a decision. A.am B.were C.be D.had been 2.He suggested that the problem discussed at the next meeting. A.is B.was C.be D.will be 3.I wish I to the concert last night,but I had to study for the exam. A.went B.have gone C.had gone D.would go 4.It is strange that he so rudely at the party yesterday. A.should behave B.behaved C.had behaved D.behaves 5.But for the heavy rain,we the hiking trip last weekend. A.would enjoy B.would have enjoyed C.enjoyed D.had enjoyed 6.If he had taken my advice,he in trouble now. A.wouldn't be B.hadn't been C.won't be D.isn't 7.She looked at me as if she me before. A.never saw B.had never seen C.never sees D.has never seen 8.It is high time that the government measures to protect the environment. A.takes B.took C.will take D.has taken 9.The teacher insisted that every student the homework on time A.finishes B.finished C.finish D.has finished 10. more careful,he would have avoided the accident. A.If he is B.Were he C.Had he been D.Should he be (二)用所给词的适当形式填空(8小题) 根据句子语境，用括号内动词的适当形式填空（注意虚拟语气）。 1.If he (be)here now,he would help us solve the problem. 2.I would rather you_ (not tell)him the truth yesterday. 3.It is essential that every passenger_(wear)a seat belt. 4.Without the map,we (get)lost in the forest last week. 5.She wishes she (can)fly like a bird in the sky. 6.If it had not rained,the flowers (not die)last summer. 7.The boss recommended that the plan (carry)out immediately. 8.He talks as if he (be)the manager of the company. (三)篇章语法填空(12小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给动词的正确形式。 Last Friday,I attended a lecture about space exploration.The speaker suggested that humans 1. (establish)a base on the moon in the near future.If we 2.(have)enough resources now,we 3.(can)start the construction immediately.But unfortunately,we are still far from that goal. After the lecture,I wished I 4.(choose)to major in aerospace engineering when I was in college.It is necessary that every young person 5._ (realize) the importance of science.Without the efforts of scientists,we 6. (not enjoy)the convenience of modern life. On the way home,I met a friend who looked very tired.He said if he 7. (know)how stressful the job would be,he 8.(accept)another offer.I advised that he 9.(take)a break and relax for a while.It is high time that he 10.(change)his lifestyle. Looking at the starry sky,I felt as if I 11. (float)in the universe.The speaker emphasized that every country should work together to explore the unknown.If we 12 (cooperate)more actively in the past,the progress would have been much faster. 三、参考答案 (一)单项 1.B;2.C;3.C;4.A;5.B;6.A;7.B;8.B;9.C;10.A 选择 (二)用所 给词的适当 1.were 2.had not told 3.(should)wear 4.would have got 5.could 6.would not have died 7.(should)be carried 8.were 形式填空 (三)篇章 1.(should)establish 2.had 3.could 4.had chosen 5.(should) 语法填空 realize 6.would not enjoy 7.had known 8.would have accepted 9. (should)take 10.changed 11.were floating 12.had cooperated 章 语法精讲精练二 (一)基本定义 动词与介词/副词dow构成的短语是英语中高频搭配，在高考语法填空、完形填空、短 文改错及写作中频繁出现。down作小品词时核心语义为“向下、降低、减少、结束、记 录”，不同动词与其搭配后，短语含义由动词本身与don的引申义共同决定。 (仁) 核心用法与分类 类别 核心含义 常见短语 例句 break down (出故障/崩溃)、fal ①表 位置或状 down(跌倒)、knock down(撞倒/ The old building was “向下/ 态由高到 knocked down yesterday. 拆毁)、 倒下” 低 get down(下来/记下)、go 那座旧楼昨天被拆除了。 down(下降/沉没) ②表 数量、程 cut down (削减/砍倒)、slow down You must cut down on “减少 度、速度 (减速)、turn down(调低/拒绝)、 sugar intake.你必须减少糖 降低” 的削减 calm down(冷静下来) 分摄入。 ③表 将信息记 write down(写下)、take down (记下拆卸)、put down(放下/写下/ Please write down the key “记录/ 下或确定 固定” 镇压)、set down(写下/制定)、note points.请写下要点。 下来 down(记录) ④表 let down(使失望放下)、look She felt let down by her "失望 情感或承 best friend.她感到被最好的 诺未达成 down on/upon(看不起) 辜负” 朋友辜负了。 ⑤表 状态趋于 After graduation,he "安定/ settle down(安定下来/传注于)、 稳定 calm down(平静下来) settled down in Shanghai 定居” 毕业后他在上海安顿下来。 (三)核心用法与及物不及物区分（高考必考点） ★动词短语分为及物（后可接宾语）和不及物（不可直接接宾语）两种，是高考语法填 空和改错的高频考查点。 1.及物短语（动词+down+宾语） >宾语放在down之后或短语中间（人称代词必须放中间）。 >固定用法：turn down the music/turn the music down√ >代词必须中间：turn it down√（不能说turn down it) >常见及物短语：cut down,put down,take down,write down,let down, knock down,turn down 2.不及物短语（动词+down,不接宾语） >后面不可直接跟名词，若需宾语则需加介词（如on,to,from等）。 >例：calm down(不及物)→calm down the children x→calm the children down√（及物用法）或tell the children to calm down√（不及物） >常见不及物短语：break down(出故障/崩渍)，come down(下降/倒塌)，go down(下降/沉没)，slow down(减速)，settle down(安定) 3.双及物/歧义短语（需根据语境判断） >有些短语可及物也可不及物，含义不同。 >break down:及物-→分解(break down food);不及物-→出故障/崩溃(The car broke down) >get down:及物-→取下/记下(get down the box).;不及物-→蹲下下降(Get down!) (四)核心含义区分（语境决定语义） 短语 含义1（常见） 含义2（引申） 高考常考义项 break 出故障（车/机 崩溃（人情绪）、分解（化学食物） 出故障/情绪崩溃 down 器) 调低（音量/温 turn down 度) 拒绝（请求/人） 调低/拒绝 cut down 砍倒（树） 削减（开支/数量） 削减（后接on) let down 放下（物体） 使失望（人） 使失望 put down 放下（物体） 写下、镇压（叛乱） 写下/放下 take down 取下、记下 拆除（建筑） 记下/拆除 set down 放下、记下 制定（规则） 记下/制定 settle 安定下来 专心做(settle down to do) 安定/专心 down 减速（及物/不及 slow down 减速 使.…慢下来 物) 下降（价格/温 沉没（船）、被记下(go down in go down 下降/沉没 度) history) (五)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1.介词/副词down与动词的固定搭配记忆 Tom was very upset because his application for the job was 答案：turned down(拒绝)考点：turn down表"拒绝'是及物，常用于被动语 态。 2.及物短语中人称代词宾格的位置 A.write down it B.write it down C.write down them D.write them down答案：B(代词宾格放短语中间) 3.不及物短语后接宾语需加介词 例：The government is trying to cut on the use of plastic bags. 案：down(cut down on为固定搭配，表“削减") 4.同一短语不同含义在语境中的辨析 A.broke down B.broke up C.broke out D.broke in答案：A(出故障) 5.过去分词作定语与短语的结合（如a fallen-down house非标准，但a knocked- down price常见) 例：All the trees were turned into firewood.答案：cut-down(注意 此处dow与动词构成的复合形容词形式，但高考更常考动词短语本身) 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.The machine has again.We need to call a technician. A.broken down B.broken up C.broken out D.broken in 2.Would you please the radio?I'm trying to concentrate A.turn off B.turn down C.turn up D.turn over 3.She felt completely when her best friend forgot her birthday. A.let down B.turned down C.cut down D.put down 4.The government is taking measures to_ the cost of living. A.cut down B.cut off C.cut in D.cut up 5.After retirement,my grandfather decided to in the countryside. A.settle down B.set down C.sit down D.slow down 6.Please _your name and address on the form. A.write down B.write off C.write out D.write up 7.The car ahead of us suddenly_,so we had to brake hard. A.slowed down B.broke down C.came down D.went down 8.The old man was by a car and sent to hospital immediately. A.knocked down B.knocked off C.knocked over D.knocked out 9.Don't the disabled;they deserve respect. A.look down on B.look up to C.look forward to D.look out for 10.The price of oil has sharply because of the global crisis. A.gone down B.gone up C.gone off D.gone out (二)用所给短语的适当形式填空(8)小题) 从方框中选择合适的动词短语，用其适当形式填空（每个短语限用一次）。 1.The teacher asked us to the main points of the lecture. 2.After years of traveling,they finally in a small town near the coast. 3.The young man felt when his boss criticized him in front of others. 4.The old factory completely after the earthquake. 5.You should your screen time to protect your eyes. 6.He applied for the scholarship but was by the committee 7.The driver as he approached the school zone. 8.It is wrong to those who are less fortunate than you. (三)篇章语法填空(12小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给动词短语的正确形式（注意时态、语态和短语结 构)。 Last week,our class went on a field trip to a paper recycling factory.We watched how old newspapers 1. (break down)into pulp(纸浆).The guide told us that the government has 2. (cut down)the use of new wood in paper production. During the process,a worker 3. (take down)the temperature of the machine every hour.Suddenly,one of the machines 4. (break down), and the whole line stopped.The workers quickly 5._ (calm down)the situation and fixed the problem.Later,we were asked to 6.(write down)what we had learned. I was very interested in the recycling process,but my friend Tom felt a bit 7. (let down)because he had expected to see more high-tech equipment.The guide told us not to 8. (look down on)the traditional methods.She also advised us to 9. (slow down)our pace of consuming paper. Before leaving,we 10.__ (put down)our notebooks and watched them seal the recycled paper.The factory manager said they planned to 11. (settle down)a new standard for recycled products.I think people should 12. (turn down)unnecessary paper use in daily life. 三、参考答案 (一)单项 1.A;2.B;3.A;4.A;5.A;6.A;7.A;8.A;9.A;10.A 选择 (二)用所 1.write down 2.settled down 3.let down 4.broke down 5.cut 给短语的适 当形式填空 down on 6.turned down 7.slowed down 8.look down on (三)篇章 1.were broken down 2.cut down 3.took down 4.broke down 5.calmed down 6.write down 7.let down 8.look down on 9. 语法填空 slow down 10.put down 11.settle down 12.turn down