Unit 4 Sports-2026-2027学年高中英语语法专项精讲精练必修二（沪外版）

Unit 4 Sports 语法专项精讲精练 语法概览 女同步语法一：-ing/-ed形式作状语 ★同步语法二：词汇语境义拓展：多义词(Polysemy） 语法精讲精练 ()基本定义 -ig形式（现在分词）和-ed形式（过去分词）作状语时，用来修饰动词、形容词或整个句 子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、结果等逻辑关系。核心依据：分词逻辑 主语必须与句子主语一致，否则需使用独立主格结构。 (二)核心用法与位置 用法 位置 含义 例句 现在分词(-ing) 句首、句中、句末 主动、进行（与 Walking in the street,I met 作状语 (常用逗号隔开) 主语为主动关系) an old friend. 过去分词(-ed) 句首、句中、句未 被动、完成（与 Given more time,we could 作状语 (常用逗号隔开) 主语为被动关系) finish the task. 完成式(having done having 句首（强调动作先 主动完成/被动 Having finished his been done)作 于主句发生) homework,he went out to 完成 状语 play. 位置规侧： 句首：分词短语后通常加逗号，表示时间、原因、条件等。 句末：常表示伴随、结果，有时不加逗号。 句中：用逗号分隔，表示补充说明。 (三)核心含义区分（八大状语类型） 类型 现在分词（-ing) 过去分词（-ed) ①时间 Walking home,he saw a car Seen from the hill,the city accident. looks beautiful. ②原因 Being ill,she stayed at home. Surprised by the news,he couldn't speak. ③条件 Working hard,you will Given another chance,I succeed. would try again. ④让步 Knowing the truth,he still Defeated many times,they refused to accept it. never gave up. ⑤伴随 He stood there,reading a She sat alone,surrounded book. by silence. ⑥结果 The rain lasted a week, He fell off the bike,badly causing serious floods. hurt. ⑦方式 He came running into the The boy lay tied to the chair. room. Generally speaking,it's a good Strictly speaking,that's not ⑧程度/补充 plan. true. (四)-ing与-ed作状语的对比（高考必考点） 对比维度 现在分词（-ing) 过去分词(-ed) 逻辑关系 主语与分词为主动关系 主语与分词为被动关系 时间关系 动作与主句动词同时或正在进行 动作先于主句动词完成 情感色彩 表示主语主动发出（如合人.…） 表示主语承受（如感到.…） 表主动状态（如falling leaves正 表完成状态（如fallen leaves已落 不及物动词 落下的叶子) 下的叶子) Generally speaking,Judging Given the situation, 固定搭配 from.… Compared with... 易错点： 1.分词逻辑主语必须一致，否则需用独立主格：Weather permitting,we will go,(天 气允许的话) 2.完成式having done强调先后顺序，但不用于被动（被动用having been done) 3.某些分词已转化为介词/连词：Provided that..(假如)，Concerning..（关于) (五)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1.分词作状语与状语从句的转换 O例句：When(he was)asked about his plan,he remained silent. Asked about his plan,he remained silent. 2.独立主格结构（逻辑主语+分词） g例句：The test finished,we went home. 3.分词作结果状语的特殊判断 例句：He died,leaving his family in great sorrow, ⑨注意：He died,killed by the enemy. 4.固定短语作评注性状语（逻辑主语非句主语） O例句：udging from his expression,he was angry, 5.分词否定式(not+分词) O例句：Not knowing what to do,he turned to the teacher. Not given enough time,he gave up. 二、专项练习 (一)单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. by the beauty of the lake,she decided to stay another day. A.Attracting B.Attracted C.To attract D.Having attracted 2. the key to success,he always keeps learning. A.Known B.Knowing C.To know D.Having known 3. from her parents for a long time,she felt very lonely. A.Separating B.Separated C.Being separated D.Having separated 4. enough time,we would have finished the task on time A.Given B.Giving C.To give D.Having given 5.He stood at the window, the rain falling heavily. A.watched B.watching C.to watch D.having watched 6. the danger,they still went ahead. A.Warned of B.Warning of C.To warn of D.Having warned of 7.Not the answer,she raised her hand to ask the teacher. A.knowing B.known C.to know D.having known 8. in the queue for hours,he began to lose patience. A.Waiting B.Waited C.Having waited D.Being waited 9.The old man walked slowly, by his grandson. A.supporting B.supported C.to support D.having supported 10. his homework,Tom went straight to bed. A.Finishing B.Finished C.Having finished D.To finish (二)用所给词的适当形式填空(8小题) 根据句子语境，用括号内动词的适当形式(-ing、-ed或完成式)填空。 1. (see)from the top of the mountain,the city looks like a map. 2.The teacher came into the classroom, (follow)by a group of students. 3. (not receive)any reply,he decided to try again. 4. (work)hard for three hours,they stopped to have a rest 5. (compare)with other candidates,she is more experienced. 6. (give)a lecture on environmental protection,he felt very nervous. 7.The boy sat there,(stare)at the screen without saying a word. 8. (leave)the room,he turned off all the lights. (三)篇章语法填空(12小题) 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给动词的正确形式（可加否定词、连词等）。 Last night,1. (feel)extremely tired,I went to bed early.However, 2. (lie)in bed for nearly an hour,I still couldn't fall asleep.3. (trouble)by the noise from the street,I got up and closed the window.4. (not find)any improvement,I decided to put on my headphones and listen to some soft music.5.(listen)for about twenty minutes,I finally drifted off Suddenly,I was woken up by a loud crash.6.(rise)from the bed,I saw a book that had fallen off the shelf.7.(pick)it up,I noticed a strange note inside.8.(write)in a language I didn't understand,the note seemed very old.9, (puzzle)by it,I showed it to my roommate the next morning. 10. (examine)it carefully,he said it was a code from a fantasy novel. 11. (surprise)by his explanation,I laughed and put the note back. 12. (experience)such a strange night,I felt both scared and amused. 三、参考答案 (一)单项 选择 1.B;2.B;3.B;4.A;5.B;6.A;7.A;8.C;9.B;10.C (二)用所 1.Seen 2.followed 3.Not having received 4.Having worked; 给词的适当 5.Compared 6.Having been given /Given 7.staring 8.Leaving/ 形式填空 Having left (三)篇章 1.feeling 2.having lain 3.Troubled 4.Not having found 5.Having 语法填空 listened 6.Rising 7.Picking 8.Written 9.Puzzled 10.Having examined 11.Surprised 12.Having experienced 语法精讲精练二 (一)基本定义 多义词(Polysemy)指同一个单词在不同语境中拥有多个相互关联但不同的义项。在高 中英语和高考中，多义词是词汇考查的核心，尤其在完形填空、阅读理解中，需要根据上 下文精准判断词义，避免“一词一义“的思维定式。 (二)核心类型与辨析方法 多义词的义项通常围绕一个核心义（本义）衍生出引申义（比喻义、转义等）。掌握以下 三类常见多义词的派生规律，能有效提升语境理解能力。 词 举例 本 类 义 常见引申义 语境判断关键词 动 打 ①违背（规则）②打断（谈话） 搭配宾语：break a rule/break 词 break 破 ③破产（经济）④破晓（天色） the silence break dawn 动 ①经营（公司）②运转（机器） 主语：run a business/runa run 跑 词 ③流动（水）④竞选（职位） machine run for president 词 举例 本 常见引申义 语境判断关键词 动 获 ①变得（状态）②理解（含义） 后接形容词：get angry;接从 词 get 得 ③到达（地点）④抓住（机会） 句：get it;接地点：get home ①灯（具体）②见解（抽象）③ 名 词 light 光 词性变化：turn on the light/in 轻的（形容词）④明亮的（形容 词) the light of light weight 名 举 ①筹集（资金）②抚养（孩子） 宾语类型：raise money/raise raise 词 起 ③提出（问题） ④提高（价格） children raise a question 高考核心辨析方法： 1.看搭配：同一动词后接不同宾语，含义不同。例：make a cake(做蛋糕)vs, make sense(有意义) 2.看词性：同一单词不同词性意义迥异。例：book(n.书→V.预订) 3.看上下文逻辑：根据前后文情感、动作、结果推断义项。例：He ran a marathon. (跑)vs.She ran a sma∥shop.(经营) (三)高考高频多义词专项梳理（附例句） 1.break(核心义：断裂) 义项 例句 用法提示 打破 He broke the window 物理性破坏 违背 Don't break the law. 后接规则、协议 打断 She broke the silence. 后接silence、conversation 破晓 Day breaks at 6 a.m. 主语为day/dawn 2.run(核心义：快速移动) 义项 例句 用法提示 跑 The boy runs fast. 不及物动词 义项 例句 用法提示 经营 He runs a successful company. 后接企业、组织 运转 The engine runs smoothly. 主语为机器、系统 流淌 Tears ran down her face. 主语为液体 参加竞选 He will run for mayor. run for+职位 3.get(核心义：获得，到达) 义项 例句 用法提示 得到 I got a letter. 直接宾语 变得 It gets cold in winter. 系动词+形容词 理解 I don't get your meaning 接从句或抽象名词 到达 We got home at night. 接地点副词/介词短语 4.make (核心义：制作，使) 义项 例句 用法提示 制作 She made a cake 后接具体物品 使（某人物）… The news made him happy. make+宾语+宾补 成为 He will make a good teacher. make+名词（表结果） 构成 Twelve months make a year. 主语为组成部分 达成 make a decision/make a plan 固定短语搭配 5.take(核心义：拿走，花费) 义项 例句 用法提示 拿走 Take the book away. 及物动词+away 义项 例句 用法提示 花费（时间） It takes two hours. 句型：It takes sb.time to do 乘坐 Take a bus. 后接交通工具 采取（行动） Take action immediately. 后接抽象名词 以为 I take you as my friend. take..as+名词 (四) 易混淆多义词对此（高考常考点） 常见义项 常见义项 单词 常见义项1 高频搭配区分 2 3 adj.明亮 light n.光/灯 adj.轻的 light bulb/light weight /light 的 room book n.书 V.预订 book a ticket /a book store v.leave?过去式（离 adj.左边 left 开) 的 left the room on the left train n.火车 V.训练 train station /train employees last adj.最后的 V.持续 last week last for hours (五)高考高频考点总结（附例句） 1根据搭配区分动词多义 I need to run the data analysis..(运行，后接程序) She decided to run for the school president..(竞选，搭配for) 2根据词性转换判断含义 Please book a room for me.(v.预订) I borrowed a book from the library.(n.) 3.在完形填空中通过上下文逻辑排除干扰项 The company plans to break into the European market.(打入，非“打 破”) 4.固定短语中的多义理解（高考完形填空高频） ☆take off:脱下/起飞/成功 ⊙make up:编造/组成/化妆 ⊙break down:分解/出故障/崩溃 二、专项练习 (一）单项选择(10小题) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1.The manager asked us to the problem carefully before making a decision. A.run B.break C.get D.take 2.t me three hours to finish the report yesterday. A.spent B.took C.cost D.paid 3.The young man is so ambitious that he plans to his own business next year. A.run B.break C.get D.take 4.Don't the law,or you'll be punished. A.break B.run C.get D.make 5.The weather is colder and colder.We'd better stay indoors. A.turning B.getting C.making D.breaking 6.She tried to her point by giving several examples. A.make B.get C.run D.break 7.The old man from his job last month and now enjoys a quiet life A.retired B.ran C.broke D.got 8.We need to a decision before the deadline. A.make B.take C.get D.run 9.The plane will off at 8 a.m.tomorrow morning. A.take B.make C.run D.break 10.The novel is so popular that it has into many languages. A.broken B.taken C.got D.run (二)根据语境选择正确的词义(10小题) 阅读下列句子，从括号内所给的词义选项中选出最符合语境的释义，将选项序号填在横线 上。 l.The car broke down on the highway..→词义： A. 打破 B. 出故障 C. 打断 D 违背 2.He runs a coffee shop near the school.→词义： A. 跑步 B. 经营 C. 流动 D 竞选 3.lcan't get what you said.Could you explain again?→词义：_ A. 得到 B. 变得 C. 理解 D. 到达 4.The engine makes a strange noise.→词义： A. 制作 B. 使 C. 发出（声音） D 成为 5.Please take a seat and wait for your turn.→词义： A.拿走 B.花费 C.乘坐 D.就座(take a seat固定搭配) 6.he sun rises in the east every morning.→词义： A. 升起 B. 提高 C. 起床 D 出现 7.He left the room without saying a word.→词义： A. 左边的 B. 离开 C. 留下 D. 忘记 8.The bill came to$50 in total..→词义： A. 来 B. 达到 C. 出现 D 来自 g.She drew a beautiful picture of the sunset.→词义： A 拉 B. 画 吸引 D 推断 l0.The teacher set a time limit for the exam.→词义： A. 放置 B. 设置 C. 确定 D. 落下 (三)篇章语境填空(10小题) 阅读下面短文，从方框中选择合适的单词填入空白处，注意单词的多义变化。每个单词限 用一次，必要时可改变词形（如词性、时态等）。 方框词：break,run,get,make,take,light,left,book,train,last Last summer,I went on a trip to Beijing.I had to 1. a hotel room in advance because it was the peak season.After arriving,I 2. __a taxi to the hotel.The driver was very friendly and told me about many places to visit. The hotel was 3. but comfortable,and the room had a 4. blue color that made me feel relaxed. The next day,I 5.to the Forbidden City early in the morning.The ticket 6.___me about two hours to buy because the line was long.Inside, I saw many ancient buildings.One of the towers had a 7. _roof that needed repair.I also met a guide who 8. a small tour group.He explained the history in detail. On the last day,I accidentally 9._ my phone on the bus,but luckily a kind passenger returned it.The whole trip 10. only five days,but I felt I had learned so much about Chinese culture. 1. 2 3 4. 6. 8 9 10 (一)单项 选择 1.A;2.B;3.A;4.A;5.B;6.B;7.A;8.A;9.A;10.A （二)根据 语境选择正 1.B;2.B;3.C;4.C;5.D;6.A;7.B;8.B;9.B;10.C 确的词义 (三)篇章 1.book 2.took 3.light 4.light 5.got 6.took 7.broken 8. 语境填空 ran 9.left 10.lasted