专题05 阅读理解——议论文（复习课件）（全国通用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

该高中英语高考复习课件聚焦阅读理解议论文专题，依据高考评价体系梳理了“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”“批驳错误观点—立观点”“列举事例—归纳观点”三大核心结构类型，通过近三年考情分析明确推理判断题占比最高、主旨大意题次之的考点权重，归纳出观点态度、词义猜测等常考题型，构建系统备考框架。 课件亮点在于“真题溯源+思维建模+靶向突破”策略，如以2026北京卷“颠覆者”文本为例，运用“首先引出—接着分析—最后结论”论证思路公式，培养学生逻辑思维与批判性思维品质。特设六大陷阱避坑指南和论证方法速解技巧，助力学生精准定位答案，教师可依托考点权重与题型分布实现高效复习指导，提升备考针对性与得分率。

阅读理解 议论文 2027年高考一轮复习讲练测 专题05 学科：高中英语 版本：全国通用 01 命题透视・考情前瞻 （对标素养，研判高考命题趋势略） 02 03 04 思维建模・脉络梳理 （搭建知识框架，构建系统思维） 考点精讲・靶向突破 （拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式） 真题溯源・考向感知 （溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向） 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 2 01 命题透视・考情前瞻 （对标素养，研判高考命题趋势） 01 命题透视・考情前瞻 核心考点 2026 2025 2024 人与自我       人与社会 （2026北京卷）D论述盲目颠覆的弊端 （2025高考I卷）城市交通问题 （2025北京卷）能否延长看屏幕时间的争论 （2024新高考I卷）C篇：纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异 （2024北京卷）讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的 人与自然     （2024浙江1月卷）加拿大Alberta防雹千预计划之争 考情分析 1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：文章涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。 2．从命题思路上看： 文章通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非的方法，来论证某种观点正确与否，肯定或否定某种主张。即提出问题(引论)--分析问题(本论)一一解决问题(结论)”。常见的有细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题、情感态度题等题型。 01 命题透视・考情前瞻 核心考点 2026 2025 2024 考情分析 预计2027年议论文有可能考。复习过程中要熟练掌握议论文的命题特点和解题方法，做到成功应对议论文阅读试题。 复习目标 1.掌握议论文的结构特点和命题形式。 2.掌握议论文的双管齐下阅读方式，侧重结构和内容两个方面。 3.熟悉议论文中常考查的观点态度词中的难词。 4.议论文主要考查推理判断，主旨大意和部分的细节理解。 02 思维建模・脉络梳理 （搭建知识框架，构建系统思维） 02 思维建模・脉络梳理 读文抓核心 找论点 议论文 理结构 位置：标题、开头、结尾 特征：明确的判断句（是 / 不是 / 应该） 标志：关联词（但是、因此）、序数词（首先、其次） 偷换：概念、范围、时态 逻辑：并列、层进、对照、总分 选择题避坑 六大陷阱 解题动作 无中：生有信息 因果：强加、倒置 曲解：断章取义 找：定位原文句子；比：逐字比对差异；判：排除错误选项 02 思维建模・脉络梳理 主观题套路 论证思路 议论文 论证方法 公式：首先引出…→接着分析…→最后结论… 关键：用连接词串联层次 举例：具体有力 比喻：生动形象 对比：突出强调 含义理解 引用：权威可信 表层：字面意思 / 指代内容 深层：情感态度 / 哲理启示 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 （拆解核心考点，归纳解题范式） 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 知识点1 高考议论文的特点 知识解构 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 （一）命题素材：社会心理学、人生哲理、价值观念、教育理念、生活态度、现象评论、不同立场辩论，话题偏人文思辨，无专业生僻术语，但观点抽象。 （二）语言风格 1. 行文：逻辑严密，重在讲道理、表立场、驳观点、提建议，主观色彩强。 2. 词汇：态度词、评价词、衔接词密集，同义替换。 3. 句式：倒装、强调、虚拟语气、复杂从句居多，句式正式。 4. 态度：明确区分作者观点、他人观点、正反两方观点。 （三）题型分布：推理判断题 > 主旨大意/标题题 > 观点态度题 > 细节题 > 词义猜测题 （四）核心行文结构 1. 立论文 引入话题 → 提出中心论点 → 分层论证（举例/道理/对比）→ 总结重申观点/发出呼吁 • 论点位置：首段末尾、第二段开头、尾段 • 论证部分：多为分论点，用来支撑总论点，常考细节、局部推理 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 知识点1 高考议论文的特点 知识解构 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 2. 驳论文 摆出错误/大众观点 → 转折反驳 → 阐述己方观点+论证 → 总结 • 关键：转折词后=作者真实立场，前文均为被驳斥的观点，极易设陷阱。 3. 对比观点类 话题引入 → 正方观点+理由 → 反方观点+理由 → 作者表态/中立评价 • 考点：区分三方立场（正方、反方、作者），张冠李戴是高频陷阱。 4. 现象评论类 描述社会现象 → 分析现象利弊/成因 → 发表个人看法/提出建议 • 尾段多为作者核心观点，也是主旨、态度题答案集中地。 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 知识点2 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题 知识解构 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 这种议论文作者直接提出己方观点，通过举例、引用数据、逻辑推理等方式正面论证观点的合理性。在近年高考真题中，立论文常围绕 "环境保护的个人责任"" 在线教育的利弊 " " AI使用的利弊 " 等社会热点展开，文章结构严谨，论证层次分明。 ①结构特征 总分总结构：开篇提出中心论点（Thesis Statement），中间分论点（Sub-arguments）支撑，结尾总结升华。 ②论证方法 举例论证（Examples）：通过具体案例增强说服力，举例是论证过程中很重要的支撑，举例法易于讲明道理。 对比论证（Comparison）：将两种对立事物或观点对照分析，凡事比则明，通过对比证明观点的正确性。 引用论证（Quotations）：援引权威言论或经典文献。 因果论证（Cause and Effect）：揭示事物内在逻辑关系。 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考向破译 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 1.（2026北京卷） The 21st century has created a whole range of new types of professionals that we have never had before — or if not quite new, at least newly repackaged. The world has always had influential people, for instance, but only now do we have “Influencer”. Similarly, the corporate world has certainly known its fair share of disruption, yet it is only in the last couple of decades that the “Disruptor” has become a recognisable figure in the way we talk about big business. In an earlier era, the Disruptor would have been called an Innovator. Yet while an Innovator creates something new, the Disruptor is defined as much by what they destroy as by what they create. The Disruptor forces change; the clean-up is somebody else’s problem. It’s an attitude best summed up as “Move fast and break things.” Back in 1929, G. K. Chesterton identified the core problem with moving fast and breaking things through a thought experiment. Imagine there is a fence along a road. Suppose it’s been there a long time, and was put there for some purpose. But that purpose is lost over time. To us, now, the fence seems to be nothing but an impediment. Why not remove it? 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考向破译 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 When faced with such a fence, Chesterton thinks the fact that we can’t see the point of the fence is why we should not tear it down. Some fences keep foxes out of henhouses, for instance. If you think you can do without the fence because you’ve never seen a fox, consider if the existence of the fence is precisely why you’ve never seen one. Importantly, Chesterton is not saying that things can never be reformed. His is a preventive principle rather than an outright prohibition. We could rephrase it like this: understand the wisdom in past decisions before you reject them. If we’re too impetuous, we can end up tearing out things we don’t yet realise we rely upon. But uncritical devotion to the “way things are done” can also deny us the possibility of better days. What is required, then, is not the fearlessness of the Disruptor, but the humility (谦卑) to stop and ask questions and to know that our own perspective is neither unique nor comprehensive. Disruption can be a force for good. It can also just leave a big mess. We need the ability to work out which messes are worth avoiding — because however impressively fast you move, some things can’t be easily unbroken. 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考向破译 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 【篇章结构】 段落 功能 关键词句 Para.1 提出的观点 the “Disruptor” has become a recognisable figure in the way we talk about big business. Para.2 进一步阐明“颠覆者” defined as much by what they destroy as by what they create. Para.3-4 借助Chesterton的栅栏思想实验，论述盲目颠覆的弊端，提出新见解 To us, now, the fence seems to be nothing but an impediment. Why not remove it? If you think you can do without the fence because you’ve never seen a fox, consider if the existence of the fence is precisely why you’ve never seen one. Para.5-6 结论 understand the wisdom in past decisions before you reject them. What is required, then, is not the fearlessness of the Disruptor, but the humility (谦卑) to stop and ask questions and to know that our own perspective is neither unique nor comprehensive. 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 31．Regarding Chesterton’s principle, the author is _____________. A．supportive B．doubtful C．conflicted D．disappointed A 题干关键词→Chesterton’s principle →the author’s attitude 文章定位：①第五段“Importantly, Chesterton is not saying that things can never be reformed. His is a preventive principle rather than an outright prohibition.(重要的是，Chesterton并不是说事物永远不能改革。他提出的是一种预防性原则，而非彻底禁止变革。)”②第六段“What is required, then, is not the fearlessness of the Disruptor, but the humility (谦卑) to stop and ask questions and to know that our own perspective is neither unique nor comprehensive.(因此，我们需要的不是颠覆者的无所畏惧，而是停下来思考发问的谦卑之心，明白我们自身的看法既非独一无二，也并非面面俱到。)” 解析思维过程→①+②→提出正向的观点 →supportive 思维过程 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 32．What does the word “impetuous” underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．Short-sighted. B．Narrow-minded. C．Hot-headed. D．Old-fashioned. C 题干关键词→“impetuous” →mean 文章定位：第五段understand the wisdom in past decisions before you reject them.在否定过往决策之前，先理解其中蕴含的智慧。“If we’re too impetuous, we can end up tearing out things we don’t yet realise we rely upon.(如果我们太过impetuous，最终可能毁掉那些我们尚且没有意识到、却十分依赖的事物。)” 解析思维过程→understand the wisdom in past decisions before you reject them.在否定过往决策之前，先理解其中蕴含的智慧。→与“If we’re too impetuous意思是相反的 →前者谨慎；推知后者鲁莽→C．Hot-headed. 思维过程 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 33．What can we infer from this passage about the Disruptor? A．They may clear up other people’s mess. B．They are in favour of the preventive principle. C．They preserve more traditions than they break. D．They may create more problems than they solve. D 题干关键词→ infer from → about the Disruptor 文章定位：①第二段“The Disruptor forces change; the clean-up is somebody else’s problem.(颠覆者强行推动变革，收拾残局却是别人的事。)”②第六段“Disruption can be a force for good. It can also just leave a big mess.(颠覆或许能产生积极作用，但也可能只留下一堆烂摊子。)” 解析思维过程→①+②→ the clean-up is somebody else’s problem. +It can also just leave a big mess. → create more problems →D 思维过程 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 34．What does the author intend to tell us? A．Humility should be a driving force for human progress. B．Innovation should move forward the wheel of tradition. C．Reform should draw from the wellspring of past wisdom. D．Disruption should be given priority in social development. C 题干关键词→ the author→ intend to tell us 文章定位：第五段“We could rephrase it like this: understand the wisdom in past decisions before you reject them.(我们可以这样概括：在否定过往决策之前，先领会其中蕴含的智慧。)” 解析思维过程→同义表达past wisdom——past decisions；reform——reject them→ C．Reform should draw from the wellspring of past wisdom. 故选C 思维过程 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考向破译 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 2.（2024新课标Ⅰ卷）C篇 Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than on screen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考向破译 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考向破译 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 【篇章结构】 结构 段落 功能 关键词句 提出问题 Para.1 提出问题 "Is comprehension the same...?" 双重疑问句引发思考 分析问题 Para.2-3 对比论证 "When reading texts of several hundred words..., learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than on screen. " Para.4 理论深化 "shallowing hypothesis" 解释心理机制 Para.5 延伸对比 "Audio and video...but remember less" 扩大讨论维度 结论 Para.6 结论建议 "educators shouldn’t assume..." 提出辩证解决方案 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. D 题干关键词→ shine through →mean 文章定位：The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.→根据前面more successful可知作者应该是肯定The benefits of print reading 故选D 思维过程 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. A 题干关键词→ the shallowing hypothesis →assume 文章定位： Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.→同义句表达not so serious= treat ... lightly 解析思维过程→not so serious= treat ... lightly→A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. 思维过程 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A. They can hold students’ attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare. C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text. A 题干关键词 → audio and video → increasingly used 文章定位：Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies → 题目定位turn to ≈ use; “so”因果连词，前句就是原因→engaging引人入胜的≈ attractive ≈ can hold students' attention 解析思维过程→同义句表达→feel more engaging than text→hold students' attention 思维过程 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. C 题干关键词→imply→last paragraph 文章定位：Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. →强调文本阅读的重要性 思维过程 考向 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 考点一 提出问题（观点）——分析问题——解决问题类议论文 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 知识点 错误的观点→批驳→立观点 知识解构 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 先引出对方观点，再通过反驳论据、指出逻辑漏洞等方式证明其错误，从而树立己方观点。这种文体旨在通过批判性分析构建严谨的论证体系，常见于社会现象评论、学术争议探讨等文本。 1. 结构特征：错误的观点→批驳→立观点 树靶阶段：文章开篇通常以客观陈述或引用他人观点的方式，明确摆出反方立场。例如在探讨 “网络学习是否能完全取代传统课堂” 时，先阐述 “部分人认为网络学习灵活高效，应全面推广”的观点。 批驳阶段：运用 “However” “But” “Nevertheless”等转折词引出反驳内容，通过数据对比、事实例证等方式削弱对方论点的可信度。如指出 "网络学习缺乏师生实时互动，据调查显示，73% 的学生存在自主学习效率低下问题"。 立观点阶段：在瓦解反方观点后，系统阐述己方立场，通过递进式分析或多维度论证强化说服力，如提出 “传统课堂与网络学习应优势互补”的解决方案。 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 知识点 错误的观点→批驳→立观点 知识解构 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 2. 论证方法 归谬法：假设对方观点成立，通过合理推导得出荒谬结论，例如从“读书无用论”推导出 “社会将失去科技创新能力”。 反证法：通过证明与己方论点相反的命题为假，间接确立正确观点，如通过证明“不重视环保会导致生态崩溃”来支持可持续发展主张。 漏洞分析：聚焦对方论证中的逻辑缺陷，如指出统计样本偏差、因果关系误判等问题，例如批判“因个别成功案例否定教育重要性”的以偏概全逻辑。 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 考向破译 （2026·福建省福清第一中学适应性练习） Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. The ideals for most philosophical writing are precision, clarity, and the sort of conceptual analysis that leaves no hair un-split. There is nothing wrong with clarity, precision, and the like — but this isn’t the only way to do philosophy. Outside academic journals, abstract philosophical ideas are often expressed through literature, cinema, and song. There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than put the reader to sleep. One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t wear their meanings on their sleeve — they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with. Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics (形而上学) of race — an area of philosophy that explores the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 考向破译 on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes (a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies (“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal — that they’re more like leprechauns (一种魔法精灵) than they are like Thursdays or dollars (“anti-realism”). A great example of a story with social constructionist taking on race is George Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. Thousands of African Americans crowd Crookman’s Black No More clinics and pay him their hard-earned cash to undergo the procedure. White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are “really” White from those who merely appear to be White. In a final episode, Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually whiter than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin — darkening it so as to look more White. Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with. 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 考向破译 【篇章结构】 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 段落 功能 关键词句 Para.1 错误的观点 Philosophers have a bad reputation for expressing themselves in a dry and boring way. Para.2-3 提出正确观点 There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story. There are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than put the reader to sleep. Para.4-5 举例证明 用乔治·舒勒的小说《黑人不再》中的故事，说明种族形而上学的哲学观点 Para.6 结论 Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with. 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 25．What does the author think of philosophical stories? A．They are extremely precise and formal. B．The meanings behind are quite apparent. C．They often cause conflicts among readers. D．They are engaging and inspire critical thinking. D 题干关键词→the author→think of →philosophical stories 文章定位：①第二段中“There’s nothing that grabs attention like a good story, and there are some great philosophical stories that delight and engage, rather than putting the reader to sleep.”②第三段中“One of the great things about this is that, unlike formal philosophy, which tries to be very clear, stories don’t wear their meanings on their sleeve — they require interpretation, and often express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with.” → delight and engage→ express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with 解析思维过程→delight and engage—— engaging → express conflicting ideas for the reader to wrestle with—— critical thinking → D．They are engaging and inspire critical thinking. 思维过程 考向 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 26．Which category might “Christmas” fall into according to paragraph 4? A．Anti-realism. B．Literary realism. C．Biological realism. D．Social constructionism. D 题干关键词→ category→Christmas →paragraph 4 文章定位：“Consider what philosophers call the metaphysics(形而上学) of race—an area of philosophy that explores the question of whether or not race is real. There are three main positions that you can take on these questions. You might think that a person’s race is written in their genes (a position known as “biological realism”). Or you might think of race as socially real, like days of the week or currencies (“social constructionism”). Finally, you might think that races are unreal — that they’re more like leprechauns(一种魔法精灵) than they are like Thursdays or dollars (“anti-realism”).” 解析思维过程→Christmas→ days of the week →是同类事物→social constructionism 思维过程 考向 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 27．What is Black No More in paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Racial issues caused by skin colors. B．A society view on race and self-image. C．Black people accepted by the white society. D．The origin of sun bathing among white people. B 题干关键词→Black No More→paragraph 5 →mainly about 文章定位：“A great example of a story with social constructionist taking on race is George Schuyler’s novel Black No More. In the book, a Black scientist named Crookman invents a procedure that makes Black people visually indistinguishable from Whites. …… Crookman discovers that new Whites are actually whiter than those who were born that way, which kicks off a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin—darkening it so as to look more White.” 解析思维过程→White racists can no longer distinguish those people who are “really” White from those who merely appear to be White. → a trend of sunbathing to darken one’s skin—darkening it so as to look more White. →B．A society view on race and self-image. 思维过程 考向 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 28．What is the best title of the text? A．Stories Made Easy B．Positions in Philosophy C．Stories to Think with D．Nature of Philosophical Writing C 题干关键词→ the best title→the text 文章定位：Philosophically rich stories like this bring more technical works to life. They are stories to think with.( 这类哲学内涵丰富的故事，能让技术性作品更加生动鲜活。它们是值得深思的故事。)” 解析思维过程→They are stories to think with.→ stories to think with. →C 故选C 思维过程 考向 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 考点二 考查错误的观点→批驳→立观点 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 知识点1 列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 知识解构 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 开篇引出几种事例或现象，归纳作者的核心观点。注意抓取关键词、区分事例与观点。 观点态度题 ① 题干标志：attitude, opinion, view, think of, feel about, what is the author’s attitude towards... ② 态度词汇分类： 积极褒义：positive (积极的), supportive (支持的), favorable (赞同的), approving (赞成的), optimistic (乐观的) 消极贬义：negative (消极的), critical (批判的), doubtful (怀疑的), worried (担忧的), pessimistic (悲观的) 客观中立：objective (客观的), neutral (中立的), impartial (公正的) 干扰错项：indifferent (冷漠的), biased (偏见的), confused (困惑的), scared (恐惧的) ③ 解题步骤：区分提问对象：问作者态度 / 问文中某个人的态度 定位对应观点句，抓取情感形容词、副词、转折词 知识点2 议论文常考的题型解题思路 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 知识点2 议论文常考的题型解题思路 知识解构 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 结合论证内容判断褒贬/中立 ④ 三大陷阱: 张冠李戴：把文中普通人、专家的态度，当成作者态度 断章取义：只看个别词句，忽略全文整体立场 过度解读：放大轻微情绪，选择极端态度词 推理判断题 ① 题干标志: infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn from, it can be inferred that... ② 核心铁律: 原文直接陈述的句子≠推理答案，答案是言外之意。 推理必须依托文本逻辑，严禁结合个人三观、生活常识脑补。 议论文推理多围绕“论点、论据、逻辑关系”展开。 ③细分考法: 局部推理：针对某段/某句话 → 精读该段完整逻辑 全文推理：针对整篇文章 → 结合总论点+行文脉络 ④四大陷阱: 照搬原文原句 过度推理：超出文章逻辑，主观延伸观点 颠倒逻辑：因果倒置、观点倒置 曲解论据：把例子、分论点当作核心推理依据 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 知识点2 议论文常考的题型解题思路 知识解构 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 主旨大意 ① 解题位置: 首段尾句 > 第二段首句 > 尾段总结句 > 各段首句串联 ② 分题型解法: 段落主旨：段落围绕哪个观点展开，该观点即主旨； 例子、数据、引用均为论据，直接排除。 全文主旨/最佳标题：锁定全文重复出现的核心话题词； 体现作者中心论点,不能只讲现象,只讲他人观点； 标题要求：简洁、点明立场、概括全文。 ③ 四大陷阱: 以偏概全：只用某一个分论点/论据概括全文 偏离论点：只描述现象，未体现作者观点 范围过大：话题超出文章讨论范畴 偷换主题：替换核心名词，改变讨论对象 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 知识点2 议论文常考的题型解题思路 知识解构 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 事实细节题 ① 题干标志: what, which, why, how, according to the writer... ② 考点方向: 论点的依据、观点产生的原因、不同人群的具体看法、建议内容。 ③ 高频陷阱: 偷换主体：混淆正方、反方、作者三方 半对半错：前半句正确，后半句篡改逻辑/观点 修饰词偷换：some ↔ all，possible ↔ certain 句义猜测题 ① 代词指代 it/that/this/they：向前就近找指代的观点、名词或整件事，注意单复数。 ② 生词/长句理解 依托逻辑关系：同义(and/or)、反义(but/however)、解释说明(that is)； ③ 陷阱：固守单词本义，忽略语境引申义。 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 考查归纳类议论文 考向破译 （2025年全国I卷）C篇 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 考查归纳类议论文 考向破译 as well. Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向 考查归纳类议论文 考向破译 【篇章结构】 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 段落 功能 关键词句 Para.1 现象1 declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children Para.2 观点 Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives Para.3 现象2 Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Para4 现象3 the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. Para5 结论 it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 1．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A．Cars often get stuck on the road. B．Traffic accidents occur frequently. C．People walk less and drive more. D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. C 题干关键词→phenomenon→in paragraph 1 文章定位：①declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children ②there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead. 解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①+②→declines同义表达walk less→pack them into the car→drive more→C．People walk less and drive more. 思维过程 考向 考查归纳类议论文 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 2．What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A．Keep their cities livable. B．Promote cultural diversity. C．Help the needy families. D．Make expressways accessible. A 题干关键词→Canadian journalist and other campaigners→ trying to do 文章定位：Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through. 解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→①stop the destruction of her local park②a decent place to live→A．Keep their cities livable. 思维过程 考向 考查归纳类议论文 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 3．What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A．They boosted the sales of cars. B．They turned out largely ineffective. C．They won government support. D．They advocated building new parks. B 题干关键词→inferred about the campaigns→Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s 文章定位：Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. 解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→① Although ② widespread→ ineffective. 故选B 思维过程 考向 考查归纳类议论文 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 03 考点精讲・靶向突破 考向破译 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Why the Rush? B．What’s Next? C．Where to Stay? D．Who to Blame? A 题干关键词→ suitable title → the text 文章定位：We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? → A．Why the Rush? 故选A 思维过程 考向 考查归纳类议论文 考点三 考查列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法 04 真题溯源・考向感知 （溯源真题逻辑，感知高考考向） 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2025·北京卷 Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes. The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family, we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way — just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”. Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2025·北京卷 that lead us to feel good or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts. Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.” What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have control over. 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2025·北京卷 28．How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument? A．Excited. B．Inspired. C．Energized. D．Relieved. 29．What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Major achievements. B．Complex feelings. C．Significant impacts. D．Fine differences. 30．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit B．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties C．Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble D．Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．A 【解析】本文是一篇议论。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。 B D A 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2025·北京卷 28．推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。 29．词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2025·北京卷 30．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标题，故选A。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2021年全国乙卷 When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）? These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household. 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2021年全国乙卷 Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）. How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones? A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity. C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design. 25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark. B A 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2021年全国乙卷 26. What can we say about Baby Boomers? A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity. C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family. 27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph? A. It remains a family necessity. B. It will fall out of use some day. C. It may increase daily expenses. D. It is as important as the gas light. 【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。 24.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。 C B 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2021年全国乙卷 25.词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。 26.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents ”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。 27.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2020年北京卷 Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2020年北京卷 Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2020年北京卷 The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. 42. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 43. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 44. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 45. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. D A B A 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2020年北京卷 【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A 【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。 42.词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。 43.细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2020年北京卷 44.推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。 45.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2019年天津卷 Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book. The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？ We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2019年天津卷 But，if we are willing to lean，the opportunities are everywhere. The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept. Many of us equate（视……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson. 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2019年天津卷 51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________. A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success 52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. End one's struggle for liberty. B. Waste one's energy taking risks. C. Miss the opportunity to succeed. D. Lose the interest to continue learning. 53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4? A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind. D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. 54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5? A. A tough man can tolerate suffering. B. A wise man can live without self-pity. C. A man should try to satisfy people around him. D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life. B D C D 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2019年天津卷 55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage? A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life. B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work. C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning. D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career. 【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A 【解析】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。 51.B 推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。 52.D 词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止学习，故选D。 A 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2019年天津卷 53.C 推理判断题。根据第四段we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。 54. D 推理判断题。根据第五段we learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。 55.A 主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年全国Ⅱ卷 We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.” In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年全国Ⅱ卷 to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.” Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says. 32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? A. Addiction to smartphones. B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places. C. Absence of communication between strangers. D. Impatience with slow service. 33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci? A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people. C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals. C B 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年全国Ⅱ卷 34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk? A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence. C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence 【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C 【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。 32. 推理判断题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。 C D 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年全国Ⅱ卷 33. 推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。 34. 推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。 35. 主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年北京卷 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年北京卷 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services. A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年北京卷 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues. But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________. A. help deal with transportation-related problems B. provide better services to customers C. cause damage to our environment D. make some people lose jobs 48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern? A. Safety. B. Side effects. C. Affordability. D. Management. A D 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年北京卷 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars 49. What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. Employed. B. Replaced. C. Shared. D. Reduced. 50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic. 【答案】47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B 【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。 47. 推理判断题。根据第二段While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。 A B 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年北京卷 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars 48. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。 49. 词义猜测题。根据第四段The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Employed被应用；B. Replaced被取代；C. Shared被分享；D. Reduced被减少。故选A。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年北京卷 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars 50. 观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 中的 advancement，move more people, and more affordably. 以及plan for it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年江苏卷 In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consommé. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant. Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty. Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert. Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年江苏卷 Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent. Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding. high prices — don't necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad’ tables," given that they're profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier. 58. The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were . A. not aware of eating more than usual B. not willing to share food with others C. not conscious of the food quality D. not fond of the food provided A 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年江苏卷 59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit? A. Playing classical music. B. Introducing lemon scent. C. Making the light brighter. D. Using plates of larger size. 60. What does the last paragraph talk about? A. Tips to attract more customers. B. Problems restaurants are faced with. C. Ways to improve restaurants’ reputation. D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants. 【答案】58. A 59. A 60. D 【解析】本文为议论文，介绍了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，介绍了刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，以及人们对餐厅就餐的一些错误认识。 58. 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线部分的前句they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else,可知在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据划线后 的句子they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.可知他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，所以A正确。 A D 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年江苏卷 59. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是流行音乐。Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬香，而D项文章没有提及，所以用排除方法可以选A。 60. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding，high prices — don't necessarily.可知你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如不好的桌子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选D。 点睛：概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。 04 真题溯源・考向感知 2018年江苏卷 此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。 本题的最后一题是主旨大意类，要求概括本段的主旨大意，根据寻找主旨大意的方法，通过阅读第一句话可以简单地总结出主旨大意为人们对于饭店的几个误解。在通过阅读下文可以找到支持这一观点的例子，因此可以确定主旨大意。 愿正在努力的你： 坚守初心不辜负，默默耕耘终有光。 平心从容迎大考，提笔自信展华章。 落笔皆随心中愿，金榜圆梦赴远方。 2027年高考一轮复习讲练测 $