Unit 6 Earth and Beyond（上）-2026-2027学年八年级英语上册知识点精讲（仁爱科普版）

Unit 6 Earth and Beyond 知识点精讲（上） 。单元核心词汇 universe;beyond;object;appear;separate;include;neither; nor;survive;alive;related ⊙单元同步语法 名词后缀-ness 。单元文章对话 重点句型讲练 A 教材同步词汇全解全练 重点1 单元词汇 1.universe/'ju:nIv3:s/n.宇宙；天地万物 词形变化：universal(adj.普遍的；全世界的)；universally(adw.普遍地) 词根词缀：uni-(单一)+verse(转)一转成一个整体，即宇宙 例句：The universe is huge and mysterious.宇宙巨大而神秘。 2.beyond/bI'jpnd/prep.超出；在.…另-边 搭配：beyond belief难以置信；beyond control无法控制 例句：The stars are beyond our reach.星星超出我们的触及范围。 3.object/'obd3rkt/n.物体；目标/b'd3ektv.反对 词形变化：objection(n.反对)；objective(adj.客观的；n.目标) 词根词缀：ob(朝，向)+ject(投掷一投向面前的物体 例句：What is that bright object in the sky?天空中那个明亮的物体是什么？ 4.appear/a'pIa(r)lv.出现；看起来 词形变化：appearance(n.外貌；出现)；disappear(v.消失) 词根词缀：ap(加强)+pear(显现) 例句：The moon appears at night..月亮在夜晚出现。 5.separate/'seperert/v.分开；分离/'seperet/adj..分开的；单的 词形变化：separation(n.分离；separately(adv.分别地) 词根词缀：se-(分开)+par(准备)+ate→分开准备 搭配：separate..from.把.与.分开 例句：We should separate the bad habits from good ones.我们应该把坏习惯与好 习惯分开。 6.include/nklu:dv.包括；包含 词形变化：including(prep.包括)；inclusion(n.包含)；inclusive(adj.包含的) 词根词缀：in-(进入)+clude(关闭)→关在里面 例句：The list includes your name..名单包括你的名字。 7.neither /'narde(r)/&nor /no:(r)/ neither:adj./pron.两者都不；adv.也不 nor:conj.也不 搭配：neither..nor..既不.也不. 例佝：Neither Tom nor Jerry is wrong.汤姆和杰瑞都没错。 8.suVe/se'varv/v.幸存；存活 词形变化：survival(n.幸存)；survivor(n.幸存者) 词根词缀：sur-(超过)+vve(活→活得比别人久 例佝：Some animals can survive in very cold weather..有些动物能在极冷的天气中 存活。 9.alve/a'larv/adj..活着的；有活力的（表语形容词，不作定语） 词形变化：Iive(v.生活；ad.活的)；living(adj.活着的；n.生计) 词根词缀：a-(加强)+ive(活) 辨析：alive常作表语；living可作定语和表语 例佝：Is the whale alive?那头鲸还活着吗？ 1o.related/I'lertrd/adj..相关的；有关系的 词形变化：relate(v.关联)；relation(n.关系)；relative(n.亲戚；adj.相对的) 词根词缀：re-(回)+lat(携带)+ed→被带回来的 搭配：be related to与.有关 例佝：The two events are related.这两个事件是相关的。 考点通关 单元词汇 (一)单句填空（用所给词的适当形填空） 1.The (universe)is so big that we can't know it all. 2.The mountain is (beyond)our imagination. 3.What is the (object)on the table?It's a book 4.The sun (appear)from the east every morning. 5.Please (separate)the rubbish into different bins. 6.The price (include)tax. 11 (neither)of the two answers is correct 8.The old man (survive)the earthquake. 9.The little fish is still (alive). 10.This question is_ (relate)to our lesson (二)短文填空 There are many strange things in the 1. (universe).Some are 2 (beyond)our understanding.For example,black holes are huge 3._ (object) in space.They 4._ (appear)dark because light cannot escape.Scientists often 5.. (separate)different stars into groups.Their research 6. (include)many areas.Some planets have 7.. (neither）air8. (nor)water.Can any living thing 9._ (survive)there?No,nothing can stay 10. (alive)in such conditions.All these findings are 11. (relate) to astronomy 参考答案 1.universe;2.beyond;3.object;4.appears;5.separate;6.includes; (一)单句填空 7.Neither;8.survived;9.alive;10.related 1.universe;2.beyond;3.objects;4.appear;5.separate;6.includes; (二)短文填空 7.neither;8.nor;9.survive;10.alive;11.related 教材同步语法全解全练 重点2 单元语法 名词后缀-ness 项目 内容 定义 后缀-ness加在形容词之后，构成抽象名 词，表示”性质、状态、特点”。 1.大多数形容词直接加-ness:i训l一→ illness,sad→sadness 2.以y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加 构成规则 ness:happy→happiness,busy→ business(注意拼写) 3.以-le结尾的形容词，去e加-ness: gentle→gentleness 用法 -ness名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语 等。 常见名词 happiness,sadness,kindness,illness, darkness,weakness,loneliness,business Happiness is important. 例句 I want to share my kindness. The room is full of darkness. 考点通关 单元语法 语法专练一：单项选择(8题) 1.My grandpa often shows his to everyone. A.kind B.kindness C.kindly 2.The of the forest makes me feel scared. A.dark B.darkness C.darker 3.She always brings to her friends. A.happy B.happiness C.happily 4.Too much is bad for our health. A.sad B.sadness C.sadly 5.They talked about the of the old house. A.weak B.weakness C.weakly 6.I can't stand the after I lost my dog. A.lonely B.loneliness C.lonelinessly 7.The teacher praised the student's A.honest B.honesty C.honestness 8.The of the river water worried the villagers. A.ill B.illness C.illess 语法专练二：语法填空(10题) 用所给单词的适当形式填空（每空一词） 1.The little girl is full of (happy). 2.Dogs show great (kind)to their owners. 3.We should fight against (ill)in poor areas. 4.The (dark)outside made it hard to see 5.He couldn't hide his (sad)after the game. 6.Her (weak)is that she eats too much candy. 7.The old man lived in (lonely)for years 8.She always speaks with (gentle). 9.The (busy)of city life can be tiring. 10.A true friend brings you (happy)and comfort. 参考答案 语法专练一：单项选择 1B;2.B;3.B;4B;5.B;6.B;7.B;8.B 1.happiness;2.kindness;3.illness;4.darkness; 语法专练二：语法填空 5.sadness;6.weakness;7.loneliness;8.gentleness; 9.business;10.happiness 教材同步文章句型精讲 重点3 文章句型 1.Come and watch the stars! 结构：祈使句（动词原形开头，and连接两个动作） 中文：过来看星星吧！ 说明：祈使句表示请求、命令或建议，主语通常省略。 2.They look so clear. 结构：主语+look+形容词 中文：它们看起来如此清晰。 类似：They look amazing/beautiful.. 3.There are so many stars! 结构：There be+名词+其他 中文：有这么多星星！ 注意：be动词根据后面名词的单复数变化(is/are)。 4.Some of them shine brighter than others. 结构：比较级（形容词/副词比较级+than) 中文：其中一些星星比其他的更亮。 注意：brighter是oright的比较级，表示"更亮的”。 5.Look at the brightest ones. 结构：祈使句+最高级(the+形容词最高级+名词) 中文：看那些最亮的星星。 注意：最高级前要加the。 6.The Big Dipper looks like a spoon. 结构：主语+look like+名词 中文：北斗七星看起来像一把勺子。 说明：look like意为"看起来像”。 (7.Follow the two stars on the right,and you can find the North Star. 结构：祈使句+and+陈述句（表示条件与结果） 中文：顺着右边的那两颗星，你就能找到北极星。 说明：and在这里表示"那么，就”。 8.Let me see more through the telescope. 结构：Let+宾语+动词原形 中文：让我通过望远镜再看更多。 说明：let sb.do sth.意为"让某人做某事”。 9.What can you see,Lingling? 结构：特殊疑问句（疑问词+情态动词+主语+动词原形） 中文：你能看到什么，玲玲？ 答语：|can see. 10.How amazing! 结构：感叹句(HOw+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！或省略形式) 中文：真神奇啊！ 说明：常用How+形容词！表示强烈感情。 11.One star never appears at night. 结构：主语+never+动词（一般现在时） 中文：有一颗星星从不在夜晚出现。 说明：never表示否定，放在行为动词前。 12.Do you know what it is? 结构：一般疑问句+宾语从句(what引导) 中文：你知道它是什么吗？ 说明：宾语从句用陈述语序(what it is,不是what is it)。 考点通关 文章句型 练习一：补全对话（根据对话内容，每空填一句完整的话） A:Look!The stars are so beautiful tonight. B:Yes.1. ? A:I think it's the Big Dipper.It looks like a spoon. B:2. A:Follow the two stars on the right,and you can find the North Star. B:Wow!3. A:I can see some blue stars and yellow stars through the telescope. B:4. A:Yes,I see some red stars too.They are amazing! B:5. A:Ha!It's the sun.It never appears at night. B:6. A:Yes,it's our daytime star. B:7. A:Let's watch more.There are many stars far,far away. B:8. ? A:Some shine brighter than others.Look at the brightest one. B:9 A:Yes,that's the North Star. B:10. A:I'm glad you like it. 练习二：完成句子（根据中文提示完成英文句子，每空一词） 1.过来看星星吧！ and the stars! 2.它们看起来如此清晰。 They so 3.有这么多星星！ so many stars! 4.其中一些星星比其他的更亮。 Some of them shine others. 5看那些最亮的星星。 Look at the 6.北斗七星看起来像一把勺子。 The Big Dipper a spoon. 7.顺着右边的那两颗星，你就能找到北极星。 the two stars on the right,and you find the North Star. 8让我通过望远镜再看更多。 Let see more through the 9.你能看到什么？ can you 10.真神奇啊！ 参考答案 1.What's that star over there?/What is that bright star? 2.How can I find the North Star? 3.What can you see through the telescope? 4.Do you see any red stars? 5.Do you know which star never appears at night? 练习一：补全对话 6.Is it the sun? 7.How amazing!/That's interesting! 8.Why do some stars shine brighter? 9.Is that the North Star? 10.I see it now!Thank you! 1.Come;watch;2.look;clear;3.There are;4.brighter; 练习二：完成句子 than;5.brightest;ones;6.looks like;7.Follow;can;8.me; telescope;9.What;see;10.How;amazing A 教材同步单元练习 一、阅读理解 A篇 Have you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered about the stars?For thousands of years,people have been watching the stars and telling stories about them.These groups of stars are called constellations ()They help people find direction and tell time. One of the most famous constellations is the Big Dipper(北斗七星).It looks like a large spoon.If you find the Big Dipper,you can easily find the North Star.The North Star is very important because it always stays in the same place in the sky.Sailors and travelers have used it to find their way for centuries. But not all stars are the same.Some stars are much brighter and bigger than others. The sun is a star,but it looks much bigger because it is closer to us.At night,we can see thousands of other stars that are very far away.Some of them are even bigger than the sun! Today,scientists use powerful telescopes (to study stars.They have found that some stars have planets moving around them,just like our planets move around the sun.Maybe one day,people will visit those planets. ()1.What does the writer think constellations are useful for? A.Telling stories and making wishes. B.Finding direction and telling time. C.Learning about the universe. D.Making the sky more beautiful. ()2.Why is the North Star very important? A.Because it is the brightest star. B.Because it always stays in the same place. C.Because it looks like a spoon. D.Because it is the closest star to us. ()3.What can we know from the text? A.The sun is the biggest star in the universe. B.The North Star is part of the Big Dipper. C.Scientists have visited some stars. D.Some stars have planets around them. ()4.What is the main idea of the passage? A.How to find the North Star. B.The importance of telescopes. C.Some interesting facts about stars. D.The differences between the sun and other stars. B篇 In 1969,two American astronauts stepped onto the moon for the first time.Their names were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.Millions of people watched this amazing event on TV.Armstrong said the famous words:"That's one small step for a man,one giant leap for mankind." But do you know how they got to the moon?They flew in a spaceship called Apollo 11.The journey took about four days.When they landed,they wore special spacesuits to protect themselves.The moon has no air or water,so they couldn't breathe or drink there.They collected moon rocks and took many pictures. Since then,many more astronauts have traveled into space.Some have visited the International Space Station(ISS).The ISS is a large laboratory that moves around the Earth.Astronauts from different countries live and work there.They do experiments to learn how living in space affects the human body. Space exploration is not easy.It costs a lot of money and takes a lot of time.But it helps us understand the universe better.Maybe one day,humans will travel to Mars or even farther! ()1.When did the first moon landing happen? A.1n1968. B.1n1969. C.ln1970. D.ln1971. ()2.What did the astronauts do on the moon? A.They built a spaceship. B.They collected rocks and took pictures. C.They planted a flag and sang songs. D.They stayed there for a week. ()3.What is the International Space Station? A.A spaceship that goes to the moon. B.A laboratory that moves around Earth. C.A space museum on the moon. D.A rocket that carries astronauts. ()4.What does the writer think about space exploration? A.It is easy and cheap. B.It is fun but dangerous. C.It is difficult but helpful. D.It is a waste of time. 二、完形填空 Last summer,our school had a special activity-a "Star Night".We went to the top of a hill 1. the city.The sky was very clear.A teacher brought a big telescope. We were all very 2. We looked at the stars 3. the telescope.One of the stars was very bright.The teacher said,"That's Venus(金星).It'sthe4. planet from the sun after Mercury ().A girl asked,"Can we see the North Star?"The teacher pointed to a group of stars."Look!The Big Dipper is over there.5. the two stars on the right,and you can find the North Star."We tried and soon found it. Later,we lay on the grass and 6.at the sky.We saw many stars twinkling.Some were white,some were blue."How amazing!"I said.7. of us had seen so many stars before. The teacher told us that the universe is very big.There are billions of stars.Our sun is just one of them.But for us,the sun is the most important because it gives us 8. and light. That night,I learned a lot about stars.I also 9. something:when we look at the stars,we are looking into the past.The light from some stars takes millions of years to reach us.It's 10. to think about that. A.on B.near C.under D.in A.excited B.exciting C.excite D.excitement A.across B.through C.over D.past A.second B.two C.twice D.secondly A.Follow B.To follow C.Following D.Followed A.look up B.looked up C.look at D.looked at A.None B.All C.Both D.Some A.warm B.warmly C.warmth D.warmer A.realized B.realize C.realizing D.to realize A.amazing B.amazed C.amaze D.amazingly 三、阅读短文回答问题 The solar system has eight planets.They all move around the sun.The planets are very different from each other.Let's meet three of them. Mercury is the smallest planet and the closest to the sun.It is very hot during the day -up to 430C.But at night,it gets very cold-down to-180C.Why?Because Mercury has almost no air to keep the heat.It also moves very fast.It goes around the sun in only 88 days. Venus is the second planet from the sun.It is almost the same size as Earth.But it is much hotter-about 460C all the time.Why?Because Venus has a thick atmosphere (that traps heat.People call it Earth's "sister planet"because they are so similar in size. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun.It is called the "Red Planet"because it looks red in the night sky.Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system-Olympus Mons.It is about three times as tall as Mount Qomolangma!Scientists have sent many robots to Mars to study it.They hope to send people there one day. 1.Which planet is the closest to the sun? 2.Why does Mercury get very cold at night? 3.Why do people call Venus Earth's "sister planet"? 4.What is special about Mars? 5.Do scientists think people can visit Mars in the future? 四、短文填空 用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，使短文完整正确。（每个单词限用一次，每空限填一个单 词。) one appear far universe other help make bright object surprise The night sky is full of wonders.When we look up,we see many 1. Most of them are stars,but some are planets.The 2.planet we can see easily is Venus. It often 3.in the evening or early morning. Stars are very 4.away from us.The closest star is the sun.It gives us light and heat.At night,we can see many 5.stars.Some of them shine more 6. than others.The brightness of a star depends on how big it is and how 7.it is. There are also mysterious things in the 8.,like black holes.They are very strange.A black hole has so much gravity (that nothing can escape from it,not even light.Scientists are still trying to understand them. Space exploration 9.us learn more about the universe.Many countries send spaceships to study 10. planets or moons.Learning about space is exciting and can 11. us think about our place in the universe.Every time we look at the stars,we feel a little 12. 1 2. 3 4 5 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 五、写作 话题：观星体验 提示： 1.你曾经观星吗？在什么时候、什么地方？ 2.你看到了什么？有什么感受？ 3观星让你对宇宙有了什么新的认识？ 要求：80词左右，语句通顺，语法正确。 参考答案 一、 阅读理 A篇：1.B2.B3.D4.C 解 B篇：1.B2.B3.B4.C 二、完形填 空 1.B;2.A;3.B;4.A;5.A;6.B;7.A;8.C;9.A;10.A 1.Mercury. 2.almost no air to keep the heat. 三、阅读短 文回答问题 3.almost the same size as Earth. 4.volcano in the solar system-Olympus Mons. 5.Yes,they hope to send people there one day. 四、短文填 1.objects 2.first 3.appears 4.far 5.other 6.brightly 7.far 8.universe 9. 空 helps 10.other 11.make 12.surprised 五、写作 范文： Last Saturday night,my father took me to the rooftop to watch the stars.The sky was very clear.We saw many stars twinkling.My father pointed to the Big Dipper and taught me how to find the North Star.I was amazed by how many stars there were.I felt very small and the universe seemed so huge.Looking at the stars made me think about how far away they are.Some stars'light travels millions of years to reach us.I want to learn more about the universe.What a wonderful night!