内容正文:
专题六 形容词和副词
(人教版初高中衔接教材)
初中知识回顾
一、形容词的排列顺序
当名词由两个或两个以上的形容词(包括一些具有形容词功能的限定词)修饰时,这些形容词的顺序通常遵循一定的规则,一般不得随意调换,也不能依照汉语的意思去排列,通常可按下面的顺序排列:
顺序
类别
说明
例词
1
限定词
冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、数词
the, a, this, my, Tom's, two
2
观点/描绘性形容词
表示说话人主观评价的形容词
beautiful, fine, interesting, good
3
大小、长短、高低
表示尺寸、形状等的形容词
big, small, tall, long, round
4
年龄、新旧
表示年龄、新旧
young, old, new
5
颜色
表示颜色的形容词
black, white, blue, red
6
国籍、地区、出处
表示来源、材料
Chinese, English, wooden, silk
7
中心名词
形成中心名词的材料/用途
plastic, wooden, writing (desk)
例:two round blue plastic plates 两个圆形的蓝色塑料盘
two big round new Chinese wooden tables 两张新的中国式的木制大圆桌
记忆口诀:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老;颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。(限定词+观点+大小长短高低+形状+年龄新旧+颜色+国籍出处+材料)
二、以-ly结尾的形容词
许多形容词加-ly可以构成副词,但有些以-ly结尾的词不是副词,而是形容词。常见的有:
单词
含义
例句
friendly
友好的
He is friendly to everyone. 他对每个人都很友好。
lonely
孤独的;偏僻的
The old man lives a lonely life. 老人过着孤独的生活。
lovely
可爱的
What a lovely baby! 多可爱的宝宝!
likely
可能的
It is likely to rain. 可能会下雨。
daily
日常的
daily life 日常生活
lively
有生气的;活泼的
a lively discussion 一场热烈的讨论
ugly
丑陋的
an ugly building 一栋难看的大楼
deadly
致命的
a deadly disease 致命的疾病
elderly
年长的
the elderly 老年人(总称)
【注意】lovely, friendly, lonely, lively, elderly, deadly 等虽以 -ly 结尾,但均为形容词,不能作副词使用;若要表示“友好地”等含义,需用其他词(如 in a friendly way)。
三、形容词与副词的比较级、最高级构成
初高中衔接阶段,形容词和副词的比较级、最高级是构成句子和解题的基础,其构成分为规则变化与不规则变化两类。
1. 规则变化(以形容词为例,副词同理,在词尾加 -er / -est 或用 more / most):
情况
构成方法
例词
一般情况
加 -er / -est
tall → taller → tallest;fast → faster → fastest
以不发音 e 结尾
加 -r / -st
late → later → latest;large → larger → largest
辅音+y 结尾
y 变 i 加 -er / -est
happy → happier → happiest;early → earlier → earliest
重读闭音节,单辅音结尾
双写尾字母加 -er / -est
big → bigger → biggest;hot → hotter → hottest
多音节词或部分双音节词
前加 more / most
beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful;carefully → more carefully → most carefully
2. 不规则变化(需重点记忆):
原级
比较级
最高级
good / well
better
best
bad / ill / badly
worse
worst
many / much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther / further
farthest / furthest
old
older / elder
oldest / eldest
【考点】① farther / farthest 多指距离“更远/最远”;further / furthest 多指程度“进一步/最深远”。② elder / eldest 主要用于家庭成员长幼(my elder sister),不可用于 than 比较;older / oldest 可自由使用。
四、形容词最高级前不加the的情况
当形容词最高级前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格时,不加 the。
Monday is my busiest day. 星期一是我最忙的一天。
This is his best book. 这是他最好的一本书。
【注意】若最高级不表示“比较”而表示“非常、极其”(如搭配 a 用在否定句中表“最……”),也不加 the,如:This is a most interesting story. 这是一个非常有趣的故事。
五、两种形式的副词
英语中有的副词兼有两种形式:一种是与形容词同形;另一种是在该形容词后面加副词后缀 -ly 构成。这两种形式的副词在词义和用法上有一定的差异,有的甚至完全不同。
副词(同形 / -ly)
含义区别
例句
hard / hardly
hard 努力地,猛烈地;hardly 几乎不
study hard;I can hardly believe it.
close / closely
close 接近(具体距离);closely 密切地(抽象)
sit close to me;watch closely
deep / deeply
deep 深(具体);deeply 深深地(抽象、情感)
dig deep;deeply moved
wide / widely
wide 充分地,张大地;widely 广泛地
open wide;widely used
high / highly
high 高(具体高度);highly 高度地(评价)
fly high;think highly of
late / lately
late 迟,晚;lately 最近(=recently)
arrive late;I haven't seen him lately.
near / nearly
near 近;nearly 几乎,差不多
come near;nearly all
free / freely
free 免费地;freely 自由地
get it free;speak freely
most / mostly
most 最;mostly 主要地,大部分
like it most;mostly cloudy
dead / deadly
dead 完全地(口语);deadly 死一般地
dead tired;deadly silent
direct / directly
direct 径直地;directly 直接地,立即
go direct;answer directly
easy / easily
easy 轻松地(固定搭配);easily 容易地
take it easy;win easily
例:He lives close to the village. 他住得离那个村庄很近。
We must look closely at the problems. 我们必须仔细地审视这些问题。
After a day's hard work, he was dead tired. 辛勤工作一天后,他筋疲力尽。
六、易混副词
1. hard 和 hardly
hard 意为“努力地,辛苦地,剧烈地,猛烈地”,是程度副词;hardly 意为“几乎不”,是否定副词。
We should study hard as students. 作为学生,我们应该努力学习。
I can hardly catch up with you. Can you walk a little more slowly? 我几乎跟不上你了,你能走慢一点吗?
2. much too 和 too much
much too 意为“非常,极其,太”,中心词是 too,much 修饰 too 用以加强语气,much too 修饰形容词或副词原级;too much 意为“太多”,中心词是 much,too 修饰 much,too much 修饰不可数名词或单独使用。
The skirt is much too dear. 这条裙子太贵了。
Please don't eat too much ice cream. It's bad for your health. 不要吃太多的冰激凌,它对你的身体不好。
There are too many people in the supermarket. 超市里人太多了。
3. too, as well, also 和 either
too, as well 和 also 用于肯定句,too 和 as well 多用于口语,一般放在句末;also 多用于书面语,一般放在句中与动词连用。either 用于否定句,往往放在句末。
He went there, too. 他也去那儿了。
He didn't go there either. 他也没有去那儿。
I like you as well. 我也喜欢你。
I also went there. 我也去那儿了。
【补充】too 与 as well 一般不用于否定句;否定句末尾表“也”必须用 either。also 可用于句中(be 后、实义动词前)。
七、修饰比较级和最高级的修饰词
1. 比较级的修饰语常见的有:rather, much, still, even, far, any(用于否定句或疑问句), a lot, a little, a great deal, by far, a bit, three times 等。如:
After two years' research, we now have a far better understanding of the disease. 经过两年的研究,我们现在对这种疾病有了更好的了解。
2. 最高级的修饰语常见的有:序数词,by far, nearly, the second, almost, not really, not quite 等。如:
The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River. 目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最长的桥。
【考点】① 修饰比较级常用 much / even / far / a lot / a little / still / rather;② by far 修饰最高级时,常置于 the 之前或之后(by far the best / the best by far)。
八、形容词和副词的常用比较句型
句型
含义
例句
as + 原级 + as
“和……一样”
He is as tall as his father.
not as / so + 原级 + as
“不如……”
This book is not so interesting as that one.
比较级 + and + 比较级
“越来越……”
It is getting warmer and warmer.
the + 比较级 …, the + 比较级 …
“越……,就越……”
The more you read, the wiser you become.
否定词 + 比较级 = 最高级
“没有比……更……”
I can't agree more.(再同意不过了)
the + 序数词 + 最高级
“第几(最)……”
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
倍数表达
倍数 + as … as / 比较级 than / the size of
This room is three times as large as that one.
九、形容词(短语)作状语
通常情况下副词作状语修饰动词、形容词或副词,但形容词也可作状语,通常表示主语所处的状态或伴随情况,常置于句首或句末,并用逗号隔开。
Cold and hungry, he stopped working and went home. 又冷又饿,他停下工作回家了。
He went to bed, happy and satisfied. 他上床睡了,既高兴又满意。
【辨析】形容词作状语说明“主语”的状态;副词作状语说明动作的方式。如:He left the room silent.(他沉默地离开了——说明主语状态) vs. He left the room silently.(他悄悄地离开了——说明动作方式)。
十、常考形容词、副词辨析
辨析组
区别
例词
-ed 分词形容词
表示“感到……的”,修饰人或有生命体
interested, excited, tired, bored, surprised
-ing 分词形容词
表示“令人……的”,修饰事物
interesting, exciting, tiring, boring, surprising
alone / lonely
alone 独自(客观);lonely 孤独的(主观感受)
live alone;feel lonely
specially / especially
specially 专门地;especially 尤其,特别
made specially for you;especially English
already / yet / still
already 已(肯定);yet 还(否定/疑问);still 仍
I have already finished. / not yet / still working
【高频考点】-ed 与 -ing 形容词的选用取决于词义而非主语:The story is interesting. / I am interested in the story. 很多同学会混淆,务必根据“人感受 / 物特征”判断。
高中新知探究
形容词和副词及其比较级和最高级是高中考查的重点内容之一,它们含义丰富,用法灵活,因此掌握足够量的词汇,并且熟知它们的含义和用法是非常重要的。我们可以从以下技巧入手。
一、扩大词汇量,准确辨析词义
对于形容词和副词的学习,要做到“词不离句,句不离文”,注意一词多义。对于同义词和近义词要分类记忆,区分其含义。拼写复杂、记忆难度大的高级词汇也常常是考查的重点。
[例1] All the students are talking and laughing in the classroom and it's ______ (noise). (单句语法填空)
[解析] 句意:所有的学生都在教室里说笑,很吵闹。此处应用形容词,所给词是名词,noise 去 e 加 y 变为形容词。
[答案] noisy
二、寻找隐含信息,使用比较级和最高级
高考试题对比较级和最高级的考查要求越来越高,而答案信息也越来越隐蔽。题目中通常不能看到 than 等的提示词,需要从语境中体会。
[例2] —Do you think the weather is good enough for a picnic?
—Yes. You can't hope for a ______ (nice) day at this time of the year. (单句语法填空)
[解析] 句意:——你认为这是野餐的好天气吗?——是的,在这个季节,这就是最好的天气了。此处 can't 与比较级连用,表示“再……不过”,且其前有不定冠词 a 时,表示“最……”。
[答案] nicer
[例3] With April 18's railway speedup, highway and air transport will have to compete with ______ (good) service for passengers. (单句语法填空)
[解析] 句意:随着四月十八日铁路的提速,高速公路和航空公司必须用更好的服务来争取乘客。判断是否用比较级,不能只看题干中是否有 than 等提示词。此题中显然是与前面的情况进行比较,故用比较级的形式。
[答案] better
三、分析句子成分,正确使用特殊句型
做语法填空题时首先要分清句子结构,判断句子成分,如果是作定语、表语或补足语,一般应用形容词;如果作状语,修饰谓语动词、形容词或副词,一般应用副词。同时要分清句子结构,看看该句应用原级、比较级还是最高级,并且要正确使用含有形容词比较级的特殊句型和倍数句型。
[例4] As we have known from the map of the world, this is ______ (那个岛的两倍). (完成句子)
[解析] 倍数的表达有三种方式:1) 倍数 + as + adj./adv. + as + 被比较对象,这一句型中,如果形容词修饰单数可数名词,那么要把形容词提到冠词的前面来,即:倍数 + as + adj. + a/an + 单数可数名词 + as + 被比较对象;2) 倍数 + 形容词或者副词的比较级 + than + 被比较对象;3) 倍数 + the + size/width/depth/length/height + of + 被比较对象。
[答案] twice as large an island as that
四、体会主语特征,注意形容词作状语
通常情况下副词作状语修饰动词、形容词或副词,但形容词也可作状语,通常表示主语所处的状态。
[例5] Having been praised by the teacher, the little girl ran back home ______ (既高兴又满意). (完成句子)
[解析] 句意:被老师表扬之后,这个小女孩非常满意,高兴地跑回家了。形容词作状语,说明主语的特征或者状态。
[答案] happy and satisfied
高考考点速查
考点
内容
规则/提示
例句
1
-ed / -ing 形容词辨析
人用 -ed(感到),物用 -ing(令人)
The film is moving; we were moved.
2
比较级隐含信息
无 than 也可能用比较级(语境暗示)
You can't be too careful. (越…越好)
3
倍数表达三句型
as…as / 比较级 than / the size of
twice as large as that
4
形容词作状语
表主语状态,常置句首/句末
Cold and hungry, he went home.
5
the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…
“越……越……”
The more, the better.
6
否定词 + 比较级 = 最高级
can't … + 比较级 表“最”
I can't agree more.
7
much too / too much
much too + 形/副;too much + 不可数
much too dear; too much water
8
以 -ly 结尾的形容词
friendly/lonely/lovely 是形容词
He is friendly.
9
两种形式副词
hard/hardly, close/closely 等
study hard; hardly ever
10
比较级修饰语
much/even/far/a lot/a little
far better
11
最高级前不加 the
前有物主/指示/所有格;表“非常”
my best friend; a most useful book
12
原级比较 as…as
否定用 not so/as…as
as tall as; not so tall as
课后巩固训练
I. 用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空
题目
答案
1
Sandy came first in the race. She ran the ______ (fast) of all.
fastest
2
I had the ______ (comfortable) feeling that I did it wrong.
uncomfortable
3
The math problem isn't difficult, and I can work it out ______ (easy).
easily
4
I'm not ______ (worry) about my younger sister—she can take care of herself.
worried
5
The hottest season is summer, and the ______ (cold) is winter in China.
coldest
6
It's our responsibility to make the sky ______ (clear) than before.
clearer
7
The more you read, the ______ (wealth) you will feel in spirit.
wealthier
8
Shanghai is ______ (large) than any other city in China.
larger
9
The little girl is running after a butterfly ______ (happy) in the garden.
happily
10
Mary got hurt in P.E. class. We sent her to the hospital ______ (quick).
quickly
II. 写出下列句中黑体部分的构成形式及在句中所作成分
句子(黑体部分为考查点)
构成形式及成分
1
I'm very **glad** to see you.
形容词原级;表语
2
Your room is **large and beautiful**.
形容词原级;表语
3
The **most beautiful** tourist attraction in China is Mount Tai.
形容词最高级;定语
4
A good friend is someone who makes you really **happy**.
形容词原级;宾语补足语
5
**Cold and hungry**, he stopped working and went home.
形容词原级;状语(说明主语状态)
III. 写出下列句中的形容词(短语)在句中所作的成分
句子
所作成分
1
He is young but **clever**. ( )
表语
2
Traveling alone is quite **dangerous**. ( )
表语
3
It is an **easy** thing to do. ( )
定语(前置,修饰 thing)
4
I think he is a man **suitable** for the job. ( )
定语(后置,修饰 man)
5
I find the yard fairly **quiet**. ( )
宾语补足语
IV. 单句语法填空
题目
答案
1
Martha is a ______ (friend) girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.
friendly
2
The fans were ______ (surprise) to know the death of their favorite singing star.
surprised
3
Some animals can even see things ______ (clear) in the dark.
clearly
4
This schoolbag is not expensive. And the price of it is the ______ (low) of the three.
lowest
5
If you want to learn English better, you must practice ______ (much).
more
6
The world's population has grown to more than six times ______ it was in 1800.
what
7
—Do you like Mary's new hairstyle? —Perfect! How much ______ (good) she looks with the curly short hair!
better
8
—Are you satisfied with the result of the exam? —Not at all. I can't have a ______ (bad) one.
worse
9
Li Hong doesn't write so ______ (careful) as Wang Fang.
carefully
10
Farmers are the ______ (busy) in autumn.
busiest
V. 语篇填空
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In a desert the weather is often dry and hot. Some people think a desert is a place 1. ______ there is nothing but sand. That is true sometimes, 2. ______ some deserts have many kinds of plants and animals living in them. These plants and animals 3. ______ (need) water, and most of them get their water from food. Some animals in the desert get all the water they need by 4. ______ (eat) the plants 5. ______ have water in them. People who have been 6. ______ (lose) in the desert know that it is not easy 7. ______ (find) water there. We should protect these living things 8. ______ they are important to the earth. A person may enjoy living in the desert because he 9. ______ (think) it is a beautiful place, but another person may think the same place is not pretty at 10. ______.
VI.单句改错
(下列每句有一处错误,请找出并改正。错误类型限于形容词 / 副词的词形或用法。)
1. He did the work very careful.
2. She sings more better than her sister.
3. This book is more cheaper than that one.
4. The little boy looked at his mother happy.
5. Of the two, Tom is the tallest.
6. I feel comfortably in this chair.
7. She is a real friendly girl.
8. The traffic is much more worse today.
9. He speaks English very good.
10. He runs more faster than me.
参考答案
I. 用括号内所给单词的正确形式填空
1. fastest(副词最高级,of all 提示“最”)
2. uncomfortable(句意“我做错了的不安感觉”,comfortable 加否定前缀 un-)
3. easily(修饰动词短语 work out,用副词)
4. worried(be worried about 固定搭配,意为“担心”)
5. coldest(与 the hottest 对应,用最高级)
6. clearer(than before 提示比较级)
7. wealthier(“the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…”句型;wealth 去 th 加 -ier)
8. larger(than any other 提示比较级)
9. happily(修饰动词 running,用副词)
10. quickly(修饰动词 sent,用副词)
II. 黑体部分的构成形式及所作成分
1. glad:形容词原级;在句中作表语(系动词 am 之后)。
2. large and beautiful:形容词原级;作表语。
3. most beautiful:形容词最高级;作定语,修饰 tourist attraction。
4. happy:形容词原级;作宾语补足语(make + 宾语 + 宾补)。
5. Cold and hungry:形容词原级;作状语,说明主语 he 的状态。
III. 形容词(短语)在句中所作的成分
1. 表语(clever 在系动词 is 后)
2. 表语(dangerous 在系动词 is 后)
3. 定语(easy 前置修饰 thing)
4. 定语(suitable 后置修饰 man)
5. 宾语补足语(find + 宾语 the yard + 宾补 quiet)
IV. 单句语法填空
1. friendly(名词 friend 加 -ly 构成形容词“友好的”)
2. surprised(-ed 形容词,表示“感到惊讶的”)
3. clearly(修饰动词 see,用副词)
4. lowest(of the three 提示最高级)
5. more(better 暗示比较级,practice more“多练习”)
6. what(six times what it was 意为“是1800年的六倍”;what 引导名词性从句)
7. better(How much better 中 much 修饰比较级 better)
8. worse(can't have a worse one = 没有比这更糟的,否定+比较级表最高)
9. carefully(so … as 之间用原级副词;修饰 write)
10. busiest(in autumn 表范围,用最高级)
V. 语篇填空
1. where
2. but
3. need
4. eating
5. that / which
6. lost
7. to find
8. because
9. thinks
10. all
【译文提示】沙漠天气常干燥炎热。有人以为沙漠就是只有沙的地方。有时确如此,但有些沙漠里生活着多种动植物。这些动植物需要水,多数从食物中获取水分。一些沙漠动物通过吃含水的植物获取所需水分。在沙漠中迷过路的人知道那里找水不易。我们应保护这些生物,因为它们对地球很重要。有人可能因觉得沙漠美而喜欢住在那里,也有人可能觉得同样的地方并不好看。
VI.单句改错
1. careful → carefully
2. more better → better(删去 more)
3. more cheaper → cheaper(删去 more)
4. happy → happily
5. the tallest → the taller(两者比较用比较级)
6. comfortably → comfortable(feel 后接形容词)
7. real → really(修饰形容词用副词)
8. more worse → worse(删去 more)
9. good → well(修饰动词用副词)
10. more faster → faster(删去 more)
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$