专题05 阅读理解——议论文（专项训练）（全国通用）2027年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

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专题05 阅读理解——议论文 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：议论文中的推理判断，作者的观点和态度，写作目的，细节理解，主旨大意 议论文专项训练 1.考查推理判断题 1.（2026·山东省莱西市第一中学月考）Berlin’s East Side Gallery attracts millions of visitors each year. Tourists crowd before vibrant murals (壁画) painted after the Cold War, but few pause to consider what lies beneath the paint: an original section of the Berlin Wall. The art has become the attraction; the history it covers has faded into background. This pattern extends far beyond Berlin. Across the globe, old buildings fall for new developments. The logic seems unarguable: cities must grow, economies must expand. But what disappears when we erase (清除) the physical traces of our past? Urban historian Dolores Hayden describes cities as “palimpsests” — manuscripts written upon repeatedly, earlier versions never fully erased. In her study of Los Angeles, she documented how development projects repeatedly tore down communities inhabited by Mexican-American and African-American families, replacing them with freeways and squares. The new structures served economic ambitions, but they also erased material evidence that these communities ever existed. “When the buildings disappear,” Hayden writes, “so does the tangible (有形的) proof that these people lived here, worked here, mattered here.” Some argue that memory can survive through photographs and documents. In fact, there is a difference between knowing about a place and experiencing it. A photograph of an old church conveys its appearance; walking through its doors conveys something else entirely — the height of the ceiling, the echo of footsteps, the weight of silence. These are not details; they are the substance of embodied memory. Research in environmental psychology suggests that physical spaces maintain collective identity. When communities lose familiar landmarks, they lose reference points that connect individuals to shared history. The result can be spatial disorientation — not merely not knowing where you are, but not knowing who you are in relation to those who came before. None of this argues against all development. Every generation inherits a city and passes one on. Some walls are meant to fall. Others are meant to stand — physical spaces ground memory in ways that images alone cannot, grounding us in a past that continues to shape who we are. 1．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To present a phenomenon and introduce the topic. B．To contrast historical significance with modern appeal. C．To criticize the over-commercialization of historic sites. D．To explain why history is overlooked and underestimated. 2．What does the example of Los Angeles intend to illustrate? A．The cost of urban development. B．The role of economic ambitions. C．The preservation of tangible proof. D．The success of redevelopment projects. 3．What can be inferred about the communities losing landmarks? A．They cherish shared history. B．They face identity confusion. C．They maintain collective identity. D．They prioritize growth over memory. 4．What does the text convey? A．History outweighs art in value. B．Photos preserve memory inadequately. C．Cities face a growth-or-history choice. D．Physical spaces hold irreplaceable memory. 2.（2026·广东名校联盟质量测试）There has been an explosion of interest in ‘creative AI’, but does this mean that artists will be replaced by machines? No, definitely not, says Anne Ploin, Oxford Internet Institute researcher and one of the team behind today’s report on the potential impact of machine learning (ML) on creative work. Although it was 2022, it is still valuable now. Ploin states machine learning has become a tool for artists, but will never substitute them. Mx Ploin emphasizes human agency in creativity is irreplaceable: while AI can automate parts of creation like generating multiple image versions, current AI cannot replicate the core creative decision-making that makes real art. Artistic creativity relies on personal choices, life experience, social and political context, and human emotion — elements data-driven AI can never copy, as life experience cannot be translated into data for now. AI models lack autonomy and cannot launch new artistic movements independently; they only produce unexpected variations of existing works. According to Mx Ploin, ‘We interviewed 14 experts who work in the creative arts, including media and fine artists whose work centred around generative ML techniques. We also talked to curators and researchers in this field. This allowed us to develop a fuller understanding of the implications of AI — ranging from automation to complementarity — in a domain at the heart of human experience: creativity.’ They found a range of responses to the use of machine learning and AI. New activities required by using ML models involved both continuity with previous creative processes and rupture from past practices. There were major changes around the generative process, the evolving ways ML outputs were conceptualised, and artists’ embodied experiences of their practice. And, says the researcher, the use of ML models was a “step change” from past tools, according to many artists. While the machine learning models could help produce ‘surprising variations of existing images’, practitioners felt the artist remained irreplaceable... in making artworks. But, she maintains, while the machine learning models could help produce ‘surprising variations of existing images’, practitioners felt the artist remained irreplaceable in terms of giving images artistic context and intention — that is, in making artworks. Ultimately, most agreed that despite the increased affordances of ML technologies, the relationship between artists and their media remained essentially unchanged, as artists ultimately work to address human — rather than technical — questions. Don’t let it put you off going to art school. We need more artists. But, says Mx Ploin, 1．How did the writer start the essay? A．By raising a controversial crisis B．By asking a rhetorical question C．By stating an unusual opinion D．By creating an abnormal suspense 2．Why is Ploin’s 2022 study still valuable? A．Highlights AI as step change B．Notes AI’s image variations C．Draws on real art practitioners D．Stresses artistic intention alone 3．What is the artists’ core conflict? A．AI assistance vs human artistry B．AI variation vs human art context C．AI upgrade vs creation logic D．AI output vs human art intention 4．What ability should art students develop according to the text? A．Equipped with proper AI skills B．Cultivate art skills to solve academic issue C．Keep human creative essence D．Combine AI with artistic creation rationally 2.考查写作态度 1.（2026·浙江宁波市镇海中学高三模拟）For a long time, the ideal form of academic writing has been a formal and impersonal style. This tradition, which comes from the scientific method, tries to present knowledge as objective truth, discovered through neutral and repeatable steps. By using phrases like “the study found” instead of “I found”, and passive sentences like “it was observed”, the individual writer steps back. The goal is to create a space where ideas are judged only on their logic and supporting evidence, without the possible bias of personal opinion. However, this approach has faced strong criticism in recent years. Critics say that the impersonal style creates a false sense of pure objectivity. They point out that all research involves basic choices, which are always influenced by the researcher’s background, personal views, and cultural setting. The traditional way, by making writers hide behind third-person writing, can accidentally hide these influences, making it harder for readers to question the basic ideas behind the work. In response, a movement supporting a more “real” or “personal” academic voice has become popular. Scholars are advised to use “I” carefully and to openly talk about their connection to their topic. A sentence like “My experiences as a teacher led me to focus on this classroom situation” is now seen not as a weakness, but as intellectual honesty. Supporters believe this openness recognizes the human side of research and can make difficult ideas easier to connect with and more interesting, without losing accuracy. Traditionalists argue that this change confuses style with real content. They support formal, exact language and special terms as necessary tools for clear communication among experts. Their main worry is that focusing on storytelling and personal voice might let well-written papers cover up weak evidence or poor methods. The main purpose of academic writing, they say, is to present arguments and proof clearly; trying new styles should never hide that basic goal. This debate shows a deeper difference in thinking about what knowledge really is. Should it be shown as a cold, built structure, or can it be seen as a more human, interpretive effort? In the end, the future of academic writing might not be about one single style, but about developing a more flexible and thoughtful approach. Writers might choose different voices-distant or personal-depending on who will read it, what field they are in, and what they aim to do, while always remembering the final goal of being clear, exact, and truthful. 1．What is the main advantage of impersonal style in traditional academic writing? A．It clearly highlights the writer’s personal view. B．It makes ideas judged on logic and evidence. C．It helps the public understand research easily. D．It matches the format of top published papers. 2．Which of the following can be the idea of the critics? A．Objectivity in academic research does not exist at all. B．Personal voice should be avoided to ensure objectivity. C．The impersonal style hides subjective factors in research. D．Writing styles matter much more than strong evidence. 3．What is the author’s attitude toward the current debate on academic writing? A．Hopeful of flexible styles still valuing academic accuracy. B．Skeptical of personal voice harming scholarly integrity. C．Annoyed by debate distracting from research methods. D．Optimistic about traditional style dominating science. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Publishing Research in Simple Steps B．Adapting Academic Voice for Truth C．Seeking More Personal Stories in Science D．Avoiding Bias in Academic Essays 2.（2026·湖北黄冈市黄州区湖北省黄冈中学第二次模拟）In Amsterdam’s picturesque Nine Streets neighborhood, a curious modern custom unfolds daily: Tourists stand in long, winding queues on historic bridges, holding €5.50 cones of fries (锥形纸筒装薯条) against gabled backgrounds for the perfect TikTok post. From the viral chips in Amsterdam to the hour-long waits for a slice at New York L’Industrie Pizza or the salt beef bagels at London Beigel Bake, travelers are now willing to sacrifice hours of their precious vacation time for trendy takes (食物的做法) on everyday foods. Psychologists suggest these lines are rarely about the food itself; they reveal how social media, status, and performance have fundamentally reshaped modern travel. A queue serves as a powerful psychological trigger, most notably through the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO). As Rachel Herz, a specialist in human behavior, notes, seeing a crowd makes a “thing” seem more desirable. However, the nature of these queues has changed. Unlike the accidental discoveries of the past, these pilgrimages are calculated. Discoveries now happen on personalized social media feeds before a traveler even leaves home. This has turned travel into a form of public performance. Social media provides a stage for tourists to “perform their vacation”. By beautifully filming themselves in line or rating “viral foods”, travelers collect social capital, signaling to their peers that they are onto something special and culturally relevant. This cycle is strengthened by influencers and algorithms (算法). Researchers note followers often imitate ambitious behavior to show they belong to the same community, leading to repetitive travel patterns on a microscale. But this virality carries a heavy cost for local communities. When algorithms send millions of people to the same gelato shop in Rome or chip shop in Amsterdam, the result is a flood of noise, litter, and crowding. In Amsterdam, the opposition is growing; residents are even taking legal action to limit tourist numbers, arguing that overtourism has lowered their quality of life. For them, a viral fry cone is not a photo opportunity, but a threat to their neighborhood’s survival. Despite these local tensions, the crowds rarely discourage visitors. To a modern traveler, a long line provides the confidence that they are doing the “right thing”. For many, the hour spent waiting in the queue has become just as meaningful — and just as shareable — as the meal itself. 1．Why does the author mention expensive fries and long waits? A．To compare street food prices. B．To show street food is overprice. C．To prove the locals enjoy these foods. D．To criticize sacrificing vacation time for trendy foods. 2．What does the word “pilgrimages” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Journeys to holy places. B．Visits to local communities. C．Accidental discoveries during travel. D．Highly planned trips to popular spots. 3．What is the author’s attitude to residents’ legal action? A．Supportive but reserved. B．Neutral but concerned. C．Critical and disapproving. D．Doubtful and Confused. 4．What is the author’s main purpose? A．To criticize queuing tourists. B．To urge limiting tourist numbers. C．To explain social media’s impact on travel. D．To recommend best street food in three cities. 3.考查主旨大意 1.（2026·浙江宁波市镇海中学模拟）While the term “flood” commonly brings to mind images of rushing water or overflowing riverbanks, providing a formal definition of the phenomenon proves surprisingly challenging. A widely cited definition is provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which characterizes a flood as “the overflowing of normal confines of a stream or water body”. However, this definition is problematic. Specifically, it presupposes a clear understanding of “normal”, yet what counts as normal depends on value-based choices: the timescale, location and rarity threshold (稀有度阈值). For instance, a knee-deep pool in a wetland might be normal, but the same water in a street could be called a flood. To address this problem, a two-tier framework is proposed. At the first level, physical floods are defined. These are pools or water fluxes beyond a rarity threshold that is set based on values (e.g., an event with a return period of one hundred years). Even this step already involves human judgment, because someone has to decide what counts as “rare enough”. At the second level, anthropocentric floods (human-centered floods) are defined. These are physical floods judged as desirable or undesirable based on personal or social values. A flood that enriches soil may be seen as good by a farmer but bad by a resident who is forced to move away. This reliance on values creates interventional ambiguity: when values conflict, it becomes unclear whether to intervene. For example, protecting human life suggests action, while economic concerns may delay it. Recognizing this ambiguity helps explain why some flood-prone areas see no engineered solutions despite apparent risk. In conclusion, it is argued that floods cannot be defined on the basis of physics alone. Value judgments — assessments of how things ought to be — are inescapable. The framework aims to make these hidden choices explicit, fostering clearer communication and better decisions. 1．Why is the IPCC’s definition unsatisfactory? A．It only covers overflowing water. B．It uses wrong rarity measuring ways. C．It fails to explain different water cases. D．It ignores subjective factors in standards. 2．What is TRUE about the two-tier framework? A．Anthropocentric floods are more objective. B．Physical floods involve no human judgment. C．The rarity threshold is set by personal values. D．A flood must be rare to be judged good or bad. 3．The underlined term “interventional ambiguity” most likely refers to __________. A．hesitation to act due to value conflicts B．confusion over which areas are at risk C．disagreement between farmers and residents D．difficulty in deciding how rare a flood must be 4．Which is the best title for the passage? A．What Defines a Flood B．Why “Normal” Is Hard to Define C．Why Flood Definitions Cause Troubles D．How Physical Science Explains Floods 2.（2026·重庆市第一中学校模拟）Think of a firefighter. What are you imagining? A man? Strong? Handsome and heroic? The reality is starkly different. But it’s an image that’s deeply rooted in our social mind. And that means that many women don’t even consider a career as a firefighter. I became a firefighter when I was 18 and am now one of the most senior firefighters in the country. At present, only five percent of firefighters are women. The contrast is even more noticeable in leadership roles like mine. Did you know that there are more Chief Fire Officers called Chris than there are female Chief Fire Officers? This matters, because being a firefighter is hard. We need the best of the best to serve with us. We are in the privileged position of being trusted by those in their very worst moments. Those people deserve the best but, at the moment, we’re only choosing from the group of applicants who are attracted by the stereotype (刻板印象). We need to widen that pool. Gender does not determine competence. In the fire service, our greatest strength is our ability to work as a team, and a good team needs a range of skills. I’ ve lost count of the number of difficult rescues where being small and nimble meant I was the right person for the job. I’ ve crawled into twisted vehicles to give life-saving first-aid to those trapped inside, for example. And it’s not all about size and strength. It’s about being calm and able to comfort those who are frightened and vulnerable. You need to be able to make decisions that could affect whether people live or die, while at the same time engaging with their emotions. It’s not just about what’s in your muscles but what’s in your head. I love my job, but being a woman in a typically alpha-male profession has not always been easy. There have been doubters — those who tell me that it’s not a job for women or that I don’t deserve my place. But they’ re wrong. And they’ re in the minority. And that kind of experience isn’t limited to my industry. It’s a battle with the unfair treatment of women that exists within our society. We must all do more to change that, so that our daughters have the same opportunities as our sons. 1．What does the author imply by mentioning“more Chief Fire Officers called Chris”? A．The name Chris is very popular. B．Chris has made great contributions. C．Women are rare in leadership roles. D．Leaders are in short supply. 2．What is the author’s attitude toward current recruitment? A．Critical of narrow sources. B．Proud of high standards. C．Worried about training quality. D．Confident in current results. 3．What is the main idea of paragraph 4? A．Gender equality ensures team success. B．Diverse skills lead to effective rescue work. C．Emotional support outweighs first aid. D．Firefighting downplays physical strength. 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To complain about unfair treatment. B．To share her personal rescue experiences. C．To break gender stereotypes in careers. D．To compare male and female abilities. 4.考查写作目的和意图 1.（2026·浙江宁波市镇海中学模拟）The question sounds sobering (令人深思的) but also misleading. To understand what’s wrong with the skeptical argument, we should closely examine its reasoning. One possibility is that science is imperfect in essence. If the scientific method has obvious drawbacks, people may expect science to keep producing problematic theories. The fundamental issue lies in the fact that there is no single scientific method used in all of science. For instance, Newton’s deductive reasoning (演绎推理) based on observed phenomena is strikingly different from Darwin’s approach of inferring the best explanation from available evidence, which, in turn, differs completely from Einstein’s thought experiments involving light beams, trains, and elevators. What people call the scientific method is really many distinct ways of investigating the world — different strategies for representing, experimenting and classifying. To claim that science is fundamentally unreliable, one may examine the evidence and methods in a specific research area. Take early-stage medical research, where a large proportion of findings were later found to be contradicted by better evidence. In this context, doubt may be justified: if previous findings were unreliable, future ones might be too. But notice that we’re not making an overgeneralized claim about all scientific research. We’re identifying a specific area of research which is methodologically problematic and coming to a limited conclusion supported by solid evidence. Nor are we comparing the failures of early-stage medical research to the so-called “failures” of Newtonian physics. Newton’s laws are accurate in many but not all contexts; one reason Einsteinian physics is considered successful is that it preserves Newton’s accuracy. What I propose is neither global pessimism nor blind faith. It’s local skepticism, or disciplined trust, which would serve us much better but requires some actual knowledge of science and some intellectual humility. The history of science is indeed a graveyard (坟墓) of abandoned theories, but the fact that science keeps changing is a mark of its strength. It’s not a problem but the engine that drives scientific progress. 1．Why does the author mention Newton, Darwin, and Einstein in Paragraph 4? A．To illustrate the progress of physics over time. B．To show that science lacks a universal method. C．To argue that thought experiments are unreliable. D．To prove that scientific theories often contradict each other. 2．What can be inferred about early-stage medical research from the passage? A．It follows the same methods as Newtonian physics. B．Its findings are generally more reliable than physics. C．It is a good example of where local skepticism is justified. D．Its failures prove that all scientific research is problematic. 3．What does the author mean by “disciplined trust” in the last paragraph? A．Believing in historical scientific theories. B．Trusting scientific findings without question. C．Rejecting scientific claims unless proven true. D．Trusting science based on evidence and context. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To defend the public’s distrust of science. B．To prove that scientific theories are often wrong. C．To argue for a balanced view of scientific reliability. D．To compare different scientific methods across history. 2.（2026·广东省高考适应性考试）While artificial intelligence (AI) is praised for its potential to increase efficiency, it often ignores a more human question: how will AI affect the daily experience of work? This experience is what determines whether employees work well together, generate new ideas, or choose to remain in their roles. In response, researchers suggest that measuring employee happiness could provide essential guidance during the AI shift. “Happiness does not take away from high performance. It is the engine of it,” says Nic Marks, an expert on workplace well-being. AI might change job tasks, but it is human leadership that shapes the workplace atmosphere. History offers a lesson: tools like email and smartphones, though designed to save time, frequently made work more stressful and less separate from personal life, proving that technology does not necessarily improve happiness. A significant challenge is employee anxiety, particularly the fear of job loss caused by decisions made without open communication. When such fears are ignored, people become silent and less willing to contribute creatively, which is exactly what companies need to avoid during change. The core issue lies not in AI itself, but in how it is introduced. To overcome this, openness and involving staff in the process are vital to building the sense of security required for success. Regularly measuring happiness gives leaders an immediate understanding of the situation. It shows whether AI tools are truly reducing pressure or creating new burdens (负担 ). This continuous feedback enables quicker adjustments than traditional long-term plans can. A simple practice of measuring, discussing, and adjusting helps create a culture where concerns are addressed early and teams grow stronger. Ultimately, AI will reshape what work is, but whether that work becomes more satisfying or more tiring depends on human choices. In this complex shift, closely attending to how people feel may offer the most reliable guide for ensuring technology truly improves work for everyone. 1．Why does the author mention email and smartphones in paragraph 2? A．To warn against the overuse of AI. B．To compare old and new technologies. C．To explain why workers dislike changes. D．To prove technology’s emotional limitations. 2．What can be inferred about employees’ sense of security? A．It relies on AI’s potential. B．It leads to silence in work. C．It results from ignoring fears. D．It comes from open participation. 3．What does regular measurement of happiness help leaders do? A．Make fast responses. B．Improve work efficiency. C．Reduce work pressure. D．Replace long-term planning. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Workplace fear blocks AI’s progress. B．Historical lesson proves AI’s limitation. C．Employee happiness guides AI’s adoption. D．Emotional impact determines AI’s success. 5.考查细节理解 1.The Servant (1963) is an unforgettable film that ruthlessly explores the relationship between a cunning valet (Dirk Bogarde) and his weak-willed master (James Fox). The valet exploits his master’s weaknesses until their roles are reversed: by the end, the master humbly serves the valet. Yet today, it’s hard not to think of another troubled relationship — the one between workers and their smartphones. Smart devices can be empowering. They provide instant access to a vast amount of information. They allow people to work from home instead of squeezing into crowded trains with strangers. This is especially helpful for parents who need flexible hours. Smartphones and tablets also improve efficiency by letting people use spare moments that would otherwise be wasted, such as while queuing for coffee. But for most people the servant has become the master. Not long ago only doctors were on call all the time. Now everybody is. Bosses think nothing of invading their employees’ free time. Work invades the home far more than domestic chores invade the office. Otherwise—some people check their smartphones obsessively, even during pre-dinner drinks, and send e-emails first thing in the morning and last thing at night. This is partly because smartphones are addictive. Smartphones provide relentless stimuli, stimulus interspersed with rewards. Whenever you check the glowing rectangle, there is a fair chance you will see a message from a client, a herogram from your boss or at least an e-mail from a stranger offering you $1m if you share your bank details with him. Hyperconnectivity exaggerates some of the most destabilizing trends in the modern workplace: the decline of certainty and the general cult of flexibility. Smartphones make it easier for managers to change their minds at the last moment: for example, to e-mail a minion at 11 pm to tell him he must fly to Pittsburgh tomorrow. Employees find it ever harder to distinguish between “on-time” and “off-time” — and indeed between real work and make-work. Executives are lumbered with two overlapping workdays: a formal one full of meetings and an informal one spent trying to keep up with the torrent of e-mails and messages. How can we reap the benefits of connectivity without becoming its slaves? One solution is digital dieting. Just as the abundance of junk food means that people have to be more disciplined about their eating habits, so the abundance of junk information means they have to be more disciplined about their browsing habits. Banning browsing before breakfast can reintroduce a little bit of civilization. Banning texting at weekends or, say, on Thursdays, can really show the iPhone who is boss. In “Sleeping with Your Smartphone”, Leslie Perlow argues that for most people the only way to break the 24/7 habit is to act collectively rather than individually. She tells the story of how one of the world’s most hard-working organizations, the Boston Consulting Group, learned to manage hyperconnectivity better. The firm introduced rules about when people were expected to be offline, and encouraged them to work together to make this possible. It eventually forced people to work more productively while reducing burnout. 1．In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ______. A．posing a contrast B．justifying reversed roles C．making a comparison D．explaining a film named “servant” 2．According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a consequence of hyperconnectivity in the workplace? A．Employees have fewer meetings during the formal workday. B．Managers find it harder to change plans at the last minute. C．Workers can clearly separate “on-time” from “off-time”. D．Executives face meetings and constant messages. 3．What solutions to hyperconnectivity does the author present? A．Banning browsing and texting. B．Individual digital dieting and collective action with shared offline rules. C．Acting collectively and forcing people to work more productively. D．Working more productively and reducing burnout. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．When Smartphones Become the Master of Humans. B．Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Devices. C．How to Break Away From Hyperconnectivity. D．The Film The Servant and Its Social Influence. 2.（2026·山东省九五高中协作体最后一卷）After a recent negative car rental experience, I found myself going down a familiar rabbit hole, scrolling (滚屏) through online reviews of the company. The experience was over, yet I kept reading complaint after complaint from strangers. But I’m not the only one who does this. Why do we look up reviews for a hotel we’ve already stayed at, a movie we’ve watched, or even a doctor we’ve visited? If we’re no longer gathering information to guide our decision-making, what are we looking for? On the face of it, it seems pointless, but this common habit actually reveals how we interpret our experiences, especially the disappointing ones. People often experience inner conflict after making a decision. This can be something small, like ordering food or buying a book, or far more significant choices, like picking a career, or choosing a life partner. It is known as post-decision dissonance (不协调) — the psychological discomfort we feel after choosing between multiple options. Once a decision is made, the alternatives don’t simply disappear. Instead, they remain in our minds, along with the unsettling thought that another option might have been better. That discomfort is what sends us searching. In fact, this feeling isn’t limited to purchases. It can arise anytime we commit to one path and close off others. After my disappointing car rental experience, I wasn’t looking for information to help me decide. That moment had passed. Instead, I simply wanted to understand what had already happened, and convince myself I hadn’t made a foolish decision. Reading negative reviews from others with similar experiences helped shift my version of the story: maybe the problem wasn’t just me. Maybe the rental company was truly awful. Once we’ve had an experience, good or bad, we’re no longer gathering information. We’re trying to find peace within ourselves. It’s not about reviews but about gaining a sense of identity, and emotional closure for what we’ve been through. 1．Why does the author mention his car rental experience in paragraph 1? A．To complain about the poor service. B．To warn readers against rental traps. C．To introduce a common human habit. D．To show the effect of negative reviews. 2．What can we learn about post-decision dissonance? A．It appears in most decisions in life. B．It causes unease after making a choice. C．It reminds people to solve inner conflict. D．It pushes people to weigh multiple options. 3．What makes people seek relevant comments after making a decision? A．The fear of missing better alternatives. B．The curiosity about others’ feelings. C．The desire to discover more possibilities. D．The need to learn from past experiences. 4．What does the author think of post-experience review reading? A．It confirms personal identity. B．It offers convincing excuses. C．It provides practical guidance. D．It serves emotional purposes. 6.考查猜测词义 1.（2026·河南部分重点中学联考）When Anthropic announced a new artificial intelligence feature to help users perform legal tasks, it led to massive panic. Investors cut billions of dollars off tech shares, fearing a future called the “SaaSapocalypse”. Many worried that AI models would expunge the need for traditional software-as-a-service traders. Investors assumed companies would simply ask AI to carry out tasks or write custom software rather than buying expensive programs from established companies. However, experts argue this end-of-the-world view is completely overblown. History shows that new technology rarely destroys existing industries so simply. For example, the rise of desktop publishing in the 1990s led to frightening predictions about the death of commercial print shops. Instead, the technology lowered barriers to entry, actually causing the number of print shops to reach peak levels. Similarly, as AI makes writing code (代码) easier, it might not destroy software traders but rather bring about rapid growth in specialized software companies. Furthermore, economic theories regarding whether a company should “buy or build” remain relevant. For common work like accounting or human resources, businesses will likely find it much more efficient to continue purchasing from established traders. These companies possess secure systems, top designers, and strict repair plans that most other businesses cannot easily match. While employees might use AI to create small productivity tools, using it to build important systems from the ground up is considered extremely risky. Finally, the shift will likely be very gradual. History shows that companies adopt new technologies slowly to minimize potential problems. Rather than entirely replacing purchased software with in-house code, businesses will likely rely on existing traders who integrate AI capabilities directly into their current platforms. As one expert noted, asking people to use AI to code a vital payroll system is like changing tires on a moving car. Therefore, rather than eating the software industry, AI is far more likely to feed its future growth. 1．What does the underlined word “expunge” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Keep up with. B．Do away with. C．Look forward to. D．Lead up to. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The death of commercial printing. B．The growth in specialized software. C．Historical evidence against the panic. D．Terrible predictions about technologies. 3．Why will companies continue buying standard operations software? A．Transition is a speedy process. B．History minimizes potential problems. C．AI creates small productivity tools. D．Seasoned traders offer reliable systems. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Feeding the Software Industry, Not Eating It. B．Building Corporate Systems, Not Buying Them. C．The Desktop Scare: How Print Shops Would Die. D．The SaaS Panic: How AI Threatens Software Companies. 2.（2026·河南镇平县第一高级中学高三考前模拟）Artists enjoy calling their work “original”. For good reason too, as artists, we want to distinguish ourselves and convey a genuine message to the world. But there are hardly any truly original ideas in the art world. Everything has been invented, reinvented, and re-reinvented over again. Recently, I have been reflecting on how I get ideas for my work as a professional photographer. Some of my images can be traced back directly to what inspired them, while some others are more “unique”. Nevertheless, I cannot genuinely classify any piece of my output as truly original, since every image ultimately represents a synthesized fusion of previous visual influences, external conceptual inputs from others, and a diverse range of personal life experiences. This personal realization prompts a deeper and more universal inquiry into the nature of originality. If we go by the principle that all ideas are a hodgepodge of other ideas, a natural question arises. Is it possible to trace back and find the original ideas? The first original thought must have been by the first man. Ever since, it has all been one big fake. This definition will take us exactly nowhere, and the debate will end right here. So, let’s stop hunting for an original idea, whatever it may mean. Just think how some fashion brands manage to produce two new couture collections each year. Fashion has mastered the art of showing old as new, and new as old. The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. If you take inspiration from Rodin’s work and see people in a similarly monumental way, there is meaning in the work and you are creating something authentic, something that is authentic and true to you. But, if your intention is to copy Rodin’s work because it made him a famous sculptor, your work will have very little meaning and authenticity. The point I am trying to make about authenticity is that it doesn’t have to be authentic to anybody else but you. If we take out the obvious instances where one artist copied another artist to make money off the idea, we are left with a world of trillions of thoughts and ideas, each ready to inspire you to create something that is authentic to you, something that speaks to you. Even if you take pictures only because they “look beautiful”, they already mean something to you: they mean beauty. 1．What can be inferred about the writer’s photographing experience? A．He considers his works truly original. B．He insists on pursuing original creation. C．He traces all photos to direct sources. D．He admits combining various influences. 2．What does the underlined word “hodgepodge” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Mixture. B．Share. C．Revision. D．Repetition. 3．Why does the author mention fashion brands in Paragraph 3 ? A．To prove fashion design is more creative than photography. B．To show people can create new things from old ideas. C．To criticize fashion for copying too many designs. D．To explain how to find the first original idea. 4．What might the author agree with? A．Authenticity stems from originality. B．There is no such thing as authenticity. C．Authenticity is defined by intentions. D．Originality rests on objective standards. 重难·创新演练 设题创新: 阅读复健(T1) 人工智能重塑孩童生活(T2); 正视无知、摒除成见(T3); 挑战“整洁即宜居”的传统规划观(T4)；介绍恩格尔系数(T5) 阅读理解议论文 Passage 1 【新情境·阅读复健】（2026·山东省泰安市肥城市高考适应性训练英语试题（三））The idea of “reading rehabilitation (复健)” has recently caused discussions on Chinese social media. The idea is simple but telling: Instead of forcing oneself through heavyweight books, start small to help the brain gradually readjust to sustained reading. The metaphor of “rehabilitation” feels uncomfortably accurate. In the age of short videos and bite-sized information, reading is no longer a natural ability. For many, it has become something that must be relearned. The widespread adoption of digital reading has made information readily accessible, but it also comes with a flood of snackable content. Rapid scrolling is competing for people’s attention. While digital reading broadens the range of knowledge, it cannot easily replace the depth of thinking developed through sustained reading. Deep reading requires slowing down and being alone with a book, following the author’s logic line by line, and forming one’s own judgments through careful reflection. More importantly, the recovery of one’s reading ability is not merely a private concern, but carries broader cultural significance. Reading has never been just about acquiring information; it is a process of structuring thought, deepening understanding, and developing the ability to engage with complexity. When a society struggles with sustained reading, the consequences ripple outward: Shallow thinking becomes normalized, emotional reactions happen before rational judgment, and well-considered perspectives give way to oversimplified narratives. In this sense, “reading rehabilitation” is about preserving the intellectual depth of society. Without it, the space for careful reasoning and critical reflection risks being crowded out by the immediacy of fast content. Encouragingly, this growing awareness is met with institutional support. Policy frameworks such as the Regulation on the Promotion of Nationwide Reading highlight the importance of developing reading interest, building habits, and strengthening reading abilities at a societal level. By elevating reading from a personal choice to a public priority, such initiatives signal that rebuilding reading capacity is not simply an individual struggle against distraction, but a shared cultural effort. 1．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A．Reading has become weak in digital age. B．Thick books are not fit for common readers. C．Sustained reading needs to be relearned. D．Short videos have ruined people’s reading habits. 2．What can we know about deep reading? A．It requires people to share ideas. B．It fails to capture people’s attention. C．It brings a mass of bite-sized information. D．It calls for patience and independent thinking. 3．What does the underlined phrase “ripple outward” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Spread widely. B．Disappear soon. C．Change suddenly. D．Recover slowly. 4．Why is rebuilding people’s reading ability important? A．It mirrors individual preferences. B．It contributes to public well-being. C．It helps tackle complex challenges. D．It brings benefits at a societal level. Passage 2 【新情境·人工智能重塑孩童生活】（2026·河南省三门峡市部分名校考前模拟）Christmas stockings may contain more surprises than usual this year, as children open presents that can talk back. Toymakers in China have declared 2025 the year of artificial intelligence (AI) and are producing robots and teddies that can teach, play and tell stories. In work and play, AI is reshaping childhood. It promises every child the kind of upbringing previously available only to the rich, with private tutors, personalized courses and tailored entertainment. A childhood fit for a king could become universal. Technology is creating new forms of fun, too. Hollywood may dismiss AI videos as low-quality stuff, but young people are consuming them and making their own. There are well-publicized risks in letting children loose on an evolving technology. Yet childhood may be disrupted most radically by things that AI does when it is behaving as intended. The technology quickly learns what its master likes — and shows more of it. Social-media feeds have already created echo chambers (回声室) where people see only views they agree with. Not only does this destroy serendipity. A favorites-only diet means a child need never learn to tolerate something unfamiliar. One-sided relationships with chatbots present a similar risk. AI companions that never criticize, nor share feelings of their own, are a poor preparation for dealing with imperfect humans. Yes-bots threaten to create children not used to taking turns, who grow up into colleagues unable to compromise and partners unfamiliar with the give-and-take required in a relationship. It is a future filled with opportunities and hidden traps. AI shows undeniable potential to improve education and enrich entertainment. It may one day let every child live like royalty. But as real kings often discover, a specially designed upbringing can also be a lonely and atomized one. The truly privileged may be those whose parents and teachers know when to turn it off. 1．What can we infer from paragraph 2 about AI? A．It challenges the standards of traditional industries. B．It makes entertainment more exciting and diverse. C．It aims to make all children’s experiences luxurious. D．It opens access to high-quality nurturing for all. 2．What does the underlined word “serendipity” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Treasure. B．Surprise. C．Tradition. D．Motivation. 3．What is the main danger of “Yes-bots” in paragraph 4? A．They leave children without key social skills. B．They lower children’s interest in real social life. C．They give children inaccurate information. D．They cost too much for average families. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Talking Toys: Risks in AI Companionship B．AI Revolution: Technology’s Total Transformation C．Reshaped Childhood: Promise and Risk of AI D．A Personalized tutor: AI’s Educational Promise Passage 3 【新情境·正视无知、摒除成见】（2026·河北秦皇岛市河北昌黎第一中学第一次模拟）It’s a good idea to shake many of the things you have learned over the years out of your mind. Some are outdated, some incorrect and some too obvious. We also need a fresh approach to things of interest, to see them as though for the first time — this approach would help make a thing “strange” and help us avoid prejudice. Years ago, when I first came across the idea that knowledge isn’t always a good thing, I used to wonder if this was anti-intellectualism. I kept finding the idea in the works of many brilliant thinkers that I admired. I loved to read and study, and I knew they did. In fact, this idea doesn’t mean rejecting knowledge, but emphasizing the value of “not-knowing” while learning. When you develop “not-knowing” along with learning, you also allow room for mystery, for the profound and inexplicable (费解的) parts of life that give you a sense of awe (敬畏). An appreciation of the unknowable keeps you honest and humble in the best way. The truly wise person knows how important it is not to know everything. So why were they so “negative” about knowledge? Here’s poet David Hinton’s translation of chapter 71 of the Tao Te Ching to explain this: “If you know the importance of not knowing everything, or anything for that matter, you’re way ahead. If you don’t, you’ll be under the dangerous illusion (幻觉) that you know what life is all about. The starting point toward wisdom is to acknowledge your basic ignorance.” We often fall into the trap of thinking we know everything, which stops us from gaining real wisdom — and this is the problem we need to solve. The solution is to admit to our ignorance and clear our minds of preconceptions. These are Thoreau’s recommendations: Simply focus on what you are concerned with instead of relying on authorities. Then, aim for “total comprehension” and not just simple recognition. 1．What key idea is presented in paragraph 1? A．Having a beginner’s mind. B．Developing critical thinking. C．Learning from past lessons. D．Exploring unknown knowledge. 2．What is a benefit of “not-knowing” according to the text? A．It boosts intellectual growth. B．It relieves mental pressure. C．It builds respect for mystery. D．It simplifies life’s complexity. 3．What does the quote of the Tao Te Ching emphasize? A．The truth of life’s goal. B．The significance of being ahead. C．The harm of ignorance. D．The value of admitting unwisdom. 4．What is Thoreau’s suggestion on gaining real wisdom? A．Refining previous beliefs. B．Seeking a deeper understanding. C．Balancing preconceptions. D．Learning from the authorities. Passage 4 【新情境·挑战“整洁即宜居”的传统规划观】（2026届江苏省泰州中学模拟预测）For decades, urban planners have held a widely shared belief that neatness and order make cities suitable for living. Governments worldwide try their best to remove visual chaos: clearing temporary roadside stalls, repainting old street walls and pulling down run-down narrow streets, holding the idea that tidy city looks can foster residents’ well-being. However, a growing number of urban sociologists are challenging this fixed opinion, arguing that moderate urban disorder is necessary for a mentally healthy and lively city. Controlled urban disorder refers to minor, harmless imperfect scenes in public areas, including common street sellers, slightly worn public facilities and unregulated green areas. Contrary to public thoughts, such subtle imperfections generate hidden psychological benefits. A decade-long follow-up study conducted by an Australian research group tracked people’s mood changes. It turned out that neighborhoods living in areas with mild disorder felt 27% more satisfied than those living in completely tidy and orderly areas. Researchers attributed the difference to the following: overly tidy city looks convey an unspoken sense of being watched, making residents passive and mentally restricted. The seemingly counter-intuitive conclusion sparks heated debate. Critics maintain that supporting proper city mess may justify careless and lazy city management. They say that totally uncontrolled mess will surely cause safety problems and lower land use efficiency, adding that small messy scenes are just the precursor of serious city decline. Even some neutral scholars admit that it is a tough task for city authorities to draw a clear boundary between creative disorder and destructive mess remains. Rather than advocating blind abandonment of urban management, the research aims to revise people’s biased perception of urban chaos. Modern cities should not follow extreme tidiness at the price of their own vitality. In an increasingly similar urban world, proper imperfection is not a flaw, but an overlooked valuable advantage that nourishes citizens’ mental resilience. 1．Why do mildly disordered neighborhoods bring people more satisfaction? A．They guarantee higher land utilization efficiency. B．They offer abundant public recreational facilities. C．They eliminate residents’ passive living habits thoroughly. D．They provide a sense of freedom from invisible monitoring. 2．The underlined word “precursor” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________. A．symbol B．sign C．barrier D．recipe 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．City management should give up strict rules. B．Extreme city tidiness does harm to city vitality. C．Messy city scenes are hard for the public to accept. D．Traditional city planning needs no improvement at all. 4．Which of the following best summarizes the text? A．Traditional planning ignores citizens’ well-being. B．Limits should be set to avoid harmful urban mess. C．Appropriate urban mess is an overlooked treasure. D．Strict city management causes people’s mental stress. Passage 5 【新情境·介绍恩格尔系数】（2026届湖南衡阳市第八中学高考适应性练习卷五）Do you know what percentage of your family’s total expenses is spent on food? This is the main focus of the Engel coefficient (恩格尔系数), an economic concept that describes the relationship between income and spending on food. For years, it has been considered an important measure of people’s living standards. If the figure is high, then it is often believed that the standard of living is low, as a large share of income is spent on food. However, recently a topic has gone viral on Chinese social media platforms, where many people have begun to question whether the Engel coefficient is relevant in China. One of the key reasons for this concern comes from the Chinese attitude toward food, shown by the old saying, “Food is of primary importance to the people.” This highlights the significant difference between China’s food culture and consumption habits and those of Western countries. The food culture in China is rich and diverse, and people are willing to spend more money and energy on it. “In the past, I earned 100 yuan a day and spent half of it on food. Now I earn 1,000 yuan a day, and I still spend half of it on food. Having a good meal makes my day,” a user from Hunan commented on Sina Weibo. Food in China is a science, a social activity and an art, reported China Highlights. The principles of traditional Chinese medicine are employed all over China to create healthy, well-balanced meals. Whether on a snack street, in a restaurant or at someone’s home, food is often the common ground over which people gather to talk and share. “Many aspects of Chinese spiritual culture are connected to food, from governance to communication,” Wang Xuetai, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told Guangming Daily. “Chinese traditional culture focuses on seeing society and life from the perspective of food, and Chinese people are very good at enjoying the beauty and meaning found in everyday meals.” These factors make consumption habits in China different from those in other countries, making the Engel coefficient not able to completely reflect the living standards of Chinese people. 1．What does the Engel coefficient indicate? A．The lowest standard of living. B．The cost of basic living expenses. C．The share of income spent on food. D．The quality of meals people can afford. 2．Why do many people question the relevance of the Engel coefficient in China? A．Rising living standards have made it less relevant. B．China has a completely different economic system. C．The Engel coefficient is an outdated economic concept. D．Chinese food culture and consumption habits are unique. 3．What is the purpose of mentioning the Sina Weibo user’s words in the text? A．To highlight the user’s unique spending habits. B．To emphasize the importance of saving money. C．To illustrate the significance of food in Chinese culture. D．To show the user’s changing income and spending patterns. 4．What role does food play in Chinese culture according to Wang Xuetai? A．It reflects people’s focus on health. B．It shapes modern consumer trends. C．It is a tool for economic governance. D．It connects spiritual values and social life. 真题·实战演练 高频考点：议论文中的推理判断，作者的观点和态度，写作目的，细节理解，主旨大意 1.【2022年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 2.【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives. Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life. With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness. 51. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us? A. Making us simple-minded B. Making us short-signted. C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury. 52. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness? A. Through maintaining good health. B. By going through pain and suffering. C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations. D. Through offering help much needed by others. 53. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________. A. less selfish B. less annoying C. more motivated D. more responsible 54. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results? A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world. B. When our love for the world is insufficient. C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life. D. When we stay blind to the reality. 55. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________. A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge 3.【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 31. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 4.【2021年天津卷第一次】There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy. 51．To become a specialist, one may have to_____. A．narrow his range of knowledge B．avoid responsibilities at work C．know more about the society D．broaden his perspective on life 52．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______. A．treasure their freedom B．travel around the world C．spend most time working D．enjoy meeting funny people 53．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____. A．is fully aware of his talent and ability B．is a pure specialist in medicine C．should love poetry and philosophy D．brings knowledge of other fields to work 54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni? A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success. B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible. C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit. D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected. 55．What could be the best title for the passage? A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist D．Ways to Become a Generalist 5.【2019年江苏卷】Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes? It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies. Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money. In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world". As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results. Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions. 61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to __________. A. a lack of confidence in technology B. a slow progress in technology C. a conflict of public opinions D. a waste of limited resources 62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should __________. A. take people's essential needs into account B. make their programmes attractive to people C. ensure that each child gets financial support D. provide more affordable internet facilities 63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations? A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances. B. Believing that the world has become borderless. C. Ignoring the power of economic development. D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication. 64. What can we learn from the passage? A. People should be encouraged to make more donations. B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays. C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success. D. Economic policies should follow technological trends. 6 / 24网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题05 阅读理解——议论文 目 录 模拟·基础演练 1 重难·创新演练 7 真题·实战演练 13 模拟·基础演练 考查重点：议论文中的推理判断，作者的观点和态度，写作目的，细节理解，主旨大意 议论文专项训练 1.考查推理判断题 1.（2026·山东省莱西市第一中学月考）Berlin’s East Side Gallery attracts millions of visitors each year. Tourists crowd before vibrant murals (壁画) painted after the Cold War, but few pause to consider what lies beneath the paint: an original section of the Berlin Wall. The art has become the attraction; the history it covers has faded into background. This pattern extends far beyond Berlin. Across the globe, old buildings fall for new developments. The logic seems unarguable: cities must grow, economies must expand. But what disappears when we erase (清除) the physical traces of our past? Urban historian Dolores Hayden describes cities as “palimpsests” — manuscripts written upon repeatedly, earlier versions never fully erased. In her study of Los Angeles, she documented how development projects repeatedly tore down communities inhabited by Mexican-American and African-American families, replacing them with freeways and squares. The new structures served economic ambitions, but they also erased material evidence that these communities ever existed. “When the buildings disappear,” Hayden writes, “so does the tangible (有形的) proof that these people lived here, worked here, mattered here.” Some argue that memory can survive through photographs and documents. In fact, there is a difference between knowing about a place and experiencing it. A photograph of an old church conveys its appearance; walking through its doors conveys something else entirely — the height of the ceiling, the echo of footsteps, the weight of silence. These are not details; they are the substance of embodied memory. Research in environmental psychology suggests that physical spaces maintain collective identity. When communities lose familiar landmarks, they lose reference points that connect individuals to shared history. The result can be spatial disorientation — not merely not knowing where you are, but not knowing who you are in relation to those who came before. None of this argues against all development. Every generation inherits a city and passes one on. Some walls are meant to fall. Others are meant to stand — physical spaces ground memory in ways that images alone cannot, grounding us in a past that continues to shape who we are. 1．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To present a phenomenon and introduce the topic. B．To contrast historical significance with modern appeal. C．To criticize the over-commercialization of historic sites. D．To explain why history is overlooked and underestimated. 2．What does the example of Los Angeles intend to illustrate? A．The cost of urban development. B．The role of economic ambitions. C．The preservation of tangible proof. D．The success of redevelopment projects. 3．What can be inferred about the communities losing landmarks? A．They cherish shared history. B．They face identity confusion. C．They maintain collective identity. D．They prioritize growth over memory. 4．What does the text convey? A．History outweighs art in value. B．Photos preserve memory inadequately. C．Cities face a growth-or-history choice. D．Physical spaces hold irreplaceable memory. 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．B 4．D 【解析】文章借柏林墙等例子，指出城市开发易抹去历史痕迹，而实体空间承载着不可替代的集体记忆与身份认同，城市发展不应忽视历史留存。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Berlin’s East Side Gallery attracts millions of visitors each year. Tourists crowd before vibrant murals (壁画) painted after the Cold War, but few pause to consider what lies beneath the paint: an original section of the Berlin Wall. The art has become the attraction; the history it covers has faded into background. This pattern extends far beyond Berlin. Across the globe, old buildings fall for new developments. The logic seems unarguable: cities must grow, economies must expand. But what disappears when we erase (清除) the physical traces of our past?(柏林的东区画廊每年吸引数以百万计的游客。游客们在冷战后绘制的充满活力的壁画前熙熙攘攘，但很少有人停下来思考这些画作之下隐藏着什么：那是柏林墙的一段原始留存墙体。艺术成为了这里的吸引点；而它所涵盖的历史则逐渐被置于背景之中。这种模式在柏林之外也普遍存在。在全球范围内，老旧建筑为了新的发展而被拆除。这种逻辑似乎无可辩驳：城市必须发展，经济必须扩张。但当我们抹去我们过去的物质痕迹时，又会失去什么呢？)”可知，第一段的作用是描述一种现象并引入主题。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In her study of Los Angeles, she documented how development projects repeatedly tore down communities inhabited by Mexican-American and African-American families, replacing them with freeways and squares. The new structures served economic ambitions, but they also erased material evidence that these communities ever existed. “When the buildings disappear,” Hayden writes, “so does the tangible (有形的) proof that these people lived here, worked here, mattered here.”(在她对洛杉矶的调研中，她记录了开发项目如何一次又一次地拆除墨西哥裔美国家庭和非裔美国家庭居住的社区，取而代之的是高速公路和广场。这些新的建筑是为了实现经济目标，但它们也抹去了这些社区曾经存在的物质证据。“当建筑消失时，”海登写道，“这些人曾在此生活、工作、拥有重要意义的有形证据也随之消失。”)”可知，洛杉矶这个例子意在说明城市发展的成本。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“When communities lose familiar landmarks, they lose reference points that connect individuals to shared history. The result can be spatial disorientation — not merely not knowing where you are, but not knowing who you are in relation to those who came before.(当社区失去了那些人们所熟悉的地标性建筑时，他们也就失去了能够将个体与共同历史联系起来的参照点。其结果可能是空间上的迷失方向——不仅是指不知道自己身处何地，还意味着不清楚自己与那些先辈们在何种关系中相联系)”可知，那些失去标志性建筑的社区会面临身份认同的混乱。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“None of this argues against all development. Every generation inherits a city and passes one on. Some walls are meant to fall. Others are meant to stand — physical spaces ground memory in ways that images alone cannot, grounding us in a past that continues to shape who we are.(上述观点并非反对一切发展。每一代人都会继承一座城市，并将其传承下去。有些城墙注定要倒塌，而另一些则注定要屹立不倒——这些有形的空间以一种仅靠图像无法实现的方式，将记忆固定下来，使我们深深扎根于过去，而过去也持续塑造着我们的身份)”可知，文章核心观点是实体空间拥有不可替代的记忆承载作用。 2.（2026·广东名校联盟质量测试）There has been an explosion of interest in ‘creative AI’, but does this mean that artists will be replaced by machines? No, definitely not, says Anne Ploin, Oxford Internet Institute researcher and one of the team behind today’s report on the potential impact of machine learning (ML) on creative work. Although it was 2022, it is still valuable now. Ploin states machine learning has become a tool for artists, but will never substitute them. Mx Ploin emphasizes human agency in creativity is irreplaceable: while AI can automate parts of creation like generating multiple image versions, current AI cannot replicate the core creative decision-making that makes real art. Artistic creativity relies on personal choices, life experience, social and political context, and human emotion — elements data-driven AI can never copy, as life experience cannot be translated into data for now. AI models lack autonomy and cannot launch new artistic movements independently; they only produce unexpected variations of existing works. According to Mx Ploin, ‘We interviewed 14 experts who work in the creative arts, including media and fine artists whose work centred around generative ML techniques. We also talked to curators and researchers in this field. This allowed us to develop a fuller understanding of the implications of AI — ranging from automation to complementarity — in a domain at the heart of human experience: creativity.’ They found a range of responses to the use of machine learning and AI. New activities required by using ML models involved both continuity with previous creative processes and rupture from past practices. There were major changes around the generative process, the evolving ways ML outputs were conceptualised, and artists’ embodied experiences of their practice. And, says the researcher, the use of ML models was a “step change” from past tools, according to many artists. While the machine learning models could help produce ‘surprising variations of existing images’, practitioners felt the artist remained irreplaceable... in making artworks. But, she maintains, while the machine learning models could help produce ‘surprising variations of existing images’, practitioners felt the artist remained irreplaceable in terms of giving images artistic context and intention — that is, in making artworks. Ultimately, most agreed that despite the increased affordances of ML technologies, the relationship between artists and their media remained essentially unchanged, as artists ultimately work to address human — rather than technical — questions. Don’t let it put you off going to art school. We need more artists. But, says Mx Ploin, 1．How did the writer start the essay? A．By raising a controversial crisis B．By asking a rhetorical question C．By stating an unusual opinion D．By creating an abnormal suspense 2．Why is Ploin’s 2022 study still valuable? A．Highlights AI as step change B．Notes AI’s image variations C．Draws on real art practitioners D．Stresses artistic intention alone 3．What is the artists’ core conflict? A．AI assistance vs human artistry B．AI variation vs human art context C．AI upgrade vs creation logic D．AI output vs human art intention 4．What ability should art students develop according to the text? A．Equipped with proper AI skills B．Cultivate art skills to solve academic issue C．Keep human creative essence D．Combine AI with artistic creation rationally 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．C 【解析】文章主要阐述AI只是创作工具，人类艺术家的核心创造力无法被人工智能取代。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“There has been an explosion of interest in ‘creative AI’, but does this mean that artists will be replaced by machines? No, definitely not, says Anne Ploin, Oxford Internet Institute researcher and one of the team behind today’s report on the potential impact of machine learning (ML) on creative work.(人们对“创意人工智能”的兴趣空前高涨，但这是否意味着艺术家会被机器取代？牛津互联网研究院的研究员安妮·普洛因给出了明确的否定答案，她也是这份聚焦机器学习对创意工作潜在影响的报告的核心团队成员之一。)”可知，文章开篇先提出设问，随后自行给出答案。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“According to Mx Ploin, ‘We interviewed 14 experts who work in the creative arts, including media and fine artists whose work centred around generative ML techniques. We also talked to curators and researchers in this field. This allowed us to develop a fuller understanding of the implications of AI — ranging from automation to complementarity — in a domain at the heart of human experience: creativity.’(普洛因表示：“我们采访了14位创意艺术领域的专家，其中包括一批主要运用生成式机器学习技术进行创作的媒体艺术家与美术创作者。我们也和该领域的策展人、研究人员展开了交流。这让我们能够更全面地理解人工智能在创造力这一人类核心体验领域产生的多重影响，其作用覆盖自动化创作到辅助互补等多个层面。”)”可知，这份2022年的研究基于大量真实艺术从业者的访谈调研，结论贴合行业实际，至今仍具备参考价值。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Ploin states machine learning has become a tool for artists, but will never substitute them. (普洛因指出，机器学习如今已成为艺术家的创作工具，但永远无法取代艺术家本身。)”以及第五段中“While the machine learning models could help produce ‘surprising variations of existing images’, practitioners felt the artist remained irreplaceable...in making artworks. (尽管机器学习模型能够辅助生成“现有图像的出人意料的变体”，但艺术从业者们始终认为，在完成艺术创作这件事上，艺术家的核心地位是不可替代的。)”可知，全文核心探讨AI可辅助创作，但人类艺术天赋与核心创作能力不可替代，二者构成艺术家面对的核心矛盾：AI辅助与人本身的艺术创造力。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Mx Ploin emphasizes human agency in creativity is irreplaceable: while AI can automate parts of creation like generating multiple image versions, current AI cannot replicate the core creative decision-making that makes real art.(普洛因强调，人类在创作中的主观能动性是不可替代的：尽管人工智能可以将部分创作环节自动化，比如生成多版图像，但当下的人工智能无法复刻出成就真正艺术的核心创作决策。)”和第五段中“While the machine learning models could help produce ‘surprising variations of existing images’, practitioners felt the artist remained irreplaceable... in making artworks. (尽管机器学习模型能够辅助生成“现有图像的出人意料的变体”，但艺术从业者们始终认为，在完成艺术创作这件事上，艺术家的核心地位是不可替代的。)”可知，艺术学习者最需要守住人类创作的核心本质，这是AI无法取代的核心能力。 2.考查写作态度 1.（2026·浙江宁波市镇海中学高三模拟）For a long time, the ideal form of academic writing has been a formal and impersonal style. This tradition, which comes from the scientific method, tries to present knowledge as objective truth, discovered through neutral and repeatable steps. By using phrases like “the study found” instead of “I found”, and passive sentences like “it was observed”, the individual writer steps back. The goal is to create a space where ideas are judged only on their logic and supporting evidence, without the possible bias of personal opinion. However, this approach has faced strong criticism in recent years. Critics say that the impersonal style creates a false sense of pure objectivity. They point out that all research involves basic choices, which are always influenced by the researcher’s background, personal views, and cultural setting. The traditional way, by making writers hide behind third-person writing, can accidentally hide these influences, making it harder for readers to question the basic ideas behind the work. In response, a movement supporting a more “real” or “personal” academic voice has become popular. Scholars are advised to use “I” carefully and to openly talk about their connection to their topic. A sentence like “My experiences as a teacher led me to focus on this classroom situation” is now seen not as a weakness, but as intellectual honesty. Supporters believe this openness recognizes the human side of research and can make difficult ideas easier to connect with and more interesting, without losing accuracy. Traditionalists argue that this change confuses style with real content. They support formal, exact language and special terms as necessary tools for clear communication among experts. Their main worry is that focusing on storytelling and personal voice might let well-written papers cover up weak evidence or poor methods. The main purpose of academic writing, they say, is to present arguments and proof clearly; trying new styles should never hide that basic goal. This debate shows a deeper difference in thinking about what knowledge really is. Should it be shown as a cold, built structure, or can it be seen as a more human, interpretive effort? In the end, the future of academic writing might not be about one single style, but about developing a more flexible and thoughtful approach. Writers might choose different voices-distant or personal-depending on who will read it, what field they are in, and what they aim to do, while always remembering the final goal of being clear, exact, and truthful. 1．What is the main advantage of impersonal style in traditional academic writing? A．It clearly highlights the writer’s personal view. B．It makes ideas judged on logic and evidence. C．It helps the public understand research easily. D．It matches the format of top published papers. 2．Which of the following can be the idea of the critics? A．Objectivity in academic research does not exist at all. B．Personal voice should be avoided to ensure objectivity. C．The impersonal style hides subjective factors in research. D．Writing styles matter much more than strong evidence. 3．What is the author’s attitude toward the current debate on academic writing? A．Hopeful of flexible styles still valuing academic accuracy. B．Skeptical of personal voice harming scholarly integrity. C．Annoyed by debate distracting from research methods. D．Optimistic about traditional style dominating science. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Publishing Research in Simple Steps B．Adapting Academic Voice for Truth C．Seeking More Personal Stories in Science D．Avoiding Bias in Academic Essays 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．B 【解析】文章围绕学术写作的风格展开讨论，介绍了传统客观非人称写作风格的特点、外界对此风格的批评、支持个性化写作与坚守传统风格两方的不同观点，最后指出学术写作未来会走向灵活多变的风格，同时坚守清晰、准确、真实的核心目标。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The goal is to create a space where ideas are judged only on their logic and supporting evidence, without the possible bias of personal opinion(其目标是创造一个空间，让观点仅根据其逻辑和支持证据来判断，而不受个人观点可能带来的偏见的影响)”可知，传统学术写作中非个人化风格的主要优势在于它创造了一个空间，让观点仅根据其逻辑和支持证据来判断。因此，非个人化风格使观点基于逻辑和证据进行评判。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Critics say that the impersonal style creates a false sense of pure objectivity. They point out that all research involves basic choices, which are always influenced by the researcher’s background, personal views, and cultural setting. The traditional way, by making writers hide behind third-person writing, can accidentally hide these influences(批评者认为，非个人化风格制造了一种虚假的纯粹客观性。他们指出，所有研究都涉及基本选择，而这些选择总是受到研究者背景、个人观点和文化背景的影响。传统方式让作者躲在第三人称写作背后，可能会无意中隐藏这些影响)”可知，批评者认为非个人化风格制造了一种虚假的纯粹客观性，实际上所有研究都受到研究者背景、个人观点和文化背景的影响，而传统写作方式隐藏了这些主观因素的影响。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In the end, the future of academic writing might not be about one single style, but about developing a more flexible and thoughtful approach. Writers might choose different voices-distant or personal-depending on who will read it, what field they are in, and what they aim to do, while always remembering the final goal of being clear, exact, and truthful(最终，学术写作的未来可能不是关于单一风格，而是关于发展一种更灵活、更深思熟虑的方法。作者可能会根据读者对象、所在领域以及目标目的来选择不同的声音——疏离的或个人化的——同时始终牢记清晰、准确和真实这一最终目标)”可知，作者认为学术写作的未来可能不是单一风格，而是发展更灵活和深思熟虑的方法，可推理出作者力求形式灵活多变，同时坚守内容严谨准确。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“This tradition, which comes from the scientific method, tries to present knowledge as objective truth, discovered through neutral and repeatable steps(这一源自科学方法的传统试图将知识呈现为客观真理，通过中立且可重复的步骤被发现)”、第三段“Supporters believe this openness recognizes the human side of research and can make difficult ideas easier to connect with and more interesting, without losing accuracy(支持者认为，这种开放性承认了研究中的人性面，可以使复杂的思想更容易产生共鸣且更有趣，同时不失准确性)”以及最后一段“Writers might choose different voices-distant or personal-depending on who will read it, what field they are in, and what they aim to do, while always remembering the final goal of being clear, exact, and truthful(作者可能会根据读者对象、所在领域以及目标目的来选择不同的声音——疏离的或个人化的——同时始终牢记清晰、准确和真实这一最终目标)”可知，文章全程探讨学术写作该使用客观正式风格还是个人化表达，最终提出要根据实际情况灵活 选择写作口吻，始终以求真为核心。所以最佳标题文“贴合学术语体，坚守内容本真”。 2.（2026·湖北黄冈市黄州区湖北省黄冈中学第二次模拟）In Amsterdam’s picturesque Nine Streets neighborhood, a curious modern custom unfolds daily: Tourists stand in long, winding queues on historic bridges, holding €5.50 cones of fries (锥形纸筒装薯条) against gabled backgrounds for the perfect TikTok post. From the viral chips in Amsterdam to the hour-long waits for a slice at New York L’Industrie Pizza or the salt beef bagels at London Beigel Bake, travelers are now willing to sacrifice hours of their precious vacation time for trendy takes (食物的做法) on everyday foods. Psychologists suggest these lines are rarely about the food itself; they reveal how social media, status, and performance have fundamentally reshaped modern travel. A queue serves as a powerful psychological trigger, most notably through the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO). As Rachel Herz, a specialist in human behavior, notes, seeing a crowd makes a “thing” seem more desirable. However, the nature of these queues has changed. Unlike the accidental discoveries of the past, these pilgrimages are calculated. Discoveries now happen on personalized social media feeds before a traveler even leaves home. This has turned travel into a form of public performance. Social media provides a stage for tourists to “perform their vacation”. By beautifully filming themselves in line or rating “viral foods”, travelers collect social capital, signaling to their peers that they are onto something special and culturally relevant. This cycle is strengthened by influencers and algorithms (算法). Researchers note followers often imitate ambitious behavior to show they belong to the same community, leading to repetitive travel patterns on a microscale. But this virality carries a heavy cost for local communities. When algorithms send millions of people to the same gelato shop in Rome or chip shop in Amsterdam, the result is a flood of noise, litter, and crowding. In Amsterdam, the opposition is growing; residents are even taking legal action to limit tourist numbers, arguing that overtourism has lowered their quality of life. For them, a viral fry cone is not a photo opportunity, but a threat to their neighborhood’s survival. Despite these local tensions, the crowds rarely discourage visitors. To a modern traveler, a long line provides the confidence that they are doing the “right thing”. For many, the hour spent waiting in the queue has become just as meaningful — and just as shareable — as the meal itself. 1．Why does the author mention expensive fries and long waits? A．To compare street food prices. B．To show street food is overprice. C．To prove the locals enjoy these foods. D．To criticize sacrificing vacation time for trendy foods. 2．What does the word “pilgrimages” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Journeys to holy places. B．Visits to local communities. C．Accidental discoveries during travel. D．Highly planned trips to popular spots. 3．What is the author’s attitude to residents’ legal action? A．Supportive but reserved. B．Neutral but concerned. C．Critical and disapproving. D．Doubtful and Confused. 4．What is the author’s main purpose? A．To criticize queuing tourists. B．To urge limiting tourist numbers. C．To explain social media’s impact on travel. D．To recommend best street food in three cities. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．C 【解析】文章分析社交媒体如何改变现代旅行，阐释网红美食排队现象的成因及对当地社区的不良影响。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“From the viral chips in Amsterdam to the hour-long waits for a slice at New York L’Industrie Pizza or the salt beef bagels at London Beigel Bake, travelers are now willing to sacrifice hours of their precious vacation time for trendy takes on everyday foods.(从阿姆斯特丹爆火的薯条，到纽约某披萨店需排队一小时的披萨、伦敦贝果店的咸牛肉贝果，游客如今愿意牺牲数小时宝贵假期，只为打卡网红日常食物)”可知，作者列举这些现象，是为了批判人们为网红食物浪费假期时间的行为。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Unlike the accidental discoveries of the past, these pilgrimages are calculated. Discoveries now happen on personalized social media feeds before a traveler even leaves home.(不同于过去旅行中的偶然发现，这些pilgrimages是刻意规划的。游客出发前就通过个性化社交媒体推送锁定打卡地点)”可知，pilgrimages指提前精心规划、奔赴热门打卡地的行程。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“But this virality carries a heavy cost for local communities... In Amsterdam, the opposition is growing; residents are even taking legal action to limit tourist numbers, arguing that overtourism has lowered their quality of life.(但这种网红热潮给当地社区带来沉重代价……阿姆斯特丹的反对声音日益高涨，当地居民甚至采取法律行动限制游客数量，称过度旅游降低了他们的生活质量)”可知，作者客观陈述过度旅游的危害和居民的维权行为，既不支持也不批判，态度中立且对此问题表示担忧。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“Psychologists suggest these lines are rarely about the food itself; they reveal how social media, status, and performance have fundamentally reshaped modern travel.(心理学家认为，这些排队现象与食物本身无关，它揭示了社交媒体、身份和自我展示如何从根本上重塑了现代旅行)”可知，文章指出排队打卡这种现象本质反映了社交媒体从根本上重塑了现代旅行，全文围绕这个核心分析现象成因、负面影响，核心目的是解释社交媒体对现代旅行的影响。 3.考查主旨大意 1.（2026·浙江宁波市镇海中学模拟）While the term “flood” commonly brings to mind images of rushing water or overflowing riverbanks, providing a formal definition of the phenomenon proves surprisingly challenging. A widely cited definition is provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which characterizes a flood as “the overflowing of normal confines of a stream or water body”. However, this definition is problematic. Specifically, it presupposes a clear understanding of “normal”, yet what counts as normal depends on value-based choices: the timescale, location and rarity threshold (稀有度阈值). For instance, a knee-deep pool in a wetland might be normal, but the same water in a street could be called a flood. To address this problem, a two-tier framework is proposed. At the first level, physical floods are defined. These are pools or water fluxes beyond a rarity threshold that is set based on values (e.g., an event with a return period of one hundred years). Even this step already involves human judgment, because someone has to decide what counts as “rare enough”. At the second level, anthropocentric floods (human-centered floods) are defined. These are physical floods judged as desirable or undesirable based on personal or social values. A flood that enriches soil may be seen as good by a farmer but bad by a resident who is forced to move away. This reliance on values creates interventional ambiguity: when values conflict, it becomes unclear whether to intervene. For example, protecting human life suggests action, while economic concerns may delay it. Recognizing this ambiguity helps explain why some flood-prone areas see no engineered solutions despite apparent risk. In conclusion, it is argued that floods cannot be defined on the basis of physics alone. Value judgments — assessments of how things ought to be — are inescapable. The framework aims to make these hidden choices explicit, fostering clearer communication and better decisions. 1．Why is the IPCC’s definition unsatisfactory? A．It only covers overflowing water. B．It uses wrong rarity measuring ways. C．It fails to explain different water cases. D．It ignores subjective factors in standards. 2．What is TRUE about the two-tier framework? A．Anthropocentric floods are more objective. B．Physical floods involve no human judgment. C．The rarity threshold is set by personal values. D．A flood must be rare to be judged good or bad. 3．The underlined term “interventional ambiguity” most likely refers to __________. A．hesitation to act due to value conflicts B．confusion over which areas are at risk C．disagreement between farmers and residents D．difficulty in deciding how rare a flood must be 4．Which is the best title for the passage? A．What Defines a Flood B．Why “Normal” Is Hard to Define C．Why Flood Definitions Cause Troubles D．How Physical Science Explains Floods 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．A 【解析】文章主要讲述了洪水无法仅凭物理定义，需结合价值判断，并提出两层框架加以解释。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Specifically, it presupposes a clear understanding of “normal”, yet what counts as normal depends on value-based choices: the timescale, location and rarity threshold (稀有度阈值). (具体来说，该定义预设了人们对“正常”有明确的理解，然而什么算作“正常”取决于基于价值的选择：即时间尺度、地理位置和稀有度阈值。)”及第三段中“Even this step already involves human judgment, because someone has to decide what counts as “rare enough”. (即使这一步也已经涉及了人为判断，因为必须有人来决定什么样的程度才算是“够罕见”。)”可知，IPCC的定义之所以不令人满意，是因为它忽略了标准中的主观因素。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“At the first level, physical floods are defined. These are pools or water fluxes beyond a rarity threshold that is set based on values (e.g., an event with a return period of one hundred years). Even this step already involves human judgment, because someone has to decide what counts as “rare enough”. At the second level, anthropocentric floods (human-centered floods) are defined. These are physical floods judged as desirable or undesirable based on personal or social values. (在第一层级，定义了物理性洪水。这类洪水是指超过基于价值观设定的稀有度阈值（例如，重现期为百年一遇的事件）的水体或水流。即使这一步也已经涉及了人为判断，因为必须有人来决定什么样的程度才算是“够罕见”。在第二层级，定义了以人类为中心的洪水。这类洪水是指基于个人或社会价值观被判定为合意或不合意的物理性洪水。)”可知，一次洪水必须够罕见才能被评判好坏。 3．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“when values conflict, it becomes unclear whether to intervene. For example, protecting human life suggests action, while economic concerns may delay it. (当价值观发生冲突时，是否要进行干预就变得不明确了。例如，保护人命意味着应采取行动，而经济方面的顾虑则可能会拖延行动。)”可知，冒号之后是对画线短语的完整解释，价值观出现分歧时，人们无法确定要不要采取防洪干预行动，就会出现行动上的犹豫，由此可知，interventional ambiguity指因价值冲突而对是否行动产生犹豫。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段“While the term “flood” commonly brings to mind images of rushing water or overflowing riverbanks, providing a formal definition of the phenomenon proves surprisingly challenging. (尽管“洪水”一词通常让人联想到奔涌的流水或漫溢的河岸这类景象，但要为这一现象提供一个正式的定义却出人意料地具有挑战性。)”可知，全文围绕洪水的定义展开：先指出IPCC定义的不足，再提出两层框架，最后强调物理定义不够，价值判断不可避免。A项“What Defines a Flood (什么定义了洪水)”最能概括文章内容，是文章的最佳标题。 2.（2026·重庆市第一中学校模拟）Think of a firefighter. What are you imagining? A man? Strong? Handsome and heroic? The reality is starkly different. But it’s an image that’s deeply rooted in our social mind. And that means that many women don’t even consider a career as a firefighter. I became a firefighter when I was 18 and am now one of the most senior firefighters in the country. At present, only five percent of firefighters are women. The contrast is even more noticeable in leadership roles like mine. Did you know that there are more Chief Fire Officers called Chris than there are female Chief Fire Officers? This matters, because being a firefighter is hard. We need the best of the best to serve with us. We are in the privileged position of being trusted by those in their very worst moments. Those people deserve the best but, at the moment, we’re only choosing from the group of applicants who are attracted by the stereotype (刻板印象). We need to widen that pool. Gender does not determine competence. In the fire service, our greatest strength is our ability to work as a team, and a good team needs a range of skills. I’ ve lost count of the number of difficult rescues where being small and nimble meant I was the right person for the job. I’ ve crawled into twisted vehicles to give life-saving first-aid to those trapped inside, for example. And it’s not all about size and strength. It’s about being calm and able to comfort those who are frightened and vulnerable. You need to be able to make decisions that could affect whether people live or die, while at the same time engaging with their emotions. It’s not just about what’s in your muscles but what’s in your head. I love my job, but being a woman in a typically alpha-male profession has not always been easy. There have been doubters — those who tell me that it’s not a job for women or that I don’t deserve my place. But they’ re wrong. And they’ re in the minority. And that kind of experience isn’t limited to my industry. It’s a battle with the unfair treatment of women that exists within our society. We must all do more to change that, so that our daughters have the same opportunities as our sons. 1．What does the author imply by mentioning“more Chief Fire Officers called Chris”? A．The name Chris is very popular. B．Chris has made great contributions. C．Women are rare in leadership roles. D．Leaders are in short supply. 2．What is the author’s attitude toward current recruitment? A．Critical of narrow sources. B．Proud of high standards. C．Worried about training quality. D．Confident in current results. 3．What is the main idea of paragraph 4? A．Gender equality ensures team success. B．Diverse skills lead to effective rescue work. C．Emotional support outweighs first aid. D．Firefighting downplays physical strength. 4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passage? A．To complain about unfair treatment. B．To share her personal rescue experiences. C．To break gender stereotypes in careers. D．To compare male and female abilities. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．C 【解析】文章通过女消防员的亲身经历，呼吁打破职业性别刻板印象，倡导平等机会。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“At present, only five percent of firefighters are women. The contrast is even more noticeable in leadership roles like mine. Did you know that there are more Chief Fire Officers called Chris than there are female Chief Fire Officers?(目前，只有5%的消防员是女性。这种对比在像我这样的领导角色中更为明显。你知道吗，名叫克里斯的消防局长比女性消防局长还要多？)”可知，作者通过这一夸张对比，意在强调女性在领导层中的极度稀缺。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Those people deserve the best but, at the moment, we’re only choosing from the group of applicants who are attracted by the stereotype(刻板印象).(那些人值得最好的，但目前我们只从被刻板印象吸引的那群申请人中挑选)”以及“We need to widen that pool.(我们需要扩大人才库)”可知，作者认为目前只从被刻板印象吸引的人群中选拔，来源太窄，对此持批评态度。 3．主旨大意题。根据第四段中“In the fire service, our greatest strength is our ability to work as a team, and a good team needs a range of skills.(在消防部门，我们最大的优势是团队合作的能力，一个好的团队需要一系列的技能)”,“It’s not just about what’s in your muscles but what’s in your head.(这不仅关乎你的肌肉，还关乎你的头脑)”以及全段内容可知，本段强调消防工作需要多样化的技能，不仅靠体力，还需要冷静、情感支持等多种能力，多样的技能才能有效完成救援。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，根据第一段“And that means that many women don’t even consider a career as a firefighter.(这意味着许多女性甚至不考虑消防员这一职业)”及最后一段“We must all do more to change that, so that our daughters have the same opportunities as our sons.(我们必须做出更多改变，让我们的女儿拥有和儿子一样的机会)”可知，作者以自身经历说明女性同样能胜任消防工作，呼吁社会打破职业的刻板印象，让女性获得平等机会。 4.考查写作目的和意图 1.（2026·浙江宁波市镇海中学模拟）The question sounds sobering (令人深思的) but also misleading. To understand what’s wrong with the skeptical argument, we should closely examine its reasoning. One possibility is that science is imperfect in essence. If the scientific method has obvious drawbacks, people may expect science to keep producing problematic theories. The fundamental issue lies in the fact that there is no single scientific method used in all of science. For instance, Newton’s deductive reasoning (演绎推理) based on observed phenomena is strikingly different from Darwin’s approach of inferring the best explanation from available evidence, which, in turn, differs completely from Einstein’s thought experiments involving light beams, trains, and elevators. What people call the scientific method is really many distinct ways of investigating the world — different strategies for representing, experimenting and classifying. To claim that science is fundamentally unreliable, one may examine the evidence and methods in a specific research area. Take early-stage medical research, where a large proportion of findings were later found to be contradicted by better evidence. In this context, doubt may be justified: if previous findings were unreliable, future ones might be too. But notice that we’re not making an overgeneralized claim about all scientific research. We’re identifying a specific area of research which is methodologically problematic and coming to a limited conclusion supported by solid evidence. Nor are we comparing the failures of early-stage medical research to the so-called “failures” of Newtonian physics. Newton’s laws are accurate in many but not all contexts; one reason Einsteinian physics is considered successful is that it preserves Newton’s accuracy. What I propose is neither global pessimism nor blind faith. It’s local skepticism, or disciplined trust, which would serve us much better but requires some actual knowledge of science and some intellectual humility. The history of science is indeed a graveyard (坟墓) of abandoned theories, but the fact that science keeps changing is a mark of its strength. It’s not a problem but the engine that drives scientific progress. 1．Why does the author mention Newton, Darwin, and Einstein in Paragraph 4? A．To illustrate the progress of physics over time. B．To show that science lacks a universal method. C．To argue that thought experiments are unreliable. D．To prove that scientific theories often contradict each other. 2．What can be inferred about early-stage medical research from the passage? A．It follows the same methods as Newtonian physics. B．Its findings are generally more reliable than physics. C．It is a good example of where local skepticism is justified. D．Its failures prove that all scientific research is problematic. 3．What does the author mean by “disciplined trust” in the last paragraph? A．Believing in historical scientific theories. B．Trusting scientific findings without question. C．Rejecting scientific claims unless proven true. D．Trusting science based on evidence and context. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To defend the public’s distrust of science. B．To prove that scientific theories are often wrong. C．To argue for a balanced view of scientific reliability. D．To compare different scientific methods across history. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【解析】文章反驳了因科学理论曾被推翻而全面怀疑科学的观点，指出科学方法多样，应基于具体领域进行局部怀疑，并倡导一种基于证据和背景的有约束的信任。 1．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The fundamental issue lies in the fact that there is no single scientific method used in all of science. For instance, Newton’s deductive reasoning (演绎推理) based on observed phenomena is strikingly different from Darwin’s approach of inferring the best explanation from available evidence, which, in turn, differs completely from Einstein’s thought experiments involving light beams, trains, and elevators. (根本问题在于，科学中并不存在一种适用于所有学科的单一科学方法。例如，牛顿基于观察现象进行的演绎推理，与达尔文从现有证据中推断最佳解释的方法截然不同，而后者又与爱因斯坦涉及光束、火车和电梯的思想实验完全不同。)”可推知，作者列举三位科学家的不同研究方法，就是为了说明科学不存在普适的统一方法。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Take early-stage medical research, where a large proportion of findings were later found to be contradicted by better evidence. In this context, doubt may be justified: if previous findings were unreliable, future ones might be too. (以早期医学研究为例，该领域很大一部分研究结果后来被更有力的证据推翻。在这种情况下，怀疑是合理的：如果过去的结果不可靠，该领域未来的结果也可能不可靠。)”和第六段中“We’re identifying a specific area of research which is methodologically problematic and coming to a limited conclusion supported by solid evidence. (我们正在识别一个在方法论上存在问题的特定研究领域，并得出一个由可靠证据支持的有限结论。)”可知，对早期医学这一特定研究领域的怀疑是合理的，后来的可靠证据证实了其错误，这表明早期医学研究正是局部怀疑合理适用的典型例子。 3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“What I propose is neither global pessimism nor blind faith. It’s local skepticism, or disciplined trust (我所提出的观点既不是全盘的悲观否定，也不是盲目的轻信。它是局部怀疑，也就是有约束的信任)”，并结合上文提到对方法存在缺陷的特定研究领域可以合理怀疑，不能将这种怀疑扩大到所有科学研究可推知，“有约束的信任”指的就是基于证据和具体背景来信任科学，既不全盘否定也不盲目相信。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“As popular mistrust of expert opinion grows, we increasingly encounter the following skeptical argument about science: Historically, even well-established theories and findings have been overturned, so why should we trust the ones we have now? (随着公众对专家意见的普遍不信任日益加深，我们越来越频繁地遇到以下关于科学的怀疑论观点：历史上，即便是久负盛名的理论和发现也曾被推翻，那么我们为何要相信目前所掌握的这些内容呢？)”和第二段中“The question sounds sobering (令人深思的) but also misleading. (这个问题听起来令人深思，但也具有误导性。)”可知，全文围绕对科学怀疑论的反驳展开，指出科学方法多样，局部怀疑合理但不应全面否定，最后提出“既不全盘悲观否定，也不盲目轻信”的平衡观点。由此可知，文章旨在为科学可靠性提出一种平衡的观点。 2.（2026·广东省高考适应性考试）While artificial intelligence (AI) is praised for its potential to increase efficiency, it often ignores a more human question: how will AI affect the daily experience of work? This experience is what determines whether employees work well together, generate new ideas, or choose to remain in their roles. In response, researchers suggest that measuring employee happiness could provide essential guidance during the AI shift. “Happiness does not take away from high performance. It is the engine of it,” says Nic Marks, an expert on workplace well-being. AI might change job tasks, but it is human leadership that shapes the workplace atmosphere. History offers a lesson: tools like email and smartphones, though designed to save time, frequently made work more stressful and less separate from personal life, proving that technology does not necessarily improve happiness. A significant challenge is employee anxiety, particularly the fear of job loss caused by decisions made without open communication. When such fears are ignored, people become silent and less willing to contribute creatively, which is exactly what companies need to avoid during change. The core issue lies not in AI itself, but in how it is introduced. To overcome this, openness and involving staff in the process are vital to building the sense of security required for success. Regularly measuring happiness gives leaders an immediate understanding of the situation. It shows whether AI tools are truly reducing pressure or creating new burdens (负担 ). This continuous feedback enables quicker adjustments than traditional long-term plans can. A simple practice of measuring, discussing, and adjusting helps create a culture where concerns are addressed early and teams grow stronger. Ultimately, AI will reshape what work is, but whether that work becomes more satisfying or more tiring depends on human choices. In this complex shift, closely attending to how people feel may offer the most reliable guide for ensuring technology truly improves work for everyone. 1．Why does the author mention email and smartphones in paragraph 2? A．To warn against the overuse of AI. B．To compare old and new technologies. C．To explain why workers dislike changes. D．To prove technology’s emotional limitations. 2．What can be inferred about employees’ sense of security? A．It relies on AI’s potential. B．It leads to silence in work. C．It results from ignoring fears. D．It comes from open participation. 3．What does regular measurement of happiness help leaders do? A．Make fast responses. B．Improve work efficiency. C．Reduce work pressure. D．Replace long-term planning. 4．What is the text mainly about? A．Workplace fear blocks AI’s progress. B．Historical lesson proves AI’s limitation. C．Employee happiness guides AI’s adoption. D．Emotional impact determines AI’s success. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．A 4．C 【解析】文章讨论了人工智能对员工日常工作经验的影响，强调在引入AI时应关注员工的幸福感，并通过公开沟通、定期测量幸福感等方式来确保技术真正改善工作。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“History offers a lesson: tools like email and smartphones, though designed to save time, frequently made work more stressful and less separate from personal life, proving that technology does not necessarily improve happiness. (历史给了我们一个教训：像电子邮件和智能手机这样的工具，虽然旨在节省时间，却常常让工作更有压力，并且更难与个人生活分离，证明技术不一定能提升幸福感。)”可知，作者提到电子邮件和智能手机是为了证明技术在情绪体验方面存在局限性，不一定能提升幸福感。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“To overcome this, openness and involving staff in the process are vital to building the sense of security required for success. (要克服这一点，公开透明以及让员工参与其中对于建立成功所需的安全感至关重要。)”可知，员工的安全感来源于公开参与。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Regularly measuring happiness gives leaders an immediate understanding of the situation. It shows whether AI tools are truly reducing pressure or creating new burdens. This continuous feedback enables quicker adjustments than traditional long-term plans can. (定期测量幸福感可以让领导者立即了解形势。这表明人工智能工具是在真正减轻压力，还是在制造新的负担。这种持续的反馈可以比传统的长期计划更快地进行调整。)”可知，定期测量幸福感有助于领导者快速做出反应。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“In response, researchers suggest that measuring employee happiness could provide essential guidance during the AI shift(作为响应，研究人员建议，衡量员工幸福感可以在AI转型期间提供重要指导)”以及最后一段中“In this complex shift, closely attending to how people feel may offer the most reliable guide for ensuring technology truly improves work for everyone(在这种复杂的转变中，密切关注人们的感受可能是确保技术真正改善每个人工作的最可靠指南)”可知，全文围绕“员工幸福感指导AI的引入和应用”这一核心主题展开。 5.考查细节理解 1.The Servant (1963) is an unforgettable film that ruthlessly explores the relationship between a cunning valet (Dirk Bogarde) and his weak-willed master (James Fox). The valet exploits his master’s weaknesses until their roles are reversed: by the end, the master humbly serves the valet. Yet today, it’s hard not to think of another troubled relationship — the one between workers and their smartphones. Smart devices can be empowering. They provide instant access to a vast amount of information. They allow people to work from home instead of squeezing into crowded trains with strangers. This is especially helpful for parents who need flexible hours. Smartphones and tablets also improve efficiency by letting people use spare moments that would otherwise be wasted, such as while queuing for coffee. But for most people the servant has become the master. Not long ago only doctors were on call all the time. Now everybody is. Bosses think nothing of invading their employees’ free time. Work invades the home far more than domestic chores invade the office. Otherwise—some people check their smartphones obsessively, even during pre-dinner drinks, and send e-emails first thing in the morning and last thing at night. This is partly because smartphones are addictive. Smartphones provide relentless stimuli, stimulus interspersed with rewards. Whenever you check the glowing rectangle, there is a fair chance you will see a message from a client, a herogram from your boss or at least an e-mail from a stranger offering you $1m if you share your bank details with him. Hyperconnectivity exaggerates some of the most destabilizing trends in the modern workplace: the decline of certainty and the general cult of flexibility. Smartphones make it easier for managers to change their minds at the last moment: for example, to e-mail a minion at 11 pm to tell him he must fly to Pittsburgh tomorrow. Employees find it ever harder to distinguish between “on-time” and “off-time” — and indeed between real work and make-work. Executives are lumbered with two overlapping workdays: a formal one full of meetings and an informal one spent trying to keep up with the torrent of e-mails and messages. How can we reap the benefits of connectivity without becoming its slaves? One solution is digital dieting. Just as the abundance of junk food means that people have to be more disciplined about their eating habits, so the abundance of junk information means they have to be more disciplined about their browsing habits. Banning browsing before breakfast can reintroduce a little bit of civilization. Banning texting at weekends or, say, on Thursdays, can really show the iPhone who is boss. In “Sleeping with Your Smartphone”, Leslie Perlow argues that for most people the only way to break the 24/7 habit is to act collectively rather than individually. She tells the story of how one of the world’s most hard-working organizations, the Boston Consulting Group, learned to manage hyperconnectivity better. The firm introduced rules about when people were expected to be offline, and encouraged them to work together to make this possible. It eventually forced people to work more productively while reducing burnout. 1．In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ______. A．posing a contrast B．justifying reversed roles C．making a comparison D．explaining a film named “servant” 2．According to paragraph 5, which of the following is a consequence of hyperconnectivity in the workplace? A．Employees have fewer meetings during the formal workday. B．Managers find it harder to change plans at the last minute. C．Workers can clearly separate “on-time” from “off-time”. D．Executives face meetings and constant messages. 3．What solutions to hyperconnectivity does the author present? A．Banning browsing and texting. B．Individual digital dieting and collective action with shared offline rules. C．Acting collectively and forcing people to work more productively. D．Working more productively and reducing burnout. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．When Smartphones Become the Master of Humans. B．Advantages and Disadvantages of Smart Devices. C．How to Break Away From Hyperconnectivity. D．The Film The Servant and Its Social Influence. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【解析】文章以经典电影《仆人》中主仆身份颠倒的情节作类比，讨论了“智能手机从工具变为掌控人的“主人””这一现象。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“The valet exploits his master’s weaknesses until their roles are reversed: by the end, the master humbly serves the valet. Yet today, it’s hard not to think of another troubled relationship — the one between workers and their smartphones. (仆人利用主人的弱点，最终二人身份彻底颠倒：到最后，反倒变成主人卑微地侍奉仆人。而如今，人们难免联想到另一种失衡的关系 —— 人与智能手机之间的关系。)”可知，电影里主仆身份颠倒，而如今人和手机也形成了类似的失衡关系。由此可知，作者在首段通过进行类比来引出话题。 2．细节理解题。根据第五段“Executives are lumbered with two overlapping workdays: a formal one full of meetings and an informal one spent trying to keep up with the torrent of e-mails and messages.(高管们如今要应付两段重叠的工作时段：一段是充斥着各类会议的正式工作时间，另一段则是忙着处理海量邮件和消息的非正式时间。)”可知，根据第五段，全天候联网给职场带来的后果是高管既要参加会议，还要应对海量消息。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“One solution is digital dieting.(一个解决办法便是数字节食。)”和最后一段“In “Sleeping with Your Smartphone”, Leslie Perlow argues that for most people the only way to break the 24/7 habit is to act collectively rather than individually…. The firm introduced rules about when people were expected to be offline, and encouraged them to work together to make this possible.(莱斯利・珀洛在《与手机同眠》一书中提出，对大多数人而言，想要摆脱全天候在线的状态，唯有依靠集体行动，而非单打独斗。……这家公司制定了员工离线休息的相关规定，并鼓励大家协作配合，落实这项制度。)”可知，作者提出了个人数字节食和集体执行离线规则等办法来应对过度联网。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Yet today, it’s hard not to think of another troubled relationship — the one between workers and their smartphones. (而如今，人们难免联想到另一种失衡的关系 ——人与智能手机之间的关系。)”可知，文章主要讨论了手机从工具变成掌控人的“主人”这一现象，由此可知，A项“当智能手机成为人类的主宰”是适合的标题。 2.（2026·山东省九五高中协作体最后一卷）After a recent negative car rental experience, I found myself going down a familiar rabbit hole, scrolling (滚屏) through online reviews of the company. The experience was over, yet I kept reading complaint after complaint from strangers. But I’m not the only one who does this. Why do we look up reviews for a hotel we’ve already stayed at, a movie we’ve watched, or even a doctor we’ve visited? If we’re no longer gathering information to guide our decision-making, what are we looking for? On the face of it, it seems pointless, but this common habit actually reveals how we interpret our experiences, especially the disappointing ones. People often experience inner conflict after making a decision. This can be something small, like ordering food or buying a book, or far more significant choices, like picking a career, or choosing a life partner. It is known as post-decision dissonance (不协调) — the psychological discomfort we feel after choosing between multiple options. Once a decision is made, the alternatives don’t simply disappear. Instead, they remain in our minds, along with the unsettling thought that another option might have been better. That discomfort is what sends us searching. In fact, this feeling isn’t limited to purchases. It can arise anytime we commit to one path and close off others. After my disappointing car rental experience, I wasn’t looking for information to help me decide. That moment had passed. Instead, I simply wanted to understand what had already happened, and convince myself I hadn’t made a foolish decision. Reading negative reviews from others with similar experiences helped shift my version of the story: maybe the problem wasn’t just me. Maybe the rental company was truly awful. Once we’ve had an experience, good or bad, we’re no longer gathering information. We’re trying to find peace within ourselves. It’s not about reviews but about gaining a sense of identity, and emotional closure for what we’ve been through. 1．Why does the author mention his car rental experience in paragraph 1? A．To complain about the poor service. B．To warn readers against rental traps. C．To introduce a common human habit. D．To show the effect of negative reviews. 2．What can we learn about post-decision dissonance? A．It appears in most decisions in life. B．It causes unease after making a choice. C．It reminds people to solve inner conflict. D．It pushes people to weigh multiple options. 3．What makes people seek relevant comments after making a decision? A．The fear of missing better alternatives. B．The curiosity about others’ feelings. C．The desire to discover more possibilities. D．The need to learn from past experiences. 4．What does the author think of post-experience review reading? A．It confirms personal identity. B．It offers convincing excuses. C．It provides practical guidance. D．It serves emotional purposes. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【解析】文章讲述人们事后查阅评价的普遍习惯，解释该行为源于决策后心理失调，并说明其本质是为获得心理慰藉。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“But I’m not the only one who does this. Why do we look up reviews for a hotel we’ve already stayed at, a movie we’ve watched, or even a doctor we’ve visited? (但并不是只有我一个人会这样做。我们为什么会去查阅已经住过的酒店、看过的电影、甚至就诊过的医生的评价？)”可知，作者讲述租车经历是为了引出人们事后查阅评价的普遍习惯。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“It is known as post-decision dissonance — the psychological discomfort we feel after choosing between multiple options. (这被称为决策后失调——我们在多个选项中做出选择后所感受到的心理不适。)”可知，决策后失调会让人们做出选择后感到不安。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Instead, they remain in our minds, along with the unsettling thought that another option might have been better. That discomfort is what sends us searching.(相反，这些备选方案会留在我们的脑海中，伴随着一种令人不安的想法：另一个选择或许会更好。正是这种不适感促使我们去搜寻相关评价)”可知，人们害怕错过更好的备选方案，因此会在做决定后搜寻相关评论。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“We’re trying to find peace within ourselves. It’s not about reviews but about gaining a sense of identity, and emotional closure for what we’ve been through. (我们是在寻求内心的平静。这与评价本身无关，而是为了获得自我认同，为自身经历完成情感收尾。)”可知，作者认为事后查阅评价是出于情感层面的需求。 6.考查猜测词义 1.（2026·河南部分重点中学联考）When Anthropic announced a new artificial intelligence feature to help users perform legal tasks, it led to massive panic. Investors cut billions of dollars off tech shares, fearing a future called the “SaaSapocalypse”. Many worried that AI models would expunge the need for traditional software-as-a-service traders. Investors assumed companies would simply ask AI to carry out tasks or write custom software rather than buying expensive programs from established companies. However, experts argue this end-of-the-world view is completely overblown. History shows that new technology rarely destroys existing industries so simply. For example, the rise of desktop publishing in the 1990s led to frightening predictions about the death of commercial print shops. Instead, the technology lowered barriers to entry, actually causing the number of print shops to reach peak levels. Similarly, as AI makes writing code (代码) easier, it might not destroy software traders but rather bring about rapid growth in specialized software companies. Furthermore, economic theories regarding whether a company should “buy or build” remain relevant. For common work like accounting or human resources, businesses will likely find it much more efficient to continue purchasing from established traders. These companies possess secure systems, top designers, and strict repair plans that most other businesses cannot easily match. While employees might use AI to create small productivity tools, using it to build important systems from the ground up is considered extremely risky. Finally, the shift will likely be very gradual. History shows that companies adopt new technologies slowly to minimize potential problems. Rather than entirely replacing purchased software with in-house code, businesses will likely rely on existing traders who integrate AI capabilities directly into their current platforms. As one expert noted, asking people to use AI to code a vital payroll system is like changing tires on a moving car. Therefore, rather than eating the software industry, AI is far more likely to feed its future growth. 1．What does the underlined word “expunge” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Keep up with. B．Do away with. C．Look forward to. D．Lead up to. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The death of commercial printing. B．The growth in specialized software. C．Historical evidence against the panic. D．Terrible predictions about technologies. 3．Why will companies continue buying standard operations software? A．Transition is a speedy process. B．History minimizes potential problems. C．AI creates small productivity tools. D．Seasoned traders offer reliable systems. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Feeding the Software Industry, Not Eating It. B．Building Corporate Systems, Not Buying Them. C．The Desktop Scare: How Print Shops Would Die. D．The SaaS Panic: How AI Threatens Software Companies. 【答案】5．B 2．C 3．D 4．A 【解析】本文针对AI技术对软件行业可能造成冲击的恐慌情绪进行了理性分析和反驳。 1．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Many worried that AI models would expunge the need for traditional software-as-a-service traders. Investors assumed companies would simply ask AI to carry out tasks or write custom software rather than buying expensive programs from established companies. (许多人担心人工智能模型会expunge对传统软件即服务供应商的需求。投资者假设公司会简单地要求AI执行任务或编写定制软件，而不是从成熟公司购买昂贵的程序。)”可知，人们担心AI会消除对传统软件商的需求，所以划线单词expunge意为“消除、废除”，与do away with意思相近。 2．主旨大意题。第二段首先指出“However, experts argue this end-of-the-world view is completely overblown (然而，专家认为这种末日观点完全夸大其词)”，随后以20世纪90年代桌面出版业的兴起为例，说明新技术并未摧毁商业印刷店，反而降低了准入门槛，使印刷店数量达到顶峰；又以AI使编写代码更容易为例，说明它可能不会摧毁软件供应商，反而会带来专业软件公司的快速增长。由此可知，整段通过历史证据反驳恐慌情绪。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“For common work like accounting or human resources, businesses will likely find it much more efficient to continue purchasing from established traders. These companies possess secure systems, top designers, and strict repair plans that most other businesses cannot easily match. (对于会计或人力资源等常见工作，企业可能会发现继续从老牌贸易商那里采购要高效得多。这些公司拥有安全的系统、顶级的设计师和严格的维修计划，这是大多数其他企业难以匹敌的。)”可知，公司会继续购买标准运营软件是因为经验丰富的贸易商提供可靠的系统。 4．主旨大意题。全文围绕AI对软件行业的冲击展开，但核心论点是：AI不太可能摧毁软件行业，反而可能促进其未来增长。最后一段总结“Rather than eating the software industry, AI is far more likely to feed its future growth. (AI远更可能滋养软件行业的未来增长，而非吞噬它)”。所以，A项“Feeding the Software Industry, Not Eating It (滋养而非吞噬软件行业)”最能概括文章主旨。 2.（2026·河南镇平县第一高级中学高三考前模拟）Artists enjoy calling their work “original”. For good reason too, as artists, we want to distinguish ourselves and convey a genuine message to the world. But there are hardly any truly original ideas in the art world. Everything has been invented, reinvented, and re-reinvented over again. Recently, I have been reflecting on how I get ideas for my work as a professional photographer. Some of my images can be traced back directly to what inspired them, while some others are more “unique”. Nevertheless, I cannot genuinely classify any piece of my output as truly original, since every image ultimately represents a synthesized fusion of previous visual influences, external conceptual inputs from others, and a diverse range of personal life experiences. This personal realization prompts a deeper and more universal inquiry into the nature of originality. If we go by the principle that all ideas are a hodgepodge of other ideas, a natural question arises. Is it possible to trace back and find the original ideas? The first original thought must have been by the first man. Ever since, it has all been one big fake. This definition will take us exactly nowhere, and the debate will end right here. So, let’s stop hunting for an original idea, whatever it may mean. Just think how some fashion brands manage to produce two new couture collections each year. Fashion has mastered the art of showing old as new, and new as old. The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. If you take inspiration from Rodin’s work and see people in a similarly monumental way, there is meaning in the work and you are creating something authentic, something that is authentic and true to you. But, if your intention is to copy Rodin’s work because it made him a famous sculptor, your work will have very little meaning and authenticity. The point I am trying to make about authenticity is that it doesn’t have to be authentic to anybody else but you. If we take out the obvious instances where one artist copied another artist to make money off the idea, we are left with a world of trillions of thoughts and ideas, each ready to inspire you to create something that is authentic to you, something that speaks to you. Even if you take pictures only because they “look beautiful”, they already mean something to you: they mean beauty. 1．What can be inferred about the writer’s photographing experience? A．He considers his works truly original. B．He insists on pursuing original creation. C．He traces all photos to direct sources. D．He admits combining various influences. 2．What does the underlined word “hodgepodge” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Mixture. B．Share. C．Revision. D．Repetition. 3．Why does the author mention fashion brands in Paragraph 3 ? A．To prove fashion design is more creative than photography. B．To show people can create new things from old ideas. C．To criticize fashion for copying too many designs. D．To explain how to find the first original idea. 4．What might the author agree with? A．Authenticity stems from originality. B．There is no such thing as authenticity. C．Authenticity is defined by intentions. D．Originality rests on objective standards. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．B 4．C 【解析】文章探讨艺术原创本质，主张创作真实源于内心初衷。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Nevertheless, I cannot genuinely classify any piece of my output as truly original, since every image ultimately represents a synthesized fusion of previous visual influences, external conceptual inputs from others, and a diverse range of personal life experiences.(然而，我无法真正将我创作的任何作品归类为完全原创的，因为每幅作品最终都是由先前的视觉影响、来自外界的概念性输入以及丰富多样的个人生活经历所综合融合而成的)”可知，作者承认自己的作品融合了各类影响因素。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“If we go by the principle that all ideas are a hodgepodge of other ideas, a natural question arises.(如果我们遵循所有想法都是其他想法的hodgepodge这一原则，一个自然的问题就出现了)”结合下文“The first original thought must have been by the first man. Ever since, it has all been one big fake.(第一个原创想法一定是第一个人的。自那以后，一切都成了一个大的仿制品)”以及第四段中“The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas. (我提出的关于原创性的方法是：所有想法都是其他想法的副产品，真正重要的是你在这些想法背后所持有的意图)”可知，作者认为所有的想法都是其他想法的副产品，是其他想法的混合，“hodgepodge”意为“混合物、大杂烩”，与mixture同义。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“So, let’s stop hunting for an original idea, whatever it may mean. Just think how some fashion brands manage to produce two new couture collections each year. Fashion has mastered the art of showing old as new, and new as old.(所以，让我们停止寻找所谓的原创想法吧，无论它意味着什么。只需想想一些时尚品牌是如何每年推出两套全新的高级定制系列的。时尚已经掌握了将旧的东西呈现为新的，以及将新的东西呈现为旧的东西的技巧)”可知，作者举时尚品牌每年推出新品的例子，是为了说明艺术领域擅长旧元素新表达，从已有想法中创造出新的东西。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“The approach to originality that I suggest is that all ideas are a byproduct of other ideas, and what truly matters is the intention you hold behind those ideas.(我提出的关于原创性的方法是：所有想法都是其他想法的副产品，真正重要的是你在这些想法背后所持有的意图)”以及“But, if your intention is to copy Rodin’s work because it made him a famous sculptor, your work will have very little meaning and authenticity. (但是，如果你的意图是复制罗丹的作品，因为那让他成为了著名的雕塑家，那么你的作品将几乎没有意义和真实性)”可知，作者认为真实性是由意图决定的。 重难·创新演练 设题创新: 阅读复健(T1) 人工智能重塑孩童生活(T2); 正视无知、摒除成见(T3); 挑战“整洁即宜居”的传统规划观(T4)；介绍恩格尔系数(T5) 阅读理解议论文 Passage 1 【新情境·阅读复健】（2026·山东省泰安市肥城市高考适应性训练英语试题（三））The idea of “reading rehabilitation (复健)” has recently caused discussions on Chinese social media. The idea is simple but telling: Instead of forcing oneself through heavyweight books, start small to help the brain gradually readjust to sustained reading. The metaphor of “rehabilitation” feels uncomfortably accurate. In the age of short videos and bite-sized information, reading is no longer a natural ability. For many, it has become something that must be relearned. The widespread adoption of digital reading has made information readily accessible, but it also comes with a flood of snackable content. Rapid scrolling is competing for people’s attention. While digital reading broadens the range of knowledge, it cannot easily replace the depth of thinking developed through sustained reading. Deep reading requires slowing down and being alone with a book, following the author’s logic line by line, and forming one’s own judgments through careful reflection. More importantly, the recovery of one’s reading ability is not merely a private concern, but carries broader cultural significance. Reading has never been just about acquiring information; it is a process of structuring thought, deepening understanding, and developing the ability to engage with complexity. When a society struggles with sustained reading, the consequences ripple outward: Shallow thinking becomes normalized, emotional reactions happen before rational judgment, and well-considered perspectives give way to oversimplified narratives. In this sense, “reading rehabilitation” is about preserving the intellectual depth of society. Without it, the space for careful reasoning and critical reflection risks being crowded out by the immediacy of fast content. Encouragingly, this growing awareness is met with institutional support. Policy frameworks such as the Regulation on the Promotion of Nationwide Reading highlight the importance of developing reading interest, building habits, and strengthening reading abilities at a societal level. By elevating reading from a personal choice to a public priority, such initiatives signal that rebuilding reading capacity is not simply an individual struggle against distraction, but a shared cultural effort. 1．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1? A．Reading has become weak in digital age. B．Thick books are not fit for common readers. C．Sustained reading needs to be relearned. D．Short videos have ruined people’s reading habits. 2．What can we know about deep reading? A．It requires people to share ideas. B．It fails to capture people’s attention. C．It brings a mass of bite-sized information. D．It calls for patience and independent thinking. 3．What does the underlined phrase “ripple outward” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Spread widely. B．Disappear soon. C．Change suddenly. D．Recover slowly. 4．Why is rebuilding people’s reading ability important? A．It mirrors individual preferences. B．It contributes to public well-being. C．It helps tackle complex challenges. D．It brings benefits at a societal level. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．D 【解析】文章主要介绍了当下“阅读复健”在国内社交平台引发热议，分析了短视频和碎片化信息时代持续阅读能力退化的现状、深度阅读的价值，以及恢复阅读能力对个人和整个社会的重要意义，同时提到相关政策也在为此提供支持。 1．细节理解题。根据原文第一段“In the age of short videos and bite-sized information, reading is no longer a natural ability. For many, it has become something that must be relearned.(在短视频和碎片化信息的时代，阅读已不再是一种与生俱来的能力。对很多人而言，阅读变成了一项需要重新学习的技能。)”可知，作者在第一段指出持续阅读需要重新学习这一现象。 2．细节理解题。根据原文第二段“Deep reading requires slowing down and being alone with a book, following the author’s logic line by line, and forming one’s own judgments through careful reflection.(深度阅读需要慢下来，独自品读书籍，逐字逐句梳理作者的思路，并通过认真思考形成自己的判断。)”可知，深度阅读需要耐心与独立思考。 3．词句猜测题。根据原文第四段“When a society struggles with sustained reading, the consequences ripple outward: Shallow thinking becomes normalized, emotional reactions happen before rational judgment, and well-considered perspectives give way to oversimplified narratives.(当整个社会难以坚持持续阅读时，负面影响会ripple outward：浅层思维成为常态，情绪化反应先于理性判断，深思熟虑的观点也被片面简单的说法取代。)”可知，后文列举了整个社会难以坚持持续阅读时的具体后果：浅层思维常态化、情绪反应先于理性判断、深思熟虑被过度简化叙事取代——这些都是广泛蔓延的社会现象，故ripple outward表示“广泛蔓延、扩散”。 4．推理判断题。根据原文第三段“More importantly, the recovery of one’s reading ability is not merely a private concern, but carries broader cultural significance.(更重要的是，阅读能力的恢复不仅关乎个人，更具备广泛的文化意义。)”以及第四段“In this sense, “reading rehabilitation” is about preserving the intellectual depth of society.(从这个角度来说，“阅读复健”是为了维系整个社会的思想深度。)”可知，重拾阅读能力能在社会层面带来诸多益处，因此它意义重大。 Passage 2 【新情境·人工智能重塑孩童生活】（2026·河南省三门峡市部分名校考前模拟）Christmas stockings may contain more surprises than usual this year, as children open presents that can talk back. Toymakers in China have declared 2025 the year of artificial intelligence (AI) and are producing robots and teddies that can teach, play and tell stories. In work and play, AI is reshaping childhood. It promises every child the kind of upbringing previously available only to the rich, with private tutors, personalized courses and tailored entertainment. A childhood fit for a king could become universal. Technology is creating new forms of fun, too. Hollywood may dismiss AI videos as low-quality stuff, but young people are consuming them and making their own. There are well-publicized risks in letting children loose on an evolving technology. Yet childhood may be disrupted most radically by things that AI does when it is behaving as intended. The technology quickly learns what its master likes — and shows more of it. Social-media feeds have already created echo chambers (回声室) where people see only views they agree with. Not only does this destroy serendipity. A favorites-only diet means a child need never learn to tolerate something unfamiliar. One-sided relationships with chatbots present a similar risk. AI companions that never criticize, nor share feelings of their own, are a poor preparation for dealing with imperfect humans. Yes-bots threaten to create children not used to taking turns, who grow up into colleagues unable to compromise and partners unfamiliar with the give-and-take required in a relationship. It is a future filled with opportunities and hidden traps. AI shows undeniable potential to improve education and enrich entertainment. It may one day let every child live like royalty. But as real kings often discover, a specially designed upbringing can also be a lonely and atomized one. The truly privileged may be those whose parents and teachers know when to turn it off. 1．What can we infer from paragraph 2 about AI? A．It challenges the standards of traditional industries. B．It makes entertainment more exciting and diverse. C．It aims to make all children’s experiences luxurious. D．It opens access to high-quality nurturing for all. 2．What does the underlined word “serendipity” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Treasure. B．Surprise. C．Tradition. D．Motivation. 3．What is the main danger of “Yes-bots” in paragraph 4? A．They leave children without key social skills. B．They lower children’s interest in real social life. C．They give children inaccurate information. D．They cost too much for average families. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Talking Toys: Risks in AI Companionship B．AI Revolution: Technology’s Total Transformation C．Reshaped Childhood: Promise and Risk of AI D．A Personalized tutor: AI’s Educational Promise 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．C 【解析】主要讲述人工智能重塑孩童生活，既带来优质成长机遇，也暗藏社交缺失等各类隐患。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“It promises every child the kind of upbringing previously available only to the rich, with private tutors, personalized courses and tailored entertainment.(它承诺给每个孩子以往只有富人才能享有的养育，配备私人辅导、定制课程与专属娱乐。)”可知，人工智能让所有孩子都能获得高品质的成长培育。 2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“Social-media feeds have already created echo chambers (回声室) where people see only views they agree with. Not only does this destroy serendipity. A favorites-only diet means a child need never learn to tolerate something unfamiliar.(社交媒体推送打造了回声室，人们只能看见认同的观点。这不仅毁掉serendipity，只接触喜好内容让孩子无法学着包容陌生事物。)”可知，算法只推送合意内容，使人失去偶遇新奇事物的惊喜，由此可知，划线单词serendipity含义为“惊喜”与surprise的意义相近。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Yes-bots threaten to create children not used to taking turns, who grow up into colleagues unable to compromise and partners unfamiliar with the give-and-take required in a relationship.(顺从机器人容易养出不懂轮流谦让的孩子，他们长大后，会变成不懂妥协的同事，以及在亲密关系里不懂得相互迁就、有来有往的伴侣)”可知，这类机器人会致使孩子缺失关键社交能力。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是尾段中的“It is a future filled with opportunities and hidden traps. AI shows undeniable potential to improve education and enrich entertainment. It may one day let every child live like royalty. But as real kings often discover, a specially designed upbringing can also be a lonely and atomized one.(这是一个充满机遇与暗藏陷阱的未来，人工智能在优化教育、丰富娱乐方面潜力突出。它或许终有一天能让每个孩子过上贵族般的生活，但正如真正的君王常会发现，量身定制的成长环境也可能使人孤单、孤僻。)”可知，文章围绕人工智能改变童年生活展开，既介绍AI带来的发展利好，又阐述其潜藏的各类风险，因此“Reshaped Childhood: Promise and Risk of AI(重塑的童年：人工智能的机遇与隐患)”能够完整概括文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。 Passage 3 【新情境·正视无知、摒除成见】（2026·河北秦皇岛市河北昌黎第一中学第一次模拟）It’s a good idea to shake many of the things you have learned over the years out of your mind. Some are outdated, some incorrect and some too obvious. We also need a fresh approach to things of interest, to see them as though for the first time — this approach would help make a thing “strange” and help us avoid prejudice. Years ago, when I first came across the idea that knowledge isn’t always a good thing, I used to wonder if this was anti-intellectualism. I kept finding the idea in the works of many brilliant thinkers that I admired. I loved to read and study, and I knew they did. In fact, this idea doesn’t mean rejecting knowledge, but emphasizing the value of “not-knowing” while learning. When you develop “not-knowing” along with learning, you also allow room for mystery, for the profound and inexplicable (费解的) parts of life that give you a sense of awe (敬畏). An appreciation of the unknowable keeps you honest and humble in the best way. The truly wise person knows how important it is not to know everything. So why were they so “negative” about knowledge? Here’s poet David Hinton’s translation of chapter 71 of the Tao Te Ching to explain this: “If you know the importance of not knowing everything, or anything for that matter, you’re way ahead. If you don’t, you’ll be under the dangerous illusion (幻觉) that you know what life is all about. The starting point toward wisdom is to acknowledge your basic ignorance.” We often fall into the trap of thinking we know everything, which stops us from gaining real wisdom — and this is the problem we need to solve. The solution is to admit to our ignorance and clear our minds of preconceptions. These are Thoreau’s recommendations: Simply focus on what you are concerned with instead of relying on authorities. Then, aim for “total comprehension” and not just simple recognition. 1．What key idea is presented in paragraph 1? A．Having a beginner’s mind. B．Developing critical thinking. C．Learning from past lessons. D．Exploring unknown knowledge. 2．What is a benefit of “not-knowing” according to the text? A．It boosts intellectual growth. B．It relieves mental pressure. C．It builds respect for mystery. D．It simplifies life’s complexity. 3．What does the quote of the Tao Te Ching emphasize? A．The truth of life’s goal. B．The significance of being ahead. C．The harm of ignorance. D．The value of admitting unwisdom. 4．What is Thoreau’s suggestion on gaining real wisdom? A．Refining previous beliefs. B．Seeking a deeper understanding. C．Balancing preconceptions. D．Learning from the authorities. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B 【解析】这篇文章主要建议摒弃陈旧固有认知，以初学者视角看待事物，倡导求学时保有“未知之心”，借典籍与名人观点点明：正视无知、摒除成见方能收获真正智慧。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“We also need a fresh approach to things of interest, to see them as though for the first time—this approach would help make a thing “strange” and help us avoid prejudice.(我们还需要对感兴趣的事物采取一种全新的视角，像初次接触一般去看待它们——这种态度有助于让事物变得“陌生”，从而帮助我们避免偏见。)”可知，第一段的核心观点是清空旧有认知，用“第一次看待事物”的新鲜视角（即“初学者心态”）观察世界，避免偏见。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“When you develop “not-knowing” along with learning, you also allow room for mystery, for the profound and inexplicable (费解的) parts of life that give you a sense of awe (敬畏).( 当你在学习的同时发展出“不知”的能力，你也会为生活中的神秘、深刻且难以解释的部分留出空间，这些会令你心生敬畏。)”可知，“不知”的核心益处是为生命中的神秘与不可解之处留出空间，让人产生敬畏之心，保持谦逊。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The starting point toward wisdom is to acknowledge your basic ignorance.(通往智慧的起点，就是承认自身的根本无知。)”可知，《道德经》引文的核心是：承认自己的无知（即承认自己并非全知）是通往智慧的起点，强调了“承认自身局限”的价值。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“We often fall into the trap of thinking we know everything, which stops us from gaining real wisdom—and this is the problem we need to solve. The solution is to admit to our ignorance and clear our minds of preconceptions. These are Thoreau’s recommendations: Simply focus on what you are concerned with instead of relying on authorities. Then, aim for “total comprehension” and not just simple recognition.(我们常常陷入一种认为自己无所不知的陷阱，这阻碍了我们获得真正的智慧——而这正是我们需要解决的问题。解决之道在于承认自己的无知，并清除心中的偏见。这是梭罗的建议：只需专注于你真正关心的事物，而非依赖权威。然后，追求“完全的理解”，而不仅仅是简单的认知。)”可推知，梭罗的建议包括两点：不依赖权威，专注于自己关心的事物；追求“全面理解”而非表面认知，这对应“寻求更深层次的理解”。 Passage 4 【新情境·挑战“整洁即宜居”的传统规划观】（2026届江苏省泰州中学模拟预测）For decades, urban planners have held a widely shared belief that neatness and order make cities suitable for living. Governments worldwide try their best to remove visual chaos: clearing temporary roadside stalls, repainting old street walls and pulling down run-down narrow streets, holding the idea that tidy city looks can foster residents’ well-being. However, a growing number of urban sociologists are challenging this fixed opinion, arguing that moderate urban disorder is necessary for a mentally healthy and lively city. Controlled urban disorder refers to minor, harmless imperfect scenes in public areas, including common street sellers, slightly worn public facilities and unregulated green areas. Contrary to public thoughts, such subtle imperfections generate hidden psychological benefits. A decade-long follow-up study conducted by an Australian research group tracked people’s mood changes. It turned out that neighborhoods living in areas with mild disorder felt 27% more satisfied than those living in completely tidy and orderly areas. Researchers attributed the difference to the following: overly tidy city looks convey an unspoken sense of being watched, making residents passive and mentally restricted. The seemingly counter-intuitive conclusion sparks heated debate. Critics maintain that supporting proper city mess may justify careless and lazy city management. They say that totally uncontrolled mess will surely cause safety problems and lower land use efficiency, adding that small messy scenes are just the precursor of serious city decline. Even some neutral scholars admit that it is a tough task for city authorities to draw a clear boundary between creative disorder and destructive mess remains. Rather than advocating blind abandonment of urban management, the research aims to revise people’s biased perception of urban chaos. Modern cities should not follow extreme tidiness at the price of their own vitality. In an increasingly similar urban world, proper imperfection is not a flaw, but an overlooked valuable advantage that nourishes citizens’ mental resilience. 1．Why do mildly disordered neighborhoods bring people more satisfaction? A．They guarantee higher land utilization efficiency. B．They offer abundant public recreational facilities. C．They eliminate residents’ passive living habits thoroughly. D．They provide a sense of freedom from invisible monitoring. 2．The underlined word “precursor” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________. A．symbol B．sign C．barrier D．recipe 3．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．City management should give up strict rules. B．Extreme city tidiness does harm to city vitality. C．Messy city scenes are hard for the public to accept. D．Traditional city planning needs no improvement at all. 4．Which of the following best summarizes the text? A．Traditional planning ignores citizens’ well-being. B．Limits should be set to avoid harmful urban mess. C．Appropriate urban mess is an overlooked treasure. D．Strict city management causes people’s mental stress. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．B 4．C 【解析】主要说明了研究挑战“整洁即宜居”的传统规划观，发现适度混乱街区居民满意度更高，因其消除过度整洁带来的心理监视感。主张城市应平衡秩序与活力，避免为极端整洁牺牲心理健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Researchers attributed the difference to the following: overly tidy city looks convey an unspoken sense of being watched, making residents passive and mentally restricted.(研究人员将这种差异归因于以下原因：过于整洁的城市外观会让人产生一种无形的被监视感，使居民变得被动且心理上受到限制)”可知，轻微混乱的社区能让人们感到更满意因为它们让人感觉摆脱了无形的监控。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“totally uncontrolled mess will surely cause safety problems and lower land use efficiency, adding that small messy scenes are just the(完全失控的混乱必然会导致安全问题并降低土地利用效率，并补充说，一些微小的杂乱场景只是……)”可知，上文提到完全失控的混乱必然会导致安全问题并降低土地利用效率，并补充说，一些微小的杂乱场景只是城市衰败的前兆。故划线词意思是“前兆、征兆”。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Modern cities should not follow extreme tidiness at the price of their own vitality.(现代城市不应以牺牲自身的活力为代价，去追求极端的整洁)”可知，极端的城市整洁会损害城市的活力。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“However, a growing number of urban sociologists are challenging this fixed opinion, arguing that moderate urban disorder is necessary for a mentally healthy and lively city.(然而，越来越多的城市社会学家正在挑战这一固定观点，他们认为适度的城市混乱对于建设一个心理健全且充满活力的城市是必要的)”结合文章主要说明了研究挑战“整洁即宜居”的传统规划观，发现适度混乱街区居民满意度更高，因其消除过度整洁带来的心理监视感。主张城市应平衡秩序与活力，避免为极端整洁牺牲心理健康。可知，合理的城市杂乱是一种被忽视的宝藏。 Passage 5 【新情境·介绍恩格尔系数】（2026届湖南衡阳市第八中学高考适应性练习卷五）Do you know what percentage of your family’s total expenses is spent on food? This is the main focus of the Engel coefficient (恩格尔系数), an economic concept that describes the relationship between income and spending on food. For years, it has been considered an important measure of people’s living standards. If the figure is high, then it is often believed that the standard of living is low, as a large share of income is spent on food. However, recently a topic has gone viral on Chinese social media platforms, where many people have begun to question whether the Engel coefficient is relevant in China. One of the key reasons for this concern comes from the Chinese attitude toward food, shown by the old saying, “Food is of primary importance to the people.” This highlights the significant difference between China’s food culture and consumption habits and those of Western countries. The food culture in China is rich and diverse, and people are willing to spend more money and energy on it. “In the past, I earned 100 yuan a day and spent half of it on food. Now I earn 1,000 yuan a day, and I still spend half of it on food. Having a good meal makes my day,” a user from Hunan commented on Sina Weibo. Food in China is a science, a social activity and an art, reported China Highlights. The principles of traditional Chinese medicine are employed all over China to create healthy, well-balanced meals. Whether on a snack street, in a restaurant or at someone’s home, food is often the common ground over which people gather to talk and share. “Many aspects of Chinese spiritual culture are connected to food, from governance to communication,” Wang Xuetai, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told Guangming Daily. “Chinese traditional culture focuses on seeing society and life from the perspective of food, and Chinese people are very good at enjoying the beauty and meaning found in everyday meals.” These factors make consumption habits in China different from those in other countries, making the Engel coefficient not able to completely reflect the living standards of Chinese people. 1．What does the Engel coefficient indicate? A．The lowest standard of living. B．The cost of basic living expenses. C．The share of income spent on food. D．The quality of meals people can afford. 2．Why do many people question the relevance of the Engel coefficient in China? A．Rising living standards have made it less relevant. B．China has a completely different economic system. C．The Engel coefficient is an outdated economic concept. D．Chinese food culture and consumption habits are unique. 3．What is the purpose of mentioning the Sina Weibo user’s words in the text? A．To highlight the user’s unique spending habits. B．To emphasize the importance of saving money. C．To illustrate the significance of food in Chinese culture. D．To show the user’s changing income and spending patterns. 4．What role does food play in Chinese culture according to Wang Xuetai? A．It reflects people’s focus on health. B．It shapes modern consumer trends. C．It is a tool for economic governance. D．It connects spiritual values and social life. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．D 【解析】主要介绍恩格尔系数的定义，围绕中国独特饮食文化，分析该系数无法精准衡量中国人生活水准的缘由。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This is the main focus of the Engel coefficient (恩格尔系数), an economic concept that describes the relationship between income and spending on food. For years, it has been considered an important measure of people’s living standards. If the figure is high, then it is often believed that the standard of living is low, as a large share of income is spent on food.(这是恩格尔系数的核心内容，一个用来描述收入和食品开销之间关系的经济学概念。多年来，它被看作衡量人们生活水平的重要标准。如果这个数值偏高，人们通常认为生活水平偏低，因为收入中的很大一部分都花费在了食物上。)”可知，恩格尔系数体现收入中食品支出所占的比例。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“One of the key reasons for this concern comes from the Chinese attitude toward food, shown by the old saying, “Food is of primary importance to the people.” This highlights the significant difference between China’s food culture and consumption habits and those of Western countries. (产生这种质疑的一个关键原因来自中国人对待食物的态度，古语“民以食为天”体现了这一点。这凸显出中国的饮食文化和消费习惯与西方国家存在巨大差异。)”可知，中国人主动为饮食消费投入成本，独特的饮食文化与消费习惯，让恩格尔系数不适用于中国。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段““In the past, I earned 100 yuan a day and spent half of it on food. Now I earn 1,000 yuan a day, and I still spend half of it on food. Having a good meal makes my day,” a user from Hunan commented on Sina Weibo.(一名来自湖南的用户在新浪微博评论道：“以前我一天挣100元，一半钱用来吃饭。现在我一天挣1000元，仍然把一半的钱花在食物上。吃上一顿好饭就能让我一整天心情愉悦。”)”可知，作者引用网友发言，用来佐证食物在中国文化中占有重要地位。 4．细节理解题。根据第七段中的““Many aspects of Chinese spiritual culture are connected to food, from governance to communication,” Wang Xuetai, a professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, told Guangming Daily. “Chinese traditional culture focuses on seeing society and life from the perspective of food, and Chinese people are very good at enjoying the beauty and meaning found in everyday meals.”(中国社会科学院教授王学泰在接受《光明日报》采访时表示：“中华精神文化诸多方面都和饮食息息相关，小到人际交往，大到治国理政。中华传统文化善于从饮食视角审视社会与人生，中国人也十分擅长体悟日常膳食里蕴藏的意蕴与美好。”)”可知，饮食贯穿中国人的精神文化与社会人际交往，连接着精神价值与现实社会生活。 真题·实战演练 高频考点：议论文中的推理判断，作者的观点和态度，写作目的，细节理解，主旨大意 1.【2022年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 【答案】31. A 32. C 33. A 34. D 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。 31.推理判断题。根据第三自然段“As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. （随着量子计算吸引了更多的关注和资金，研究人员可能会误导投资者、记者、公众，最糟糕的是，他们自己的工作潜力。约翰逊警告说，如果研究人员不能兑现承诺，兴奋可能会让位于怀疑、失望和愤怒）”根据最后一段“ But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信约翰逊一样）可知，关于约翰逊的担忧，作者是支持的。A. sympathetic同情的，赞同的；B. unconcerned不关心的；C. doubtful怀疑的；D. excited激动的。故选A。 32.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.”（ 他说，这家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子计算机，它“解决了一个有影响力的问题，否则我们无法解决这个问题”。他补充说:“人们自然会不相信我的观点，但我已经花了很多时间来定量地比较我们与他人的做法）”可知，泰勒对量子计算的乐观来源于他对PyQuantum的信心。故选C。 33.词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 34.主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。 2.【2022年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely try to follow them in our lives. Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our character, principles, ideals, and relationships. What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work accordingly to create a better world. The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling. However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently, our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance. If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move; if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right knowledge in mind can we lead a good life. With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness. 51. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us? A. Making us simple-minded B. Making us short-signted. C. Leading us onto a busy road. D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury. 52. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness? A. Through maintaining good health. B. By going through pain and suffering. C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations. D. Through offering help much needed by others. 53. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________. A. less selfish B. less annoying C. more motivated D. more responsible 54. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results? A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world. B. When our love for the world is insufficient. C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life. D. When we stay blind to the reality. 55. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________. A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge 【答案】51.B 52. D 53. C 54. A 55. A 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了美好生活的秘诀是什么。人生的目的不是生而快乐，而是生而有益。 51.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“This narrow perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering.(这种对美好生活的狭隘看法可能会带来短期的好处，但肯定会导致长期的伤害和痛苦。)”可知，对美好生活的狭隘看法只能给我们带来短期的好处，所以时间长了会让我们目光短浅、短视。故选B项。 52.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their happiness is the very source of our own happiness.(我们必须先为他人服务而不求回报，因为他人的幸福是我们自己幸福的源泉。)”可知，我们能够从帮助他人获得真正的幸福。故选D项。 53.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“However, when we do that same job out of love, we not only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.(然而，当我们出于热爱做同样的工作时，我们不仅享受我们做的事情，而且也享受那种毫不费力的感觉。)”可知，带着热爱去做事会让人更加享受做这件事情；越享受做某件事，做事越有动力。故选C项。 54.推理判断题。根据文章第五段“False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.(虚假的知识比无知更危险。)”可以推测出，当我们对世界有错误的认识的时候，就算意图良好，也可能导致不好的、违背预期的结局。故选A项。 55.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others.(带着爱和知识，我们全力以赴，通过对他人做好事来创造一个更美好的世界。)”可知，有爱和知识，生活就会变得更美好。故选A项。 3.【2021年北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking． Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？ Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect． The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies． Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness． When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose． 31. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？ A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature． B. Everyone can define time on their own terms． C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it． D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists． 32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________． A. present an assumption B. evaluate an argument C. highlight an experiment D. introduce an approach 33. What can we learn from this passage？ A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life． B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems． C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower． D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame． 34. What can we infer from this passage？ A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time． B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless． C. We should live in harmony with nature． D. History is a mirror reflecting reality． 【答案】31. B 32. D 33. C 34. C 【解析】本文是议论文。文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。 31.主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．(即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么，因为答案取决于你要问的问题)”以及上文列举的哲学家St．Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。 32.推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”进而提出问题“What if our definition of time reflected that？(如果时间的定义反映那些会怎么样呢)”，结合前两个问题“What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？(如果我们不考虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏呢)”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。 33.细节理解题。根据第三段的“We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．（如果水道继续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它们的运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果。）”可知，如果河流运行速度得较慢，原子时间将超过河流时间。故选C项。 34.推理判断题。根据第二段的“We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．(我们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要调节我们的行动。)”和倒数第二段的“Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness(时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识)”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护环境。故选C。 4.【2021年天津卷第一次】There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist. Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life. Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation, branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up. Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold back your true spirit. Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills. Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit." These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours $