板块1 专题1 第2讲 构词法（教用Word）-【精微方案】2027年高考一轮总复习讲义·英语语法串讲高分写作

该高中英语讲义聚焦高考构词法核心考点，系统梳理派生、合成、转化及缩写四大构词类型，按“前缀/后缀规律—合成词构成方式—词性转化逻辑—缩写技巧”的层次架构知识体系。通过考点分类梳理、构词规律方法指导、2025-2026年真题实例训练等环节，帮助学生建立词形与词义的关联框架，突破词汇理解与应用难点。 讲义突出核心素养导向，融合语言能力（词义推断）、学习能力（构词规律迁移）和思维品质（逻辑分析）的培养。设计“真题猜词实战”活动，如通过前缀“de-”推断“decarbonize”为“减少碳排放”，结合基础形式转换与高阶词义猜测的分层练习，确保学生高效掌握构词技巧，提升阅读猜词能力，为教师把控复习节奏提供精准教学路径。

第二讲　构词法 由于语言的特点，英语单词的构成遵循一定的规律，即构词法。通过掌握构词法，考生能够更好地理解词义、扩大词汇量，并掌握新词汇。 一　派生法 派生法指在词根之前加前缀或在词根之后加后缀构成一个与原来单词意义相近或相反的单词。除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意思，不改变词性；除少数后缀外，后缀一般改变单词的词性，使单词变为与原词含义相近的新词。 分　类 示　例 前 缀 表示否定或相反意义的前缀 dis-， mis-， un-， il-， im-， in-， ir-， non-， anti- disagree, misunderstand, unwilling, illegal, impossible, independent, irrelevant, non-stop, antivirus　 形容词变动词的前缀 en- able→enable, large→enlarge, rich→enrich 其他 inter-(相互), over-(超过), ex-(以前的), re-(重新), super-(超)，vice-(副) Internet, overtake, ex-wife, rewrite, superman, vice-president 后 缀 形容词变副词的后缀 -ly real→really, slow→slowly, quick→quickly, careful→carefully, quiet→quietly, polite→politely 动词或名词变形容词的后缀 -able, -al, -ful, -y, -ary, -ous, -ive, -ible reason→reasonable, nature→natural, use→useful, wind→windy, imagine→imaginary, continue→continuous, act→active, access→accessible 动词变名词的后缀 -al, -ance, -ence, -tion, -ssion, -ment, -ture, -y arrive→arrival, appear→appearance, exist→existence, create→creation, admit→admission, enjoy→enjoyment, mix→mixture, deliver→delivery 形容词变名词的后缀 -cy, -dom, -ence, -th, -age, -ty, -ity fluent→fluency, wise→wisdom, silent→silence, warm→warmth, short→shortage, safe→safety, equal→equality 表示人的后缀 -er, -or, -ist, -ee, -ess, -ese, -an, -ian, -ant teacher, inventor, artist, employee, actress, Chinese, American, musician, servant 表示否定的后缀 -less hopeless, endless, fearless, careless, treeless, meaningless 形容词变动词的后缀 -en, -fy broad→broaden, simple→simplify 名词变动词的后缀 -ize apology→apologize, system→systemize, category→categorize 二　合成法 由两个或两个以上的独立且语义不同的单词合成的词叫作合成词，这种构词法称为合成法。最常见的合成词有合成名词、合成形容词、合成动词等。词与词之间有的用连字符连接，有的直接连接在一起。 分　类 方　法 示　例 合 成 名 词 名词＋名词 sportsman男运动员， lifeboat救生船， bookmark 书签， wheelchair 轮椅， guidebook 指南 名词＋动词-ing handwriting 书法， sightseeing观光， skill-training 技能培训， story-telling 讲故事 名词＋动词＋-er painkiller 止痛药， storyteller 讲故事的人， lawmaker立法者 动词＋名词 typewriter 打字机， postmark 邮戳， pushcart 手推车， workshop 研讨会；车间 形容词＋名词 gentleman 绅士， greenhouse 温室， highway 高速， shorthand 速记 名词＋动词 handshake 握手， sunset 日落， daybreak破晓， earthquake地震， haircut理发 介词＋名词 afternoon 下午， by-product 副产品， underground 地铁， inside 内部 副词＋动词 income 收入， output 产量，输出， outbreak 爆发， upturn 好转，回升，改善 动词＋副词 cleanup 打扫， closedown 停业， checkup 检查， get-together 聚会， breakthrough 突破， tryout 选拔赛， takeaway外卖 合成形容词 名词＋形容词 lifelong 终身的；毕生的， snow-white 雪白的 名词＋动词-ing English-speaking 讲英语的， peace-loving 爱好和平的， heartbreaking 令人心碎的， breathtaking 激动人心的 名词＋动词-ed fun-filled 充满乐趣的， man-made 人造的， heartbroken 悲伤的， custom-made 定制的 形容词＋ 动词-ing good-looking 相貌好看的， easy-going 性格随和的， high-ranking职位高的 形容词＋ 名词＋-ed warm-hearted 热心肠的， white-colored 白色的， kind-hearted好心的 形容词＋ 动词-ed new-born 新生的， electric-powered 电动的， white-painted 涂成白色的， ill-cooked 厨艺差劲的 副词＋ 动词-ed well-educated 受过良好教育的， newly-made 新建的， well-known 著名的 合成形容词 副词＋动词-ing hard-working 勤劳的， everlasting永久的， far-reaching影响深远的 介词＋名词/ 动词-ing indoor 室内的， offline 离线的， underlying 隐含的；潜在的， overflowing 溢出的 数词＋名词 ＋-ed one-eyed独眼的， three-storeyed三层的， two-faced 两面派的 数词＋名词＋ 形容词 three-year-old三岁的， two-foot-deep两英尺深的， four-meter-long 四米长的 动词-ed＋ 介词/副词 built-in内置的；嵌入式的， worn-out 筋疲力尽的 合成 动词 形容词＋动词 ill-treat虐待， whitewash刷石灰水， dry-clean 干洗， whitewash 粉刷 副词/介词＋动词 overcome 战胜， overthrow 推翻， download 下载， underestimate 低估 合成副词 形容词＋名词 hotfoot 匆忙地， anyway 无论如何， quickstep 快步地 形容词＋副词 everywhere 到处， somehow 不知怎么地， somewhere 某处， nowhere 无处 副词＋副词 however 无论如何， whole-heartedly 全心全意地， moreover 而且， otherwise 否则 介词＋副词 forever 永远， throughout 到处；自始至终 介词＋名词 beforehand 预先， downstairs 在楼下， overhead 在头顶上， underfoot 在脚下，碍事 合成介词 副词＋名词 inside 在……里， outside 在……外 介词＋副词 throughout 遍及， within 在……之内， without 没有，不借助 副词＋介词 into 到……里， upon 在……之上 合成代词 代词宾格＋-self herself 她自己， himself 他自己， itself 它自己 物主代词＋-self myself 我自己， yourself 你自己 形容词＋名词 anything 任何东西， everything 一切东西， something 某事，某物 三　转化法 在词形不变的情况下，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种词性，而没有加任何词缀，这种构词方法称为转化法。单词转化的种类很多，其中最多的是由动词转化为名词和由名词转化为动词两大类。转化后的词义与转化前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大，这就是常说的“熟词生义”或“一词多义”。 转化方式 示　例 名词⇔动词 attempt n.企图/v.努力　cash n.现金/v.兑现支票　circle n.圆圈/v.盘旋　cook n.厨师/v.烹调　doubt n.怀疑/v.怀疑　face n.脸/v.面对　guide n.导游/v.指导　hand n.手/v.递交　judge n.法官/v.判决　look n.神色/v.看　mail n.邮件/v.邮寄　nurse n.护士/v.护理　pile n.堆/v.堆放　pocket n.口袋/v.装进口袋　ship n.船/v.运送　shoulder n.肩膀/v.担负　smell n.味道/v.闻　talk n.交谈/v.讲；说　taste n.味道/v.品尝　tutor n.家庭教师/v.教；任课　voice n.声音/v.表达 名词⇔形容词 American n.美国人/adj.美国(人)的　Asian n.亚洲人/adj.亚洲(人)的　final n.决赛/adj.最后的 light n.光线/adj.明亮的 形容词⇔动词 bare adj.裸露的/v.揭开　better adj.较好的/v.胜过　blind adj.失明的/v.使失明　clean adj.干净的/v.打扫　close adj.靠近的/v.关上　dirty adj.脏的/v.弄脏　dry adj.干的/v.使变干　empty adj.空的/v.倒空　narrow adj.狭窄的/v.变窄　open adj.开着的/v.打开　slow adj.慢的/v.变慢　warm adj.温暖的/v.使温暖 动词⇔副词/介词 near v.接近/adv./prep.在附近　round v.绕行/adv./prep.环绕 四　缩写和简写 考生可以通过剪切法、混成法和缩写法对单词进行缩写和简写。剪切法是将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的方法。混成法是将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩成一个新词的方法，后半部分表示主体，前半部分表示属性。缩写法是用词组中每个单词的首字母或用原词前几个字母组成一个新词的方法。 方　式 形　式 示　例 剪切法 剪切掉原词的开头 电话telephone→phone　飞机airplane→plane 剪切掉原词的末尾 出租车taxicab→taxi　考试examination→exam　照片photograph→photo 实验室laboratory→lab　数学mathematics→math　体育馆gymnasium→gym 剪切掉原词的两端 流感influenza→flu 混成法 两个词各取一部分混合在一起 早午饭breakfast＋lunch→brunch　烟雾smoke＋fog→smog 新闻广播news＋broadcast→newscast 缩写法 按首字母拼读 联合国United Nations→UN　自己动手做do-it-yourself→DIY　不明飞行物Unidentified Flying Object→UFO　英国广播公司British Broadcasting Corporation→BBC 星期、月份的缩写 Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat. Sun. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ⅰ.根据提示写出所给单词的正确形式 1.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)I sit in my apartment today, loving each of the belongings(belong) that share our small space. 2.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)We hope to present the rather abstract Go game and AI in a visual context, and initiate dialogues with minimalist art, conceptual(concept) art and expressionism. 3.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As a new unit started, I asked everyone to write a persuasive(persuade) piece on a health-related topic of their choice. 4.(2025·北京卷)To reduce our impact, we can take simple steps: empty the fridge before heading out, and choose sustainable(sustain) dining options. 5.(2025·浙江卷1月)Their eating habits, adaptation (adapt) to life in the city, diseases, death rate, and such other information are not available. 6.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅱ) “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants，” says Knuth. “This productivity(produce) also translates into the workplace for adults.” 7.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability(sustain), and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 8.(2025·浙江卷1月)As new technologies take on increasingly(increase) humanlike qualities, there's been a push to make them genderless. 9.(2025·浙江卷1月) “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways，” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational(organize) behavior. 10.(2025·浙江卷1月)Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental (fundament)ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. 11.(2026·龙岩月考)Every day, Duan Lianru spends several hours sitting in her office in Hunchun, Jilin Province to make a comparison(compare) of hundreds of photos of Siberian tigers on the computer. 12.(2026·齐鲁名校联考)Born in 1986, Gui's enthusiasm(enthusiastic) for science has been developing since childhood. Ⅱ.利用三大构词法猜测下列加黑词的词性及含义 1.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As the world races to decarbonize everything, it faces particular problems with transportation—which accounts for about a quarter of our energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.v.减少或消除碳排放 2.Batteries are energy-efficient and electric cars can plug into existing systems and services. adj.节能的，高能效的 3.She adopted a minimalist lifestyle to reduce clutter and focus on what truly matters. adj.极简主义的 4.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)This energy transition (变革) is global, and the amount of renewable energy the world will need is “a little bit mind-blowing，” says mechanical engineer Keith Wipke at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. adj.可再生的 adj.令人吃惊的 5.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)This approach spared me the discomfort of having to over-explain. n.不适 6.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. v.重新利用 7.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. n.室内植物 8.She excels academically throughout high school and is regarded as one of the most promising students. adv.学术上，学业上 9.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Skirting the town square, you'll find lovely shops, eateries, and the Black and White House Museum. v.沿着……的边缘走，环绕……的四周 10.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)The shape creates a perfect market where goods could be shipped and received using the river as a highway. v.用船运送 11.The company held an urgent meeting to address the sudden drop in sales and develop practical solutions.v.设法解决 12.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Here's the breakdown of the emissions in 2018 for different modes of transport. n.明细 13.(2025·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)They could have written pages on the necessity of computers, but writing, in and of itself, simply didn't strike them as important. v.给(某人以……)印象；让(某人)觉得 14.(2024·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. n.夜间，夜晚 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $