Unit 1 Science and Scientists Period 1 Reading and Thinking（分层作业）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

**基本信息** 该同步练习通过A、B、C组及拓展的分层设计，构建从基础词汇到语篇应用再到高考实战的知识巩固路径，适配新授课差异化教学需求，提升语言能力与思维品质。 **分层设计** |层次|知识覆盖|设计特色| |----|----------|----------| |A组 巩固过关|基础词汇与短语|单词拼写（如“霍乱”“脱水”）、短语默写（如“最终地”“幸亏”），夯实语言知识基础| |B组 能力进阶|词汇多义及语法应用|一词多义辨析（如handle的不同释义）、课文语法填空（结合John Snow霍乱研究语篇），提升语言运用能力| |C组 思维拔高|语篇理解与思维训练|完形填空（科学家发现过程）、阅读理解（科学可靠性讨论），培养逻辑推理与批判思维| |拓展 链接高考|高考真题实战|高考真题语法填空（黑天鹅理论）、阅读（巴塞罗那地铁节能项目），衔接高考考点|

分层作业 Unit 1 Science and Scientists Period 1 Reading and Thinking 一．单词拼写 1.cholera 2.diarrhoea 3.dehydration 4.germ 5.epidemiology 6.microscope 7.contradictory 8.proof 9.suspect 10.blame 11.handle 12.substantial 13.statistic 14.transform 二．短语默写 1.once and for all 2.subscribe to 3.thanks to 4.in time 5.attend to 6.in general 7.be likely to do sth 8.die from9.as a result of 10.get down to 一．一词多义 1.C　2.B 3.E 4.D 5.A 二．根据首字母或汉语提示拼写单词 1.transform 2.handle 3.pure 4.substantial 5.multiple 6.household 7.severe 8.contradictory 9.outbreak 10.proof 三.选词填空(其中有一项多余) 1.subscribe to　2.Thanks to　3.once and for all 四．课文语法填空 1.a　2.determined　3.possibly　4.subscribed　5.investigation　6.which　7.because　8.to blame　9.to　 10.was defeated　 五．单句语法填空 1.proofs　2.to/with　3.on　4.severely　5.into　6.purify　7.frustrating　8.was suspected　9.has decreased　 10.that　 六.完成句子 1.such a kind teacher that we all 2.①It was Tom who did the experiment in the lab yesterday afternoon. ②It was the experiment that Tom did in the lab yesterday afternoon. ③It was in the lab that Tom did the experiment yesterday afternoon. ④It was yesterday afternoon that Tom did the experiment in the lab. 一、完形填空 1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．D 6．B 7．C 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．B 12．A 13．D 14．C 15．B 二、语法填空 1．reasoning 2．at 3．followed 4．to inquire 5．has seen 6．assumption 7．who/that 8．However 9．a 10．constantly 三、阅读理解 A 1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C B 1．G 2．A 3．B 4．C 5．E 1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 4 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 分层作业 Unit 1 Science and Scientists Period 1 Reading and Thinking 目 录 A组 巩固过关 B组 能力进阶 C组 思维拔高 拓展 链接高考 一．单词拼写 1． n．霍乱 2． n. 腹泻 3． n. 脱水 4． n. 微生物；细菌；病菌 5． n. 流行病学 6． n. 显微镜 7． adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 8． n. 证据；证明；检验 9． vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 10． vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责n. 责备；指责 11． n. 把手；拉手；柄vt. 处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等) 12． adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 13． n．[pl.] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学 14． vt. 使改观；使改变形态vi. 改变；转变 【答案】1.cholera 2.diarrhoea 3.dehydration 4.germ 5.epidemiology 6.microscope 7.contradictory 8.proof 9.suspect 10.blame 11.handle 12.substantial 13.statistic 14.transform 二．短语默写 1． 最终地；彻底地 2． 同意；赞同 3． 幸亏；由于 4． 经过一段时间之后；迟早 5． 照顾；护理 6． 总的说来；从总体上看 7． 很可能做某事 8． 死于；因……而死 9． 因此，由于；作为……的结果 10． 开始做事；开始认真考虑某事 【答案】1.once and for all 2.subscribe to 3.thanks to 4.in time 5.attend to 6.in general 7.be likely to do sth 8.die from9.as a result of 10.get down to 一．一词多义 A.vt.处理　B.vt.操纵　C.n.把手　D.vt.(用手)触,碰,拿　E.vt.经营,管理 1.I turned the handle and found the door was open. 2.He knows how to handle the complicated machine. 3.He handles a small grocery store, selling fresh produce and daily necessities. 4.The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions. 5.As autumn comes, she gets restless—the same old wanderlust returning. It's a call she must handle alone, though. 1.【答案】C　句意:我转动把手,发现门是开着的。 2.【答案】B　句意:他知道如何操纵这台复杂的机器。 3.【答案】E　句意:他经营一家小食品杂货店,售卖新鲜农产品和日用品。 4.【答案】D　句意:你拿筷子的方式对于避免惹恼你的同伴很重要。 5.【答案】A　句意:随着秋天的到来,她变得焦躁不安——那种熟悉的旅行癖又回来了。不过,这是一个她必须独自处理的召唤。 二．根据首字母或汉语提示拼写单词 1.What was it that made her (改变) from an ordinary woman into a successful lady? 2.I didn’t know how to (应对) the situation, but an idea suddenly struck me that I could turn to my best friend for help. 3.What they may not know is that some bottled water may not be as (干净的) as they expect. 4.Household behaviour actually can make a (重大的) difference, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, according to researchers from Michigan State University and Vanderbilt University. 5.In a world that warms up by 3 ℃， it found that (多种多样的) changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. 6.According to the latest rule, people shall sort (家庭) garbage into four categories. 7.The destruction of the earthquake was so that it might take years to rebuild the city. 8.I keep getting advice—some people tell me to keep it warm and some tell me to put ice on it. 9.Since the of the Novel coronavirus disease, the Chinese have been making all－out efforts to battle against it. 10.Researchers claim to have found the that getting a regular eight－hour sleep every night makes a real difference to our health. 【答案】1.transform 2.handle 3.pure 4.substantial 5.multiple 6.household 7.severe 8.contradictory 9.outbreak 10.proof 三.选词填空(其中有一项多余) once and for all;subscribe to;in general;thanks to Yuan Longping, known as the father of hybrid rice, has made enormous contributions to global food safety. Many experts in agriculture at home and abroad 1.　　　　　　 his research and solve the problem of the food shortage. 2.　　　　　　 Yuan's intense efforts, our country has been far away from hunger 3.　　　　　　.  【答案】1.subscribe to　2.Thanks to　3.once and for all 四．课文语法填空 　　Cholera, as 　1　 type of deadly disease of its day, threatened ordinary people. John Snow was 　2　(determine) to solve this problem. He knew that only if he found its cause would it be controlled.   There were two theories that 　3　(possible) explained how people got infected. John Snow 　4　(subscribe) to the theory that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.   In 1854, an outbreak of cholera hit London. Snow decided to have an 　5　(investigate). He marked the places on a map, 　6　 gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. He found many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street. Some households had no deaths 　7　 these people drank free beer. It seemed that the water pump was 　8　(blame). He did further research and concluded that polluted water led 　9　 the disease. Finally “King Cholera” 　10　(defeat).   1.　　　　　　　2.　　　　　　　3.　　　　　　　4.　　　　　　　5.　　　　　　  6.　　　　　　　7.　　　　　　　8.　　　　　　　9.　　　　　　　10.　　　　　　   1.【答案】a　 【解析】考查冠词。此处指霍乱作为当时一种致命的疾病,威胁着普通人的生命。这里表示“一种致命的疾病”,应用不定冠词表泛指,且type的发音以辅音音素开头,应用不定冠词a。 2.【答案】determined　 【解析】考查形容词。be determined to do...意为“下定决心做……”,故填determined。 3.【答案】possibly　 【解析】考查副词。设空处作状语修饰动词explained,应填副词possibly,意为“可能地”。 4.【答案】subscribed　 【解析】考查动词的时态。所述的事情发生在过去,所以此处应用一般过去时。故填subscribed。 5.【答案】investigation　 【解析】考查名词。设空处作have的宾语且由设空处前的不定冠词an可知应用名词investigation。 6.【答案】which　 【解析】考查定语从句的引导词。设空处前面是一个完整的句子且有逗号与后面隔开,设空处后面为谓语动词gave,由此推断设空处引导非限制性定语从句且在从句中作主语,修饰前面整个主句,故填which。 7.【答案】because　 【解析】考查连词。此处指一些家庭没有死亡病例,因为这些人喝免费的啤酒,前后之间是因果关系,后面表示原因。故填because。 8.【答案】to blame　 【解析】考查固定搭配。sth. be to blame意为“某物负有责任”,故填to blame。 9.【答案】to　 【解析】考查介词。lead to意为“导致”,为固定搭配。故填to。 10.【答案】was defeated　 【解析】考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。此处叙述过去发生的事,用一般过去时;提示词defeat与“King Cholera”之间为被动关系,用被动语态;且主语为“King Cholera”,由此可知谓语用单数。故填was defeated。 五．单句语法填空 1.There are many 　　　　　(proof) that this place is rich in mineral resources.   2.I entirely believe that you are not linked 　　　　　 what happened just now.  3.That girl did the right thing, so we shouldn't blame the accident 　　　　　 her.  4.The region was 　　　　　(severe) affected by the typhoon, with houses damaged and trees uprooted.  5.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols 　　　　　 another.  6.Students are required to 　　　　　(pure) the chemical substances according to the standard procedures to ensure the accuracy of the experimental results.   7.After several 　　　　　(frustrate) hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary(纪录片) series The Last Dance.  8.I was overcome with sadness because I 　　　　　(suspect) of cheating in the exam.  9.This switch 　　　　　(decrease) pollution in the country's major lakes and reservoirs so far.   10.He made so many mistakes　　　　　 he failed the exam once again.   1.【答案】proofs　 【解析】考查名词复数。空格前有many,此处表示复数,应用名词复数。故填proofs。 2.【答案】to/with　 【解析】考查介词。be linked to/with...意为“与……有关联”。故填to或with。 3.【答案】on　 【解析】考查介词。blame sth. on sb./sth.意为“把某事归咎于某人/某物”,故用介词on。 4.【答案】severely　 【解析】考查副词。句意:这个地区受到台风的严重影响,房屋受损,树木被连根拔起。设空处作状语修饰谓语动词,应用副词。故填severely。 5.【答案】into　 【解析】考查介词。句意:它的程序明确规定了一组规则来将一串符号转换成另一串符号。transform...into...意为“把……转换成……”。故填 into。 6.【答案】purify　 【解析】考查动词。句意:学生们需要按照标准程序净化化学物质,以确保实验结果的准确性。be required to do sth.表示“被要求做某事”,所以设空处应用动词原形。故填purify。 7.【答案】frustrating　 【解析】考查形容词。句意:经过几个小时令人沮丧的尝试却都未能修好之后,我丈夫建议看迈克尔·乔丹的系列纪录片《最后之舞》。设空处修饰其后的名词hours,应用以-ing结尾的形容词。故填frustrating。 8.【答案】was suspected　 【解析】考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。由语境和was可知,此处应用一般过去时;suspect sb. of doing sth.意为“怀疑某人做某事”,结合语境可知,这里是其被动语态,表示“我被怀疑”;主语为I。故填was suspected。 9.【答案】has decreased　 【解析】考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子可知,设空处作谓语,根据语境和时间状语so far可知应用现在完成时;主语是单数,谓语也应用单数。故填has decreased。 10.【答案】that　 【解析】考查结果状语从句。句意:他出了那么多错,以至于考试又一次不及格。设空处后面的“he failed the exam once again”是“made so many mistakes”造成的结果,这里表示“如此……以至于……”,应用so...that...引导结果状语从句。故填that。 六.完成句子 1.She is so kind a teacher that we all respect her and listen to her carefully.(句型转换) →She is 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 respect her and listen to her carefully.(such...that...)  2.将下面句子中画线的部分分别进行强调 Tom did the experiment in the lab yesterday afternoon.  ①强调主语:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  ②强调宾语:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  ③强调地点状语:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  ④强调时间状语:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  【答案】1.such a kind teacher that we all 2.①It was Tom who did the experiment in the lab yesterday afternoon. ②It was the experiment that Tom did in the lab yesterday afternoon. ③It was in the lab that Tom did the experiment yesterday afternoon. ④It was yesterday afternoon that Tom did the experiment in the lab. 一、完形填空 （24-25高二上·广西南宁·阶段检测）In 2011, Adam Riess was my freshman roommate at MIT. Now he won the Noel Prize in Physics for using the Hubble Space Telescope. While looking at light given off from a distant star, Riess 1 that contrary (相反的) to the existing theory that the universe’s expansion was slowing down, it was actually 2 . Riess said that when he first saw the data, he thought it was a(n) 3 since it didn’t match the existing model. But with 4 analyses and observations, he eventually realized that the data was right and that the model has to be 5 . It’s now a generally 6 fact that the universe’s expansion is speeding up, mainly due to a force called “dark energy.” When I met with Riess, we got to talking about his 7 . I asked how he insisted that he should be right. He said my question 8 him of something that Richard Feynman said about science. “It doesn’t matter how beautiful your theory is. If it doesn’t 9 the experiment, it’s wrong.” Adam Riess continued, “I have always had a strong 10 in the scientific method—you do an experiment to 11 a hypothesis (假设) and if the data doesn’t fit and you can 12 the data, you must change the hypothesis. This is what makes science different and 13 of explaining the natural world.” I think we need to 14 the way of doing scientific experiments and believe that repeated scientific experiments are an incredibly powerful and logical way to find the 15 . 1．A．observed B．told C．expected D．imagined 2．A．cracking B．missing C．weakening D．quickening 3．A．excuse B．mistake C．challenge D．difficulty 4．A．reported B．limited C．repeated D．selected 5．A．copied B．destroyed C．protected D．corrected 6．A．shocking B．accepted C．ignored D．promising 7．A．contribution B．concern C．discovery D．curiosity 8．A．reminded B．warned C．informed D．convinced 9．A．end up with B．combine with C．give way to D．agree with 10．A．emotion B．dream C．belief D．suggestion 11．A．create B．test C．change D．finish 12．A．prove B．share C．collect D．improve 13．A．worthy B．sensible C．independent D．capable 14．A．cover B．replace C．value D．discuss 15．A．law B．truth C．standard D．balance 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C 5．D 6．B 7．C 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．B 12．A 13．D 14．C 15．B 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了诺贝尔奖获得者亚当·利斯用自己的亲身经历告诉我们要重视做科学实验，并相信重复的科学实验是一种发现真相的重要方式。 【详解】1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在观察一颗遥远恒星发出的光时，利斯观察到，与宇宙膨胀放缓的现有理论相反，它实际上正在加速。A. observed观察到；B. told告诉；C. expected期待；D. imagined想象。根据句中“While looking at light given off from a distant star”可知，利斯在观察一颗遥远恒星发出的光，由此可知，这个发现是他观察到的结果。故选A项。 2．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在观察一颗遥远恒星发出的光时，利斯观察到，与宇宙膨胀放缓的现有理论相反，它实际上正在加速。A. cracking破裂；B. missing错过；C. weakening削弱；D. quickening加速。根据句中“contrary (相反的) to the existing theory that the universe’s expansion was slowing down”可知，利斯的理论与“宇宙膨胀放缓”相反，由此可知，他认为宇宙膨胀正在加速。故选D项。 3．考查名词词义辨析。句意：利斯说，当他第一次看到这些数据时，他认为这是一个错误，因为它与现有的模型不匹配。A. excuse借口；B. mistake错误；C. challenge挑战；D. difficulty困难。根据句中“since it didn’t match the existing model”可知，利斯的发现与现有的模型不匹配，由此可知，他最初认为这是一个错误。故选B项。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但经过反复的分析和观察，他最终意识到数据是正确的，模型必须得到纠正。A. reported被报告的；B. limited有限的；C. repeated重复的；D. selected挑选出来的。根据句中“he eventually realized that the data was right”可知，利斯最终意识到数据是正确的，由此可知，为了确认这一结果，经过了反复的分析和观察。故选C项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但经过反复的分析和观察，他最终意识到数据是正确的，模型必须得到纠正。A. copied复制；B. destroyed毁灭；C. protected保护；D. corrected改正。根据句中“he eventually realized that the data was right”可知，利斯最终意识到自己的数据是正确的，由此可知，之前的模型是错误的，必须得到纠正。故选D项。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：现在一个普遍令人震惊的事实是，宇宙的膨胀正在加速，主要是由于一种叫做“暗能量”的力量驱使。A. shocking令人震惊的；B. accepted公认的；C. ignored被忽视的；D. promising有希望的。根据生活常识可知，新理论“宇宙的膨胀正在加速”是正确的，是公认的。故选B项。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：当我见到利斯时，我们开始谈论他的发现。A. contribution贡献；B. concern担心；C. discovery发现；D. curiosity好奇心。根据下文“I asked how he insisted that he should be right.”可知，我问他怎么坚持认为自己是对的，由此可知，我们在谈论他的发现，我问他是怎么坚持想法的。故选C项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他说我的问题让他想起了理查德·费曼关于科学的一句话。A. reminded使想起；B. warned警告；C. informed通知；D. convinced使相信。根据下文“It doesn’t matter how beautiful your theory is. If it doesn’t _____ the experiment, it’s wrong.”可知，这是理查德·费曼说过的话，由此可知，我的问题让他想起了理查德·费曼的话。故选A项。 9．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：亚当·利斯继续说道：“你的理论有多美并不重要。如果它与实验不一致，那它就是错误的。”A. end up with以……结束；B. combine with与……结合；C. give way to向……让步；D. agree with与……一致。根据句中“it’s wrong”可知，理论与实验不一致时，理论就是错的，由此可知，如果它与实验不一致，那它就是错误的。故选D项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：亚当·利斯继续说道：“我一直坚信科学方法——你做一个实验来检验一个假设，如果数据不符合，你可以改进数据，你必须改变假设。这就是科学的不同之处，能够解释自然世界。”A. emotion情感；B. dream梦想；C. belief信念；D. suggestion建议。根据上文“he eventually realized that the data was right and that the model has to be _____”可知，理查德·费曼认为模型必须得到纠正，由此可知，“如果假设得不到验证，必须改变假设”是理查德·费曼的信念。故选C项。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：亚当·利斯继续说道：“我一直坚信科学方法——你做一个实验来检验一个假设，如果数据不符合，你可以改进数据，你必须改变假设。这就是科学的不同之处，能够解释自然世界。”A. create创造；B. test检验；C. change改变；D. finish完成。根据上文“you do an experiment”可知，做实验的目的是检验一个假设，由此可知，句中指你做一个实验来检验一个假设。故选B项。 12．考查动词词义辨析。句意：亚当·利斯继续说道：“我一直坚信科学方法——你做一个实验来检验一个假设，如果数据不符合，你可以证明数据，你必须改变假设。这就是科学的不同之处，能够解释自然世界。”A. prove证明；B. share分享；C. collect收集；D. improve改进。根据句中“if the data doesn’t fit”可知，数据不符合时，我们要证明数据，由此可知，句中指如果数据不符合，你可以证明数据。故选A项。 13．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：亚当·利斯继续说道：“我一直坚信科学方法——你做一个实验来检验一个假设，如果数据不符合，你可以证明数据，你必须改变假设。这就是科学的不同之处，能够解释自然世界。”A. worthy值得的；B. sensible理智的，合理的；C. independent独立的；D. capable有能力的。根据句中“explaining the natural world”和生活常识可知，科学能够解释自然世界，“capable”意为“有能力的”，符合语境。故选D项。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我认为我们需要重视做科学实验的方式，并相信重复的科学实验是一种非常强大和合乎逻辑的发现真相的方式。A. cover覆盖；B. replace替换；C. value重视；D. discuss讨论。根据句中“believe that repeated scientific experiments are an incredibly powerful and logical way”可知，亚当·利斯认为重复的科学实验是一种重要的方式，由此可知，句中指我们需要重视做科学实验的方式。故选C项。 15．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我认为我们需要重视做科学实验的方式，并相信重复的科学实验是一种非常强大和合乎逻辑的发现真相的方式。A. law法律；B. truth真相；C. standard标准；D. balance平衡。根据句中“repeated scientific experiments”和生活常识可知，重复的科学实验是为了发现真相，由此可知，重复的科学实验是一种非常强大和合乎逻辑的发现真相的方式。故选B项。 二、语法填空 （24-25高二下·湖南衡阳·期中）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Many of our beliefs about the universe are based on inductive 1 (reason), also known as the scientific model. This means of arriving 2 the truth requires the observation of concrete events 3 (follow) by the development of a theory to explain what has been observed. In other words, it’s a way to proceed from the particular to the general. However, it is in the nature of scientists 4 (inquire) into every possibility and this means they often discover things that no one 5 (see) or noticed before. Our generalized theories therefore never cease to change. In fact, most of our new knowledge is gained by the observation of things we have never seen before. Before the first black swan was seen, the 6 (assume) was that all swans are white. This is known as the “Black Swan theory”. How could we have known otherwise? There will always be “unknown unknowns” such as black swans, but some people criticize those 7 dare to suggest their existence. We should always be objective and question what we think we know. The world in the future is bound to be different from now. 8 much we understand, there will always be 9 remote possibility of discovering “a black swan”. Accordingly, our comprehension of the world will change 10 (constant). Therefore, we should keep pace with new developments in all domains of knowledge — “black swans” can change history. 【答案】1．reasoning 2．at 3．followed 4．to inquire 5．has seen 6．assumption 7．who/that 8．However 9．a 10．constantly 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章围绕科学认知介绍了人类通过归纳推理构建知识体系的过程及其局限性，呼吁持续学习。 【详解】1．考查名词。句意：我们对宇宙的许多信念都是基于归纳推理，也被称为科学模型。设空前为形容词inductive作定语，该空需要一个名词，所给词reason作名词意为“理由，原因”，与句意不符；reason作动词意为“推理，逻辑思考”，其名词reasoning意为“推理”，符合题意。故填reasoning。 2．考查介词。句意：这种达到真理的方法需要对具体事件进行观察，然后发展一种理论来解释所观察到的东西。固定搭配arrive at意为“到达，获得”, arrive at the truth 意为“得出真相”。故填at。 3．考查非谓语动词。句意：这种达到真理的方法需要对具体事件进行观察，然后发展一种理论来解释所观察到的东西。该空所给动词follow在句中作定语修饰events，events与follow是被动关系，应使用过去分词形式。故填followed。 4．考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，科学家的天性是探究每一种可能性，这意味着他们经常发现以前没有人见过或注意到的事情。此处为it做形式主语的句式，所给动词inquire作真正的主语，应使用动词不定式形式。故填to inquire。 5．考查动词时态及主谓一致。句意：然而，科学家的天性是探究每一种可能性，这意味着他们经常发现以前没有人见过或注意到的事情。根据时间状语before可知设空处描述“（从过去到现在）没人见过或注意过的事”，应使用现在完成时；主语no one为不定代词，助动词have动词使用单数形式。故填has seen。 6．考查名词。句意：在第一只黑天鹅出现之前，人们认为所有的天鹅都是白色的。该空需要一个名词做主语，所给词assume是动词，其名词拼写为assumption；谓语动词使用了单数形式，主语应是单数名词。故填assumption。 7．考查定语从句。句意：像黑天鹅这样的“未知的未知”总是存在的，但有人批评那些敢于提出黑天鹅存在的人。该空引导限制性定语从句，先行词为those，并指代先行词在从句中作主语，主语those指代的是人，应用关系代词who或that，多用who。故填who或that。 8．考查让步状语从句。句意：无论我们了解多少，发现“黑天鹅”的可能性总是微乎其微的。该空引导状语从句，且用来修饰副词much，描述“无论我们懂得多少”；从属连词however“无论多么……”，位于句首，首字母大写。故填However。 9．考查冠词。句意：无论我们了解多少，发现“黑天鹅”的可能性总是微乎其微的。固定句型There is a possibility that…意为“存在……的可能性”，名词possibility是可数名词，此处指“某个具体的可能性”，使用了单数形式，表示泛指，应使用不定冠词a。 故填a。 10．考查副词。句意：因此，我们对世界的理解将不断变化。该空谓语动词change，应用副词constantly“不断地”，作状语。故填constantly。 三、阅读理解 A （25-26高二下·江苏·期末）As popular mistrust of expert opinion grows, we increasingly encounter the following skeptical argument about science: Historically, even well-established theories and findings have been overturned, so why should we trust the ones we have now? The question sounds sobering (令人深思的) but also misleading. To understand what’s wrong with the skeptical argument, we should closely examine its reasoning. One possibility is that science is imperfect in essence. If the scientific method has obvious drawbacks, people may expect science to keep producing problematic theories. The fundamental issue lies in the fact that there is no single scientific method used in all of science. For instance, Newton’s deductive reasoning (演绎推理) based on observed phenomena is strikingly different from Darwin’s approach of inferring the best explanation from available evidence, which, in turn, differs completely from Einstein’s thought experiments involving light beams, trains, and elevators. What people call the scientific method is really many distinct ways of investigating the world — different strategies for representing, experimenting and classifying. To claim that science is fundamentally unreliable, one may examine the evidence and methods in a specific research area. Take early-stage medical research, where a large proportion of findings were later found to be contradicted by better evidence. In this context, doubt may be justified: if previous findings were unreliable, future ones might be too. But notice that we’re not making an overgeneralized claim about all scientific research. We’re identifying a specific area of research which is methodologically problematic and coming to a limited conclusion supported by solid evidence. Nor are we comparing the failures of early-stage medical research to the so-called “failures” of Newtonian physics. Newton’s laws are accurate in many but not all contexts; one reason Einsteinian physics is considered successful is that it preserves Newton’s accuracy. What I propose is neither global pessimism nor blind faith. It’s local skepticism, or disciplined trust, which would serve us much better but requires some actual knowledge of science and some intellectual humility. The history of science is indeed a graveyard (坟墓) of abandoned theories, but the fact that science keeps changing is a mark of its strength. It’s not a problem but the engine that drives scientific progress. 1．Why does the author mention Newton, Darwin, and Einstein in Paragraph 4? A．To illustrate the progress of physics over time. B．To show that science lacks a universal method. C．To argue that thought experiments are unreliable. D．To prove that scientific theories often contradict each other. 2．What can be inferred about early-stage medical research from the passage? A．It follows the same methods as Newtonian physics. B．Its findings are generally more reliable than physics. C．It is a good example of where local skepticism is justified. D．Its failures prove that all scientific research is problematic. 3．What does the author mean by “disciplined trust” in the last paragraph? A．Believing in historical scientific theories. B．Trusting scientific findings without question. C．Rejecting scientific claims unless proven true. D．Trusting science based on evidence and context. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To defend the public’s distrust of science. B．To prove that scientific theories are often wrong. C．To argue for a balanced view of scientific reliability. D．To compare different scientific methods across history. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．D 4．C 【导语】文章反驳了因科学理论曾被推翻而全面怀疑科学的观点，指出科学方法多样，应基于具体领域进行局部怀疑，并倡导一种基于证据和背景的有约束的信任。 【详解】1．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The fundamental issue lies in the fact that there is no single scientific method used in all of science. For instance, Newton’s deductive reasoning (演绎推理) based on observed phenomena is strikingly different from Darwin’s approach of inferring the best explanation from available evidence, which, in turn, differs completely from Einstein’s thought experiments involving light beams, trains, and elevators. (根本问题在于，科学中并不存在一种适用于所有学科的单一科学方法。例如，牛顿基于观察现象进行的演绎推理，与达尔文从现有证据中推断最佳解释的方法截然不同，而后者又与爱因斯坦涉及光束、火车和电梯的思想实验完全不同。)”可推知，作者列举三位科学家的不同研究方法，就是为了说明科学不存在普适的统一方法。 2．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Take early-stage medical research, where a large proportion of findings were later found to be contradicted by better evidence. In this context, doubt may be justified: if previous findings were unreliable, future ones might be too. (以早期医学研究为例，该领域很大一部分研究结果后来被更有力的证据推翻。在这种情况下，怀疑是合理的：如果过去的结果不可靠，该领域未来的结果也可能不可靠。)”和第六段中“We’re identifying a specific area of research which is methodologically problematic and coming to a limited conclusion supported by solid evidence. (我们正在识别一个在方法论上存在问题的特定研究领域，并得出一个由可靠证据支持的有限结论。)”可知，对早期医学这一特定研究领域的怀疑是合理的，后来的可靠证据证实了其错误，这表明早期医学研究正是局部怀疑合理适用的典型例子。 3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段中“What I propose is neither global pessimism nor blind faith. It’s local skepticism, or disciplined trust (我所提出的观点既不是全盘的悲观否定，也不是盲目的轻信。它是局部怀疑，也就是有约束的信任)”，并结合上文提到对方法存在缺陷的特定研究领域可以合理怀疑，不能将这种怀疑扩大到所有科学研究可推知，“有约束的信任”指的就是基于证据和具体背景来信任科学，既不全盘否定也不盲目相信。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“As popular mistrust of expert opinion grows, we increasingly encounter the following skeptical argument about science: Historically, even well-established theories and findings have been overturned, so why should we trust the ones we have now? (随着公众对专家意见的普遍不信任日益加深，我们越来越频繁地遇到以下关于科学的怀疑论观点：历史上，即便是久负盛名的理论和发现也曾被推翻，那么我们为何要相信目前所掌握的这些内容呢？)”和第二段中“The question sounds sobering (令人深思的) but also misleading. (这个问题听起来令人深思，但也具有误导性。)”可知，全文围绕对科学怀疑论的反驳展开，指出科学方法多样，局部怀疑合理但不应全面否定，最后提出“既不全盘悲观否定，也不盲目轻信”的平衡观点。由此可知，文章旨在为科学可靠性提出一种平衡的观点。 B （25-26高二下·北京·阶段检测）Science is the cornerstone of human progress, and scientific exploration relies on the spirit of curiosity, perseverance and innovation. Every great scientific breakthrough comes from tireless efforts and firm pursuit of truth. 1 . 2 . It drives scientists to observe carefully, think deeply, explore the unknown and put forward new ideas. Newton’s desire to know about falling apples led to the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, which fully shows the unique power of curiosity in promoting scientific progress. Perseverance is a vital quality for scientific success. The road of scientific exploration is never smooth, but full of failures, setbacks and difficulties. 3 . He spent decades conducting experiments in the fields, facing repeated failures and harsh natural conditions, but he always stuck to his dream of solving the food problem, finally developing high-yield hybrid rice and benefiting millions of people around the world. Besides, scientific exploration also requires the spirit of innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation. With the continuous development of science and technology, many complex scientific problems can no longer be solved by a single person or a single department. 4 , share research results, complement each other’s strengths and promote the integration of knowledge, thus achieving more major scientific breakthroughs. The scientific spirit is of great significance to the growth of teenagers. It not only helps us master knowledge better but also cultivates our good qualities such as cautious thinking and sense of responsibility. 5 . A．Curiosity is the starting point of scientific exploration B．Yuan Longping is a typical example of perseverance in scientific research C．Scientists from different fields such as biology, chemistry and engineering work together D．Madame Curie’s perseverance promoted the development of modern physics and chemistry E．Let’s follow great scientists’ footsteps to keep our curiosity, overcome difficulties bravely and always pursue truth and progress F．Many outstanding scientists have made extraordinary contributions to human progress through lifelong dedication to scientific exploration G．This article will discuss the key qualities required for scientific exploration and its important significance to individuals and society 【答案】1．G 2．A 3．B 4．C 5．E 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文指出科学探索需好奇心、毅力与创新合作的精神，列举相关事例，并说明其对青少年成长的重要意义。 【详解】1．由上文“Every great scientific breakthrough comes from tireless efforts and firm pursuit of truth.(每一项重大的科学突破都源于不懈的努力和对真理的执着追求)”和下文分点论述科学探索所需的品质可知，空格处需承上启下，引出本文的核心论述内容。G项“This article will discuss the key qualities required for scientific exploration and its important significance to individuals and society (本文将探讨科学探索所需的关键品质及其对个人和社会的重要意义)”符合语境，该句总领全文，呼应下文的“好奇心、毅力、创新”等品质和对青少年的意义，逻辑连贯。故选G项。 2．由下文“It drives scientists to observe carefully, think deeply, explore the unknown and put forward new ideas. Newton’s desire to know about falling apples led to the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, which fully shows the unique power of curiosity in promoting scientific progress.(好奇心驱使科学家们仔细观察、深入思考、探索未知并提出新观点。牛顿对苹果落地现象的求知欲，促成了万有引力定律的发现——这充分彰显了好奇心在推动科学进步中的独特力量)”可知，空格处需作为本段主题句，点明本段核心是“好奇心”。A项“Curiosity is the starting point of scientific exploration (好奇心是科学探索的起点)”符合语境，该句总领全段，curiosity对应下文的desire to know，牛顿的例子也是对该观点的具体论证，逻辑清晰。故选A项。 3．由上文“The road of scientific exploration is never smooth, but full of failures, setbacks and difficulties.(科学探索的道路从来都不平坦，而是充满了失败、挫折与困难)”和下文“He spent decades conducting experiments in the fields, facing repeated failures and harsh natural conditions, but he always stuck to his dream of solving the food problem, finally developing high-yield hybrid rice and benefiting millions of people around the world.(他在田间耗费数十年时间开展实验，历经无数次失败与恶劣的自然条件，却始终坚守着解决粮食问题的梦想，最终培育出高产杂交水稻，造福了全球数百万民众)”可知，空格处需引出一个体现毅力的科学家例子，衔接上下文。B项“Yuan Longping is a typical example of perseverance in scientific research (袁隆平是科研中秉持毅力的典型例子)”符合语境，Yuan Longping对应下文的He，perseverance呼应本段小标题的核心，承上启下。故选B项。 4．由上文“Besides, scientific exploration also requires the spirit of innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation. With the continuous development of science and technology, many complex scientific problems can no longer be solved by a single person or a single department.(此外，科学探索还需要创新精神和跨学科合作。随着科技的不断发展，许多复杂的科学问题已无法由单人或单个部门解决)”和下文“share research results, complement each other’s strengths and promote the integration of knowledge, thus achieving more major scientific breakthroughs.(分享研究成果、互补彼此优势、推动知识融合，进而实现更多重大科学突破)”可知，空格处需说明跨学科合作的具体表现。C项“Scientists from different fields such as biology, chemistry and engineering work together (来自生物学、化学、工程学等不同领域的科学家携手合作)”符合语境，different fields和work together对应前文的interdisciplinary cooperation，同时引出下文的合作做法，逻辑连贯。故选C 项。 5．由上文“The scientific spirit is of great significance to the growth of teenagers. It not only helps us master knowledge better but also cultivates our good qualities such as cautious thinking and sense of responsibility.(科学精神对青少年的成长意义重大。它不仅能帮助我们更好地掌握知识，还能培养我们谨慎思考、责任意识等优良品质)”可知，空格处需总结全文，发出呼吁，鼓励青少年践行科学精神。E项“Let’s follow great scientists’ footsteps to keep our curiosity, overcome difficulties bravely and always pursue truth and progress (让我们追随伟大科学家的脚步，保持好奇心，勇于克服困难，始终追求真理与进步)”符合语境，该句收束全文，呼应前文提到的好奇心、毅力等科学精神品质，逻辑清晰。故选E项。 （2026·全国二卷·高考真题）The Barcelona subway pulls into the station, the doors slide open and passengers pour out to go about their daily business. Little do they know that as they do so, a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car. Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market. Sixteen stations of Barcelona’s subway system are part of its new MetroCharge project, whereby the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is sent snaking through cables (电缆) to the surface to power plug-in stations for privately owned vehicles. Bernardo Espinoza, an engineer who takes the subway every day, owns an electric car. “I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. “And if it is from energy from the trains’ brakes, then even better.” Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades and are also used in some cars. They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate (加速) the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers. Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. That, he said, boosts efficiency. 1．Why does Barcelona launch the MetroCharge project? A．To fuel the city’s economy. B．To enhance passengers’ experience. C．To promote green transportation. D．To raise the quality of electric cars. 2．What is Espinoza’s concern? A．How to cut his travel expenses. B．Where to get a parking space. C．How to avoid rush-hour traffic. D．Where to find a charging point. 3．What aspect of regenerative brakes is discussed in paragraph 5? A．Their operating conditions. B．Their conventional standard. C．Their potential risks. D．Their working mechanism. 4．What did Luna say about the system? A．It uses reclaimed energy creatively. B．It improves workers’ efficiency. C．It prioritizes the safety of trains. D．It generates jobs for the locals. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 【导语】文章主要介绍了巴塞罗那推出的地铁能量回收项目，利用列车刹车余能为电车充电桩供电，实现绿色交通与能源高效利用。 【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market.(巴塞罗那整合了一整套清洁能源技术，助力公共交通走向绿色环保，同时为应对气候变化出力，并助力欧洲艰难转向私人电动汽车市场。)”可知，该项目目的是推广绿色交通。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的““I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. (埃斯皮诺萨在巴塞罗那南部一处工人街区搭乘地铁前说道：“我又惊喜又开心，我总在四处找地方给车充电。”)”可知，埃斯皮诺萨一直发愁找不到充电桩。 3．主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers.(它们由一个电动机构成，该电动机会收集刹车动作中产生的能量——这些能量在传统刹车系统中会以热量的形式散失掉。这些能量可以立即用于加速车辆，或者在巴塞罗那地铁系统的情况下，通过电缆输送，为车站或电动汽车充电桩供电。)”可知，本段介绍了再生刹车的工作原理。 4．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. (电气工程教授阿尔瓦罗・卢纳表示，这套系统颇具创新性，原因在于它能将回收的电能重新调配，用于当地特定用途——本案例中就是为停在附近的电动汽车供电。)”可知，卢纳认为该系统创新性地利用了回收能源。 4 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 分层作业 Unit 1 Science and Scientists Period 1 Reading and Thinking 目 录 A组 巩固过关 B组 能力进阶 C组 思维拔高 拓展 链接高考 一．单词拼写 1． n．霍乱 2． n. 腹泻 3． n. 脱水 4． n. 微生物；细菌；病菌 5． n. 流行病学 6． n. 显微镜 7． adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 8． n. 证据；证明；检验 9． vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 10． vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责n. 责备；指责 11． n. 把手；拉手；柄vt. 处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等) 12． adj. 大量的；价值巨大的；重大的 13． n．[pl.] 统计数字；统计资料；统计学 14． vt. 使改观；使改变形态vi. 改变；转变 二．短语默写 1． 最终地；彻底地 2． 同意；赞同 3． 幸亏；由于 4． 经过一段时间之后；迟早 5． 照顾；护理 6． 总的说来；从总体上看 7． 很可能做某事 8． 死于；因……而死 9． 因此，由于；作为……的结果 10． 开始做事；开始认真考虑某事 一．一词多义 A.vt.处理　B.vt.操纵　C.n.把手　D.vt.(用手)触,碰,拿　E.vt.经营,管理 1.I turned the handle and found the door was open. 2.He knows how to handle the complicated machine. 3.He handles a small grocery store, selling fresh produce and daily necessities. 4.The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions. 5.As autumn comes, she gets restless—the same old wanderlust returning. It's a call she must handle alone, though. 二．根据首字母或汉语提示拼写单词 1.What was it that made her (改变) from an ordinary woman into a successful lady? 2.I didn’t know how to (应对) the situation, but an idea suddenly struck me that I could turn to my best friend for help. 3.What they may not know is that some bottled water may not be as (干净的) as they expect. 4.Household behaviour actually can make a (重大的) difference, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, according to researchers from Michigan State University and Vanderbilt University. 5.In a world that warms up by 3 ℃， it found that (多种多样的) changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. 6.According to the latest rule, people shall sort (家庭) garbage into four categories. 7.The destruction of the earthquake was so that it might take years to rebuild the city. 8.I keep getting advice—some people tell me to keep it warm and some tell me to put ice on it. 9.Since the of the Novel coronavirus disease, the Chinese have been making all－out efforts to battle against it. 10.Researchers claim to have found the that getting a regular eight－hour sleep every night makes a real difference to our health. 四.选词填空(其中有一项多余) once and for all;subscribe to;in general;thanks to Yuan Longping, known as the father of hybrid rice, has made enormous contributions to global food safety. Many experts in agriculture at home and abroad 1.　　　　　　 his research and solve the problem of the food shortage. 2.　　　　　　 Yuan's intense efforts, our country has been far away from hunger 3.　　　　　　.  五．课文语法填空 　　Cholera, as 　1　 type of deadly disease of its day, threatened ordinary people. John Snow was 　2　(determine) to solve this problem. He knew that only if he found its cause would it be controlled.   There were two theories that 　3　(possible) explained how people got infected. John Snow 　4　(subscribe) to the theory that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.   In 1854, an outbreak of cholera hit London. Snow decided to have an 　5　(investigate). He marked the places on a map, 　6　 gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. He found many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street. Some households had no deaths 　7　 these people drank free beer. It seemed that the water pump was 　8　(blame). He did further research and concluded that polluted water led 　9　 the disease. Finally “King Cholera” 　10　(defeat).   1.　　　　　　　2.　　　　　　　3.　　　　　　　4.　　　　　　　5.　　　　　　  6.　　　　　　　7.　　　　　　　8.　　　　　　　9.　　　　　　　10.　　　　　　   六．单句语法填空 1.There are many 　　　　　(proof) that this place is rich in mineral resources.   2.I entirely believe that you are not linked 　　　　　 what happened just now.  3.That girl did the right thing, so we shouldn't blame the accident 　　　　　 her.  4.The region was 　　　　　(severe) affected by the typhoon, with houses damaged and trees uprooted.  5.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols 　　　　　 another.  6.Students are required to 　　　　　(pure) the chemical substances according to the standard procedures to ensure the accuracy of the experimental results.   7.After several 　　　　　(frustrate) hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the Michael Jordan documentary(纪录片) series The Last Dance.  8.I was overcome with sadness because I 　　　　　(suspect) of cheating in the exam.  9.This switch 　　　　　(decrease) pollution in the country's major lakes and reservoirs so far.   10.He made so many mistakes　　　　　 he failed the exam once again.   七.完成句子 1.She is so kind a teacher that we all respect her and listen to her carefully.(句型转换) →She is 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 　　　　 respect her and listen to her carefully.(such...that...)  2.将下面句子中画线的部分分别进行强调 Tom did the experiment in the lab yesterday afternoon.  ①强调主语:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  ②强调宾语:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  ③强调地点状语:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  ④强调时间状语:　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  一、完形填空 （24-25高二上·广西南宁·阶段检测）In 2011, Adam Riess was my freshman roommate at MIT. Now he won the Noel Prize in Physics for using the Hubble Space Telescope. While looking at light given off from a distant star, Riess 1 that contrary (相反的) to the existing theory that the universe’s expansion was slowing down, it was actually 2 . Riess said that when he first saw the data, he thought it was a(n) 3 since it didn’t match the existing model. But with 4 analyses and observations, he eventually realized that the data was right and that the model has to be 5 . It’s now a generally 6 fact that the universe’s expansion is speeding up, mainly due to a force called “dark energy.” When I met with Riess, we got to talking about his 7 . I asked how he insisted that he should be right. He said my question 8 him of something that Richard Feynman said about science. “It doesn’t matter how beautiful your theory is. If it doesn’t 9 the experiment, it’s wrong.” Adam Riess continued, “I have always had a strong 10 in the scientific method—you do an experiment to 11 a hypothesis (假设) and if the data doesn’t fit and you can 12 the data, you must change the hypothesis. This is what makes science different and 13 of explaining the natural world.” I think we need to 14 the way of doing scientific experiments and believe that repeated scientific experiments are an incredibly powerful and logical way to find the 15 . 1．A．observed B．told C．expected D．imagined 2．A．cracking B．missing C．weakening D．quickening 3．A．excuse B．mistake C．challenge D．difficulty 4．A．reported B．limited C．repeated D．selected 5．A．copied B．destroyed C．protected D．corrected 6．A．shocking B．accepted C．ignored D．promising 7．A．contribution B．concern C．discovery D．curiosity 8．A．reminded B．warned C．informed D．convinced 9．A．end up with B．combine with C．give way to D．agree with 10．A．emotion B．dream C．belief D．suggestion 11．A．create B．test C．change D．finish 12．A．prove B．share C．collect D．improve 13．A．worthy B．sensible C．independent D．capable 14．A．cover B．replace C．value D．discuss 15．A．law B．truth C．standard D．balance 二、语法填空 （24-25高二下·湖南衡阳·期中）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Many of our beliefs about the universe are based on inductive 1 (reason), also known as the scientific model. This means of arriving 2 the truth requires the observation of concrete events 3 (follow) by the development of a theory to explain what has been observed. In other words, it’s a way to proceed from the particular to the general. However, it is in the nature of scientists 4 (inquire) into every possibility and this means they often discover things that no one 5 (see) or noticed before. Our generalized theories therefore never cease to change. In fact, most of our new knowledge is gained by the observation of things we have never seen before. Before the first black swan was seen, the 6 (assume) was that all swans are white. This is known as the “Black Swan theory”. How could we have known otherwise? There will always be “unknown unknowns” such as black swans, but some people criticize those 7 dare to suggest their existence. We should always be objective and question what we think we know. The world in the future is bound to be different from now. 8 much we understand, there will always be 9 remote possibility of discovering “a black swan”. Accordingly, our comprehension of the world will change 10 (constant). Therefore, we should keep pace with new developments in all domains of knowledge — “black swans” can change history. 三、阅读理解 A （25-26高二下·江苏·期末）As popular mistrust of expert opinion grows, we increasingly encounter the following skeptical argument about science: Historically, even well-established theories and findings have been overturned, so why should we trust the ones we have now? The question sounds sobering (令人深思的) but also misleading. To understand what’s wrong with the skeptical argument, we should closely examine its reasoning. One possibility is that science is imperfect in essence. If the scientific method has obvious drawbacks, people may expect science to keep producing problematic theories. The fundamental issue lies in the fact that there is no single scientific method used in all of science. For instance, Newton’s deductive reasoning (演绎推理) based on observed phenomena is strikingly different from Darwin’s approach of inferring the best explanation from available evidence, which, in turn, differs completely from Einstein’s thought experiments involving light beams, trains, and elevators. What people call the scientific method is really many distinct ways of investigating the world — different strategies for representing, experimenting and classifying. To claim that science is fundamentally unreliable, one may examine the evidence and methods in a specific research area. Take early-stage medical research, where a large proportion of findings were later found to be contradicted by better evidence. In this context, doubt may be justified: if previous findings were unreliable, future ones might be too. But notice that we’re not making an overgeneralized claim about all scientific research. We’re identifying a specific area of research which is methodologically problematic and coming to a limited conclusion supported by solid evidence. Nor are we comparing the failures of early-stage medical research to the so-called “failures” of Newtonian physics. Newton’s laws are accurate in many but not all contexts; one reason Einsteinian physics is considered successful is that it preserves Newton’s accuracy. What I propose is neither global pessimism nor blind faith. It’s local skepticism, or disciplined trust, which would serve us much better but requires some actual knowledge of science and some intellectual humility. The history of science is indeed a graveyard (坟墓) of abandoned theories, but the fact that science keeps changing is a mark of its strength. It’s not a problem but the engine that drives scientific progress. 1．Why does the author mention Newton, Darwin, and Einstein in Paragraph 4? A．To illustrate the progress of physics over time. B．To show that science lacks a universal method. C．To argue that thought experiments are unreliable. D．To prove that scientific theories often contradict each other. 2．What can be inferred about early-stage medical research from the passage? A．It follows the same methods as Newtonian physics. B．Its findings are generally more reliable than physics. C．It is a good example of where local skepticism is justified. D．Its failures prove that all scientific research is problematic. 3．What does the author mean by “disciplined trust” in the last paragraph? A．Believing in historical scientific theories. B．Trusting scientific findings without question. C．Rejecting scientific claims unless proven true. D．Trusting science based on evidence and context. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To defend the public’s distrust of science. B．To prove that scientific theories are often wrong. C．To argue for a balanced view of scientific reliability. D．To compare different scientific methods across history. B （25-26高二下·北京·阶段检测）Science is the cornerstone of human progress, and scientific exploration relies on the spirit of curiosity, perseverance and innovation. Every great scientific breakthrough comes from tireless efforts and firm pursuit of truth. 1 . 2 . It drives scientists to observe carefully, think deeply, explore the unknown and put forward new ideas. Newton’s desire to know about falling apples led to the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, which fully shows the unique power of curiosity in promoting scientific progress. Perseverance is a vital quality for scientific success. The road of scientific exploration is never smooth, but full of failures, setbacks and difficulties. 3 . He spent decades conducting experiments in the fields, facing repeated failures and harsh natural conditions, but he always stuck to his dream of solving the food problem, finally developing high-yield hybrid rice and benefiting millions of people around the world. Besides, scientific exploration also requires the spirit of innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation. With the continuous development of science and technology, many complex scientific problems can no longer be solved by a single person or a single department. 4 , share research results, complement each other’s strengths and promote the integration of knowledge, thus achieving more major scientific breakthroughs. The scientific spirit is of great significance to the growth of teenagers. It not only helps us master knowledge better but also cultivates our good qualities such as cautious thinking and sense of responsibility. 5 . A．Curiosity is the starting point of scientific exploration B．Yuan Longping is a typical example of perseverance in scientific research C．Scientists from different fields such as biology, chemistry and engineering work together D．Madame Curie’s perseverance promoted the development of modern physics and chemistry E．Let’s follow great scientists’ footsteps to keep our curiosity, overcome difficulties bravely and always pursue truth and progress F．Many outstanding scientists have made extraordinary contributions to human progress through lifelong dedication to scientific exploration G．This article will discuss the key qualities required for scientific exploration and its important significance to individuals and society （2026·全国二卷·高考真题）The Barcelona subway pulls into the station, the doors slide open and passengers pour out to go about their daily business. Little do they know that as they do so, a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car. Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener, while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe’s difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market. Sixteen stations of Barcelona’s subway system are part of its new MetroCharge project, whereby the energy from the underground trains’ brakes (刹车) is used to power the trains and the stations themselves, while the remainder is sent snaking through cables (电缆) to the surface to power plug-in stations for privately owned vehicles. Bernardo Espinoza, an engineer who takes the subway every day, owns an electric car. “I am pleasantly surprised, because I am always looking for where to plug it in,” Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona. “And if it is from energy from the trains’ brakes, then even better.” Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades and are also used in some cars. They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes. That energy can be immediately used to accelerate (加速) the vehicle or, in the case of the Barcelona subway system, sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers. Alvaro Luna, a professor of electrical engineering, said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses — in this case powering electric cars parked nearby. That, he said, boosts efficiency. 1．Why does Barcelona launch the MetroCharge project? A．To fuel the city’s economy. B．To enhance passengers’ experience. C．To promote green transportation. D．To raise the quality of electric cars. 2．What is Espinoza’s concern? A．How to cut his travel expenses. B．Where to get a parking space. C．How to avoid rush-hour traffic. D．Where to find a charging point. 3．What aspect of regenerative brakes is discussed in paragraph 5? A．Their operating conditions. B．Their conventional standard. C．Their potential risks. D．Their working mechanism. 4．What did Luna say about the system? A．It uses reclaimed energy creatively. B．It improves workers’ efficiency. C．It prioritizes the safety of trains. D．It generates jobs for the locals. 4 / 8 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $