Unit 4 Natural Disasters（复习讲义）英语人教版必修第一册

该高中英语复习讲义以“人与自然”主题语境为核心，系统整合单元知识体系，通过表格梳理定语从句关系代词/副词用法、情景导学呈现词汇（如shock、flood）的语境应用，明确主题词汇变形、灾害救援搭配等重点及新闻写作、定语从句灵活应用等难点，构建清晰知识脉络。 讲义亮点在于分层练习设计，如“一句多译”（用what从句和非限制性定语从句表达“令我们震惊的是”）、“句式升级”（将主动句改写为分词短语作状语），培养语言能力与思维品质。配套阅读七选五、微写作等题型，基础生可掌握基础用法，优秀生能深化表达，助力教师精准教学与学生自主复习。

人教版必修第一册 Unit 4 Natural Disasters（复习讲义) 复习要点 1. 主题语境：人与自然，围绕自然灾害、灾后救援、防灾自救、灾后人文关怀、防灾科普跨文化场景展开。 2. 词汇短语：掌握灾害类型、灾情描述、救援行动、避难防护、情绪感受相关核心单词及变形、固定搭配。 3语法：掌握定语从句的用法；be doing...when...；as if/though 引导的从句。 4.应用文写作：掌握新闻和活动报道常用的首段、中段及尾端句型与完整写作框架。 复习重难点 重点：重点单词词性变形、灾害救援类固定搭配、单元核心句型的识别与运用。。 难点：新闻报道完整篇章叙事写作和定语从句的灵活应用。 单元词汇 知识点 1. shock n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克vt.（使）震惊 情景导学 I simply stood there in shock， and my feet， as if rooted to the ground， couldn’t move a bit.我只是震惊地站在那里，脚好像扎根在地上一样，一动也不能动。 用法归纳 ①a great shock to sb 对某人来说是极大的震惊 in shock　　震惊；吃惊 ②shocked adj.　　震惊的；惊讶的 be shocked at/by　　对……吃惊 词汇拓展 ①shocked adj.感到震惊 联想 各种“惊讶” ①　　②　　③ ②shocking adj.令人震惊的 即时训练 单句语法填空 ①Looking at the house which lay in ruins __________shock,he called 119 immediately to rescue the injured people who were trapped.  ②On a cold morning,I opened the door and was shocked __________(find) him badly injured. 一句多译 ③(2022全国甲卷)令我们震惊的是,海洋正受到严重污染。 →______________________________ the ocean is becoming severely polluted.(用what引导的主语从句和that引导的表语从句)  →The ocean is becoming severely polluted,________________________. (用which引导的非限制性定语从句)  参考答案：①in 　② to find ③ What shocks us was that ；which shocked us 2. flood n.洪水,大量　vi.& vt. 淹没;(使)泛滥;使灌满水;大量涌入;充满;挤满 情景导学 Hearing her mother's voice,the girl came downstairs in floods of tears. 听见她妈妈的声音,那个女孩泪流满面地走下楼来。 用法归纳 ①a flood of...一大批…… in floods of tears 泪如雨下 ②flood in/into 大量涌入 flood out of 蜂拥而出 flood back涌上心头 ③表“情感”的名词+flood over sb 某人非常/深感…… ④be flooded with 充满/挤满…… 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①A great sense of relief and pride flooded __________my father.(读后续写之情感描写)  ②She drew the curtains and the sunlight flooded ______.(读后续写之写景) 微写作 ③甜蜜的回忆涌上心头,简哭得像个泪人似的。(读后续写之情感描写) Sweet memories came flooding back and Jane was___________________.   参考答案：①over　②in ③ in floods of tears 3. affect vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动 情景导学 Affected by those selfless doctors,I have developed a deep affection for the career. (应用文之短文投稿)在那些无私的医生的影响下,我喜欢上了这个职业。 用法归纳 ① be affected by 受……的影响;被……感动 be affected with 感染……疾病 ②have an effect/influence on/upon 对……产生影响 词汇拓展 ①affection n.喜爱 ②effect n.作用;影响　 ③effective adj.有效的 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①A large number of donations have been flooding into the ________(affect) areas.(应用文之报道)  ②Learning that you have returned to Ireland because you __________(affect) with a serious/severe illness,I am terribly sorry about it.  ③In summary,the English newspaper Youth has a great effec ________me. (应用文之短文投稿)  句式升级·背诵 ④We were deeply affected by the film and couldn't hold back tears. →________________________________________,we couldn't hold back tears.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)  参考答案：①affected 　② are affected 　③ on ④Deeply affected by the film 4. ruin n.& vt.破坏;毁坏 情景导学 The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake,which made us awake all night.(应用文之场景描写) 地震过后,整个城市成了一片废墟,这使我们彻夜难眠。 用法归纳 ①lie/be in ruins 成为废墟 be reduced to ruins 沦为废墟 fall into ruin 成为废墟 ②ruin oneself 毁掉自己;自取灭亡 ruin one's health/fame/future 毁坏某人的健康/声誉/前途 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①On returning to the town,they were shocked to find their neighbourhood __________ruins.(读后续写之情感描写)  ②Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and______________(reduce) to ruins,the city took on a new look.  句式升级·背诵 ③He made a serious mistake in the race and ruined his chance to win the championship. →He made a serious mistake in the race,____________________________________ to win the championship.(用定语从句改写)  →He made a serious mistake in the race,_________________________ to win the championship. (用现在分词改写)  参考答案：①in ②being reduced ③which ruined his chance；ruining his chance 5. bury vt.埋葬;安葬;掩埋;使沉浸;使专心 情景导学 Father paced in,his hands buried in his pockets. 父亲双手插在口袋里踱步进来。 用法归纳 ①bury...in...把……埋到……里;使……沉浸于…… ② bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面(doing) sth ③ 埋头于/专心于(做)某事 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①After the volcanic eruption,many houses ___________(bury) by ashes.  ②Since she graduated,my mother ___________(bury) herself in teaching,receiving high praise.(应用文之短文投稿)  ③__________(bury) in reading the English newspaper every day,I have gained lots of useful knowledge.(应用文之征文投稿) 句式升级·背诵 ④David still refused to look at me and his head was buried in his arms. →David still refused to look at me,____________________________.(现在分词作状语)  →David still refused to look at me,______________________________________.(with复合结构)  参考答案：①were buried　②has buried　③Buried ④burying his head in his arms ；with his head buried in his arms 6. effort n.努力;艰难的尝试;尽力 情景导学 Let's start now and spare no effort to do a little bit every minute.(应用文之倡议书) 让我们从现在开始,不遗余力地每分钟做一点。 用法归纳 with great effort 努力 without effort 毫不费力地 in an effort to do sth 为了做某事 spare no effort to do sth 不遗余力地做某事 make every effort to do sth 尽全力做某事 make an effort/efforts to do sth 努力做某事 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①We should make great efforts ___________(preserve) and enrich our own traditional cultures. ②She took a deep breath and sat up slowly __________great effort. ③They have been working day and night in an effort ___________(get) the bridge ready on time. 参考答案：①to preserve 　② with ③to get 7. survive vi.生存；存活vt.幸存；艰难度过 情景导学 Life isn’t about how to survive storms， but how to dance in the rain.　（主旨升华） 生活不在于如何挺过暴雨，而在于如何在风雨中起舞。 用法归纳 survive from　　　　从……幸存 survive on　　依靠……生存下来 survive ...by ...　　比……多活了…… 词汇拓展 ①survivor n.　　幸存者 ②survival n.　　[U] 幸存；[C] 残存物 即时练习 ①When I realized that the poor boy survived___________discarded(被丢弃的) food,a wave of sadness and sympathy washed over me ②Although the old lady suffered from a serious illness,she still survived her husband _____5 years.  ③The ancient building survived _________the Tang Dynasty as a museum. 句式升级 ④Since we had survived that accident,we were confident that everything else would be all right. →______________________________,we were confident that everything else would be all right. (改写为分词短语作状语)  参考答案：①on　②by　③ from ④Having survived that accident 8. suffer vt.遭受;蒙受　vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦 情景导学 Knowing that my partner was suffering from a severe disease， I was burning with anxiety， so I rushed towards the hospital.得知我的搭档得了重病，我心急如焚，所以我冲向了医院。 用法归纳 suffer pain/defeat/loss　遭受痛苦/失败/损失 suffer from　遭受 词汇拓展 ①suffering n.痛苦;苦恼;让人痛苦的事 ②sufferer n.　　患难者；患病者 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①My hometown used to suffer __________problems such as poor road conditions and dirty environment.(应用文之短文投稿)  ②There are always some ups and downs in our lives,but it is the __________(suffer) that makes us stronger.(读后续写之主旨升华)  ③It is also being used to help patients __________(suffer) dementia,a serious illness of the mind.  句式升级 ④John has suffered from lung cancer for many years.He has decided to give up smoking. →__________________________________________,John has decided to give up smoking.(现在分词短语作状语)  参考答案：① from 　②suffering 　③suffering ④Having suffered from lung cancer for many years 9. strike vt. & vi.击打；敲响；擦（火柴）；撞击；侵袭；给（某人以……）印象；突然想起 n.罢工；罢课；袭击 情景导学 What struck me most were my brother’s defeated expression， his lonely figure， and the sad flash in Toby’s eyes as he left in the rain. 最让我印象深刻的是哥哥那副沮丧的神情、落寞的身影，以及托比在雨中离去时，眼中闪过的一丝悲伤。 用法归纳 ①be struck by/with ...被……击中；被……打动 It occurs to/hits/strikes sb that ...　　某人突然想起…… strike ...into one’s heart　　使某人对……刻骨铭心 ②be/go on strike　　在/举行罢工 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①_________________（strike） by what he had done for me， I couldn’t contain myself， tears of gratitude flowing down my cheeks. 一句多译 ②我突然想到一个好主意，我们可以在即将到来的教师节送给老师一 份手工制作的礼物。 → _________________________________________________________ we could give a handmade gift to our teacher for the coming Teachers’ Day. → _______________________________________________________we could give a handmade gift to our teacher for the coming Teachers’ Day.（it作形式主语） 参考答案：①Struck　②A good idea occurred to/struck/hit me that;It occurred to/struck/hit me that　 10. effect n.影响；结果；效果 情景导学 During Li Bai’s lifetime， he wrote a great number of excellent poems， all of which have a great effect on Chinese culture.　（人物介绍） 李白一生创作了大量优秀的诗歌，这些诗歌对中国文化产生了巨大的影响。 用法归纳 take effect　　 生效；见效 come into effect　　生效 have an effect/influence/impact on/upon　　对……产生影响 put ... into effect　　实施；使……生效 词汇拓展 effective adj.　　有效的；有影响的 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）This method may not be ______________（effect）for everyone as each student’s oral ability is different. ②After months of preparation， the new public health measure came_________ effect last weekend. 微写作 ③希望我的建议不久会付诸实施来解决这些问题。　（建议信） Hopefully， my suggestions ___________________________________to address these problems. 参考答案：① effective　② into 　③will soon be put into effect 11. supply n. 供应(量);补给;[pl.]补给品　vt.供应;供给 情景导学 The government has supplied the local people with plenty of food and clothes since the earthquake occurred.政府在地震发生后已经向当地人民提供了大量的食物和衣服。 用法归纳 ①in short supply 短缺 have a good supply of...备有许多…… ②supply sth to sb 为某人提供某物 supply sb with sth 为某人提供某物 点津： ①supply作名词,表示“补给品”时,要用复数形式,即supplies。 ②表示“为某人提供某物”的短语还有:provide sb with sth=provide sth for sb、offer sb sth=offer sth to sb。 即时练习 一句多译·背诵 ①此外,这次竞争将会给你提供一个机会,帮助你发展创造力,与志同道合的同学建立友谊。(应用文之活动介绍) →Moreover,the competition will ______________________________a chance to develop your creativity and build friendship with other students who share the same interest with you.  →Moreover,the competition will _________________you to develop your creativity and build friendship with other students who share the same interest with you.  参考答案：①supply you with; supply a chance to 单元句型 1. 句型公式：as if ... 似乎/好像…… 教材原句：It seemed as if the world were coming to an end！仿佛世界末日即将来临！ 知识总结 (1)as if相当于as though,意为“似乎,好像”,用在seem,look等系动词之后引导表语从句。 (2)as if/though还可引导方式状语从句。若as if从句描述非现实情况,则用虚拟语气。 ①当从句表示与现在事实相反的情况时,谓语动词用一般过去时(be动词一般用were); ②当从句表示与过去事实相反的情况时,谓语动词用过去完成时(had+过去分词)。 ③当从句表示与将来事实相反的情况时,谓语动词用过去将来时(would/counld/might+动原) 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①Listen,the whistle of an ambulance!It seems as if there _____(be) an emergency.  ②The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she __________(be) their own mother.  微写作 ③我一靠近房子，就注意到爸爸妈妈站在那辆旧卡车旁边，一脸悲 伤。好像发生了什么不愉快的事情。　（场景、情绪描写） Upon approaching the house， I noticed that my dad and mom stood beside the old truck， looking sad. ________________________________________________________________________ . 参考答案：①is ② were ③It seemed as if something unpleasant had happened 2. 句型公式：be doing sth when ... 正在做某事这时（突然）…… 例句：I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. 知识总结 when表示“这时突然”，还用于以下三种句型： be about to do ...when ... 正要做……突然…… be on the point of doing ...when ... 正要做……突然…… had （just） done ...when ... 　　刚做完……这时…… 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①He won't come to our party even if __________(invite).  ②Even __________he was stuck in hardships,he still willingly helped those in trouble.(应用文之人物介绍)  微写作·背诵 ③即使我吓得浑身颤抖,我仍然鼓起勇气,走上舞台,开始了我的演讲。(续写之恐惧心理描写) ___________________________________________________________,I still gathered up all my courage,stepped on the stage and began my speech.  参考答案： ① invited ② if/though ③ Even if/though I was so frightened that I trembled all over 单元语法：Attributive Clauses 定于从那句 1. 定语的定义：定语--修饰名词或代词的成分，用来说明名词或代词的品质与特征。 ①可充当定语的主要有形容词，名词，介词短语，非谓语，句子；常译为“……的” ②在所修饰词之前的定语为前置定语，在所修饰词之后的定语为后置定语。 ③单个的词作定语时要放于被修饰词的前面，短语或从句作定语时要放于被修饰词的后面。 2. 定语从句考点： ①关系代词的用法 关系代词 先行词 句法功能 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 which 物 主语、宾语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 ②关系副词的用法 先行词 关系副词 句法功能 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系 表示时间的名词：time，day，  year等 when 作时间状语 相当于at/in/on/during which 表示场所的名词：park， place，country， house等  where 作地点状语 相当于in/at/to/on which 表示原因的名词：reason why 作原因状语 相当于for which 3. 解题思路 即时练习 Ⅰ单句语法填空 1. A disaster is a very bad accident or a sudden event ___________ usually causes great damage and can ruin many people’s lives. 2. The woman wanted to find and thank the firefighter __________ rescued her from the fire. 3. A typhoon is an extremely strong wind ___________ often happens in the Western Pacific Ocean. 4. The children ________ parents could not be found were looked after by neighbors and friends. 5. The list of people to____________________help has been given is long. 6. The team treated more than 3,000 people__________________were injured in the 2006 earthquake in Indonesia. 7. They have to be able to do work _____________is difficult under conditions ____________can be very dangerous. 8. A tsunami is a very large wave ____________ is often caused by an earthquake under the sea. 9. People to _______ much is given are people of _________ much will be expected. 参考答案：①that / which ②that / who ③that / which ④whose ⑤whom ⑥ who / that ⑦ that / which；that / which ⑧ that / which ⑨ whom; whom Ⅱ语篇填空 Though I can’t remember everything 1._______ happened during the time in university, I still remember some people and things 2._____ were related to Miss Brown, 3._____ used to be monitor in our class. If you want to know about the lady 4._________ I referred to in my diary, I can tell you it’s her, Miss Brown. Here is a story5. __________ makes me remember Miss Brown until now. One afternoon, she and I arrived in New York, 6.________ we would look forward to. We went to the biggest bookshop in 7. ______ there were different kinds 参考答案：1.that 2. that 3.who 4.who/that 5.that/which 6.which 7. which （时间：40分钟） Ⅰ.单词拼写 1.（2025·全国一卷）With the biscuits my wife had made， I arrived at my brother’s door.I 　　　　　　　　（呼吸） deeply and knocked on the door， my heart pounding fast. 2.（2025·全国二卷）I feared that my classmates might grow tired of my 　　　　　　　　（努力） or even lose patience with me. 3.The earthquake lasted more than four minutes， and many people who were buried under the 　　　　　　　　（废墟） waited for rescue workers to come to their rescue. 4.（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）Having 　　　　　　　　（挥手） goodbye to him， I sprinted towards the bus， leaving him behind with a promise to settle the fare upon my return. 5.（2025·全国一卷）The moment my brother opened the door， I hugged him tightly， his eyes 　　　　　　　　（大量涌入） with tears.（动作、情绪描写） Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1.The 　　　　　　　　disease has affected many people and has caused at least 30 　　　　　　　　up to now.（dead） 2.We’d like to have these goods 　　　　　　　　now and we are willing to pay extra for the immediate 　　　　　　　　.（deliver） 3.On returning to the town， they were 　　　　　　　　（shock） to find their neighborhood in ruins.（情感描写） 4.She rested her chin in her hands， and looked back on those days with 　　　　　　　　（affect） and gratitude. （动作描写） 5.Mastering some basic skills would greatly increase the chances of 　　　　　　　　.Thanks to the swimming skills， he and his friend succeeded in 　　　　　　　　the terrible flood and they were the only two 　　　　　　　　.（survive） 6.She has been suffering 　　　　　　　　the loss of memory since she had that car accident and her 　　　　　　　　（suffer） is beyond description. Ⅲ.短语填空 sweep away； in ruins； in shock； on hand； come to an end 1.As his performance 　　　　　　　　， the audience burst into applause. 2.He gave her a slight pat on the shoulder， smiling， “I am always 　　　　　　　　to help.” 3.Hearing the terrible news about the typhoon， she was 　　　　　　　　. （心理、情绪描写） 4.At that moment， a sudden feeling of sadness 　　　　　　　all my anger. （情感描写） 5.On approaching the house from the back， he entered an open room， where nearly all the walls lay 　　　　　　　　. Ⅳ.高级句式表达 1.第二天早上，哈利五点就醒了。他既兴奋又紧张，再也睡不着了。 Harry woke at five o’clock the next morning and was 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 2.他伸展四肢，好像在飞，他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。 （动作、情感描写） He throws his arms and legs out 　　　　　　　　　　　　， his eyes wide with excitement. 3.他们正在车里跟着最喜欢的歌曲哼唱，这时一只狗穿过了马路。 They 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　a dog crossed the ro Ⅴ.阅读理解 A 　　（2026·湖南省“一起考”部分学校大联考）As the first girl in my family， I was born in Venezuela， twelve months to the day before one of the biggest earthquakes in the country’s history struck the capital city Caracas in 1967.I’ve always seen this as a sign of my destiny. 　　Disasters have the potential to set back a nation’s development for years and even decades.However， my personal experiences have taught me that the extent of damage often depends on whether there is a culture of prevention within the affected society. 　　I recall a time when I was living in an apartment building when a moderate earthquake struck.My reaction， after the immediate “drop， cover， hold on” reflexes （反射动作）， was to hope that the building would prove to be structurally sound.As the shaking slowly stopped， I ran outside to wait for possible aftershocks.My fears， thankfully， did not happen.It had resisted the quake because it followed the country’s building codes. 　　Occasions like this show the necessity of having updated building codes that include lessons learned from past disasters.Had the building not followed these updated codes， I may not have survived.This experience has only strengthened my belief in the value of prevention in mitigating the impact of disasters. 　　I have spent the past two years working on the Built Environment in Latin America and the Caribbean Project.The project has developed risk-informed policies and engineering techniques in the six countries that were selected for their particularly high exposure to earthquakes.This project fits perfectly with my professional and personal goals， as it combines my passion and experience in risk reduction.Like the third little pig in the tale of Three Little Pigs， who puts resilience （韧性） above convenience while building his house from bricks， I’m committed to building a framework of prevention and resilience， as I know that early action today can prevent problems tomorrow. 1.What does the author refer to as her destiny？（　　） A.Rebuilding cities after disasters. B.Experiencing many earthquakes. C.Doing work related to earthquakes. D.Updating building codes in Venezuela. 2.Why did the earthquake mentioned in paragraph 3 impress the author？（　　） A.She realized the danger of earthquakes. B.She felt she did not respond well enough. C.She was very lucky to escape with her life. D.She recognized the importance of prevention. 3.What does the underlined word “mitigating” in paragraph 4 mean？（　　） A.Causing. B.Reducing. C.Ignoring. D.Avoiding. 4.What does the tale of Three Little Pigs imply？（　　） A.Teamwork matters in preventing disasters. B.Risk reduction work requires a lot of skills. C.Damage caused by disasters can be avoided. D.Building houses needs passion and experience. B 　　（2026·济南三模）Scientists have revealed much of the basics about earthquakes： tectonic plates （构造板块） move， causing strain energy （应变能） to build up， and that energy eventually releases in the form of an earthquake.However， forecasting earthquakes remains a significant challenge， which was evidenced by the 2011 great Tohoku earthquake.In addition to causing a tsunami that led to the Fukushima nuclear disaster， it resulted in more than 18，000 deaths. 　　In recent years， researchers have been trying to figure out a possible relation between the sun and earthquakes.Based on a previous study that connected solar activity with earthquakes， a study conducted by researchers from the University of Tsukuba （UT） cast light on this possibility， confirming that sunspot numbers had some influence on earthquakes and that Earth’s climate， as affected by solar heat， played a role. 　　“Solar heat drives atmospheric temperature changes， which in turn can affect things like rock properties and underground water movement，” said Junqueira Saldanha， leader of the research team.“Such changes can make rocks tend to break apart.For example， the changes in rainfall and snowmelt can affect the pressure on tectonic plate boundaries.While these factors may not be the main drivers of earthquakes， they could still be playing a role that can help to predict earthquakes.” 　　Among other findings， the researchers used mathematical and computational methods to analyze earthquake data alongside solar activity records and surface temperatures on Earth.They observed that when they included Earth surface temperatures into their model， the forecasting became more accurate， especially for shallow earthquakes.“That makes sense， since heat and water mostly affect the upper layers of the Earth’s crust （地壳），” said Saldanha. 　　The findings suggest the transfer of solar heat to the surface of the Earth does affect earthquakes， however minutely， and that incorporating solar activity predictions into detailed Earth temperature models may help issue earthquake forecasts.“It’s an exciting direction， and we hope our study can decipher the bigger picture of what causes earthquakes，” said Saldanha. 5.Why did the author mention Tohoku earthquake in paragraph 1？（　　） A.To demonstrate the movement of tectonic plates. B.To illustrate the difficulty in earthquake forecast. C.To reveal the heavy losses caused by earthquakes. D.To stress the necessity of weakening strain energy. 6.What does the study by UT mainly focus on？（　　） A.The climate change caused by earthquakes. B.The impact of solar activity on atmosphere. C.The reasons for increased sunspot numbers. D.The link between sunspots and earthquakes. 7.Which of the following would Saldanha agree with？（　　） A.Solar heat decides earthquake frequency. B.Tectonic plate pressure grows constantly. C.Earthquakes occur in the crust’s upper layer. D.Solar activity data helps predict earthquakes. 8.What does the underlined word “decipher” in the last paragraph mean？（　　） A.Reveal. B.Distinguish. C.Expand. D.Assess. Ⅵ.阅读七选五 　　（2026·长沙模拟）As spring begins， so does a fresh song at daybreak， unique to the season.Just before the sun rises， birds start singing their melodies， creating a symphony.This phenomenon is known as the dawn chorus and this harmony of birdsong at dawn happens during a fundamental time of the year.The dawn chorus is， in fact， mostly composed of birds of both genders singing to find a mate.9.　　 They need to compete with each other as well， and the louder， the better in regard to who is the most impressive mate. 　　10.　　 There’s a lot of debate， and it seems that there is no general agreement on exactly why it is that everything happens at dawn.One possibility is that weather conditions at dawn make it easier for birdsong to travel.11.　　 Sound also transmits more clearly when humidity （湿度） is higher so that details of the song do not degrade as much over distance.It may also be that in the morning， after the night has passed， male birds want to inform their competitors that they’re still there， claiming their territory. 　　Witnessing the dawn chorus can be a rewarding experience， and this phenomenon can also help scientists work on bird conservation.12.　　 For example， scientists record the dawn chorus to understand which species live in an area， or how populations are changing. 　　Fortunately， anyone can listen to it.This spring， just wake up early， bring a cup of coffee， head out into nature， and stand still and listen.13.　　 It’s the most natural soundtrack on Earth， which is just so wonderful. A.These birds sing louder to be heard. B.What makes birdsong much louder in the morning？ C.It’s better to do some research on how birds sing and hum. D.But why birds sing in the early morning is still an open question. E.Generally， sound travels farther when the air is cooler and denser. F.You don’t need to know how to identify bird calls or songs to just appreciate them. G.Listening to birdsong is a window into the health of the species and the ecosystem. 参考答案： Ⅰ.1.breathed　2.efforts　3.ruins　4.waved　5.flooded Ⅱ.1.deadly； deaths　2.delivered； delivery　3.shocked 4.affection　5.survival； surviving； survivors 6.from； suffering Ⅲ.1.came to an end　2.on hand　3.in shock 4.swept away　5.in ruins Ⅳ.1.too excited and nervous to go back to sleep 2.as if he were flying 3.were singing along to their favourite song in the car when Ⅴ 语篇解读A：本文是一篇记叙文。作者出生于委内瑞拉首都发生地震的前一年，这让作者认为自己与地震相关的工作有某种命运联系。作者通过自身经历深刻认识到预防的重要性。作者还参与相关项目，致力于构建预防和抗灾框架。 1.C　细节理解题。根据第一段以及最后一段可知，作者将从事与地震相关的工作视为自己的命运。 2.D　细节理解题。根据第三段以及第四段第一句可知，第三段提到的地震给作者留下深刻印象是因为她认识到了预防的重要性。 3.B　词义猜测题。上文提到建筑遵循规范抵御地震，由此可知，预防是为了“减轻”灾害影响。 4.C　推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，就像《三只小猪》故事里的第三只小猪，用砖头盖房子时把韧性置于便利之上，我致力于构建一个预防和具备韧性的框架，因为我知道今日尽早行动，明日便可防患于未然。由此可知，《三只小猪》的故事暗示通过像第三只小猪一样注重韧性（预防措施），灾害造成的损害是可以避免的。 语篇解读B：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家对太阳活动与地震之间关系的研究，指出太阳热量传递到地球表面会对地震产生影响，将太阳活动预测纳入地球温度模型可能有助于地震预报。 5.B　写作意图题。根据第一段第二句可知，提及该地震是为了论证上文“地震预测困难”的观点。 6.D　细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，该研究聚焦太阳黑子与地震的关联。 7.D　推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，研究结果表明，太阳热量向地球表面的转移确实会影响地震，尽管影响很小，而且将太阳活动预测纳入详细的地球温度模型可能有助于发布地震预测。由此可知，萨尔达尼亚认为太阳活动数据对预测地震有帮助。 8.A　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，decipher后的宾语是 “地震成因的更大图景”，结合上文研究的目的是弄清楚太阳活动与地震的关系，以帮助预测地震，也就是要“揭示”地震成因等相关内容。所以 decipher意为“揭示，解读”。 Ⅵ 七选五. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了鸟类在黎明时分鸣唱的现象——黎明合唱，包括其目的、可能的原因，以及这一现象对科学家研究鸟类保护的作用，还鼓励人们去聆听这一自然之声。 9.A　上文指出鸟类鸣唱是为了寻找配偶，下文强调它们在竞争中叫声越大越有优势。A项承接上文找配偶的内容，引出下文关于声音大小的竞争，与上下文逻辑紧密。 10.D　下文提到对于鸟类在黎明鸣唱的原因存在诸多争论，没有普遍共识。D项引出了下文关于这一原因的讨论，符合语境。 11.E　上文说明黎明的天气条件利于鸟鸣传播，下文进一步阐述湿度对声音传播的影响。E项具体说明了天气条件中空气状况对声音传播的影响，与上下文关于天气影响鸟鸣传播的内容相呼应。 12.G　上文提到黎明合唱能帮助科学家进行鸟类保护工作。G项进一步解释了这一现象对科学研究的意义，与上文内容相契合。 13.F　上文鼓励人们早起去聆听黎明合唱。F项进一步说明欣赏这种自然之声无需专业知识，与上文鼓励聆听的内容相呼应。 6 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 27 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 人教版必修第一册 Unit 4 Natural Disasters（复习讲义) 复习要点 1. 主题语境：人与自然，围绕自然灾害、灾后救援、防灾自救、灾后人文关怀、防灾科普跨文化场景展开。 2. 词汇短语：掌握灾害类型、灾情描述、救援行动、避难防护、情绪感受相关核心单词及变形、固定搭配。 3语法：掌握定语从句的用法；be doing...when...；as if/though 引导的从句。 4.应用文写作：掌握新闻和活动报道常用的首段、中段及尾端句型与完整写作框架。 复习重难点 重点：重点单词词性变形、灾害救援类固定搭配、单元核心句型的识别与运用。。 难点：新闻报道完整篇章叙事写作和定语从句的灵活应用。 单元词汇 知识点 1. shock n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克vt.（使）震惊 情景导学 I simply stood there in shock， and my feet， as if rooted to the ground， couldn’t move a bit.我只是震惊地站在那里，脚好像扎根在地上一样，一动也不能动。 用法归纳 ①a great shock to sb 对某人来说是极大的震惊 in shock　　震惊；吃惊 ②shocked adj.　　震惊的；惊讶的 be shocked at/by　　对……吃惊 词汇拓展 ①shocked adj.感到震惊 联想 各种“惊讶” ①　　②　　③ ②shocking adj.令人震惊的 即时训练 单句语法填空 ①Looking at the house which lay in ruins __________shock,he called 119 immediately to rescue the injured people who were trapped.  ②On a cold morning,I opened the door and was shocked __________(find) him badly injured. 一句多译 ③(2022全国甲卷)令我们震惊的是,海洋正受到严重污染。 →______________________________ the ocean is becoming severely polluted.(用what引导的主语从句和that引导的表语从句)  →The ocean is becoming severely polluted,________________________. (用which引导的非限制性定语从句)  2. flood n.洪水,大量　vi.& vt. 淹没;(使)泛滥;使灌满水;大量涌入;充满;挤满 情景导学 Hearing her mother's voice,the girl came downstairs in floods of tears. 听见她妈妈的声音,那个女孩泪流满面地走下楼来。 用法归纳 ①a flood of...一大批…… in floods of tears 泪如雨下 ②flood in/into 大量涌入 flood out of 蜂拥而出 flood back涌上心头 ③表“情感”的名词+flood over sb 某人非常/深感…… ④be flooded with 充满/挤满…… 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①A great sense of relief and pride flooded __________my father.(读后续写之情感描写)  ②She drew the curtains and the sunlight flooded ______.(读后续写之写景) 微写作 ③甜蜜的回忆涌上心头,简哭得像个泪人似的。(读后续写之情感描写) Sweet memories came flooding back and Jane was___________________.   3. affect vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动 情景导学 Affected by those selfless doctors,I have developed a deep affection for the career. (应用文之短文投稿)在那些无私的医生的影响下,我喜欢上了这个职业。 用法归纳 ① be affected by 受……的影响;被……感动 be affected with 感染……疾病 ②have an effect/influence on/upon 对……产生影响 词汇拓展 ①affection n.喜爱 ②effect n.作用;影响　 ③effective adj.有效的 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①A large number of donations have been flooding into the ________(affect) areas.(应用文之报道)  ②Learning that you have returned to Ireland because you __________(affect) with a serious/severe illness,I am terribly sorry about it.  ③In summary,the English newspaper Youth has a great effec ________me. (应用文之短文投稿)  句式升级·背诵 ④We were deeply affected by the film and couldn't hold back tears. →________________________________________,we couldn't hold back tears.(用过去分词短语作状语改写)  4. ruin n.& vt.破坏;毁坏 情景导学 The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake,which made us awake all night.(应用文之场景描写) 地震过后,整个城市成了一片废墟,这使我们彻夜难眠。 用法归纳 ①lie/be in ruins 成为废墟 be reduced to ruins 沦为废墟 fall into ruin 成为废墟 ②ruin oneself 毁掉自己;自取灭亡 ruin one's health/fame/future 毁坏某人的健康/声誉/前途 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①On returning to the town,they were shocked to find their neighbourhood __________ruins.(读后续写之情感描写)  ②Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and______________(reduce) to ruins,the city took on a new look.  句式升级·背诵 ③He made a serious mistake in the race and ruined his chance to win the championship. →He made a serious mistake in the race,____________________________________ to win the championship.(用定语从句改写)  →He made a serious mistake in the race,_________________________ to win the championship. (用现在分词改写)  5. bury vt.埋葬;安葬;掩埋;使沉浸;使专心 情景导学 Father paced in,his hands buried in his pockets. 父亲双手插在口袋里踱步进来。 用法归纳 ①bury...in...把……埋到……里;使……沉浸于…… ② bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面(doing) sth ③ 埋头于/专心于(做)某事 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①After the volcanic eruption,many houses ___________(bury) by ashes.  ②Since she graduated,my mother ___________(bury) herself in teaching,receiving high praise.(应用文之短文投稿)  ③__________(bury) in reading the English newspaper every day,I have gained lots of useful knowledge.(应用文之征文投稿) 句式升级·背诵 ④David still refused to look at me and his head was buried in his arms. →David still refused to look at me,____________________________.(现在分词作状语)  →David still refused to look at me,______________________________________.(with复合结构)  6. effort n.努力;艰难的尝试;尽力 情景导学 Let's start now and spare no effort to do a little bit every minute.(应用文之倡议书) 让我们从现在开始,不遗余力地每分钟做一点。 用法归纳 with great effort 努力 without effort 毫不费力地 in an effort to do sth 为了做某事 spare no effort to do sth 不遗余力地做某事 make every effort to do sth 尽全力做某事 make an effort/efforts to do sth 努力做某事 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①We should make great efforts ___________(preserve) and enrich our own traditional cultures. ②She took a deep breath and sat up slowly __________great effort. ③They have been working day and night in an effort ___________(get) the bridge ready on time. 7. survive vi.生存；存活vt.幸存；艰难度过 情景导学 Life isn’t about how to survive storms， but how to dance in the rain.　（主旨升华） 生活不在于如何挺过暴雨，而在于如何在风雨中起舞。 用法归纳 survive from　　　　从……幸存 survive on　　依靠……生存下来 survive ...by ...　　比……多活了…… 词汇拓展 ①survivor n.　　幸存者 ②survival n.　　[U] 幸存；[C] 残存物 即时练习 ①When I realized that the poor boy survived___________discarded(被丢弃的) food,a wave of sadness and sympathy washed over me ②Although the old lady suffered from a serious illness,she still survived her husband _____5 years.  ③The ancient building survived _________the Tang Dynasty as a museum. 句式升级 ④Since we had survived that accident,we were confident that everything else would be all right. →______________________________,we were confident that everything else would be all right. (改写为分词短语作状语)  8. suffer vt.遭受;蒙受　vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦 情景导学 Knowing that my partner was suffering from a severe disease， I was burning with anxiety， so I rushed towards the hospital.得知我的搭档得了重病，我心急如焚，所以我冲向了医院。 用法归纳 suffer pain/defeat/loss　遭受痛苦/失败/损失 suffer from　遭受 词汇拓展 ①suffering n.痛苦;苦恼;让人痛苦的事 ②sufferer n.　　患难者；患病者 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①My hometown used to suffer __________problems such as poor road conditions and dirty environment.(应用文之短文投稿)  ②There are always some ups and downs in our lives,but it is the __________(suffer) that makes us stronger.(读后续写之主旨升华)  ③It is also being used to help patients __________(suffer) dementia,a serious illness of the mind.  句式升级 ④John has suffered from lung cancer for many years.He has decided to give up smoking. →__________________________________________,John has decided to give up smoking.(现在分词短语作状语)  9. strike vt. & vi.击打；敲响；擦（火柴）；撞击；侵袭；给（某人以……）印象；突然想起 n.罢工；罢课；袭击 情景导学 What struck me most were my brother’s defeated expression， his lonely figure， and the sad flash in Toby’s eyes as he left in the rain. 最让我印象深刻的是哥哥那副沮丧的神情、落寞的身影，以及托比在雨中离去时，眼中闪过的一丝悲伤。 用法归纳 ①be struck by/with ...被……击中；被……打动 It occurs to/hits/strikes sb that ...　　某人突然想起…… strike ...into one’s heart　　使某人对……刻骨铭心 ②be/go on strike　　在/举行罢工 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①_________________（strike） by what he had done for me， I couldn’t contain myself， tears of gratitude flowing down my cheeks. 一句多译 ②我突然想到一个好主意，我们可以在即将到来的教师节送给老师一 份手工制作的礼物。 → _________________________________________________________ we could give a handmade gift to our teacher for the coming Teachers’ Day. → _______________________________________________________we could give a handmade gift to our teacher for the coming Teachers’ Day.（it作形式主语） 10. effect n.影响；结果；效果 情景导学 During Li Bai’s lifetime， he wrote a great number of excellent poems， all of which have a great effect on Chinese culture.　（人物介绍） 李白一生创作了大量优秀的诗歌，这些诗歌对中国文化产生了巨大的影响。 用法归纳 take effect　　 生效；见效 come into effect　　生效 have an effect/influence/impact on/upon　　对……产生影响 put ... into effect　　实施；使……生效 词汇拓展 effective adj.　　有效的；有影响的 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①（2023·新课标Ⅰ卷）This method may not be ______________（effect）for everyone as each student’s oral ability is different. ②After months of preparation， the new public health measure came_________ effect last weekend. 微写作 ③希望我的建议不久会付诸实施来解决这些问题。　（建议信） Hopefully， my suggestions ___________________________________to address these problems. 11. supply n. 供应(量);补给;[pl.]补给品　vt.供应;供给 情景导学 The government has supplied the local people with plenty of food and clothes since the earthquake occurred.政府在地震发生后已经向当地人民提供了大量的食物和衣服。 用法归纳 ①in short supply 短缺 have a good supply of...备有许多…… ②supply sth to sb 为某人提供某物 supply sb with sth 为某人提供某物 点津： ①supply作名词,表示“补给品”时,要用复数形式,即supplies。 ②表示“为某人提供某物”的短语还有:provide sb with sth=provide sth for sb、offer sb sth=offer sth to sb。 即时练习 一句多译·背诵 ①此外,这次竞争将会给你提供一个机会,帮助你发展创造力,与志同道合的同学建立友谊。(应用文之活动介绍) →Moreover,the competition will ______________________________a chance to develop your creativity and build friendship with other students who share the same interest with you.  →Moreover,the competition will _________________you to develop your creativity and build friendship with other students who share the same interest with you.  单元句型 1. 句型公式：as if ... 似乎/好像…… 教材原句：It seemed as if the world were coming to an end！仿佛世界末日即将来临！ 知识总结 (1)as if相当于as though,意为“似乎,好像”,用在seem,look等系动词之后引导表语从句。 (2)as if/though还可引导方式状语从句。若as if从句描述非现实情况,则用虚拟语气。 ①当从句表示与现在事实相反的情况时,谓语动词用一般过去时(be动词一般用were); ②当从句表示与过去事实相反的情况时,谓语动词用过去完成时(had+过去分词)。 ③当从句表示与将来事实相反的情况时,谓语动词用过去将来时(would/counld/might+动原) 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①Listen,the whistle of an ambulance!It seems as if there _____(be) an emergency.  ②The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she __________(be) their own mother.  微写作 ③我一靠近房子，就注意到爸爸妈妈站在那辆旧卡车旁边，一脸悲 伤。好像发生了什么不愉快的事情。　（场景、情绪描写） Upon approaching the house， I noticed that my dad and mom stood beside the old truck， looking sad. ________________________________________________________________________ . 2. 句型公式：be doing sth when ... 正在做某事这时（突然）…… 例句：I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. 知识总结 when表示“这时突然”，还用于以下三种句型： be about to do ...when ... 正要做……突然…… be on the point of doing ...when ... 正要做……突然…… had （just） done ...when ... 　　刚做完……这时…… 即时练习 单句语法填空 ①He won't come to our party even if __________(invite).  ②Even __________he was stuck in hardships,he still willingly helped those in trouble.(应用文之人物介绍)  微写作·背诵 ③即使我吓得浑身颤抖,我仍然鼓起勇气,走上舞台,开始了我的演讲。(续写之恐惧心理描写) ___________________________________________________________,I still gathered up all my courage,stepped on the stage and began my speech.  单元语法：Attributive Clauses 定于从那句 1. 定语的定义：定语--修饰名词或代词的成分，用来说明名词或代词的品质与特征。 ①可充当定语的主要有形容词，名词，介词短语，非谓语，句子；常译为“……的” ②在所修饰词之前的定语为前置定语，在所修饰词之后的定语为后置定语。 ③单个的词作定语时要放于被修饰词的前面，短语或从句作定语时要放于被修饰词的后面。 2. 定语从句考点： ①关系代词的用法 关系代词 先行词 句法功能 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 which 物 主语、宾语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 ②关系副词的用法 先行词 关系副词 句法功能 与“介词＋关系代词”的关系 表示时间的名词：time，day，  year等 when 作时间状语 相当于at/in/on/during which 表示场所的名词：park， place，country， house等  where 作地点状语 相当于in/at/to/on which 表示原因的名词：reason why 作原因状语 相当于for which 3. 解题思路 即时练习 Ⅰ单句语法填空 1. A disaster is a very bad accident or a sudden event ___________ usually causes great damage and can ruin many people’s lives. 2. The woman wanted to find and thank the firefighter __________ rescued her from the fire. 3. A typhoon is an extremely strong wind ___________ often happens in the Western Pacific Ocean. 4. The children ________ parents could not be found were looked after by neighbors and friends. 5. The list of people to____________________help has been given is long. 6. The team treated more than 3,000 people__________________were injured in the 2006 earthquake in Indonesia. 7. They have to be able to do work _____________is difficult under conditions ____________can be very dangerous. 8. A tsunami is a very large wave ____________ is often caused by an earthquake under the sea. 9. People to _______ much is given are people of _________ much will be expected. Ⅱ语篇填空 Though I can’t remember everything 1._______ happened during the time in university, I still remember some people and things 2._____ were related to Miss Brown, 3._____ used to be monitor in our class. If you want to know about the lady 4._________ I referred to in my diary, I can tell you it’s her, Miss Brown. Here is a story5. __________ makes me remember Miss Brown until now. One afternoon, she and I arrived in New York, 6.________ we would look forward to. We went to the biggest bookshop in 7. ______ there were different kinds （时间：40分钟） Ⅰ.单词拼写 1.（2025·全国一卷）With the biscuits my wife had made， I arrived at my brother’s door.I 　　　　　　　　（呼吸） deeply and knocked on the door， my heart pounding fast. 2.（2025·全国二卷）I feared that my classmates might grow tired of my 　　　　　　　　（努力） or even lose patience with me. 3.The earthquake lasted more than four minutes， and many people who were buried under the 　　　　　　　　（废墟） waited for rescue workers to come to their rescue. 4.（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷）Having 　　　　　　　　（挥手） goodbye to him， I sprinted towards the bus， leaving him behind with a promise to settle the fare upon my return. 5.（2025·全国一卷）The moment my brother opened the door， I hugged him tightly， his eyes 　　　　　　　　（大量涌入） with tears.（动作、情绪描写） Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1.The 　　　　　　　　disease has affected many people and has caused at least 30 　　　　　　　　up to now.（dead） 2.We’d like to have these goods 　　　　　　　　now and we are willing to pay extra for the immediate 　　　　　　　　.（deliver） 3.On returning to the town， they were 　　　　　　　　（shock） to find their neighborhood in ruins.（情感描写） 4.She rested her chin in her hands， and looked back on those days with 　　　　　　　　（affect） and gratitude. （动作描写） 5.Mastering some basic skills would greatly increase the chances of 　　　　　　　　.Thanks to the swimming skills， he and his friend succeeded in 　　　　　　　　the terrible flood and they were the only two 　　　　　　　　.（survive） 6.She has been suffering 　　　　　　　　the loss of memory since she had that car accident and her 　　　　　　　　（suffer） is beyond description. Ⅲ.短语填空 sweep away； in ruins； in shock； on hand； come to an end 1.As his performance 　　　　　　　　， the audience burst into applause. 2.He gave her a slight pat on the shoulder， smiling， “I am always 　　　　　　　　to help.” 3.Hearing the terrible news about the typhoon， she was 　　　　　　　　. （心理、情绪描写） 4.At that moment， a sudden feeling of sadness 　　　　　　　all my anger. （情感描写） 5.On approaching the house from the back， he entered an open room， where nearly all the walls lay 　　　　　　　　. Ⅳ.高级句式表达 1.第二天早上，哈利五点就醒了。他既兴奋又紧张，再也睡不着了。 Harry woke at five o’clock the next morning and was 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　. 2.他伸展四肢，好像在飞，他的眼睛因为兴奋睁得大大的。 （动作、情感描写） He throws his arms and legs out 　　　　　　　　　　　　， his eyes wide with excitement. 3.他们正在车里跟着最喜欢的歌曲哼唱，这时一只狗穿过了马路。 They 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　a dog crossed the ro Ⅴ.阅读理解 A 　　（2026·湖南省“一起考”部分学校大联考）As the first girl in my family， I was born in Venezuela， twelve months to the day before one of the biggest earthquakes in the country’s history struck the capital city Caracas in 1967.I’ve always seen this as a sign of my destiny. 　　Disasters have the potential to set back a nation’s development for years and even decades.However， my personal experiences have taught me that the extent of damage often depends on whether there is a culture of prevention within the affected society. 　　I recall a time when I was living in an apartment building when a moderate earthquake struck.My reaction， after the immediate “drop， cover， hold on” reflexes （反射动作）， was to hope that the building would prove to be structurally sound.As the shaking slowly stopped， I ran outside to wait for possible aftershocks.My fears， thankfully， did not happen.It had resisted the quake because it followed the country’s building codes. 　　Occasions like this show the necessity of having updated building codes that include lessons learned from past disasters.Had the building not followed these updated codes， I may not have survived.This experience has only strengthened my belief in the value of prevention in mitigating the impact of disasters. 　　I have spent the past two years working on the Built Environment in Latin America and the Caribbean Project.The project has developed risk-informed policies and engineering techniques in the six countries that were selected for their particularly high exposure to earthquakes.This project fits perfectly with my professional and personal goals， as it combines my passion and experience in risk reduction.Like the third little pig in the tale of Three Little Pigs， who puts resilience （韧性） above convenience while building his house from bricks， I’m committed to building a framework of prevention and resilience， as I know that early action today can prevent problems tomorrow. 1.What does the author refer to as her destiny？（　　） A.Rebuilding cities after disasters. B.Experiencing many earthquakes. C.Doing work related to earthquakes. D.Updating building codes in Venezuela. 2.Why did the earthquake mentioned in paragraph 3 impress the author？（　　） A.She realized the danger of earthquakes. B.She felt she did not respond well enough. C.She was very lucky to escape with her life. D.She recognized the importance of prevention. 3.What does the underlined word “mitigating” in paragraph 4 mean？（　　） A.Causing. B.Reducing. C.Ignoring. D.Avoiding. 4.What does the tale of Three Little Pigs imply？（　　） A.Teamwork matters in preventing disasters. B.Risk reduction work requires a lot of skills. C.Damage caused by disasters can be avoided. D.Building houses needs passion and experience. B 　　（2026·济南三模）Scientists have revealed much of the basics about earthquakes： tectonic plates （构造板块） move， causing strain energy （应变能） to build up， and that energy eventually releases in the form of an earthquake.However， forecasting earthquakes remains a significant challenge， which was evidenced by the 2011 great Tohoku earthquake.In addition to causing a tsunami that led to the Fukushima nuclear disaster， it resulted in more than 18，000 deaths. 　　In recent years， researchers have been trying to figure out a possible relation between the sun and earthquakes.Based on a previous study that connected solar activity with earthquakes， a study conducted by researchers from the University of Tsukuba （UT） cast light on this possibility， confirming that sunspot numbers had some influence on earthquakes and that Earth’s climate， as affected by solar heat， played a role. 　　“Solar heat drives atmospheric temperature changes， which in turn can affect things like rock properties and underground water movement，” said Junqueira Saldanha， leader of the research team.“Such changes can make rocks tend to break apart.For example， the changes in rainfall and snowmelt can affect the pressure on tectonic plate boundaries.While these factors may not be the main drivers of earthquakes， they could still be playing a role that can help to predict earthquakes.” 　　Among other findings， the researchers used mathematical and computational methods to analyze earthquake data alongside solar activity records and surface temperatures on Earth.They observed that when they included Earth surface temperatures into their model， the forecasting became more accurate， especially for shallow earthquakes.“That makes sense， since heat and water mostly affect the upper layers of the Earth’s crust （地壳），” said Saldanha. 　　The findings suggest the transfer of solar heat to the surface of the Earth does affect earthquakes， however minutely， and that incorporating solar activity predictions into detailed Earth temperature models may help issue earthquake forecasts.“It’s an exciting direction， and we hope our study can decipher the bigger picture of what causes earthquakes，” said Saldanha. 5.Why did the author mention Tohoku earthquake in paragraph 1？（　　） A.To demonstrate the movement of tectonic plates. B.To illustrate the difficulty in earthquake forecast. C.To reveal the heavy losses caused by earthquakes. D.To stress the necessity of weakening strain energy. 6.What does the study by UT mainly focus on？（　　） A.The climate change caused by earthquakes. B.The impact of solar activity on atmosphere. C.The reasons for increased sunspot numbers. D.The link between sunspots and earthquakes. 7.Which of the following would Saldanha agree with？（　　） A.Solar heat decides earthquake frequency. B.Tectonic plate pressure grows constantly. C.Earthquakes occur in the crust’s upper layer. D.Solar activity data helps predict earthquakes. 8.What does the underlined word “decipher” in the last paragraph mean？（　　） A.Reveal. B.Distinguish. C.Expand. D.Assess. Ⅵ.阅读七选五 　　（2026·长沙模拟）As spring begins， so does a fresh song at daybreak， unique to the season.Just before the sun rises， birds start singing their melodies， creating a symphony.This phenomenon is known as the dawn chorus and this harmony of birdsong at dawn happens during a fundamental time of the year.The dawn chorus is， in fact， mostly composed of birds of both genders singing to find a mate.9.　　 They need to compete with each other as well， and the louder， the better in regard to who is the most impressive mate. 　　10.　　 There’s a lot of debate， and it seems that there is no general agreement on exactly why it is that everything happens at dawn.One possibility is that weather conditions at dawn make it easier for birdsong to travel.11.　　 Sound also transmits more clearly when humidity （湿度） is higher so that details of the song do not degrade as much over distance.It may also be that in the morning， after the night has passed， male birds want to inform their competitors that they’re still there， claiming their territory. 　　Witnessing the dawn chorus can be a rewarding experience， and this phenomenon can also help scientists work on bird conservation.12.　　 For example， scientists record the dawn chorus to understand which species live in an area， or how populations are changing. 　　Fortunately， anyone can listen to it.This spring， just wake up early， bring a cup of coffee， head out into nature， and stand still and listen.13.　　 It’s the most natural soundtrack on Earth， which is just so wonderful. A.These birds sing louder to be heard. B.What makes birdsong much louder in the morning？ C.It’s better to do some research on how birds sing and hum. D.But why birds sing in the early morning is still an open question. E.Generally， sound travels farther when the air is cooler and denser. F.You don’t need to know how to identify bird calls or songs to just appreciate them. G.Listening to birdsong is a window into the health of the species and the ecosystem. 6 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 1 / 27 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $