Unit 5 Period 2 Learning About Language（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语知识清单聚焦Unit 5 First Aid的Learning About Language模块，系统梳理动词-ing形式语法体系。从时态语态（一般式、完成式的主动与被动）切入，逐步延伸至句法功能（主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语），并对比其与过去分词、不定式的区别，结合急救主题词汇与词块，构建从基础到应用的学习支架。 知识链路以语法逻辑为线，通过表格对比、即学即练巩固语言能力，词汇易混辨析（如wrap/cover）和语法易错点分析（如avoid后接-ing）培养思维品质，词根词缀与策略指导提升学习能力，习题针对性强，助力语法与主题语境的融合应用。

Unit 5 First Aid Learning About Language Knowing basic emergency first aid and CPR is necessary to help save lives. —American Red Cross 译文：掌握基本急救和心肺复苏技能，是帮助挽救生命的必要条件。 解读：这句话强调，掌握基本急救知识和心肺复苏术不仅是一项实用技能，更是在突发事故或心脏骤停发生时保护生命的重要责任。美国红十字会指出，急救训练能使人获得应对紧急情况所需的知识、技能和行动信心，而心肺复苏术可以在患者心脏停止或无法有效跳动时帮助挽救生命。因此，学习急救和心肺复苏的意义在于：当专业救援尚未到达时，普通人也能迅速采取正确措施，为伤病者争取宝贵的救治时间，提高其生存机会。 一、语法框架 二、核心语法 （一）动词-ing形式的时态和语态 非谓语动词不能独立表示绝对时态。表中所谓“一般式”和“完成式”，主要表示该动作相对于谓语动作的时间关系： 时态 主动 被动 基本意义 一般式 (not) doing (not) being done 通常表示与谓语动作同时发生、正在进行，或表示一般性动作 完成式 (not) having done (not) having been done 表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前 【即学即练】 1. Having been shown (show) around the school, the visitors attended a meeting. 2. Not having received (not receive) a reply, she sent another email. 3. Having been told (tell) the truth, he finally understood what had happened. 4. Walking (walk) along the street, I met an old friend of mine. 5. Being watched (watch) by so many people, the little boy felt nervous. 6. The students entered the classroom, talking (talk) and laughing. （二）动词-ing形式的句法功能 1. 作主语 （1）动名词作主语，通常表示一般性、抽象性、习惯性或反复发生的动作。 Reading aloud is a good way to improve your English. 大声朗读是提高英语水平的好方法。 Collecting stamps is his favourite hobby. 集邮是他最喜欢的爱好。 ① 主谓一致 一个动词-ing短语作主语时，谓语通常用单数：Swimming every day is good for your health. 两个表示不同活动的动词-ing短语并列作主语时，谓语通常用复数：Reading and writing are important language skills. ② 动名词与不定式作主语的倾向 动名词作主语 不定式作主语 强调一般、抽象、习惯性活动 常强调具体、一次性或尚未发生的行为 Swimming is good exercise. To finish the work today will be difficult. （2）it代替动词-ing形式作形式主语的句式 英语中常用it占据主语位置，把较长的动词-ing短语放在后面。英语完整句通常需要主语，因此it可充当形式主语。高频句型如下： ① It is no use doing sth. 做某事没有用。 It is no use arguing with him. ② It is no good doing sth. 做某事没有好处。 It is no good regretting the past. ③ It is a waste of time/money doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间/金钱。 It is a waste of time waiting here. ④ It is fun doing sth. 做某事很有趣。 It is great fun travelling with friends. ⑤ It is worthwhile doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 It is worthwhile considering the proposal. 【即学即练】 1. Learning a foreign language requires (require) patience and practice. 2. Cooking meals and washing clothes take (take) up much of her time. 3. It is no use arguing (argue) with someone who will not listen. 4. It is no good worrying (worry) about things you cannot change. 5. It is a waste of time waiting (wait) for a bus that will never come. 6. It is worthwhile discussing (discuss) the problem with your teacher. 7. Reading (read) English newspapers every day can enlarge your vocabulary. 2. 作宾语 （1）动词宾语 动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：admit，advise，allow，appreciate，avoid，forbid，cannot help，can’t stand，consider，delay，deny，enjoy，escape，finish，give up，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，quit，risk，suggest。 She had difficulty understanding the instructions. （2）介词宾语 动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：stick to坚持做，get down to开始认真做，be committed to致力于做，contribute to为......做贡献，devote...to把......献给，look forward to期待，object to反对，lead to 导致，pay attention to 注意，be addicted to于，be/get/become used to 习惯于，take to开始沉湎于，be responsible for 对......责，when it comes to当涉及......时。 We should devote ourselves to protecting the environment. （3）形容词宾语 动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：be worth doing值得，be busy doing忙于，be worthwhile doing/to do值得。 She is busy preparing for the examination. （4）拓展：可以接动词­ing形式作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语的动词与词组 动词或词组 doing的意义 to do的意义 remember 记得做过 记得要做 forget 忘记做过 忘记去做 regret 后悔做过 遗憾地要说、通知 stop 停止正在做的事 停下来去做另一件事 try 试着做，看是否有效 努力、设法做 mean 意味着 打算、意欲 go on 继续做同一件事 接着做另一件事 need/require 需要被做 需要主动去做 can’t help 情不自禁地做某事 不能帮助做某事 He went on talking for two hours. 他继续讲了两个小时。 He introduced the problem and went on to explain its causes. 他介绍完问题后，接着解释了问题的成因。 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 错过这班火车意味着还要再等一小时。 I meant to call you yesterday. 我昨天本打算给你打电话。 I will never forget visiting the Great Wall. 我永远不会忘记游览长城的经历。 I forgot to turn off the light. 我忘记关灯了。 【即学即练】 1. The students are busy reviewing (review) their lessons for the final exam. 2. Remember to lock (lock) the door before you leave the house. 3. I remember meeting (meet) him at a party several years ago. 4. His carelessness led to losing (lose) the important document. 5. After working for two hours, he stopped to have (have) a short rest. 6. The boy admitted breaking (break) the classroom window. 3. 作表语 （1）现在分词：现在分词作表语往往具有形容词性质，用来说明主语的性质、特征或产生的影响。 The result was disappointing. The situation is worrying. ① -ing形容词与-ed形容词 -ing形式 -ed形式 表示“令人……的”，说明事物的性质或影响 表示“感到……的”，说明人的感受或状态 an interesting book an interested reader The film is moving. We are moved. ② 区别表语与进行时 The story is interesting.（interesting是表语，说明故事的性质。） Tom is reading the story.（is reading是现在进行时的谓语，不是“动词-ing形式作表语”。） （2）动名词：动名词作表语，多表示抽象、一般或习惯性的动作，通常说明主语的具体内容。 Her job is teaching English. His hobby is collecting stamps. 动名词作表语时，主语与表语在意义上通常可以互换：Teaching English is her job. 【即学即练】 1. The book is very interesting (interest), so all the students are interested (interest) in it. 2. After the long journey, we felt tired (tire), but the journey itself was not tiring (tire). 3. The film was so moving (move) that everyone was deeply moved (move). 4. The result of the experiment was disappointing (disappoint). 5. Their main task is protecting (protect) the environment. 4. 作定语 （1）现在分词作定语，与被修饰词之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，表示被修饰词进行的动作，相当于一个定语从句。 ① 单个现在分词通常放在名词前 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 a developing country 发展中国家 boiling water沸水 ② 现在分词短语通常放在名词后 The girl standing by the door is my sister. = The girl who is standing by the door is my sister. Students wishing to join the club should sign their names here. = Students who wish to join the club should sign their names here. （2）动名词作定语，表示被修饰名词的用途、功能或类别，通常相当于“for＋动词-ing形式”。 a swimming pool = a pool for swimming a reading room = a room for reading a walking stick = a stick for walking a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping a sleeping baby 一个正在睡觉的婴儿 （sleeping是现在分词，baby执行sleep的动作。） a sleeping bag 一个睡袋 （sleeping是动名词，说明bag的用途。） 【即学即练】 1. The children playing (play) football on the playground are from Class Two. 2. The woman talking (talk) with my mother is my aunt. 3. He bought a new sleeping (sleep) bag for the camping trip. 4. Please put the dirty clothes into the washing (wash) machine. 5. The students are studying quietly in the reading (read) room. 5. 作状语 现在分词作状语时，通常表示主动关系。分词状语和主句谓语一般具有相同的逻辑主语。 （1）表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句 Not knowing what to do, she asked the teacher for help. = Because she did not know what to do, she asked the teacher for help. （2）表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句 Walking along the street, I met an old friend. = While I was walking along the street, I met an old friend. 若分词动作明显先于谓语动作，常用having done： Having finished the work, they went home. = After they had finished the work, they went home. （3）表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句 Using the machine properly, you can save a lot of time. = If you use the machine properly, you can save a lot of time. （4）表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句 Admitting what you say, I still think you are wrong. = Although I admit what you say, I still think you are wrong. （5）表示伴随情况或补充说明 The children ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 这类结构通常不能机械地转换成某一种状语从句，主要用于补充描写动作发生时的情形。 （6）表示结果 表示主句动作自然产生或顺理成章造成的结果。 The storm struck the village, destroying many houses. 与不定式结果状语的区别 动词-ing形式 不定式 常表示自然、直接、意料之中的结果 often、only等配合时，常表示意外或出乎意料的结果 The fire spread quickly, destroying several houses. He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. （7）作评注性状语，修饰整个句子，独立存在，没有逻辑主语 这类固定表达修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法、判断或评论。它们通常不与主句主语构成常规的逻辑主谓关系。 generally speaking 一般说来 frankly speaking 坦率地说 strictly speaking 严格说来 roughly speaking 粗略地说 judging from/by 根据……判断 considering 考虑到 talking of 说到 taking everything into consideration 综合考虑 supposing 假设 Generally speaking, girls learn languages faster than boys. 【即学即练】 1. Although I admit that his plan is practical, I still do not think it is the best one. = Admitting that his plan is practical, I still do not think it is the best one. 2. The students sat around the table. They discussed the problem excitedly. = The students sat around the table, discussing the problem excitedly. 3. From his expression, we can judge that he is disappointed with the result. = Judging from his expression, he is disappointed with the result. 4. Because they believed the story to be true, they accepted his explanation. = Believing the story to be true, they accepted his explanation. 6. 作补足语 （1）动词－ing形式常作以下动词的宾语补足语 ① 感官动词：see、hear、watch、notice、observe、feel、smell、listen、look at等。 We heard someone knocking at the door. She noticed a man following her. ② 使役、发现或状态类动词：keep、leave、find、catch、have、get等。 The teacher caught him cheating in the examination. We soon got the machine working again. （2）动词­-ing形式用于with复合结构中作宾语补足语 with＋名词/代词＋动词-ing形式 动词-ing形式与with后的宾语构成主动关系，通常表示正在发生或持续存在的动作。 With the wind blowing strongly, we found it difficult to move forward. With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous. with复合结构在句中可以表示原因、时间、条件、伴随情况或背景。 【即学即练】 1. Don’t leave the water running (run) when you brush your teeth. 2. With so many children playing (play) outside, the playground was very noisy. 3. The workers soon got the machine working (work) properly again. 4. She noticed someone following (follow) her on her way home. 5. The teacher kept us waiting (wait) outside the classroom. （三）动词-ing形式的复合结构 动词-ing 形式的复合结构实际上是给动词­ing形式加了一个逻辑主语。其形式有以下四种： ①形容词性物主代词＋动词-ing形式 ②人称代词宾格＋动词-ing形式 ③名词所有格＋动词-ing形式 ④名词＋动词-ing形式 The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting.这个婴儿被突然的关门声吵醒了。 注意：动词-ing形式的复合结构在句中可以作主语或宾语。作主语时，不能用②④两种形式。作宾语时，四种形式都可用。无生命名词无论是作主语还是作宾语，都不能用③这种形式。 Tom’s winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot. 汤姆去年得了一等奖使我印象深刻。 Do you mind my/me/Jack’s/Jack leaving now? 你介意我/杰克现在离开吗？ 【即学即练】 1. 我们对他赢得比赛感到惊讶。 We were surprised at his winning the competition. 2. 我无法想象她独自住在这么大的房子里。 I can’t imagine her living alone in such a large house. 3. 我们对这个男孩取得如此大的进步感到高兴。 We were pleased with the boy’s making such great progress. 4. 他们提前完成工作给经理留下了深刻印象。 Their completing the work ahead of time impressed the manager. 5. 我半夜被电话铃声吵醒了。 I was awakened by the telephone ringing in the middle of the night. （四）过去分词、动词-ing和动词不定式的区别 动词-ing形式 过去分词 动词不定式 基本形式 doing done to do 逻辑关系 多表示主动 多表示被动或完成 多表示主动、目的、将来或具体行为 时间倾向 与谓语同时、正在进行或一般性 已经完成、被动状态 通常晚于谓语或尚未发生 作定语 主动、进行或特征 被动、完成或状态 将来、目的、义务 作状语 主动关系 被动关系 目的、原因、结果等 作补足语 宾语主动进行动作 宾语承受动作或处于某状态 宾语将要、应当或完成整个动作 名词性质 动名词可作主语、宾语、表语 通常不具有名词性质 可作主语、宾语、表语 【即学即练】 1. Reading (read) English aloud is a good way to improve pronunciation. 2. He went to the library to borrow (borrow) some books. 3. The meeting to be held (hold) tomorrow is very important. 4. The woman wearing (wear) a red dress is our English teacher. 5. Encouraged (encourage) by his teacher, Tom decided to try again. 6. He found his bike stolen (steal) when he came out of the shop. 三、重点单词 1. wrap vt. 包，裹；（用手臂等）围住 2. bathtub n. 浴缸；浴盆 3. bath n. 洗澡；（BrE＝bathtub）浴缸；浴盆 vt.〔NAmE＝bathe〕给……洗澡 4. slip vi. 滑倒；滑落；溜走 n. 滑倒；小错误；纸条 5. mosquito n.（pl. -oes，-os）蚊子 6. elderly adj. 年纪较大的；上了年纪的（婉辞） 7. carpet n. 地毯 8. operator n. 电话接线员；操作员 9. ambulance n. 救护车 10. delay vi. & vt. 推迟；延期（做某事） vt. 耽误；耽搁 n. 延误；耽搁（的时间）；推迟 11. needle n. 针；缝衣针；注射针；指针 12. ward n. 病房 四、必备词块 1. IV needle 静脉注射针；静脉针 2. vital signs 生命体征 3. take some medicine 吃些药；服些药 4. rush sb. to the hospital 迅速把某人送往医院 5. come into contact with 接触；与……接触 6. internal organs 内脏；内部器官 7. wrap the burnt area loosely with a clean cloth 用干净的布松松地包住烧伤部位 8. right away 立即；马上 9. in the treatment of 在……的治疗中；在治疗……方面 10. stick to the burnt skin 粘在烧伤的皮肤上 11. electric shocks 电击；触电 12. apply some medicine to one’s skin 在某人的皮肤上涂些药 13. at the push of a button 一按按钮 14. hospital ward 病房 15. prevent elderly people from taking unnecessary risks 防止老年人冒不必要的风险 五、核心词汇 1. wrap vt. 包，裹；（用手臂等）围住 原文：For example, wrap the burnt area loosely with a clean cloth if possible. 常见搭配：wrap sth (up) 把某物包起来 wrap A in B / A be wrapped in B 用B包裹A；A被包在B中 wrap B around/round A把B缠绕或围在A周围 wrap one’s arms/fingers around sb/sth 用手臂抱住某人；用手指握住某物 wrap oneself (up) in sth 用某物裹住自己 wrap up a meeting/discussion/project 结束会议／讨论／项目 be wrapped up in sb/sth 全神贯注于某人或某事，以至于忽略其他事情 例句：We wrap our fears in silence, but courage begins when we unfold the truth before others. 我们用沉默包裹恐惧，但当我们向他人坦露真相时，勇气便开始萌生。 【即学即练】 1. The nurse wrapped the injured ankle in a clean bandage to prevent further swelling. 2. She wrapped a woolen scarf around her neck before walking into the bitter wind. 3. He wrapped himself (him) in a blanket and continued reading beside the open window. 4. We should wrap up the discussion now and record every unresolved question. 5. She became so wrapped up in her research that she forgot the final train. 6. 把易碎的花瓶仔细包好，再将它放进木箱里。 Please wrap the fragile vase carefully before placing it inside the wooden box. 2. slip vi.滑倒；滑落；溜走 n．滑倒；小错误；纸条 原文：When he got out of the bathtub, he slipped and fell on the floor. 他从浴缸里出来时滑倒在了地上。 常见搭配：slip over 滑倒；摔跤 slip out of/from 从……溜掉 slip on sth. 在某物上滑倒 slip and fall 滑倒、跌倒 slip down/off 滑下；滑落 lose one’s footing and slip 脚下不稳而滑倒 slip away 悄悄离开；时间流逝；机会消失 slip into/out of a room 悄悄进入／离开房间 slip past/by sb. 从某人身旁悄悄经过 slip through the net 漏网；未被发现或处理 slip into bad habits 不知不觉染上坏习惯 sth. slips one’s mind 某人忘记某事 注意：slip的过去式和过去分词为slipped/slipped；现在分词为slipping。 例句：A single slip can teach more than a hundred easy victories, if we choose to rise wiser. 一次失误带来的教训，可能胜过百次轻易的成功，只要我们选择更明智地重新站起。 【即学即练】 1. Even experienced climbers can slip on wet rocks when they become careless. 2. Time slips away quietly whenever we postpone the work that truly matters. 3. He slipped into a warm coat before stepping outside into the winter wind. 4. A valuable opportunity may slip through your fingers if fear controls your choices. 5. 请在这张小纸条上清楚地写下你的名字。 Please write your name clearly on this small slip of paper. 3. delay vi.& vt.推迟；延期(做某事) vt.耽误；耽搁 n．延误；耽搁(的时间)；推迟 原文：After arriving, the ambulance team quickly found Mrs Taylor and without delay gave her oxygen, put in an IV needle, and checked her vital signs. 到达后，救护队很快找到泰勒夫人，毫不迟疑地给她氧气，插上静脉注射针，检查她的生命体征。 常见搭配：delay doing sth 延迟做某事 without delay 立即；毫不延迟地 without delay 立即；毫不耽搁地 after a short/brief/long delay 经过短暂／长时间的延误后 a delay in doing sth 做某事方面的耽搁 a delayed flight 延误的航班 delayed payment 延期付款 delay sth until + 时间点 把某事推迟到…… delay sth by + 一段时间 使某事比原计划晚…… delay sb/sth for + 一段时间 将某人或某事耽搁一段时间 例句：Delay may protect us from rash choices, but endless delay quietly steals the future we hope to build. 拖延或许能让我们避免草率的选择，但无休止的拖延会悄悄偷走我们希望创造的未来。 【即学即练】 1. She delayed answering (answer) the offer until she had examined every important condition carefully. 2. The committee delayed its final decision until independent experts completed the safety review. 3. A technical fault delayed the passengers for more than an hour at the station. 4. Any sign of serious infection should be reported to a doctor without delay. 5. The delay in approving the budget forced several community projects to stop. 6. Passengers with delayed (delay) flights were offered meals and temporary hotel accommodation. 六、词根词缀 前缀 含义 例子 milli- 千分之一；毫 milligram 毫克；millilitre 毫升；millisecond 毫秒；millivolt 毫伏；millimetre 毫米 under- 在……下面；不足 underground 地下的；underwater 水下的；underdeveloped 欠发达的；underestimate 低估；underweight 体重过轻的；underneath 在……下面 para- 在旁边；辅助的；与……相关的 paralegal 律师助理；paranormal 超自然的；parallel 平行的；parachute 降落伞；paramedic 急救人员 inter- 在……之间；相互 international 国际的；interpersonal 人际的；interact 互动；interconnect 相互连接；interview 面试；interrupt 打断 sub- 在下面；次一级；分支 subway 地铁；submarine 潜艇；substandard 低于标准的；subtitle 字幕；subsection 分段；suburb 郊区 ob- 朝向；阻挡；反对 object 反对；obstacle 障碍；obstruct 阻塞；oppose 反对；opponent 对手；obstruction 阻塞，障碍 前缀 含义 例子 -ical 构成形容词，表示“与……有关的；具有……特点的” electrical 电的；medical 医学的；physical 身体的；logical 合乎逻辑的；typical 典型的；practical 实际的 -ance 构成名词，表示“行为、状态或性质” importance 重要性；distance 距离；appearance 外貌；performance 表现；acceptance 接受；ambulance 救护车 -er 表示“做某事的人、物或工具” diner 用餐者；layer 层；operator 操作员；teacher 教师；driver 司机；worker 工人；speaker 说话者；cooker 炊具 -or 表示“做某事的人或器械” doctor 医生；actor 演员；visitor 参观者；inventor 发明家；director 导演；operator 操作员 -ship 构成名词，表示“身份、关系、状态或技能” friendship 友谊；leadership 领导能力；relationship 关系；partnership 合作关系；citizenship 公民身份；membership 会员身份 一、词汇易混辨析 1. wrap/ cover wrap强调把纸、布、塑料等材料绕在、裹在某人或某物的四周，重点是“包裹、缠绕”的动作，通常带有围住或包紧的感觉。常见结构：wrap A in B 用B把A包起来；wrap A up 把A包好；wrap B around A 把B缠绕在A周围。 cover强调把某物放在另一物的上面、表面或前面，使其被遮住、保护或装饰。它关注的是“覆盖后的状态或作用”，材料不一定缠绕到四周，也不一定把物体严密包起来。常见结构：cover A with B 用B覆盖A；A be covered with/in B A被B覆盖。 核心区别： wrap = around：强调材料绕着物体包裹或缠绕。 cover = over/on：强调材料位于物体表面，将其遮住或保护。 例如，毯子可以cover a child，表示盖在孩子身上；也可以wrap a child in a blanket，表示用毯子把孩子裹起来。 易错点：表示“覆盖表面”时误用wrap。混淆两者的介词搭配：通常说wrap something in/around...，但说cover something with...。 ✅ Emma wrapped bubble wrap around the delicate glass before placing it inside the box. ❌ Emma covered bubble wrap around the delicate glass before placing it inside the box. 错误理由：这里的动作是把气泡膜“绕在”玻璃杯周围，因此应使用wrap B around A。cover不能直接使用cover B around A这一结构。若使用cover，应改为：Emma covered the delicate glass with bubble wrap.但这个说法只突出气泡膜覆盖了玻璃杯；若要强调一圈圈包裹起来，wrapped ... around更准确。 ✅ Heavy snow covered the mountain roads overnight, making travel extremely difficult for local drivers. ❌ Heavy snow wrapped the mountain roads overnight, making travel extremely difficult for local drivers. 错误理由：这里表示积雪落在道路表面并将道路覆盖，因此应该使用cover。积雪并没有像纸、布或绳子一样缠绕在道路四周，所以普通表达中使用wrap不自然。wrap偶尔可以用于文学性或拟人化表达，例如Snow wrapped the mountains in white，但这种用法强调“群山仿佛被白色包裹”，不适合一般的道路积雪描述。 2. slip/ slide slip强调突然、意外地滑动或失去平衡，通常不是主动行为，常表示“滑了一下、差点摔倒”或“从原来的位置滑落”。常见搭配有slip on（在……上滑倒）、slip off（从……滑落）、slip out of（从……脱出）。 slide强调物体或人在表面上平稳、连续地滑动，可以是有意的，也可以是无意的，一般不突出“失去平衡”。常见搭配有slide across、slide along、slide down。剑桥词典将slip解释为“意外地滑动并摔倒或差点摔倒”，而将slide解释为“在表面上轻松、连续地移动”。 核心区别： slip = 意外、突然、失去平衡或位置 slide = 平稳、连续地沿表面移动 slip 更关注意外性及结果；slide 更关注移动的方式和过程。 易错点：表示“因地面湿滑而失足或差点摔倒”时误用slide；表示“使某物沿着表面平稳移动”时误用slip。 ✅ The waiter slipped on the wet floor while carrying a tray of empty glasses. ❌ The waiter slid on the wet floor while carrying a tray of empty glasses. 错误理由：这里要表达的是服务员意外失足、身体失去平衡，因此应该使用slipped。slid只表示身体在地板上发生了平稳或连续的滑动，不能准确突出“意外失足”的含义。严格来说，第二句并非结构错误，但它改变了原句想表达的重点。 ✅ The technician slid the glass door along its track to test the mechanism. ❌ The technician slipped the glass door along its track to test the mechanism. 错误理由：这里是技术人员有意识地使玻璃门沿轨道平稳移动，应使用及物动词slide，结构为：slide + 物体 + along/across + 表面。slip通常强调意外滑动、失去平衡或滑出原来的位置；虽然它也可以表示“悄悄地放入”，如slip a note into a bag，但不能自然地表达本句中“沿轨道平稳移动玻璃门”的动作。 3. elderly/ elder/ older/ old elderly专门形容年龄较大的人，通常表示已经进入老年阶段，语气比直接说old更委婉。它可以放在名词前，也可以放在系动词后。the elderly可以表示“老年人这一群体”，相当于elderly people。 elder作形容词时也有“年龄较大的”之意，但使用范围很窄：通常只用于人，不用于物；一般放在名词前，不能单独放在系动词后；最常用于说明家庭成员之间的长幼关系；后面通常不能接than。elder还可以作名词，表示“长辈”或某个群体中德高望重的年长者。 older是old的比较级，表示两个人或事物相比较时，其中一个年龄更大、存在时间更长或更加陈旧。older只表示“相对而言年龄更大”，不一定表示“已经年老”。 old是原级形容词，既可以形容人，也可以形容物，表示年龄大、存在时间长或使用时间较久。形容人时，直接使用old有时显得比较生硬；较委婉的表达可以使用elderly或older。但形容物时通常只能根据意思使用old或older，不能使用elderly。 核心区别： 单词 核心意思 修饰对象 主要用法 elderly 已经年老的 主要是人 委婉描述老年人 elder 家庭中年长的；长辈 只用于人 通常置于亲属名词前 older 相对年龄更大或更旧 人和物均可 old 的比较级，可接 than old 年老的、旧的 人和物均可 原级，也可表示具体年龄 易错点1：把elder当成elderly使用 表示“一位上了年纪的人”时，通常不能直接用elder + 普通人物名词。例如不能说an elder man，应该说an elderly man。Elder主要用于哥哥、姐姐、儿子、女儿等家庭关系。 ✅ My elderly neighbor still walks to the market every morning and chats with everyone. ❌ My elder neighbor still walks to the market every morning and chats with everyone. 错误理由：这里是在描述邻居年纪较大，而不是说明家庭成员之间的长幼关系，因此应使用elderly。Elder neighbor不符合英语的常规搭配。 易错点2：用elder比较人或事物的年龄 表示“A比B年龄更大”或“A比B更旧”时，应使用older than，不能使用elder than。此外，elder不能形容建筑、汽车、电脑等事物。 ✅ This museum is older than the library, but both buildings need major repairs. ❌ This museum is elder than the library, but both buildings need major repairs. 错误理由：Elder只用于人，主要表示家庭成员之间的长幼关系，而且不能用于elder than结构。这里比较的是两座建筑的年代，因此必须使用older than。 4. delay / postpone delay表示某件事比原计划或预期发生得更晚，也可以表示使某人、某事的进展变慢。造成延误的原因可能是天气、交通、技术故障等外部因素，不一定是某人主动重新安排。因此，谈论航班、交通、工程进度或事情受到阻碍时，通常使用delay。 postpone表示主动安排原定的活动、会议或事件在更晚的时间举行。它通常暗示事情原本已有计划或日期，后来被正式移到另一个时间。常用于会议、婚礼、比赛、演出、考试等可以安排日程的事件。 核心区别： 单词 核心侧重点 常见使用场景 语体 delay 因某种原因发生得更晚或进展变慢 航班、交通、进度、到达、结果 中性 postpone 主动把原定事件正式改到以后 会议、婚礼、比赛、演出、考试 较正式 易错点1：表示航班、火车、到达时间等因外部原因“晚点”时，容易误用postpone。这类情况通常用delay。 ✅ Heavy snow delayed our flight for nearly three hours at the crowded international airport. ❌ Heavy snow postponed our flight for nearly three hours at the crowded international airport. 错误理由：这里表示大雪导致航班晚点，是外部因素造成的延误，并不是大雪主动重新安排航班，因此应该用delayed，不能用postponed。 易错点2：表示主办方或负责人主动把活动“改期”时，容易误用delay。这类情况通常用postpone。 ✅ The organizers postponed the championship match until next Saturday because of the severe storm. ❌ The organizers delayed the championship match until next Saturday because of the severe storm. 错误理由：这里表示主办方主动把比赛重新安排到下周六，强调正式改期，因此用postponed更准确。Delayed更容易让人理解为比赛只是晚一些开始，而不是日期被重新安排。 二、语法易错点 易错点1：avoid、enjoy、mind、suggest等动词后面要接动词-ing形式。 例子：✅ She avoided answering the embarrassing question because she did not want to upset her closest friend. ❌ She avoided to answer the embarrassing question because she did not want to upset her closest friend. 解析：avoid意为“避免”，后面只能接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语，因此应使用answering。 易错点2：动词-ing形式作主语时，谓语动词通常要使用第三人称单数形式。 例子：✅ Reading English newspapers every morning helps us learn useful expressions and understand international events better. ❌ Reading English newspapers every morning help us learn useful expressions and understand international events better. 解析：Reading English newspapers every morning是动词-ing短语，在句中作主语，通常被视为单数，因此谓语动词要用helps。 易错点3：look forward to、be used to等短语中的to是介词，后面要接动词-ing形式。 例子：✅ We are looking forward to meeting our new teacher and discussing the class plan next Monday. ❌ We are looking forward to meet our new teacher and discussing the class plan next Monday. 解析：look forward to意为“期待”，其中to是介词，不是不定式符号，所以后面的动词要使用-ing形式meeting。 易错点4：动词-ing形式的被动结构是being done，不能直接使用doing表示被动。 例子：✅ The old bridge is being repaired now, so drivers must choose another road to enter the town. ❌ The old bridge is repairing now, so drivers must choose another road to enter the town. 解析：bridge与repair之间是被动关系，表示“桥正在被修理”，因此现在进行时的被动结构应为is being repaired。 易错点5：stop doing表示“停止做某事”，stop to do表示“停下来去做另一件事”。 例子：✅ Tom stopped talking immediately when the head teacher entered the noisy classroom without saying anything. ❌ Tom stopped to talk immediately when the head teacher entered the noisy classroom without saying anything. 解析：本句想表达“汤姆停止讲话”，所以应使用stopped talking。stopped to talk表示“停下原来做的事情，开始讲话”。 易错点6：have difficulty、have trouble等结构后面要接动词-ing形式。 例子：✅ She had great difficulty solving the complicated problem without asking her classmates or teacher for help. ❌ She had great difficulty to solve the complicated problem without asking her classmates or teacher for help. 解析：have difficulty doing something是固定结构，意为“做某事有困难”，因此应使用solving，不能使用to solve。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 5 First Aid Learning About Language Knowing basic emergency first aid and CPR is necessary to help save lives. —American Red Cross 译文：掌握基本急救和心肺复苏技能，是帮助挽救生命的必要条件。 解读：这句话强调，掌握基本急救知识和心肺复苏术不仅是一项实用技能，更是在突发事故或心脏骤停发生时保护生命的重要责任。美国红十字会指出，急救训练能使人获得应对紧急情况所需的知识、技能和行动信心，而心肺复苏术可以在患者心脏停止或无法有效跳动时帮助挽救生命。因此，学习急救和心肺复苏的意义在于：当专业救援尚未到达时，普通人也能迅速采取正确措施，为伤病者争取宝贵的救治时间，提高其生存机会。 一、语法框架 二、核心语法 （一）动词-ing形式的时态和语态 非谓语动词不能独立表示绝对时态。表中所谓“一般式”和“完成式”，主要表示该动作相对于谓语动作的时间关系： 时态 主动 被动 基本意义 一般式 (not) doing (not) being done 通常表示与谓语动作同时发生、正在进行，或表示一般性动作 完成式 (not) having done (not) having been done 表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前 【即学即练】 1. (show) around the school, the visitors attended a meeting. 2. (not receive) a reply, she sent another email. 3. (tell) the truth, he finally understood what had happened. 4. (walk) along the street, I met an old friend of mine. 5. (watch) by so many people, the little boy felt nervous. 6. The students entered the classroom, (talk) and laughing. （二）动词-ing形式的句法功能 1. 作主语 （1）动名词作主语，通常表示一般性、抽象性、习惯性或反复发生的动作。 Reading aloud is a good way to improve your English. 大声朗读是提高英语水平的好方法。 Collecting stamps is his favourite hobby. 集邮是他最喜欢的爱好。 ① 主谓一致 一个动词-ing短语作主语时，谓语通常用单数：Swimming every day is good for your health. 两个表示不同活动的动词-ing短语并列作主语时，谓语通常用复数：Reading and writing are important language skills. ② 动名词与不定式作主语的倾向 动名词作主语 不定式作主语 强调一般、抽象、习惯性活动 常强调具体、一次性或尚未发生的行为 Swimming is good exercise. To finish the work today will be difficult. （2）it代替动词-ing形式作形式主语的句式 英语中常用it占据主语位置，把较长的动词-ing短语放在后面。英语完整句通常需要主语，因此it可充当形式主语。高频句型如下： ① It is no use doing sth. 做某事没有用。 It is no use arguing with him. ② It is no good doing sth. 做某事没有好处。 It is no good regretting the past. ③ It is a waste of time/money doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间/金钱。 It is a waste of time waiting here. ④ It is fun doing sth. 做某事很有趣。 It is great fun travelling with friends. ⑤ It is worthwhile doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 It is worthwhile considering the proposal. 【即学即练】 1. Learning a foreign language (require) patience and practice. 2. Cooking meals and washing clothes (take) up much of her time. 3. It is no use (argue) with someone who will not listen. 4. is no good worrying (worry) about things you cannot change. 5. It is a waste of time (wait) for a bus that will never come. 6. It is worthwhile (discuss) the problem with your teacher. 7. (read) English newspapers every day can enlarge your vocabulary. 2. 作宾语 （1）动词宾语 动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：admit，advise，allow，appreciate，avoid，forbid，cannot help，can’t stand，consider，delay，deny，enjoy，escape，finish，give up，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，quit，risk，suggest。 She had difficulty understanding the instructions. （2）介词宾语 动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：stick to坚持做，get down to开始认真做，be committed to致力于做，contribute to为......做贡献，devote...to把......献给，look forward to期待，object to反对，lead to 导致，pay attention to 注意，be addicted to于，be/get/become used to 习惯于，take to开始沉湎于，be responsible for 对......责，when it comes to当涉及......时。 We should devote ourselves to protecting the environment. （3）形容词宾语 动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：be worth doing值得，be busy doing忙于，be worthwhile doing/to do值得。 She is busy preparing for the examination. （4）拓展：可以接动词­ing形式作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语的动词与词组 动词或词组 doing的意义 to do的意义 remember 记得做过 记得要做 forget 忘记做过 忘记去做 regret 后悔做过 遗憾地要说、通知 stop 停止正在做的事 停下来去做另一件事 try 试着做，看是否有效 努力、设法做 mean 意味着 打算、意欲 go on 继续做同一件事 接着做另一件事 need/require 需要被做 需要主动去做 can’t help 情不自禁地做某事 不能帮助做某事 He went on talking for two hours. 他继续讲了两个小时。 He introduced the problem and went on to explain its causes. 他介绍完问题后，接着解释了问题的成因。 Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 错过这班火车意味着还要再等一小时。 I meant to call you yesterday. 我昨天本打算给你打电话。 I will never forget visiting the Great Wall. 我永远不会忘记游览长城的经历。 I forgot to turn off the light. 我忘记关灯了。 【即学即练】 1. The students are busy (review) their lessons for the final exam. 2. Remember (lock) the door before you leave the house. 3. I remember (meet) him at a party several years ago. 4. His carelessness led to (lose) the important document. 5. After working for two hours, he stopped (have) a short rest. 6. The boy admitted (break) the classroom window. 3. 作表语 （1）现在分词：现在分词作表语往往具有形容词性质，用来说明主语的性质、特征或产生的影响。 The result was disappointing. The situation is worrying. ① -ing形容词与-ed形容词 -ing形式 -ed形式 表示“令人……的”，说明事物的性质或影响 表示“感到……的”，说明人的感受或状态 an interesting book an interested reader The film is moving. We are moved. ② 区别表语与进行时 The story is interesting.（interesting是表语，说明故事的性质。） Tom is reading the story.（is reading是现在进行时的谓语，不是“动词-ing形式作表语”。） （2）动名词：动名词作表语，多表示抽象、一般或习惯性的动作，通常说明主语的具体内容。 Her job is teaching English. His hobby is collecting stamps. 动名词作表语时，主语与表语在意义上通常可以互换：Teaching English is her job. 【即学即练】 1. The book is very (interest), so all the students are (interest) in it. 2. After the long journey, we felt (tire), but the journey itself was not (tire). 3. The film was so (move) that everyone was deeply (move). 4. The result of the experiment was (disappoint). 5. Their main task is (protect) the environment. 4. 作定语 （1）现在分词作定语，与被修饰词之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，表示被修饰词进行的动作，相当于一个定语从句。 ① 单个现在分词通常放在名词前 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 a developing country 发展中国家 boiling water沸水 ② 现在分词短语通常放在名词后 The girl standing by the door is my sister. = The girl who is standing by the door is my sister. Students wishing to join the club should sign their names here. = Students who wish to join the club should sign their names here. （2）动名词作定语，表示被修饰名词的用途、功能或类别，通常相当于“for＋动词-ing形式”。 a swimming pool = a pool for swimming a reading room = a room for reading a walking stick = a stick for walking a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping a sleeping baby 一个正在睡觉的婴儿 （sleeping是现在分词，baby执行sleep的动作。） a sleeping bag 一个睡袋 （sleeping是动名词，说明bag的用途。） 【即学即练】 1. The children (play) football on the playground are from Class Two. 2. The woman (talk) with my mother is my aunt. 3. He bought a new (sleep) bag for the camping trip. 4. Please put the dirty clothes into the (wash) machine. 5. The students are studying quietly in the (read) room. 5. 作状语 现在分词作状语时，通常表示主动关系。分词状语和主句谓语一般具有相同的逻辑主语。 （1）表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句 Not knowing what to do, she asked the teacher for help. = Because she did not know what to do, she asked the teacher for help. （2）表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句 Walking along the street, I met an old friend. = While I was walking along the street, I met an old friend. 若分词动作明显先于谓语动作，常用having done： Having finished the work, they went home. = After they had finished the work, they went home. （3）表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句 Using the machine properly, you can save a lot of time. = If you use the machine properly, you can save a lot of time. （4）表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句 Admitting what you say, I still think you are wrong. = Although I admit what you say, I still think you are wrong. （5）表示伴随情况或补充说明 The children ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 这类结构通常不能机械地转换成某一种状语从句，主要用于补充描写动作发生时的情形。 （6）表示结果 表示主句动作自然产生或顺理成章造成的结果。 The storm struck the village, destroying many houses. 与不定式结果状语的区别 动词-ing形式 不定式 常表示自然、直接、意料之中的结果 often、only等配合时，常表示意外或出乎意料的结果 The fire spread quickly, destroying several houses. He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. （7）作评注性状语，修饰整个句子，独立存在，没有逻辑主语 这类固定表达修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法、判断或评论。它们通常不与主句主语构成常规的逻辑主谓关系。 generally speaking 一般说来 frankly speaking 坦率地说 strictly speaking 严格说来 roughly speaking 粗略地说 judging from/by 根据……判断 considering 考虑到 talking of 说到 taking everything into consideration 综合考虑 supposing 假设 Generally speaking, girls learn languages faster than boys. 【即学即练】 1. Although I admit that his plan is practical, I still do not think it is the best one. 2. The students sat around the table. They discussed the problem excitedly. 3. From his expression, we can judge that he is disappointed with the result. 4. Because they believed the story to be true, they accepted his explanation. 6. 作补足语 （1）动词－ing形式常作以下动词的宾语补足语 ① 感官动词：see、hear、watch、notice、observe、feel、smell、listen、look at等。 We heard someone knocking at the door. She noticed a man following her. ② 使役、发现或状态类动词：keep、leave、find、catch、have、get等。 The teacher caught him cheating in the examination. We soon got the machine working again. （2）动词­-ing形式用于with复合结构中作宾语补足语 with＋名词/代词＋动词-ing形式 动词-ing形式与with后的宾语构成主动关系，通常表示正在发生或持续存在的动作。 With the wind blowing strongly, we found it difficult to move forward. With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous. with复合结构在句中可以表示原因、时间、条件、伴随情况或背景。 【即学即练】 1. Don’t leave the water (run) when you brush your teeth. 2. With so many children (play) outside, the playground was very noisy. 3. The workers soon got the machine (work) properly again. 4. She noticed someone (follow) her on her way home. 5. The teacher kept us (wait) outside the classroom. （三）动词-ing形式的复合结构 动词-ing 形式的复合结构实际上是给动词­ing形式加了一个逻辑主语。其形式有以下四种： ①形容词性物主代词＋动词-ing形式 ②人称代词宾格＋动词-ing形式 ③名词所有格＋动词-ing形式 ④名词＋动词-ing形式 The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting.这个婴儿被突然的关门声吵醒了。 注意：动词-ing形式的复合结构在句中可以作主语或宾语。作主语时，不能用②④两种形式。作宾语时，四种形式都可用。无生命名词无论是作主语还是作宾语，都不能用③这种形式。 Tom’s winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot. 汤姆去年得了一等奖使我印象深刻。 Do you mind my/me/Jack’s/Jack leaving now? 你介意我/杰克现在离开吗？ 【即学即练】 1. 我们对他赢得比赛感到惊讶。 2. 我无法想象她独自住在这么大的房子里。 3. 我们对这个男孩取得如此大的进步感到高兴。 4. 他们提前完成工作给经理留下了深刻印象。 5. 我半夜被电话铃声吵醒了。 （四）过去分词、动词-ing和动词不定式的区别 动词-ing形式 过去分词 动词不定式 基本形式 doing done to do 逻辑关系 多表示主动 多表示被动或完成 多表示主动、目的、将来或具体行为 时间倾向 与谓语同时、正在进行或一般性 已经完成、被动状态 通常晚于谓语或尚未发生 作定语 主动、进行或特征 被动、完成或状态 将来、目的、义务 作状语 主动关系 被动关系 目的、原因、结果等 作补足语 宾语主动进行动作 宾语承受动作或处于某状态 宾语将要、应当或完成整个动作 名词性质 动名词可作主语、宾语、表语 通常不具有名词性质 可作主语、宾语、表语 【即学即练】 1. (read) English aloud is a good way to improve pronunciation. 2. He went to the library (borrow) some books. 3. The meeting (hold) tomorrow is very important. 4. The woman (wear) a red dress is our English teacher. 5. (encourage) by his teacher, Tom decided to try again. 6. He found his bike (steal) when he came out of the shop. 三、重点单词 1. vt. 包，裹；（用手臂等）围住 2. n. 浴缸；浴盆 3. n. 洗澡；（BrE＝bathtub）浴缸；浴盆 vt.〔NAmE＝bathe〕给……洗澡 4. vi. 滑倒；滑落；溜走 n. 滑倒；小错误；纸条 5. n.（pl. -oes，-os）蚊子 6. adj. 年纪较大的；上了年纪的（婉辞） 7. n. 地毯 8. n. 电话接线员；操作员 9. n. 救护车 10. vi. & vt. 推迟；延期（做某事） vt. 耽误；耽搁 n. 延误；耽搁（的时间）；推迟 11. n. 针；缝衣针；注射针；指针 12. n. 病房 四、必备词块 1. 静脉注射针；静脉针 2. 生命体征 3. 吃些药；服些药 4. 迅速把某人送往医院 5. 接触；与……接触 6. 内脏；内部器官 7. 用干净的布松松地包住烧伤部位 8. 立即；马上 9. 在……的治疗中；在治疗……方面 10. 粘在烧伤的皮肤上 11. 电击；触电 12. 在某人的皮肤上涂些药 13. 一按按钮 14. 病房 15. 防止老年人冒不必要的风险 五、核心词汇 1. wrap vt. 包，裹；（用手臂等）围住 原文：For example, wrap the burnt area loosely with a clean cloth if possible. 常见搭配：wrap sth (up) 把某物包起来 wrap A in B / A be wrapped in B 用B包裹A；A被包在B中 wrap B around/round A把B缠绕或围在A周围 wrap one’s arms/fingers around sb/sth 用手臂抱住某人；用手指握住某物 wrap oneself (up) in sth 用某物裹住自己 wrap up a meeting/discussion/project 结束会议／讨论／项目 be wrapped up in sb/sth 全神贯注于某人或某事，以至于忽略其他事情 例句：We wrap our fears in silence, but courage begins when we unfold the truth before others. 我们用沉默包裹恐惧，但当我们向他人坦露真相时，勇气便开始萌生。 【即学即练】 1. The nurse wrapped the injured ankle a clean bandage to prevent further swelling. 2. She wrapped a woolen scarf her neck before walking into the bitter wind. 3. He wrapped (him) in a blanket and continued reading beside the open window. 4. We should wrap the discussion now and record every unresolved question. 5. She became so wrapped up her research that she forgot the final train. 6. 把易碎的花瓶仔细包好，再将它放进木箱里。 2. slip vi.滑倒；滑落；溜走 n．滑倒；小错误；纸条 原文：When he got out of the bathtub, he slipped and fell on the floor. 他从浴缸里出来时滑倒在了地上。 常见搭配：slip over 滑倒；摔跤 slip out of/from 从……溜掉 slip on sth. 在某物上滑倒 slip and fall 滑倒、跌倒 slip down/off 滑下；滑落 lose one’s footing and slip 脚下不稳而滑倒 slip away 悄悄离开；时间流逝；机会消失 slip into/out of a room 悄悄进入／离开房间 slip past/by sb. 从某人身旁悄悄经过 slip through the net 漏网；未被发现或处理 slip into bad habits 不知不觉染上坏习惯 sth. slips one’s mind 某人忘记某事 注意：slip的过去式和过去分词为slipped/slipped；现在分词为slipping。 例句：A single slip can teach more than a hundred easy victories, if we choose to rise wiser. 一次失误带来的教训，可能胜过百次轻易的成功，只要我们选择更明智地重新站起。 【即学即练】 1. Even experienced climbers can slip wet rocks when they become careless. 2. Time slips quietly whenever we postpone the work that truly matters. 3. He slipped a warm coat before stepping outside into the winter wind. 4. A valuable opportunity may slip your fingers if fear controls your choices. 5. 请在这张小纸条上清楚地写下你的名字。 3. delay vi.& vt.推迟；延期(做某事) vt.耽误；耽搁 n．延误；耽搁(的时间)；推迟 原文：After arriving, the ambulance team quickly found Mrs Taylor and without delay gave her oxygen, put in an IV needle, and checked her vital signs. 到达后，救护队很快找到泰勒夫人，毫不迟疑地给她氧气，插上静脉注射针，检查她的生命体征。 常见搭配：delay doing sth 延迟做某事 without delay 立即；毫不延迟地 without delay 立即；毫不耽搁地 after a short/brief/long delay 经过短暂／长时间的延误后 a delay in doing sth 做某事方面的耽搁 a delayed flight 延误的航班 delayed payment 延期付款 delay sth until + 时间点 把某事推迟到…… delay sth by + 一段时间 使某事比原计划晚…… delay sb/sth for + 一段时间 将某人或某事耽搁一段时间 例句：Delay may protect us from rash choices, but endless delay quietly steals the future we hope to build. 拖延或许能让我们避免草率的选择，但无休止的拖延会悄悄偷走我们希望创造的未来。 【即学即练】 1. She delayed (answer) the offer until she had examined every important condition carefully. 2. The committee delayed its final decision independent experts completed the safety review. 3. A technical fault delayed the passengers more than an hour at the station. 4. Any sign of serious infection should be reported to a doctor delay. 5. The delay approving the budget forced several community projects to stop. 6. Passengers with (delay) flights were offered meals and temporary hotel accommodation. 六、词根词缀 前缀 含义 例子 milli- 千分之一；毫 milligram 毫克；millilitre 毫升；millisecond 毫秒；millivolt 毫伏；millimetre 毫米 under- 在……下面；不足 underground 地下的；underwater 水下的；underdeveloped 欠发达的；underestimate 低估；underweight 体重过轻的；underneath 在……下面 para- 在旁边；辅助的；与……相关的 paralegal 律师助理；paranormal 超自然的；parallel 平行的；parachute 降落伞；paramedic 急救人员 inter- 在……之间；相互 international 国际的；interpersonal 人际的；interact 互动；interconnect 相互连接；interview 面试；interrupt 打断 sub- 在下面；次一级；分支 subway 地铁；submarine 潜艇；substandard 低于标准的；subtitle 字幕；subsection 分段；suburb 郊区 ob- 朝向；阻挡；反对 object 反对；obstacle 障碍；obstruct 阻塞；oppose 反对；opponent 对手；obstruction 阻塞，障碍 前缀 含义 例子 -ical 构成形容词，表示“与……有关的；具有……特点的” electrical 电的；medical 医学的；physical 身体的；logical 合乎逻辑的；typical 典型的；practical 实际的 -ance 构成名词，表示“行为、状态或性质” importance 重要性；distance 距离；appearance 外貌；performance 表现；acceptance 接受；ambulance 救护车 -er 表示“做某事的人、物或工具” diner 用餐者；layer 层；operator 操作员；teacher 教师；driver 司机；worker 工人；speaker 说话者；cooker 炊具 -or 表示“做某事的人或器械” doctor 医生；actor 演员；visitor 参观者；inventor 发明家；director 导演；operator 操作员 -ship 构成名词，表示“身份、关系、状态或技能” friendship 友谊；leadership 领导能力；relationship 关系；partnership 合作关系；citizenship 公民身份；membership 会员身份 一、词汇易混辨析 1. wrap/ cover wrap强调把纸、布、塑料等材料绕在、裹在某人或某物的四周，重点是“包裹、缠绕”的动作，通常带有围住或包紧的感觉。常见结构：wrap A in B 用B把A包起来；wrap A up 把A包好；wrap B around A 把B缠绕在A周围。 cover强调把某物放在另一物的上面、表面或前面，使其被遮住、保护或装饰。它关注的是“覆盖后的状态或作用”，材料不一定缠绕到四周，也不一定把物体严密包起来。常见结构：cover A with B 用B覆盖A；A be covered with/in B A被B覆盖。 核心区别： wrap = around：强调材料绕着物体包裹或缠绕。 cover = over/on：强调材料位于物体表面，将其遮住或保护。 例如，毯子可以cover a child，表示盖在孩子身上；也可以wrap a child in a blanket，表示用毯子把孩子裹起来。 易错点：表示“覆盖表面”时误用wrap。混淆两者的介词搭配：通常说wrap something in/around...，但说cover something with...。 ✅ Emma wrapped bubble wrap around the delicate glass before placing it inside the box. ❌ Emma covered bubble wrap around the delicate glass before placing it inside the box. 错误理由：这里的动作是把气泡膜“绕在”玻璃杯周围，因此应使用wrap B around A。cover不能直接使用cover B around A这一结构。若使用cover，应改为：Emma covered the delicate glass with bubble wrap.但这个说法只突出气泡膜覆盖了玻璃杯；若要强调一圈圈包裹起来，wrapped ... around更准确。 ✅ Heavy snow covered the mountain roads overnight, making travel extremely difficult for local drivers. ❌ Heavy snow wrapped the mountain roads overnight, making travel extremely difficult for local drivers. 错误理由：这里表示积雪落在道路表面并将道路覆盖，因此应该使用cover。积雪并没有像纸、布或绳子一样缠绕在道路四周，所以普通表达中使用wrap不自然。wrap偶尔可以用于文学性或拟人化表达，例如Snow wrapped the mountains in white，但这种用法强调“群山仿佛被白色包裹”，不适合一般的道路积雪描述。 2. slip/ slide slip强调突然、意外地滑动或失去平衡，通常不是主动行为，常表示“滑了一下、差点摔倒”或“从原来的位置滑落”。常见搭配有slip on（在……上滑倒）、slip off（从……滑落）、slip out of（从……脱出）。 slide强调物体或人在表面上平稳、连续地滑动，可以是有意的，也可以是无意的，一般不突出“失去平衡”。常见搭配有slide across、slide along、slide down。剑桥词典将slip解释为“意外地滑动并摔倒或差点摔倒”，而将slide解释为“在表面上轻松、连续地移动”。 核心区别： slip = 意外、突然、失去平衡或位置 slide = 平稳、连续地沿表面移动 slip 更关注意外性及结果；slide 更关注移动的方式和过程。 易错点：表示“因地面湿滑而失足或差点摔倒”时误用slide；表示“使某物沿着表面平稳移动”时误用slip。 ✅ The waiter slipped on the wet floor while carrying a tray of empty glasses. ❌ The waiter slid on the wet floor while carrying a tray of empty glasses. 错误理由：这里要表达的是服务员意外失足、身体失去平衡，因此应该使用slipped。slid只表示身体在地板上发生了平稳或连续的滑动，不能准确突出“意外失足”的含义。严格来说，第二句并非结构错误，但它改变了原句想表达的重点。 ✅ The technician slid the glass door along its track to test the mechanism. ❌ The technician slipped the glass door along its track to test the mechanism. 错误理由：这里是技术人员有意识地使玻璃门沿轨道平稳移动，应使用及物动词slide，结构为：slide + 物体 + along/across + 表面。slip通常强调意外滑动、失去平衡或滑出原来的位置；虽然它也可以表示“悄悄地放入”，如slip a note into a bag，但不能自然地表达本句中“沿轨道平稳移动玻璃门”的动作。 3. elderly/ elder/ older/ old elderly专门形容年龄较大的人，通常表示已经进入老年阶段，语气比直接说old更委婉。它可以放在名词前，也可以放在系动词后。the elderly可以表示“老年人这一群体”，相当于elderly people。 elder作形容词时也有“年龄较大的”之意，但使用范围很窄：通常只用于人，不用于物；一般放在名词前，不能单独放在系动词后；最常用于说明家庭成员之间的长幼关系；后面通常不能接than。elder还可以作名词，表示“长辈”或某个群体中德高望重的年长者。 older是old的比较级，表示两个人或事物相比较时，其中一个年龄更大、存在时间更长或更加陈旧。older只表示“相对而言年龄更大”，不一定表示“已经年老”。 old是原级形容词，既可以形容人，也可以形容物，表示年龄大、存在时间长或使用时间较久。形容人时，直接使用old有时显得比较生硬；较委婉的表达可以使用elderly或older。但形容物时通常只能根据意思使用old或older，不能使用elderly。 核心区别： 单词 核心意思 修饰对象 主要用法 elderly 已经年老的 主要是人 委婉描述老年人 elder 家庭中年长的；长辈 只用于人 通常置于亲属名词前 older 相对年龄更大或更旧 人和物均可 old 的比较级，可接 than old 年老的、旧的 人和物均可 原级，也可表示具体年龄 易错点1：把elder当成elderly使用 表示“一位上了年纪的人”时，通常不能直接用elder + 普通人物名词。例如不能说an elder man，应该说an elderly man。Elder主要用于哥哥、姐姐、儿子、女儿等家庭关系。 ✅ My elderly neighbor still walks to the market every morning and chats with everyone. ❌ My elder neighbor still walks to the market every morning and chats with everyone. 错误理由：这里是在描述邻居年纪较大，而不是说明家庭成员之间的长幼关系，因此应使用elderly。Elder neighbor不符合英语的常规搭配。 易错点2：用elder比较人或事物的年龄 表示“A比B年龄更大”或“A比B更旧”时，应使用older than，不能使用elder than。此外，elder不能形容建筑、汽车、电脑等事物。 ✅ This museum is older than the library, but both buildings need major repairs. ❌ This museum is elder than the library, but both buildings need major repairs. 错误理由：Elder只用于人，主要表示家庭成员之间的长幼关系，而且不能用于elder than结构。这里比较的是两座建筑的年代，因此必须使用older than。 4. delay / postpone delay表示某件事比原计划或预期发生得更晚，也可以表示使某人、某事的进展变慢。造成延误的原因可能是天气、交通、技术故障等外部因素，不一定是某人主动重新安排。因此，谈论航班、交通、工程进度或事情受到阻碍时，通常使用delay。 postpone表示主动安排原定的活动、会议或事件在更晚的时间举行。它通常暗示事情原本已有计划或日期，后来被正式移到另一个时间。常用于会议、婚礼、比赛、演出、考试等可以安排日程的事件。 核心区别： 单词 核心侧重点 常见使用场景 语体 delay 因某种原因发生得更晚或进展变慢 航班、交通、进度、到达、结果 中性 postpone 主动把原定事件正式改到以后 会议、婚礼、比赛、演出、考试 较正式 易错点1：表示航班、火车、到达时间等因外部原因“晚点”时，容易误用postpone。这类情况通常用delay。 ✅ Heavy snow delayed our flight for nearly three hours at the crowded international airport. ❌ Heavy snow postponed our flight for nearly three hours at the crowded international airport. 错误理由：这里表示大雪导致航班晚点，是外部因素造成的延误，并不是大雪主动重新安排航班，因此应该用delayed，不能用postponed。 易错点2：表示主办方或负责人主动把活动“改期”时，容易误用delay。这类情况通常用postpone。 ✅ The organizers postponed the championship match until next Saturday because of the severe storm. ❌ The organizers delayed the championship match until next Saturday because of the severe storm. 错误理由：这里表示主办方主动把比赛重新安排到下周六，强调正式改期，因此用postponed更准确。Delayed更容易让人理解为比赛只是晚一些开始，而不是日期被重新安排。 二、语法易错点 易错点1：avoid、enjoy、mind、suggest等动词后面要接动词-ing形式。 例子：✅ She avoided answering the embarrassing question because she did not want to upset her closest friend. ❌ She avoided to answer the embarrassing question because she did not want to upset her closest friend. 解析：avoid意为“避免”，后面只能接名词、代词或动词-ing形式作宾语，因此应使用answering。 易错点2：动词-ing形式作主语时，谓语动词通常要使用第三人称单数形式。 例子：✅ Reading English newspapers every morning helps us learn useful expressions and understand international events better. ❌ Reading English newspapers every morning help us learn useful expressions and understand international events better. 解析：Reading English newspapers every morning是动词-ing短语，在句中作主语，通常被视为单数，因此谓语动词要用helps。 易错点3：look forward to、be used to等短语中的to是介词，后面要接动词-ing形式。 例子：✅ We are looking forward to meeting our new teacher and discussing the class plan next Monday. ❌ We are looking forward to meet our new teacher and discussing the class plan next Monday. 解析：look forward to意为“期待”，其中to是介词，不是不定式符号，所以后面的动词要使用-ing形式meeting。 易错点4：动词-ing形式的被动结构是being done，不能直接使用doing表示被动。 例子：✅ The old bridge is being repaired now, so drivers must choose another road to enter the town. ❌ The old bridge is repairing now, so drivers must choose another road to enter the town. 解析：bridge与repair之间是被动关系，表示“桥正在被修理”，因此现在进行时的被动结构应为is being repaired。 易错点5：stop doing表示“停止做某事”，stop to do表示“停下来去做另一件事”。 例子：✅ Tom stopped talking immediately when the head teacher entered the noisy classroom without saying anything. ❌ Tom stopped to talk immediately when the head teacher entered the noisy classroom without saying anything. 解析：本句想表达“汤姆停止讲话”，所以应使用stopped talking。stopped to talk表示“停下原来做的事情，开始讲话”。 易错点6：have difficulty、have trouble等结构后面要接动词-ing形式。 例子：✅ She had great difficulty solving the complicated problem without asking her classmates or teacher for help. ❌ She had great difficulty to solve the complicated problem without asking her classmates or teacher for help. 解析：have difficulty doing something是固定结构，意为“做某事有困难”，因此应使用solving，不能使用to solve。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $