内容正文:
Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land
Using Language
Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry and narrow-mindedness.
—Mark Twain
译文:旅行是偏见、顽固与狭隘思想的克星。
解读:这句话出自马克·吐温1869年出版的旅行文学作品《傻子出国记》(The Innocents Abroad)的结尾;其中“fatal”并非“致命”之意,而是强调旅行能够有力地消解偏见、宗教或文化上的排斥,以及因见识有限而形成的狭隘观念。人在离开熟悉的环境、亲身接触不同民族、文化和生活方式后,往往会发现原有成见并不符合真实世界,从而学会以更宽容、更全面的眼光理解他人。结合原文紧随其后的句子——一个人若终生困守在世界的一隅,就无法形成开阔、健全而仁慈的见解——可见马克·吐温并非把旅行仅仅视为观光娱乐,而是把它看作突破认知局限、培养同理心和开放精神的重要途径。
一、重点单词
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1. idiom n. 习语;成语
2. shore n. 岸;滨
3. mist n. 薄雾;水汽
4. steel n. 钢;钢铁工业
5. dusk n. 黄昏;傍晚
6. advertisement n.(informal ad)广告;启事
7. accent n. 口音
8. photographer n. 摄影师;拍照者
9. toast n. 烤面包片;吐司;干杯 vt. 为……干杯 vi. 烤(尤指面包)
10. cobblestone adj. 铺有鹅卵石的
11. coherent adj. 有条理的;清楚易懂的
12. contrary adj. 相反的;相对立的 n. 相反的事实(或事情)
13. misty adj. 多雾的;模糊的
14. proceed vi. 行进;继续做
15. astonish vt. 使十分惊讶;使吃惊
16. owe vt. 欠(账、债、情等)
17. anyhow adv.(结束交谈或转换话题时)不过;反正
18. alongside prep. 在……旁边;与……一起 adv. 在旁边
二、重点单词变形
1. idiom n. 习语;成语→idiomatic adj. 惯用的;地道的→idiomatically adv. 惯用地;地道地
2. contrary adj. 相反的;相对立的→contrarily adv. 相反地;反之
3. proceed vi. 行进;继续进行→proceeding n. 进程;行动;诉讼程序→proceedings n. 会议记录;诉讼程序
4. astonish vt. 使十分惊讶;使吃惊→astonished adj. 感到惊讶的→astonishing adj. 令人惊讶的→astonishment n. 惊讶;吃惊
5. mist n. 薄雾;水汽→misty adj. 多雾的;模糊的→mistily adv. 朦胧地
6. steel n. 钢;钢铁→steely adj. 钢铁般的;坚定冷峻的
7. dusk n. 黄昏;傍晚→dusky adj. 昏暗的;微黑的
8. advertise v. 做广告;宣传→advertisement n. 广告;启事→advertiser n. 广告商;广告客户→advertising n. 广告活动;广告业
9. accent n. 口音;重音→accented adj. 带有某种口音的;重读的→accentuate vt. 强调;使突出→accentuation n. 强调;重读
10. photograph n. 照片;相片;v. 拍照→photographer n. 摄影师;拍照者→photography n. 摄影;摄影术→photographic adj. 摄影的;照片般精确的
11. owe vt. 欠;把……归功于→owing adj. 未付的;欠着的
12. coherent adj. 有条理的;清楚易懂的→coherence n. 连贯性;条理性;一致性→coherently adv. 连贯地;有条理地→incoherent adj. 不连贯的;语无伦次的
三、必备词块
1. contrary to 相反的;相对立的
2. proceed to sth 进而做(参加)
3. owe sth to sb 欠(某人情);把……归功于某人
4. (be) true of 对……适用;符合于……
5. a continental climate 大陆性气候
6. as flat as a pancake 非常平坦的;完全平展的
7. rolling hills 连绵起伏的山峦
8. stretch for 延伸
9. kill time 消磨时间
10. train journey 火车旅行;乘火车旅行
11. kill time/kill an hour/a couple of hours(等待时)消磨时间,打发时光
12. flow into流入
13. on one’s way to ...在去……的路上;即将
14. roll by驶过;流逝
15. chat with ...与……聊天
16. all kinds of各种各样的
17. in contrast to与……相反
18. be close to接近
19. spend time (in) doing sth花费时间做某事
20. owe sth to sb欠(某人情);把……归功于某人
21. dream of梦想;梦见
四、核心词汇
1. contrary adj.相反的;相对立的 n.相反的事实(或事情)
原文:Well, contrary to what many people believe, there are a lot of vast and empty spaces in China, actually.
是的,和很多人想的恰恰相反,在中国事实上有很多辽阔而又空旷的地方。
常见搭配:contrary to 相反的;相对立的
on the contrary 正相反;恰恰相反
to the contrary 相反的
近义词:opposite 完全相反的、conflicting相冲突的、inconsistent不一致的
反义词:similar相似的、consistent一致的、compatible相容的
注意:on the contrary 用于反驳或纠正前面的说法,意为“事实恰恰相反”。
in contrast 只用于比较差异,不一定否定前面的说法。
contrary to 中的 to 是介词,后接名词、代词或动名词。
例句:Wisdom begins when we question popular belief and remain open to evidence pointing to the contrary.
智慧始于质疑流行观点,并始终愿意接受指向相反事实的证据。
【即学即练】
1. His decision was contrary to the advice given by every experienced member.
2. The task was not easier than expected; on the contrary, it demanded greater patience.
3. Despite repeated reports to the contrary, the scientist remained confident in her conclusion.
4. The northern region suffered heavy flooding; in contrast, the south remained almost completely dry.
5. 从失败中学习不会削弱我们;恰恰相反,它会培养我们的韧性
Learning from failure does not weaken us; on the contrary, it develops resilience.
6. 尽管不断有相反的报道,这位科学家仍然对自己的结论充满信心。
Despite repeated reports to the contrary, the scientist remained confident in her conclusion.
2. proceed vi.行进;继续做
原文:After Li Daiyu and her cousin arrived in Toronto, the largest and wealthiest city in Canada, they only had a few hours to kill before they had to proceed to the next leg of their trip to Montreal, so they went on a tour of the city.
李黛予和表妹抵达加拿大最大、最富有的城市多伦多之后,仅有几个小时的时间可以消磨,然后就得继续前往旅程的下一站蒙特利尔,于是她们就在市区逛了逛。
词形变化:proceeding n.进程;行动;诉讼程序 proceedings n.会议记录;诉讼程序
常见搭配:proceed to do sth 继而做某事
proceed to sth 进而做(参加);前往(某地)
proceed with sth 继续某事
proceed from sth. 由……产生;源于……
proceed against sb. 对某人提起法律诉讼
拓展:近义词:continue继续、advance前进、go ahead开始或继续进行。proceed from 相当于 arise from / stem from,表示“源于”。
注意:proceed是不及物动词,不能直接接宾语。✅ proceed with the plan
proceed to do sth. 强调完成一件事后“接着做另一件事”,不只是单纯继续。
例句:When certainty disappears, proceed with courage, because meaningful paths are often created by those willing to move. 当确定性消失时,仍要勇敢前行,因为有意义的道路往往由敢于行动的人开创。
【即学即练】
1. After reviewing every possible risk, the committee decided to proceed with the ambitious project.
2. She introduced the central argument and then proceeded to explain (explain) its practical consequences.
3. Passengers travelling to Tokyo should proceed to Gate Twelve before boarding begins.
4. Many destructive conflicts proceed from fear, misunderstanding, and an unwillingness to listen.
5. The authorities lacked sufficient evidence to proceed against the company in court.
6. The court began criminal proceedings (proceed) after investigators presented substantial new evidence.
3. astonish vt.使十分惊讶;使吃惊
原文:Standing in the distance, they were astonished to see misty clouds rising from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake.
站在远处,她们看到蒙蒙的水雾从湖泊南侧的尼亚加拉大瀑布升腾而起,惊叹不已。
词形变化:astonishing adj.令人十分惊讶的 astonishment n.惊讶;吃惊
astonished adj.感到十分惊讶(指人的主观感受);吃惊
常见搭配:be astonished at/by sth 因某事感到惊讶
be astonished to do sth 对做某事感到惊讶
be astonished that ... 对……感到惊讶
to one's astonishment 让某人惊讶的是
in astonishment 惊讶地
拓展:astonished修饰人的感受;astonishing修饰令人惊讶的人、事或现象。
例句:What astonishes us today may become tomorrow’s wisdom, if curiosity remains stronger than fear within us.
今天令我们惊讶的事,或许会成为明日的智慧,只要内心的好奇始终战胜恐惧。
【即学即练】
1. The scientist presented astonishing (astonish) evidence that challenged assumptions accepted for generations.
2. The villagers were astonished (astonish) when the abandoned field produced flowers after decades.
3. To our astonishment (astonish), the quietest student offered the wisest solution to the conflict.
4. We were astonished at the kindness shown by complete strangers during the storm.
5. He was astonished to see (see) a home that was larger than his place of work.
6. They were astonished that such a simple idea could transform the entire community.
7. The children watched in astonishment as the tiny seedling broke through stone.
8. To my astonishment (astonish), they weren't astonished (astonish) at the astonishing (astonish) news, so I looked at them in astonishment (astonish).
4. owe vt.欠(账、债、情等)
原文:You owe it to yourselves to stay longer. 你们应该多待几天。
词形变化:owing to prep.因为;由于
常见搭配:owe sth to sb=owe sb sth 欠(某人情);把……归功于某人
owe sb for sth 因某事欠某人钱或人情
owe it to sb that ... ……归功于某人
owe it to oneself to do sth 为自己着想,应该做某事
owe sb an apology 该向某人道歉
owe sb a favour 欠某人一个人情
owe a debt of gratitude to sb 对某人心怀感激
拓展: credit A with B 把B归功于A attribute A to B 把A归因于B
例句:We owe our future not to luck, but to the quiet choices we make each day.
我们的未来并非取决于运气,而是取决于每天所做的那些默默的选择。
【即学即练】
1. He left the town owing (owe) money to nearly every local shopkeeper.
2. She still owes three thousand dollars to her father for university expenses.
3. I owe you twenty dollars for the concert ticket you bought.
4. We owe a deep debt of gratitude to those who defended freedom.
5. We owe it to our students to prepare (prepare) them well for college.
6. 这位科学家把自己的成功归功于耐心、自律和无畏的好奇心。
The scientist owed her success to patience, discipline, and fearless curiosity.
7. 由于整个地区普降大雨,比赛被推迟了。
The match was postponed owing to heavy rain across the entire region.
五、经典句式
1. 同位语
原文:After Li Daiyu and her cousin arrived in Toronto, the largest and wealthiest city in Canada, they only had a few hours to kill before they had to proceed to the next leg of their trip to Montreal, so they went on a tour of the city.
李黛予和表妹抵达加拿大最大、最富有的城市多伦多之后,仅有几个小时的时间可以消磨,然后就得继续前往旅程的下一站蒙特利尔,于是她们就在市区逛了逛。
分析:同位语是置于名词、代词或名词性成分之前或之后,对其所指对象作进一步说明、解释、命名、概括或具体化的语法成分;同位语与被说明成分在意义上指向同一人、事物、身份或内容,在句法地位上通常相互对应,但同位语本身不构成新的主谓关系,也不改变原句的基本句法结构。它可由名词、名词短语、代词、数词、不定式、动名词结构或同位语从句充当。根据意义是否为识别对象所必需,同位语可分为限制性同位语和非限制性同位语:前者与中心词结合紧密,通常不用逗号隔开;后者只是补充说明,通常用逗号、破折号或冒号与主体部分分隔。判断同位语的核心标准是:它与被说明成分所指相同,承担的是解释或重述功能,而不是像定语那样描述性质,也不是像宾语补足语那样说明宾语的状态或结果。
拓展:从句作同位语时,通常跟在某些抽象名词(如fact、plan、view、idea、belief、opinion、possibility、thought等)后,用来说明所修饰词的内容。
例句:My English teacher, a patient and knowledgeable woman, always encourages us to face difficulties bravely.
我的英语老师是一位耐心且知识渊博的女性,她总是鼓励我们勇敢面对困难。
【即学即练】
1. The news that our school team had won the final excited everyone.
2. The possibility that humans may live on Mars one day has attracted many scientists.
3. Zhong Nanshan, one of the most respected doctors in China, has made great contributions to public health.
句中的非限制性同位语是:one of the most respected doctors in China
4. 我们学生应该充分利用时间,为未来做好准备。
We students should make full use of our time and prepare ourselves for the future.
5. 越来越多的人意识到了这个事实:保护环境是每个人的责任。
More and more people have realized the fact that protecting the environment is everyone’s responsibility.
2. 现在分词短语作状语
原文:Standing in the distance, they were astonished to see misty clouds rising from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake.
站在远处,她们看到蒙蒙的水雾从湖泊南侧的尼亚加拉大瀑布升腾而起,惊叹不已。
分析:现在分词短语作状语,是指以现在分词为核心、带有宾语、补语或其他修饰成分的短语,在句中对谓语动作或整个主句进行补充说明,主要表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随状态或自然产生的结果等逻辑关系。其最重要的语法特征是:
现在分词所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间通常是主动关系,而且该逻辑主语原则上必须与主句主语一致,否则容易造成“悬垂分词”的语法错误。现在分词短语表示的动作常与主句谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生;
若需明确表示分词动作先于主句动作完成,通常采用“having+过去分词”的完成式;若要强调被动关系,则使用“being+过去分词”,
若同时表示完成和被动,则使用“having been+过去分词”。
在位置上,现在分词短语可置于句首、句中或句末:位于句首时,多表示时间、原因、条件或让步;位于句末时,多表示伴随、方式或结果;位于句中时,常作为插入性成分补充说明主语的动作或状态。它本质上属于非谓语结构,不能独立充当句子的谓语,也不受人称和数的变化影响,其具体状语意义主要由上下文、动作发生的先后关系以及与主句之间的逻辑联系决定。
例句:The heavy rain lasted for several days, causing serious floods in some areas.
大雨持续了好几天,导致一些地区发生了严重洪水。
【即学即练】
1. Not knowing (know) what to do, he turned to his teacher for help.
2. Feeling (feel) tired after the long journey, we decided to have a rest.
3. He stood by the window, watching (watch) the children playing outside.
4. 因为没有意识到这个问题的重要性,他又犯了同样的错误。
Not realizing the importance of the problem, he made the same mistake again.
5. 学了多年英语之后,她能够流利地和外国人交流。
Having learned English for many years, she can communicate with foreigners fluently.
一、词汇易混辨析
1. contrary/ opposite/ contrast/ contradictory
contrary强调某事与已有的说法、看法、预期、事实、规定或愿望相反,常含有“反驳、违背”的意味。常见搭配是contrary to、on the contrary和to the contrary。
opposite最普通、最直接的“相反”,强调两个事物处于相反的方向、位置、性质或结果,常表示一组相反事物中的另一端。常见结构有opposite + 名词、the opposite of 和 be opposite to。
contrast强调两个或多个事物之间明显的“差异或对比”,不一定完全相反,也不表示其中一个是错误的。它既可作名词,也可作动词。常见结构有contrast A with B、A contrasts with B、in/by contrast和in contrast to/with。
contradictory强调两个说法、事实、证据或指示相互矛盾,无法同时成立;通常一个成立,另一个就不能成立。它是形容词,常修饰statements、accounts、evidence、advice、instructions等。
记忆
opposite:处在相反的两端
contrast:放在一起比较差异
contrary:与看法、预期或规定相反
contradictory:两个说法互相否定,不能同时为真
易错点1:on the contrary用于直接否定前面的说法,意思是“恰恰相反”。in contrast用于比较两个不同的人或事物,意思是“相比之下”。
✅ Daniel prefers working independently; in contrast, his sister enjoys constant team collaboration.
❌ Daniel prefers working independently; on the contrary, his sister enjoys constant team collaboration.
错误理由:这里是在比较Daniel和他的姐姐,而不是说后一句推翻了前一句,因此应使用in contrast。两个人可以同时具有不同的工作偏好,两个说法并不互相否定。
易错点2:opposite表示“完全相反”;contrast表示“明显不同或形成对比”,但不一定完全相反。
✅ The twins have contrasting personalities, although both remain patient and considerate under pressure.
❌ The twins have opposite personalities, although both remain patient and considerate under pressure.
错误理由:句中说明两人的性格有差异,但也拥有共同特点,因此不能说性格“完全相反”。这里使用contrasting personalities更准确。
易错点3:contrasting有明显差异,但可以同时成立或同时存在。contradictory相互矛盾,通常不能同时为真。
✅ The researchers presented contrasting interpretations of the data, each supported by reasonable evidence.
❌ The researchers presented contradictory interpretations of the data, each supported by reasonable evidence.
错误理由:几种解释只是角度不同,并不一定互相排斥,因此应使用contrasting。使用contradictory会暗示这些解释在逻辑上不能同时成立。
2. anyhow/ somehow
anyhow强调“无论如何、反正、不管怎样”,常用于补充理由、转换话题或回到重点;还可以表示“随便地、杂乱地、马虎地”。
somehow强调“以某种不清楚或未说明的方式”,或“由于某个说不清楚的原因”,常译为“somehow、不知怎么地、莫名其妙地”。
记忆:
anyhow = anyway / in any case:无论如何、反正
somehow = by some unknown means / for some unknown reason:不知用什么办法、不知为何
易错点:想表达“虽然不知道具体用了什么方法,但事情最终成功了”时,误用anyhow;想表达“无论如何、反正、况且”时,又误用somehow。
✅ Somehow, the rescue team found a safe path through the flooded village.
❌ Anyhow, the rescue team found a safe path through the flooded village.
错误理由:这里想表达“救援队通过某种未知或未说明的方法找到了道路”,因此应使用somehow。句首的anyhow通常表示“反正、无论如何”,会变成“反正,救援队找到了道路”,不能体现“方法不明”。需要说明的是,这个错误句并非完全不符合语法,而是不符合原本想表达的意思。
✅ We cannot afford another delay; anyhow, the client expects delivery by Monday morning.
❌ We cannot afford another delay; somehow, the client expects delivery by Monday morning.
错误理由:这里后半句是在补充一个支持前面观点的理由,意思是“况且客户要求星期一交货”,所以应使用anyhow。换成somehow 后,句子会变成“不知为何,客户希望星期一上午收到货物”,仿佛客户的要求令人费解,改变了原句的逻辑关系。
3. alongside/ beside
alongside强调“沿着……的一侧、与……并排”,常带有平行、同向的感觉;还可以表示“与……一起、与……同时进行”,用于人员合作、制度、方法或事物并行。
beside强调某人或某物“就在……旁边”,主要用于说明具体的位置关系,不强调平行、合作或共同进行。
在表示实际位置时,两者有时都可以使用,但意思的侧重点不同:
beside = 单纯地在旁边
alongside = 在一侧并排,或者与某人、某事物共同进行
易错点:认为alongside和beside可以在任何句子中互换。表示“与……合作、同时使用或共同发展”时,通常使用alongside;使用beside只会表达物理位置,可能使句意发生变化。
✅ The new nurse worked alongside experienced doctors throughout her first demanding month at the hospital.
❌ The new nurse worked beside experienced doctors throughout her first demanding month at the hospital.
错误理由:这里想表达的是“新护士与有经验的医生一起工作、共同合作”,因此应使用alongside。worked beside在语法上并非完全错误,但它主要表示“站在医生旁边工作”,不能清楚表达合作关系。
✅ His complaint about parking fees was completely beside the point during our safety meeting.
❌ His complaint about parking fees was completely alongside the point during our safety meeting.
错误理由:beside the point是固定搭配,表示“离题的、不相关的”。这里不能将beside换成alongside,因为alongside the point不具有这一固定含义。
4. shore/ coast/ bank
shore强调陆地与水面直接相接的“岸边、水边”,范围通常比较具体。它可以指海、海洋或湖泊的岸边;在部分语境中也可以指宽阔河流的岸边。常见搭配有on the shore、along the shore、reach the shore、a rocky/sandy shore。
coast强调海洋沿岸的较大地理区域或海岸地带,一般只用于海或海洋,不用来表示湖岸或河岸。它常用于描述一个国家、地区或岛屿的某段海岸,如the east coast of Australia、the coast of Spain、along the coast。
bank强调河流、溪流或运河两侧的陆地,通常带有“河边斜坡”的感觉。常见搭配有a river bank、the opposite bank、on the banks of the Thames。表示普通湖岸时,通常用shore更自然;表示海岸时一般不用bank。
记忆:
shore:水边的具体位置——海、湖均可。
coast:较大范围的海岸地区——只用于海洋。
bank:河流、溪流或运河两边的陆地。
易错点1:表示“湖岸”时误用coast。湖泊不是海洋,通常应使用shore。
✅ During the hike, we stopped beside the rocky shore of a clear mountain lake.
❌ During the hike, we stopped beside the rocky coast of a clear mountain lake.
错误理由:这里说的是山中湖泊的岸边,因此应该用shore。Coast表示海洋沿岸的地区,不能用于普通湖泊。
易错点2:表示“某国或岛屿的沿海地区”时误用bank。bank通常表示河岸,而不是海岸。
✅ Small fishing villages are scattered along the rugged northern coast of the island.
❌ Small fishing villages are scattered along the rugged northern bank of the island.
错误理由:这里描述的是岛屿北部较大范围的沿海地区,因此用coast。Bank通常表示河流、溪流或运河两侧的陆地,不能表示岛屿的海岸地区。
5. astonish/ surprise/ amaze
surprise最常用、语气最中性,强调事情出乎意料。造成惊讶的事情不一定罕见、不可思议,也不一定令人赞叹,日常的小意外也可以用surprise。
astonish语气明显强于surprise,表示某件事令人非常震惊、难以置信。
amaze也表示“使人大为惊讶”,常含有惊叹、不可思议或一时难以理解的感觉,适合形容非凡的能力、规模、成就或景象。但amaze不一定只用于正面事物,也可以对愚蠢、粗鲁等负面行为感到惊讶。
记忆:
surprise:没想到 astonish:简直难以置信 amaze:令人惊叹或不可思议
易错点:容易把三个词完全当作同义词,不考虑惊讶程度:普通、日常的意外通常用surprise。非常反常、几乎难以置信的事情更适合astonish。令人惊叹、震撼或一时难以理解的事物更适合amaze。
✅ The delayed train surprised the tourists, but the driver’s seemingly impossible escape amazed everyone.
❌ The delayed train amazed the tourists, but the driver’s seemingly impossible escape only surprised everyone.
错误理由:这个句子没有严重的语法错误,但词语的强弱搭配不自然。普通的火车晚点一般只会让人 surprised;“看似不可能的逃脱”更加非凡,应当用语气较强、带有惊叹意味的amazed。错误句把两个词的语气轻重颠倒了。
6. mist/ fog
mist表示“薄雾、水汽”,由悬浮在空气中的微小水滴形成,通常比较稀薄,对视线的影响较小。按照英国气象局的气象定义,出现水汽遮挡,但能见度仍达到或超过1,000米时,通常称为mist。它往往比fog消散得更快。
fog表示“雾、浓雾”,本质上可以理解为接近地面的云,水滴更密集,对视线的影响更严重。英国气象局通常把能见度低于1,000米的情况称为fog。
记忆:
mist = 较薄,通常还能看见较远的东西
fog = 较浓,能见度明显降低
易错点:仅根据中文“雾”随意选择mist或fog,忽略二者在浓度和能见度上的差异。描述严重影响交通、看不清道路的浓雾时,通常应使用fog;描述湖面、山间较轻且较薄的雾气时,通常使用mist。
✅ Thick fog reduced visibility to only two hundred metres on the motorway.
❌ A thick mist reduced visibility to only two hundred metres on the motorway.
错误理由:能见度只有两百米,说明雾气已经非常浓。按照气象学中常用的区分标准,能见度低于1,000米时应使用fog。
注意:在日常英语中,mist和fog的界限并非始终严格执行,人们有时也会说light fog或thick mist。但在天气预报、航空和正式气象语境中,二者主要按照能见度区分。
7. cohesive/ coherent
cohesive强调文章在语言形式上的衔接,即句子、段落之间是否被清楚地“连接”起来。常见的衔接手段包括连接词、代词、关键词重复、同义替换和指代等。它关注的是:句子之间是怎样连接的。
coherent强调文章在内容和逻辑上的连贯,即观点是否组织合理、顺序自然,读者能否轻松理解作者的思路。它关注的是:整篇内容是否讲得通。
记忆:
cohesive:形式上“连得起来”
coherent:逻辑上“讲得明白”
一篇文章可以有很多连接词,因此很cohesive;但如果观点杂乱、前后矛盾,它仍然不coherent。
易错点:看到文章使用了许多连接词,就直接认为文章是coherent。连接词主要增强语言上的cohesion,但不能自动保证观点具有逻辑性。
✅ The writer repeats key terms and uses pronouns, making the paragraph cohesive throughout.
❌ The writer repeats key terms and uses pronouns, making the paragraph coherent throughout.
错误理由:句中提到的是“重复关键词”和“使用代词”,这些都是连接句子的语言手段,因此主要体现 cohesive。这些手段只能说明段落在形式上连接紧密,不能单独证明段落的观点具有清晰、合理的逻辑。
✅ Her explanation is coherent because each conclusion follows logically from the evidence presented earlier.
❌ Her explanation is cohesive because each conclusion follows logically from the evidence presented earlier.
错误理由:句中的重点是“结论能够从证据中合理推出”,描述的是观点之间的逻辑关系,所以应使用coherent。Cohesive更侧重代词、连接词、重复等语言形式上的连接,不能准确表达“推理合理、思路清晰”。
二、短语搭配易错
1. contrary to 与……相反
contrary to是介词短语,表示某事与某种说法、观点、预期或情况相反。它后面通常接名词、代词或名词性结构。
易错点:to是介词,后接名词、代词或动名词,不能接动词原形。
例子:✅ Contrary to his parents’ wishes, he decided to study art abroad.
❌ Contrary to follow his parents’ wishes, he decided to study art abroad.
2. be true of 对……适用;符合……
be true of表示某种情况、特点或规律“对……同样适用”或“符合……的情况”。固定搭配是true of,后面通常接名词、代词或名词短语。
易错点:把true of误用成true to。(true to通常表示“忠于……”)
例子:✅ This rule is true of all students in our English class.
❌ This rule is true to all students in our English class.
3. on one’s way to ... 在去……的路上;即将
on one’s way to + 地点名词,表示“在去某地的路上”;on one’s way to + doing sth,表示“即将做成某事”或“正在逐渐达到某种状态”。其中one’s要根据主语变为 my、your、his、her、our、their 等;to是介词,后接动词时要使用动名词。
易错点:把介词to后面的动词误用成动词原形。
例子:✅ The young scientist is well on her way to achieving her dream.
❌ The young scientist is well on her way to achieve her dream.
4. in contrast to / with 与……相比;与……相反
in contrast to / with + 名词、代词或动名词,表示两个人、事物或情况之间有明显的差异或形成鲜明对比。to和with都是介词,因此后面不能直接接动词原形。
易错点:把in contrast to / with后面的动词误用成动词原形。
例子:✅ In contrast to studying alone, Lisa prefers working with classmates after school.
❌ In contrast to study alone, Lisa prefers working with classmates after school.
5. be close to 接近;差点儿
be close to + 名词/代词/动名词,表示“离……很近”“接近……”或“差点儿做某事”。其中to是介词,因此后面的动词要用动名词形式,不能用动词原形。
易错点:把be close to后面的动词误用成动词原形。
例子:✅ She was close to missing the last bus after leaving work late.
❌ She was close to miss the last bus after leaving work late.
三、句型易错点
1. 现在分词作状语
课文:Standing in the distance, they were astonished to see misty clouds rising from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake.
易错点:现在分词作状语,逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致,其动作执行者不能是主句中的其他名词,否则会形成“悬垂分词”。
例子:✅ Walking through the quiet library, Maya was delighted to find the rare manuscript she needed.
❌ Walking through the quiet library, the rare manuscript delighted Maya when she finally found it.
2. who引导非限制性定语从句
课文:The cousins chatted with Lin Fei, who had moved to Canada many years earlier.
易错点: 非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开;先行词是人时使用who,不能使用that。
例子:✅ We thanked Professor Chen, who had supported our research project throughout the difficult winter semester.
❌ We thanked Professor Chen, that had supported our research project throughout the difficult winter semester.
3. wonder后接宾语从句
课文:I’m a photographer, he said, and I was wondering where you are from.
易错点:wonder引导宾语从句时,使用陈述句语序,不能使用直接疑问句语序。
例子:✅ He said that he was wondering whether the manager could extend the application deadline by one week.
❌ He said that he was wondering whether could the manager extend the application deadline by one week.
一、描述旅行与行程
go on a journey
踏上旅程
take a trip to…
去……旅行
set off for…
动身前往……
leave for…
出发去……
travel across the country
穿越整个国家
travel from east to west
从东向西旅行
cross a vast land
穿越辽阔的土地
make one’s way to…
前往……
head towards…
朝……前进
continue one’s journey
继续旅程
follow a route
沿着路线前行
cover a long distance
行进很长一段距离
pass through…
穿过……
stop at…
在……停留
arrive at one’s destination
到达目的地
reach the final stop
到达终点站
return home safely
平安回家
二、描述交通方式
travel by train
乘火车旅行
take a train across…
乘火车穿越……
board the train
登上火车
get on/off the train
上/下火车
take a flight to…
乘飞机前往……
drive along the highway
沿公路驾车行驶
go on a road trip
进行公路旅行
travel at a steady speed
以稳定的速度行驶
enjoy the scenery along the way
欣赏沿途风景
look out of the window
向窗外望去
watch the landscape change
观看地貌不断变化
be surrounded by mountains
被群山环绕
三、描述自然风光
breathtaking scenery
令人惊叹的景色
magnificent natural scenery
壮丽的自然风光
a vast open land
辽阔开阔的土地
snow-covered mountains
白雪覆盖的群山
rolling hills
连绵起伏的山丘
thick forests
茂密的森林
crystal-clear lakes
清澈见底的湖泊
rushing rivers
奔腾的河流
endless grasslands
一望无际的草原
wide open plains
广阔的平原
deep valleys
幽深的山谷
steep mountain peaks
陡峭的山峰
frozen lakes
冰封的湖泊
a beautiful coastline
美丽的海岸线
a sea of flowers
花的海洋
stretch as far as the eye can see
一望无际
come into view
映入眼帘
take one’s breath away
令人叹为观止
be covered with snow
被白雪覆盖
be rich in natural resources
自然资源丰富
四、描述天气与季节
under a clear blue sky
在晴朗的蓝天下
in the warm sunshine
在温暖的阳光下
with a cold wind blowing
寒风吹拂
be freezing cold
极其寒冷
a light rain began to fall
开始下起小雨
the temperature dropped sharply
气温急剧下降
the weather changed suddenly
天气突然变化
be covered in thick fog
被浓雾笼罩
enjoy a mild climate
气候温和
experience four distinct seasons
经历四季分明的气候
五、描述沿途所见所闻
admire the beautiful view
欣赏美景
catch sight of…
看见……
be amazed by…
对……感到惊叹
be impressed by…
对……印象深刻
be struck by the beauty of…
被……的美丽所打动
witness an unforgettable scene
目睹难忘的景象
observe local wildlife
观察当地野生动物
see animals in the distance
看见远处的动物
experience local culture
体验当地文化
taste local food
品尝当地美食
talk with local people
与当地人交谈
learn about local traditions
了解当地传统
gain a deeper understanding of…
更深入地了解……
take plenty of photographs
拍摄许多照片
record the journey
记录旅程
leave a deep impression on…
给……留下深刻印象
六、表达旅行中的感受
feel excited about the journey
对旅程感到兴奋
be full of expectation
充满期待
feel tired but satisfied
感到疲惫却满足
be deeply moved by…
被……深深感动
be amazed at the size of…
对……的广阔感到惊讶
feel close to nature
感到亲近自然
enjoy a sense of freedom
享受自由的感觉
forget the worries of daily life
忘却日常生活的烦恼
broaden one’s horizons
开阔眼界
enrich one’s life experience
丰富人生经历
create unforgettable memories
留下难忘的回忆
be worth the effort
值得付出努力
be an experience of a lifetime
是一次终生难忘的经历
remain fresh in one’s memory
记忆犹新
七、描述行程顺序的连接表达
1. 旅程开始
At the beginning of the journey, … 旅程开始时,……
Early in the morning, we set off for… 一大早,我们动身前往……
Our journey began in… 我们的旅程始于……
2. 旅程途中
Along the way, … 沿途,……
As the train moved forward, … 随着火车向前行驶,……
After travelling for several hours, … 经过几个小时的旅行后,……
The next morning, … 第二天早晨,……
Before long, … 不久,……
Meanwhile, … 与此同时,……
Later that day, … 当天晚些时候,……
3. 旅程结束
Eventually, we arrived in… 最终,我们到达了……
At last, we reached our destination. 最后,我们到达了目的地。
By the end of the journey, … 到旅程结束时,……
Looking back on the journey, … 回顾这次旅程,……
八、高分句型积累
1. 描述辽阔景色
As the train moved across the country, the scenery outside the window changed constantly.
随着火车穿越这个国家,窗外的景色不断变化。
In the distance stood a range of snow-covered mountains.
远处矗立着一片白雪覆盖的山脉。
The endless grasslands stretched as far as the eye could see.
一望无际的草原延伸到视线尽头。
What impressed us most was the vastness and beauty of the land.
最令我们印象深刻的是这片土地的辽阔与美丽。
So breathtaking was the view that we could hardly take our eyes off it.
景色如此壮观,以至于我们几乎无法移开视线。
2. 描述沿途经历
Looking out of the window, we saw forests, lakes and mountains passing by.
望向窗外,我们看到森林、湖泊和群山一一掠过。
During the journey, we had the opportunity to experience different landscapes and cultures.
在旅途中,我们有机会体验不同的自然景观和文化。
Every stop offered us a new chance to explore the local area.
每一站都为我们提供了探索当地的新机会。
The farther we travelled, the more amazed we became at the diversity of the country.
我们走得越远,就越惊叹于这个国家的多样性。
Not only did we enjoy the magnificent scenery, but we also learned about local traditions.
我们不仅欣赏了壮丽的风景,还了解了当地传统。
3. 表达旅行意义
Travelling across such a vast land broadened our horizons and deepened our understanding of the country.
穿越这样辽阔的土地开阔了我们的眼界,也加深了我们对这个国家的了解。
The journey allowed us to appreciate both the beauty of nature and the diversity of human culture.
这次旅程让我们领略了自然之美和人类文化的多样性。
It was more than a sightseeing trip; it was also a valuable learning experience.
这不仅是一次观光旅行,也是一次宝贵的学习经历。
Although the journey was long and tiring, every moment was worthwhile.
尽管旅程漫长而疲惫,但每一刻都值得。
This unforgettable journey will remain in my memory for years to come.
这次难忘的旅程将在未来许多年里留在我的记忆中。
$Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land
Using Language
Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry and narrow-mindedness.
—Mark Twain
译文:旅行是偏见、顽固与狭隘思想的克星。
解读:这句话出自马克·吐温1869年出版的旅行文学作品《傻子出国记》(The Innocents Abroad)的结尾;其中“fatal”并非“致命”之意,而是强调旅行能够有力地消解偏见、宗教或文化上的排斥,以及因见识有限而形成的狭隘观念。人在离开熟悉的环境、亲身接触不同民族、文化和生活方式后,往往会发现原有成见并不符合真实世界,从而学会以更宽容、更全面的眼光理解他人。结合原文紧随其后的句子——一个人若终生困守在世界的一隅,就无法形成开阔、健全而仁慈的见解——可见马克·吐温并非把旅行仅仅视为观光娱乐,而是把它看作突破认知局限、培养同理心和开放精神的重要途径。
一、重点单词
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1. n. 习语;成语
2. n. 岸;滨
3. n. 薄雾;水汽
4. n. 钢;钢铁工业
5. n. 黄昏;傍晚
6. n.(informal ad)广告;启事
7. n. 口音
8. n. 摄影师;拍照者
9. n. 烤面包片;吐司;干杯 vt. 为……干杯 vi. 烤(尤指面包)
10. adj. 铺有鹅卵石的
11. adj. 有条理的;清楚易懂的
12. adj. 相反的;相对立的 n. 相反的事实(或事情)
13. adj. 多雾的;模糊的
14. vi. 行进;继续做
15. vt. 使十分惊讶;使吃惊
16. vt. 欠(账、债、情等)
17. adv.(结束交谈或转换话题时)不过;反正
18. prep. 在……旁边;与……一起 adv. 在旁边
二、重点单词变形
1. idiom n. 习语;成语→ adj. 惯用的;地道的→ adv. 惯用地;地道地
2. contrary adj. 相反的;相对立的→ adv. 相反地;反之
3. proceed vi. 行进;继续进行→ n. 进程;行动;诉讼程序→ n. 会议记录;诉讼程序
4. astonish vt. 使十分惊讶;使吃惊→ adj. 感到惊讶的→ adj. 令人惊讶的→ n. 惊讶;吃惊
5. mist n. 薄雾;水汽→ adj. 多雾的;模糊的→ adv. 朦胧地
6. steel n. 钢;钢铁→ adj. 钢铁般的;坚定冷峻的
7. dusk n. 黄昏;傍晚→ adj. 昏暗的;微黑的
8. advertise v. 做广告;宣传→ n. 广告;启事→ n. 广告商;广告客户→ n. 广告活动;广告业
9. accent n. 口音;重音→ adj. 带有某种口音的;重读的→ vt. 强调;使突出→ n. 强调;重读
10. photograph n. 照片;相片;v. 拍照→ n. 摄影师;拍照者→ n. 摄影;摄影术→ adj. 摄影的;照片般精确的
11. owe vt. 欠;把……归功于→ adj. 未付的;欠着的
12. coherent adj. 有条理的;清楚易懂的→ n. 连贯性;条理性;一致性→ adv. 连贯地;有条理地→ adj. 不连贯的;语无伦次的
三、必备词块
1. 相反的;相对立的
2. 进而做(参加)
3. 欠(某人情);把……归功于某人
4. 对……适用;符合于……
5. 大陆性气候
6. 非常平坦的;完全平展的
7. 连绵起伏的山峦
8. 延伸
9. 消磨时间
10. 火车旅行;乘火车旅行
11. (等待时)消磨时间,打发时光
12. 流入
13. 在去……的路上;即将
14. 驶过;流逝
15. 与……聊天
16. 各种各样的
17. 与……相反
18. 接近
19. 花费时间做某事
20. 欠(某人情);把……归功于某人
21. 梦想;梦见
四、核心词汇
1. contrary adj.相反的;相对立的 n.相反的事实(或事情)
原文:Well, contrary to what many people believe, there are a lot of vast and empty spaces in China, actually.
是的,和很多人想的恰恰相反,在中国事实上有很多辽阔而又空旷的地方。
常见搭配:contrary to 相反的;相对立的
on the contrary 正相反;恰恰相反
to the contrary 相反的
近义词:opposite 完全相反的、conflicting相冲突的、inconsistent不一致的
反义词:similar相似的、consistent一致的、compatible相容的
注意:on the contrary 用于反驳或纠正前面的说法,意为“事实恰恰相反”。
in contrast 只用于比较差异,不一定否定前面的说法。
contrary to 中的 to 是介词,后接名词、代词或动名词。
例句:Wisdom begins when we question popular belief and remain open to evidence pointing to the contrary.
智慧始于质疑流行观点,并始终愿意接受指向相反事实的证据。
【即学即练】
1. His decision was contrary the advice given by every experienced member.
2. The task was not easier than expected; the contrary, it demanded greater patience.
3. Despite repeated reports the contrary, the scientist remained confident in her conclusion.
4. The northern region suffered heavy flooding; contrast, the south remained almost completely dry.
5. 从失败中学习不会削弱我们;恰恰相反,它会培养我们的韧性
6. 尽管不断有相反的报道,这位科学家仍然对自己的结论充满信心。
2. proceed vi.行进;继续做
原文:After Li Daiyu and her cousin arrived in Toronto, the largest and wealthiest city in Canada, they only had a few hours to kill before they had to proceed to the next leg of their trip to Montreal, so they went on a tour of the city.
李黛予和表妹抵达加拿大最大、最富有的城市多伦多之后,仅有几个小时的时间可以消磨,然后就得继续前往旅程的下一站蒙特利尔,于是她们就在市区逛了逛。
词形变化:proceeding n.进程;行动;诉讼程序 proceedings n.会议记录;诉讼程序
常见搭配:proceed to do sth 继而做某事
proceed to sth 进而做(参加);前往(某地)
proceed with sth 继续某事
proceed from sth. 由……产生;源于……
proceed against sb. 对某人提起法律诉讼
拓展:近义词:continue继续、advance前进、go ahead开始或继续进行。proceed from 相当于 arise from / stem from,表示“源于”。
注意:proceed是不及物动词,不能直接接宾语。✅ proceed with the plan
proceed to do sth. 强调完成一件事后“接着做另一件事”,不只是单纯继续。
例句:When certainty disappears, proceed with courage, because meaningful paths are often created by those willing to move. 当确定性消失时,仍要勇敢前行,因为有意义的道路往往由敢于行动的人开创。
【即学即练】
1. After reviewing every possible risk, the committee decided to proceed the ambitious project.
2. She introduced the central argument and then proceeded (explain) its practical consequences.
3. Passengers travelling to Tokyo should proceed Gate Twelve before boarding begins.
4. Many destructive conflicts proceed fear, misunderstanding, and an unwillingness to listen.
5. The authorities lacked sufficient evidence to proceed the company in court.
6. The court began criminal (proceed) after investigators presented substantial new evidence.
3. astonish vt.使十分惊讶;使吃惊
原文:Standing in the distance, they were astonished to see misty clouds rising from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake.
站在远处,她们看到蒙蒙的水雾从湖泊南侧的尼亚加拉大瀑布升腾而起,惊叹不已。
词形变化:astonishing adj.令人十分惊讶的 astonishment n.惊讶;吃惊
astonished adj.感到十分惊讶(指人的主观感受);吃惊
常见搭配:be astonished at/by sth 因某事感到惊讶
be astonished to do sth 对做某事感到惊讶
be astonished that ... 对……感到惊讶
to one's astonishment 让某人惊讶的是
in astonishment 惊讶地
拓展:astonished修饰人的感受;astonishing修饰令人惊讶的人、事或现象。
例句:What astonishes us today may become tomorrow’s wisdom, if curiosity remains stronger than fear within us.
今天令我们惊讶的事,或许会成为明日的智慧,只要内心的好奇始终战胜恐惧。
【即学即练】
1. The scientist presented (astonish) evidence that challenged assumptions accepted for generations.
2. The villagers were (astonish) when the abandoned field produced flowers after decades.
3. To our (astonish), the quietest student offered the wisest solution to the conflict.
4. We were astonished the kindness shown by complete strangers during the storm.
5. He was astonished (see) a home that was larger than his place of work.
6. They were astonished such a simple idea could transform the entire community.
7. The children watched astonishment as the tiny seedling broke through stone.
8. To my (astonish), they weren't (astonish) at the (astonish) news, so I looked at them in (astonish).
4. owe vt.欠(账、债、情等)
原文:You owe it to yourselves to stay longer. 你们应该多待几天。
词形变化:owing to prep.因为;由于
常见搭配:owe sth to sb=owe sb sth 欠(某人情);把……归功于某人
owe sb for sth 因某事欠某人钱或人情
owe it to sb that ... ……归功于某人
owe it to oneself to do sth 为自己着想,应该做某事
owe sb an apology 该向某人道歉
owe sb a favour 欠某人一个人情
owe a debt of gratitude to sb 对某人心怀感激
拓展: credit A with B 把B归功于A attribute A to B 把A归因于B
例句:We owe our future not to luck, but to the quiet choices we make each day.
我们的未来并非取决于运气,而是取决于每天所做的那些默默的选择。
【即学即练】
1. He left the town (owe) money to nearly every local shopkeeper.
2. She still owes three thousand dollars her father for university expenses.
3. I owe you twenty dollars the concert ticket you bought.
4. We owe a deep debt of gratitude those who defended freedom.
5. We owe it to our students (prepare) them well for college.
6. 这位科学家把自己的成功归功于耐心、自律和无畏的好奇心。
7. 由于整个地区普降大雨,比赛被推迟了。
五、经典句式
1. 同位语
原文:After Li Daiyu and her cousin arrived in Toronto, the largest and wealthiest city in Canada, they only had a few hours to kill before they had to proceed to the next leg of their trip to Montreal, so they went on a tour of the city.
李黛予和表妹抵达加拿大最大、最富有的城市多伦多之后,仅有几个小时的时间可以消磨,然后就得继续前往旅程的下一站蒙特利尔,于是她们就在市区逛了逛。
分析:同位语是置于名词、代词或名词性成分之前或之后,对其所指对象作进一步说明、解释、命名、概括或具体化的语法成分;同位语与被说明成分在意义上指向同一人、事物、身份或内容,在句法地位上通常相互对应,但同位语本身不构成新的主谓关系,也不改变原句的基本句法结构。它可由名词、名词短语、代词、数词、不定式、动名词结构或同位语从句充当。根据意义是否为识别对象所必需,同位语可分为限制性同位语和非限制性同位语:前者与中心词结合紧密,通常不用逗号隔开;后者只是补充说明,通常用逗号、破折号或冒号与主体部分分隔。判断同位语的核心标准是:它与被说明成分所指相同,承担的是解释或重述功能,而不是像定语那样描述性质,也不是像宾语补足语那样说明宾语的状态或结果。
拓展:从句作同位语时,通常跟在某些抽象名词(如fact、plan、view、idea、belief、opinion、possibility、thought等)后,用来说明所修饰词的内容。
例句:My English teacher, a patient and knowledgeable woman, always encourages us to face difficulties bravely.
我的英语老师是一位耐心且知识渊博的女性,她总是鼓励我们勇敢面对困难。
【即学即练】
1. The news our school team had won the final excited everyone.
2. The possibility humans may live on Mars one day has attracted many scientists.
3. Zhong Nanshan, one of the most respected doctors in China, has made great contributions to public health.
句中的非限制性同位语是:
4. 我们学生应该充分利用时间,为未来做好准备。
5. 越来越多的人意识到了这个事实:保护环境是每个人的责任。
2. 现在分词短语作状语
原文:Standing in the distance, they were astonished to see misty clouds rising from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake.
站在远处,她们看到蒙蒙的水雾从湖泊南侧的尼亚加拉大瀑布升腾而起,惊叹不已。
分析:现在分词短语作状语,是指以现在分词为核心、带有宾语、补语或其他修饰成分的短语,在句中对谓语动作或整个主句进行补充说明,主要表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随状态或自然产生的结果等逻辑关系。其最重要的语法特征是:
现在分词所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间通常是主动关系,而且该逻辑主语原则上必须与主句主语一致,否则容易造成“悬垂分词”的语法错误。现在分词短语表示的动作常与主句谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生;
若需明确表示分词动作先于主句动作完成,通常采用“having+过去分词”的完成式;若要强调被动关系,则使用“being+过去分词”,
若同时表示完成和被动,则使用“having been+过去分词”。
在位置上,现在分词短语可置于句首、句中或句末:位于句首时,多表示时间、原因、条件或让步;位于句末时,多表示伴随、方式或结果;位于句中时,常作为插入性成分补充说明主语的动作或状态。它本质上属于非谓语结构,不能独立充当句子的谓语,也不受人称和数的变化影响,其具体状语意义主要由上下文、动作发生的先后关系以及与主句之间的逻辑联系决定。
例句:The heavy rain lasted for several days, causing serious floods in some areas.
大雨持续了好几天,导致一些地区发生了严重洪水。
【即学即练】
1. Not (know) what to do, he turned to his teacher for help.
2. (feel) tired after the long journey, we decided to have a rest.
3. He stood by the window, (watch) the children playing outside.
4. 因为没有意识到这个问题的重要性,他又犯了同样的错误。
5. 学了多年英语之后,她能够流利地和外国人交流。
一、词汇易混辨析
1. contrary/ opposite/ contrast/ contradictory
contrary强调某事与已有的说法、看法、预期、事实、规定或愿望相反,常含有“反驳、违背”的意味。常见搭配是contrary to、on the contrary和to the contrary。
opposite最普通、最直接的“相反”,强调两个事物处于相反的方向、位置、性质或结果,常表示一组相反事物中的另一端。常见结构有opposite + 名词、the opposite of 和 be opposite to。
contrast强调两个或多个事物之间明显的“差异或对比”,不一定完全相反,也不表示其中一个是错误的。它既可作名词,也可作动词。常见结构有contrast A with B、A contrasts with B、in/by contrast和in contrast to/with。
contradictory强调两个说法、事实、证据或指示相互矛盾,无法同时成立;通常一个成立,另一个就不能成立。它是形容词,常修饰statements、accounts、evidence、advice、instructions等。
记忆
opposite:处在相反的两端
contrast:放在一起比较差异
contrary:与看法、预期或规定相反
contradictory:两个说法互相否定,不能同时为真
易错点1:on the contrary用于直接否定前面的说法,意思是“恰恰相反”。in contrast用于比较两个不同的人或事物,意思是“相比之下”。
✅ Daniel prefers working independently; in contrast, his sister enjoys constant team collaboration.
❌ Daniel prefers working independently; on the contrary, his sister enjoys constant team collaboration.
错误理由:这里是在比较Daniel和他的姐姐,而不是说后一句推翻了前一句,因此应使用in contrast。两个人可以同时具有不同的工作偏好,两个说法并不互相否定。
易错点2:opposite表示“完全相反”;contrast表示“明显不同或形成对比”,但不一定完全相反。
✅ The twins have contrasting personalities, although both remain patient and considerate under pressure.
❌ The twins have opposite personalities, although both remain patient and considerate under pressure.
错误理由:句中说明两人的性格有差异,但也拥有共同特点,因此不能说性格“完全相反”。这里使用contrasting personalities更准确。
易错点3:contrasting有明显差异,但可以同时成立或同时存在。contradictory相互矛盾,通常不能同时为真。
✅ The researchers presented contrasting interpretations of the data, each supported by reasonable evidence.
❌ The researchers presented contradictory interpretations of the data, each supported by reasonable evidence.
错误理由:几种解释只是角度不同,并不一定互相排斥,因此应使用contrasting。使用contradictory会暗示这些解释在逻辑上不能同时成立。
2. anyhow/ somehow
anyhow强调“无论如何、反正、不管怎样”,常用于补充理由、转换话题或回到重点;还可以表示“随便地、杂乱地、马虎地”。
somehow强调“以某种不清楚或未说明的方式”,或“由于某个说不清楚的原因”,常译为“somehow、不知怎么地、莫名其妙地”。
记忆:
anyhow = anyway / in any case:无论如何、反正
somehow = by some unknown means / for some unknown reason:不知用什么办法、不知为何
易错点:想表达“虽然不知道具体用了什么方法,但事情最终成功了”时,误用anyhow;想表达“无论如何、反正、况且”时,又误用somehow。
✅ Somehow, the rescue team found a safe path through the flooded village.
❌ Anyhow, the rescue team found a safe path through the flooded village.
错误理由:这里想表达“救援队通过某种未知或未说明的方法找到了道路”,因此应使用somehow。句首的anyhow通常表示“反正、无论如何”,会变成“反正,救援队找到了道路”,不能体现“方法不明”。需要说明的是,这个错误句并非完全不符合语法,而是不符合原本想表达的意思。
✅ We cannot afford another delay; anyhow, the client expects delivery by Monday morning.
❌ We cannot afford another delay; somehow, the client expects delivery by Monday morning.
错误理由:这里后半句是在补充一个支持前面观点的理由,意思是“况且客户要求星期一交货”,所以应使用anyhow。换成somehow 后,句子会变成“不知为何,客户希望星期一上午收到货物”,仿佛客户的要求令人费解,改变了原句的逻辑关系。
3. alongside/ beside
alongside强调“沿着……的一侧、与……并排”,常带有平行、同向的感觉;还可以表示“与……一起、与……同时进行”,用于人员合作、制度、方法或事物并行。
beside强调某人或某物“就在……旁边”,主要用于说明具体的位置关系,不强调平行、合作或共同进行。
在表示实际位置时,两者有时都可以使用,但意思的侧重点不同:
beside = 单纯地在旁边
alongside = 在一侧并排,或者与某人、某事物共同进行
易错点:认为alongside和beside可以在任何句子中互换。表示“与……合作、同时使用或共同发展”时,通常使用alongside;使用beside只会表达物理位置,可能使句意发生变化。
✅ The new nurse worked alongside experienced doctors throughout her first demanding month at the hospital.
❌ The new nurse worked beside experienced doctors throughout her first demanding month at the hospital.
错误理由:这里想表达的是“新护士与有经验的医生一起工作、共同合作”,因此应使用alongside。worked beside在语法上并非完全错误,但它主要表示“站在医生旁边工作”,不能清楚表达合作关系。
✅ His complaint about parking fees was completely beside the point during our safety meeting.
❌ His complaint about parking fees was completely alongside the point during our safety meeting.
错误理由:beside the point是固定搭配,表示“离题的、不相关的”。这里不能将beside换成alongside,因为alongside the point不具有这一固定含义。
4. shore/ coast/ bank
shore强调陆地与水面直接相接的“岸边、水边”,范围通常比较具体。它可以指海、海洋或湖泊的岸边;在部分语境中也可以指宽阔河流的岸边。常见搭配有on the shore、along the shore、reach the shore、a rocky/sandy shore。
coast强调海洋沿岸的较大地理区域或海岸地带,一般只用于海或海洋,不用来表示湖岸或河岸。它常用于描述一个国家、地区或岛屿的某段海岸,如the east coast of Australia、the coast of Spain、along the coast。
bank强调河流、溪流或运河两侧的陆地,通常带有“河边斜坡”的感觉。常见搭配有a river bank、the opposite bank、on the banks of the Thames。表示普通湖岸时,通常用shore更自然;表示海岸时一般不用bank。
记忆:
shore:水边的具体位置——海、湖均可。
coast:较大范围的海岸地区——只用于海洋。
bank:河流、溪流或运河两边的陆地。
易错点1:表示“湖岸”时误用coast。湖泊不是海洋,通常应使用shore。
✅ During the hike, we stopped beside the rocky shore of a clear mountain lake.
❌ During the hike, we stopped beside the rocky coast of a clear mountain lake.
错误理由:这里说的是山中湖泊的岸边,因此应该用shore。Coast表示海洋沿岸的地区,不能用于普通湖泊。
易错点2:表示“某国或岛屿的沿海地区”时误用bank。bank通常表示河岸,而不是海岸。
✅ Small fishing villages are scattered along the rugged northern coast of the island.
❌ Small fishing villages are scattered along the rugged northern bank of the island.
错误理由:这里描述的是岛屿北部较大范围的沿海地区,因此用coast。Bank通常表示河流、溪流或运河两侧的陆地,不能表示岛屿的海岸地区。
5. astonish/ surprise/ amaze
surprise最常用、语气最中性,强调事情出乎意料。造成惊讶的事情不一定罕见、不可思议,也不一定令人赞叹,日常的小意外也可以用surprise。
astonish语气明显强于surprise,表示某件事令人非常震惊、难以置信。
amaze也表示“使人大为惊讶”,常含有惊叹、不可思议或一时难以理解的感觉,适合形容非凡的能力、规模、成就或景象。但amaze不一定只用于正面事物,也可以对愚蠢、粗鲁等负面行为感到惊讶。
记忆:
surprise:没想到 astonish:简直难以置信 amaze:令人惊叹或不可思议
易错点:容易把三个词完全当作同义词,不考虑惊讶程度:普通、日常的意外通常用surprise。非常反常、几乎难以置信的事情更适合astonish。令人惊叹、震撼或一时难以理解的事物更适合amaze。
✅ The delayed train surprised the tourists, but the driver’s seemingly impossible escape amazed everyone.
❌ The delayed train amazed the tourists, but the driver’s seemingly impossible escape only surprised everyone.
错误理由:这个句子没有严重的语法错误,但词语的强弱搭配不自然。普通的火车晚点一般只会让人 surprised;“看似不可能的逃脱”更加非凡,应当用语气较强、带有惊叹意味的amazed。错误句把两个词的语气轻重颠倒了。
6. mist/ fog
mist表示“薄雾、水汽”,由悬浮在空气中的微小水滴形成,通常比较稀薄,对视线的影响较小。按照英国气象局的气象定义,出现水汽遮挡,但能见度仍达到或超过1,000米时,通常称为mist。它往往比fog消散得更快。
fog表示“雾、浓雾”,本质上可以理解为接近地面的云,水滴更密集,对视线的影响更严重。英国气象局通常把能见度低于1,000米的情况称为fog。
记忆:
mist = 较薄,通常还能看见较远的东西
fog = 较浓,能见度明显降低
易错点:仅根据中文“雾”随意选择mist或fog,忽略二者在浓度和能见度上的差异。描述严重影响交通、看不清道路的浓雾时,通常应使用fog;描述湖面、山间较轻且较薄的雾气时,通常使用mist。
✅ Thick fog reduced visibility to only two hundred metres on the motorway.
❌ A thick mist reduced visibility to only two hundred metres on the motorway.
错误理由:能见度只有两百米,说明雾气已经非常浓。按照气象学中常用的区分标准,能见度低于1,000米时应使用fog。
注意:在日常英语中,mist和fog的界限并非始终严格执行,人们有时也会说light fog或thick mist。但在天气预报、航空和正式气象语境中,二者主要按照能见度区分。
7. cohesive/ coherent
cohesive强调文章在语言形式上的衔接,即句子、段落之间是否被清楚地“连接”起来。常见的衔接手段包括连接词、代词、关键词重复、同义替换和指代等。它关注的是:句子之间是怎样连接的。
coherent强调文章在内容和逻辑上的连贯,即观点是否组织合理、顺序自然,读者能否轻松理解作者的思路。它关注的是:整篇内容是否讲得通。
记忆:
cohesive:形式上“连得起来”
coherent:逻辑上“讲得明白”
一篇文章可以有很多连接词,因此很cohesive;但如果观点杂乱、前后矛盾,它仍然不coherent。
易错点:看到文章使用了许多连接词,就直接认为文章是coherent。连接词主要增强语言上的cohesion,但不能自动保证观点具有逻辑性。
✅ The writer repeats key terms and uses pronouns, making the paragraph cohesive throughout.
❌ The writer repeats key terms and uses pronouns, making the paragraph coherent throughout.
错误理由:句中提到的是“重复关键词”和“使用代词”,这些都是连接句子的语言手段,因此主要体现 cohesive。这些手段只能说明段落在形式上连接紧密,不能单独证明段落的观点具有清晰、合理的逻辑。
✅ Her explanation is coherent because each conclusion follows logically from the evidence presented earlier.
❌ Her explanation is cohesive because each conclusion follows logically from the evidence presented earlier.
错误理由:句中的重点是“结论能够从证据中合理推出”,描述的是观点之间的逻辑关系,所以应使用coherent。Cohesive更侧重代词、连接词、重复等语言形式上的连接,不能准确表达“推理合理、思路清晰”。
二、短语搭配易错
1. contrary to 与……相反
contrary to是介词短语,表示某事与某种说法、观点、预期或情况相反。它后面通常接名词、代词或名词性结构。
易错点:to是介词,后接名词、代词或动名词,不能接动词原形。
例子:✅ Contrary to his parents’ wishes, he decided to study art abroad.
❌ Contrary to follow his parents’ wishes, he decided to study art abroad.
2. be true of 对……适用;符合……
be true of表示某种情况、特点或规律“对……同样适用”或“符合……的情况”。固定搭配是true of,后面通常接名词、代词或名词短语。
易错点:把true of误用成true to。(true to通常表示“忠于……”)
例子:✅ This rule is true of all students in our English class.
❌ This rule is true to all students in our English class.
3. on one’s way to ... 在去……的路上;即将
on one’s way to + 地点名词,表示“在去某地的路上”;on one’s way to + doing sth,表示“即将做成某事”或“正在逐渐达到某种状态”。其中one’s要根据主语变为 my、your、his、her、our、their 等;to是介词,后接动词时要使用动名词。
易错点:把介词to后面的动词误用成动词原形。
例子:✅ The young scientist is well on her way to achieving her dream.
❌ The young scientist is well on her way to achieve her dream.
4. in contrast to / with 与……相比;与……相反
in contrast to / with + 名词、代词或动名词,表示两个人、事物或情况之间有明显的差异或形成鲜明对比。to和with都是介词,因此后面不能直接接动词原形。
易错点:把in contrast to / with后面的动词误用成动词原形。
例子:✅ In contrast to studying alone, Lisa prefers working with classmates after school.
❌ In contrast to study alone, Lisa prefers working with classmates after school.
5. be close to 接近;差点儿
be close to + 名词/代词/动名词,表示“离……很近”“接近……”或“差点儿做某事”。其中to是介词,因此后面的动词要用动名词形式,不能用动词原形。
易错点:把be close to后面的动词误用成动词原形。
例子:✅ She was close to missing the last bus after leaving work late.
❌ She was close to miss the last bus after leaving work late.
三、句型易错点
1. 现在分词作状语
课文:Standing in the distance, they were astonished to see misty clouds rising from the great Niagara Falls, which is on the south side of the lake.
易错点:现在分词作状语,逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致,其动作执行者不能是主句中的其他名词,否则会形成“悬垂分词”。
例子:✅ Walking through the quiet library, Maya was delighted to find the rare manuscript she needed.
❌ Walking through the quiet library, the rare manuscript delighted Maya when she finally found it.
2. who引导非限制性定语从句
课文:The cousins chatted with Lin Fei, who had moved to Canada many years earlier.
易错点: 非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常用逗号隔开;先行词是人时使用who,不能使用that。
例子:✅ We thanked Professor Chen, who had supported our research project throughout the difficult winter semester.
❌ We thanked Professor Chen, that had supported our research project throughout the difficult winter semester.
3. wonder后接宾语从句
课文:I’m a photographer, he said, and I was wondering where you are from.
易错点:wonder引导宾语从句时,使用陈述句语序,不能使用直接疑问句语序。
例子:✅ He said that he was wondering whether the manager could extend the application deadline by one week.
❌ He said that he was wondering whether could the manager extend the application deadline by one week.
一、描述旅行与行程
go on a journey
踏上旅程
take a trip to…
去……旅行
set off for…
动身前往……
leave for…
出发去……
travel across the country
穿越整个国家
travel from east to west
从东向西旅行
cross a vast land
穿越辽阔的土地
make one’s way to…
前往……
head towards…
朝……前进
continue one’s journey
继续旅程
follow a route
沿着路线前行
cover a long distance
行进很长一段距离
pass through…
穿过……
stop at…
在……停留
arrive at one’s destination
到达目的地
reach the final stop
到达终点站
return home safely
平安回家
二、描述交通方式
travel by train
乘火车旅行
take a train across…
乘火车穿越……
board the train
登上火车
get on/off the train
上/下火车
take a flight to…
乘飞机前往……
drive along the highway
沿公路驾车行驶
go on a road trip
进行公路旅行
travel at a steady speed
以稳定的速度行驶
enjoy the scenery along the way
欣赏沿途风景
look out of the window
向窗外望去
watch the landscape change
观看地貌不断变化
be surrounded by mountains
被群山环绕
三、描述自然风光
breathtaking scenery
令人惊叹的景色
magnificent natural scenery
壮丽的自然风光
a vast open land
辽阔开阔的土地
snow-covered mountains
白雪覆盖的群山
rolling hills
连绵起伏的山丘
thick forests
茂密的森林
crystal-clear lakes
清澈见底的湖泊
rushing rivers
奔腾的河流
endless grasslands
一望无际的草原
wide open plains
广阔的平原
deep valleys
幽深的山谷
steep mountain peaks
陡峭的山峰
frozen lakes
冰封的湖泊
a beautiful coastline
美丽的海岸线
a sea of flowers
花的海洋
stretch as far as the eye can see
一望无际
come into view
映入眼帘
take one’s breath away
令人叹为观止
be covered with snow
被白雪覆盖
be rich in natural resources
自然资源丰富
四、描述天气与季节
under a clear blue sky
在晴朗的蓝天下
in the warm sunshine
在温暖的阳光下
with a cold wind blowing
寒风吹拂
be freezing cold
极其寒冷
a light rain began to fall
开始下起小雨
the temperature dropped sharply
气温急剧下降
the weather changed suddenly
天气突然变化
be covered in thick fog
被浓雾笼罩
enjoy a mild climate
气候温和
experience four distinct seasons
经历四季分明的气候
五、描述沿途所见所闻
admire the beautiful view
欣赏美景
catch sight of…
看见……
be amazed by…
对……感到惊叹
be impressed by…
对……印象深刻
be struck by the beauty of…
被……的美丽所打动
witness an unforgettable scene
目睹难忘的景象
observe local wildlife
观察当地野生动物
see animals in the distance
看见远处的动物
experience local culture
体验当地文化
taste local food
品尝当地美食
talk with local people
与当地人交谈
learn about local traditions
了解当地传统
gain a deeper understanding of…
更深入地了解……
take plenty of photographs
拍摄许多照片
record the journey
记录旅程
leave a deep impression on…
给……留下深刻印象
六、表达旅行中的感受
feel excited about the journey
对旅程感到兴奋
be full of expectation
充满期待
feel tired but satisfied
感到疲惫却满足
be deeply moved by…
被……深深感动
be amazed at the size of…
对……的广阔感到惊讶
feel close to nature
感到亲近自然
enjoy a sense of freedom
享受自由的感觉
forget the worries of daily life
忘却日常生活的烦恼
broaden one’s horizons
开阔眼界
enrich one’s life experience
丰富人生经历
create unforgettable memories
留下难忘的回忆
be worth the effort
值得付出努力
be an experience of a lifetime
是一次终生难忘的经历
remain fresh in one’s memory
记忆犹新
七、描述行程顺序的连接表达
1. 旅程开始
At the beginning of the journey, … 旅程开始时,……
Early in the morning, we set off for… 一大早,我们动身前往……
Our journey began in… 我们的旅程始于……
2. 旅程途中
Along the way, … 沿途,……
As the train moved forward, … 随着火车向前行驶,……
After travelling for several hours, … 经过几个小时的旅行后,……
The next morning, … 第二天早晨,……
Before long, … 不久,……
Meanwhile, … 与此同时,……
Later that day, … 当天晚些时候,……
3. 旅程结束
Eventually, we arrived in… 最终,我们到达了……
At last, we reached our destination. 最后,我们到达了目的地。
By the end of the journey, … 到旅程结束时,……
Looking back on the journey, … 回顾这次旅程,……
八、高分句型积累
1. 描述辽阔景色
As the train moved across the country, the scenery outside the window changed constantly.
随着火车穿越这个国家,窗外的景色不断变化。
In the distance stood a range of snow-covered mountains.
远处矗立着一片白雪覆盖的山脉。
The endless grasslands stretched as far as the eye could see.
一望无际的草原延伸到视线尽头。
What impressed us most was the vastness and beauty of the land.
最令我们印象深刻的是这片土地的辽阔与美丽。
So breathtaking was the view that we could hardly take our eyes off it.
景色如此壮观,以至于我们几乎无法移开视线。
2. 描述沿途经历
Looking out of the window, we saw forests, lakes and mountains passing by.
望向窗外,我们看到森林、湖泊和群山一一掠过。
During the journey, we had the opportunity to experience different landscapes and cultures.
在旅途中,我们有机会体验不同的自然景观和文化。
Every stop offered us a new chance to explore the local area.
每一站都为我们提供了探索当地的新机会。
The farther we travelled, the more amazed we became at the diversity of the country.
我们走得越远,就越惊叹于这个国家的多样性。
Not only did we enjoy the magnificent scenery, but we also learned about local traditions.
我们不仅欣赏了壮丽的风景,还了解了当地传统。
3. 表达旅行意义
Travelling across such a vast land broadened our horizons and deepened our understanding of the country.
穿越这样辽阔的土地开阔了我们的眼界,也加深了我们对这个国家的了解。
The journey allowed us to appreciate both the beauty of nature and the diversity of human culture.
这次旅程让我们领略了自然之美和人类文化的多样性。
It was more than a sightseeing trip; it was also a valuable learning experience.
这不仅是一次观光旅行,也是一次宝贵的学习经历。
Although the journey was long and tiring, every moment was worthwhile.
尽管旅程漫长而疲惫,但每一刻都值得。
This unforgettable journey will remain in my memory for years to come.
这次难忘的旅程将在未来许多年里留在我的记忆中。
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