Unit 4 Period 2 Learning About Language（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语知识清单聚焦非谓语动词语法体系。从逻辑主语主动被动关系切入，明确doing与done的核心区别，系统梳理doing、being done等五种核心形式，再按主语、宾语等句子成分逐项解析用法，结合即学即练和易错点提示构建完整学习支架。 知识链路以“诗歌引入—语法解析—词汇拓展—应用巩固”逻辑展开，诗歌解读渗透文化意识，语法模块通过对比表格和例句培养思维品质，即学即练和易混辨析助力语言能力提升，词根词缀归纳强化学习能力，实现语言知识与素养的融合发展。

Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land Learning About Language Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road, healthy, free, the world before me. —Walt Whitman 译文：我满怀轻快地踏上开阔的道路，健康、自由，整个世界就在前方。 解读：这句话出自沃尔特·惠特曼的诗歌《大路之歌》（Song of the Open Road），诗人以轻快而坚定的语气描绘自己徒步走向广阔世界的情景。在这里，“开放的道路”既是真实的旅途，也象征着人生中尚未确定、可以自主选择的未来；“healthy, free”表现出摆脱束缚后的生命活力，而“the world before me”则传达了勇敢面对未知、主动探索世界的乐观精神。惠特曼档案馆指出，这首诗表达了诗人对个人成长与社会进步的信念，并相信人类正沿着象征性的道路走向更美好的未来；美国国会图书馆也将自由、博爱与民主视为惠特曼诗歌的重要主题。因此，这句话不仅赞美旅行和自然，更鼓励人们保持轻盈开放的心态，依靠自己的力量作出选择，勇敢走向充满可能性的人生。 一、语法框架 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 二、核心语法 （一）核心区别 逻辑主语主动发出动作，通常用 doing；逻辑主语承受动作，通常用 done。 the students waiting outside（学生主动“等待” → doing） the students invited to the meeting（学生被“邀请” → done） 但是必须注意：doing不等于“现在”，done也不等于“过去”。 非谓语形式本身没有独立时态，具体时间由主句谓语和上下文决定；过去分词通常表示被动或结果状态，少数不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成。 （二）五种核心形式 形式 基本意义 例子 doing 主动；一般、同时或正在发生 Seeing the teacher, he stopped talking. being done 正在被做 The bridge being built will open next year. having done 主动；先于主句动作完成 Having finished the work, she went home. having been done 被动；先于主句动作完成 Having been warned, he became more careful. done 通常表示被动、完成或结果状态 Surrounded by trees, the house is beautiful. 完成式分词表示该动作先于主句动作完成；现在分词通常接近主动意义，过去分词通常接近被动意义。 【即学即练】 1. The boy playing (play) basketball on the playground is my brother. 2. Being watched (watch) by the police, the thief became very nervous. 3. Having completed (complete) the task, the workers took a short break. 4. Having been defeated (defeat) in the final, the team felt disappointed. 5. Seen (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks like a beautiful garden. 6. Surrounded (surround) by trees, the house looks very beautiful. （三）按句子成分逐项区别 1. 作主语 （1）动词-ing形式：可以作主语，此时具有名词性，谓语通常用单数。 Reading English aloud every morning is a good way to improve your pronunciation. Taking regular exercise helps us stay physically and mentally healthy. （2）过去分词：一般不可以单独作主语 不能说：Invited made him happy. 应改为：Being invited made him happy. 或 The fact that he was invited made him happy. “the injured、the accused”等属于“the＋形容词化分词”，不是普通的过去分词短语作主语。 2. 作宾语 （1）动词-ing形式：可以 ① 动词宾语。动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, forbid, cannot help, can't stand, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, imagine, keep,mind,miss,practise, quit,risk,suggest ② 介词宾语。动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：get down to开始认真注意或对待，contribute to为......做贡献，devote...to把......献给，look forward to期待，object to反对，lead to 导致，pay attention to 注意，be addicted to于，be/get/become used to 习惯于，take to开始沉湎于，be responsible for 对......责，when it comes to当涉及......时 ③ 形容词宾语。动词的-ing形式用于be well worth“非常值得”后。 （2）过去分词：一般不能直接作宾语 过去分词通常出现在“宾语＋过去分词”的宾补结构中，而不是自己作宾语。 【即学即练】 1. You should avoid making (make) the same mistake again. 2. When it comes to learning (learn) English, practice is very important. 3. The problem is well worth discussing (discuss) carefully. 4. We should pay attention to protecting (protect) the environment. 5. The doctor advised him to give up smoking (smoke). 6. Hard work contributed to his winning (win) the competition. 3. 作表语 （1）动词-ing形式：表示活动、内容；表示事物具有“令人……的”性质 ① 表示活动、内容：Her hobby is collecting stamps. 主语与表语通常可以大致互换：Collecting stamps is her hobby. ② 表示事物具有“令人……的”性质：The instructions are confusing. （2）过去分词：通常表示人的感受，或事物所处的被动、完成状态 She was disappointed to learn that she had failed the interview. （3）-ing形容词与-ed形容词 -ing 含义 -ed 含义 interesting 令人感兴趣的 interested 感兴趣的 exciting 令人兴奋的 excited 感到兴奋的 tiring 令人疲劳的 tired 感到疲劳的 confusing 令人困惑的 confused 感到困惑的 satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的 astonishing 令人惊讶的 astonished 惊讶的 discouraging 令人沮丧的 discouraged 感到沮丧的 frightening 令人害怕的 frightened 感到害怕的 delighting 令人高兴的 delighted 高兴的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的 moving 感人的 moved 受感动的 判断标准不是简单的“物用-ing，人用-ed”，而是：产生某种感受的一方用-ing；体验这种感受的一方用-ed。 【即学即练】 1. The teacher’s instructions were so confusing (confuse) that nobody knew what to do. 2. We were astonished (astonish) to hear that he had won first prize. 3. The fans were disappointed (disappoint) with the team’s poor performance. 4. The children’s excellent performance was delighting (delight) to their parents. 5. The manager was satisfied (satisfy) with our performance. 6. Climbing the mountain was a tiring (tire) experience. 4. 作定语 （1）动词-ing形式：主动；正在进行；用途 ① 主动：a smiling girl 一个微笑的女孩 students waiting outside 在外面等待的学生 = students who are waiting outside ② 正在进行：boiling water 正在沸腾的水 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 a developing country 发展中的国家 ③ 用途：a reading room阅览室 a washing machine 洗衣机 drinking water 饮用水 这里的-ing相当于说明“供……使用”，不一定表示动作正在发生。 （2）过去分词：被动；完成或结果状态 ① 被动：the books written by Lu Xun = the books which were written … the measures taken by the government = the measures which were taken … ②完成或结果状态：boiled water 烧开了的水 fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶 a developed country 发达国家 a retired teacher 退休教师 a broken window 破了的窗户 ③ 高频对比 doing done falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves 已落下的叶子 boiling water 正在沸腾的水 boiled water 烧开了的水 developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 changing conditions 正在变化的情况 changed conditions 已改变的情况 rising prices 正在上涨的价格 raised prices 被提高了的价格 （3）定语位置 动词-ing形式和过去分词作定语时，位置主要取决于结构长短： ① 单个分词通常放在所修饰名词之前，如a sleeping baby、a broken window； ② 带有宾语、状语或补足成分的分词短语通常放在名词之后，相当于省略关系词和部分谓语的定语从句，如the girl standing by the window（= the girl who is standing by the window）和the books written by Lu Xun（= the books which were written by Lu Xun）。 ③ 特殊情况下，单个分词也可后置，常见于the people involved/concerned、the money left、all those invited等结构，尤其是分词表示特定范围、带有“参与、涉及、剩余、受影响”等含义，或修饰不定代词时； ④ 有些分词前置和后置还会产生意义差别，如concerned parents表示“忧心的父母”，而the parents concerned表示“有关的父母”。 【即学即练】 1. The singing (sing) birds woke me up early this morning. 2. The measures taken (take) by the government proved effective. 3. Look at the falling (fall) leaves in the air and the fallen (fall) leaves on the ground. 4. Do not touch the boiling (boil) water; you may drink the boiled (boil) water later. 5. The students concerned (concern) have been informed of the change. 5. 作宾语补足语 （1）动词-ing形式：宾语主动做，常强调过程或正在发生 We heard someone knocking at the door. They found the boy sleeping. I caught him cheating in the exam. （2）过去分词：宾语承受动作，或处于某种状态 We heard the song sung in English. She kept her eyes closed. You should make yourself understood. （3）高频结构 ① 感官动词：see/ hear/ watch/ notice/ feel＋宾语＋doing/ done I saw him running. 他主动跑。 I saw him surrounded by reporters. 他被记者包围。 ② have/get＋宾语＋done 表示“让别人做某事”或“遭遇某事”： I had my bike repaired. She got her passport renewed. ③ with＋宾语＋doing/done With the children playing outside, the room was quiet. With all the work finished, we went home. 判断：宾语主动发出动作 → doing；宾语承受动作或处于状态 → done 【即学即练】 1. Please keep the windows closed (close) when the air conditioner is on. 2. We need to have the classroom cleaned (clean) before the meeting. 3. With the children playing (play) outside, the house became quiet. 4. We saw the old man surrounded (surround) by a group of reporters. 5. He fell asleep with the light burning (burn) all night. 6. I noticed a stranger following (follow) me on my way home. 6. 作状语 （1）动词-ing形式：逻辑主语通常是主句主语，并与动作构成主动关系 ① 时间：Walking along the street, I met an old friend. = While I was walking along the street, I met an old friend. ② 原因：Knowing the truth, she decided to tell the police. = Because she knew the truth, she decided to tell the police. ③ 条件：Turning left, you will see the library. = If you turn left, you will see the library. ④ 让步：Knowing that it was difficult, he still decided to have a try. = Although he knew that it was difficult, he still decided to have a try. ⑤ 结果：The heavy rain lasted for several days, causing serious flooding in the area. = The heavy rain lasted for several days, and as a result, it caused serious flooding in the area. ⑥ 方式或伴随：She entered the classroom, carrying a pile of books. = She entered the classroom and carried a pile of books. （2）过去分词：主句主语与过去分词通常构成被动关系，或主语处于某种状态 ① 时间：Asked about the accident, he remained silent. = When he was asked about the accident, he remained silent. ② 原因：Encouraged by the teacher, she tried again. = Because she was encouraged by the teacher, she tried again. ③ 条件：Used correctly, the machine can save time. = If it is used correctly, the machine can save time. ④ 让步：Defeated again, the team did not lose heart. = Although it was defeated again, the team did not lose heart. ⑤ 方式或伴随：The professor entered the hall, followed by a group of students. = The professor entered the hall, and he was followed by a group of students. ⑥ 结果或状态：He returned home exhausted, completely worn out by the long journey. = He returned home and was completely worn out by the long journey. （3）分词状语的主语一致原则 分词短语的逻辑主语原则上必须与主句主语一致。 正确：Seeing the police, the thief ran away.（是the thief看见警察。） 错误：Seeing the police, the wallet was dropped.（wallet不能主动“看见”。） 改为：Seeing the police, the thief dropped the wallet. When the thief saw the police, the wallet was dropped. （4）动作先后：doing还是having done ① 动作同时或前后紧密：doing Opening the door, she walked in. Hearing the news, he burst into tears. ② 分词动作明显先完成：having done Having completed the experiment, they wrote a report. Having worked all night, he felt exhausted. ③ 先完成且被动：having been done Having been told the truth, she became calmer. Having been repaired, the machine worked well again. 【即学即练】 1. Because Mark did not know the exact address, he called his friend for help. → Not knowing the exact address, Mark called his friend for help. 2. After they had lived abroad for nearly ten years, they finally returned to their hometown. → Having lived abroad for nearly ten years, they finally returned to their hometown. 3. The famous singer left the stage, and she was followed by several reporters. → The famous singer left the stage, followed by several reporters. 4. After the documents had been carefully checked, they were sent to the manager. → Having been carefully checked, the documents were sent to the manager. 三、重点单词 1. curtain n. 窗帘；门帘；帘幕 2. antique n./adj. 古董；古玩；古老而有价值的 3. breath n. 呼吸；气息；一口气 4. bay n. 海湾；湾 5. creature n. 生物；动物 6. highlight n./v. 最精彩的部分；亮点；突出；强调 7. airline n. 航空公司 8. beauty n. 美；美丽；美人；美景 9. peak n./adj./v. 山峰；最高点；高峰的；达到顶峰 10. duration n. 持续时间；期间 11. frost n./v. 霜；霜冻；结霜 12. awesome adj. 令人惊叹的；极好的；了不起的 13. mild adj. 温和的；轻微的；不强烈的 14. pleasant adj. 令人愉快的；宜人的；友好的 15. frighten v. 使害怕；使受惊 16. amaze v. 使惊奇；使惊愕 17. enrol v. 注册；报名；加入；招收 四、必备词块 1. draw the curtains 拉上窗帘 2. date back to 追溯到；始于 3. be unique to 为……所特有；是……独有的 4. natural habitats 自然栖息地 5. take the visitors’ breath away 令游客惊叹；使游客叹为观止 6. be covered with frost 被霜覆盖；结满霜 7. sail into 驶入；乘船进入 8. enrol in a programme 报名参加一个课程/ 项目 9. deforestation rate 森林砍伐率；毁林率 10. be bound for 前往；开往；驶往 11. a massive amount of 大量的 12. a breathtaking landscape 令人惊叹的景色；壮丽的风景 13. go into the wilderness 进入荒野；深入荒野 五、核心词汇 1. peak n. 顶峰；最高点；v. 达到顶峰；adj. 最高的、最繁忙的 原文：It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb in the Rocky Mountains. 它是落基山脉中最难攀登的山峰之一。 常见搭配：reach a peak 达到顶峰或峰值 hit a peak 达到峰值，尤常用于价格、数量、温度等 rise to a peak 上升至最高点 be at the peak of... 处于……的巅峰 peaks and troughs 高峰与低谷；起起落落 peak at + 数字 以某一数字达到峰值 peak in + 时间 在某个时期达到顶峰 peak performance 最佳表现；巅峰表现 peak season 旺季；高峰季节 peak hours / peak periods / peak times 高峰时段 例句：Every peak reveals a wider horizon, but wisdom begins when we remember that no height is permanent. 每一座高峰都会展现更广阔的地平线，但真正的智慧始于明白没有高度是永恒的。 【即学即练】 1. At the peak of her career, she remained willing to learn from younger and less experienced colleagues. 2. Electricity consumption peaked at nearly ten thousand megawatts during the unusually hot summer afternoon. 3. Tourist numbers generally peak in August, when schools close and families begin their summer holidays. 4. A meaningful life contains peaks (peak) and troughs, each teaching lessons that comfort alone cannot provide. 5. 经过数月准备，登山者终于在日出前不久到达了白雪覆盖的山峰。 After months of preparation, the climbers finally reached the snow-covered peak shortly before sunrise. 2. frightened adj. 害怕的；受惊的；惊恐的 原文：Do you feel frightened when going into the wilderness alone? 你独自进入荒野时会感到害怕吗？ 词形变化：fright n. 惊吓；突然的恐惧 frighten v. 使害怕；使受惊 frightening adj. 令人害怕的；骇人的 frighteningly adv. 令人恐惧地；惊人地 frightful adj. 可怕的；糟糕的 常见搭配：a frightened look/expression/voice 惊恐的神情／表情／声音 be frightened of somebody/something 害怕某人或某物 be frightened of doing something 害怕做某事 be frightened to do something 因害怕而不敢做某事 be frightened that… 害怕…… be frightened for somebody 为某人的安全担心 be frightened about something/doing something 对某事感到担忧 frighten somebody away/off 把某人或动物吓跑 frighten somebody into doing something 恐吓某人做某事 with fright 因恐惧 例句：Those who are frightened by uncertainty often forget that courage begins exactly where certainty finally ends. 害怕不确定性的人常常忘记：勇气恰恰开始于确定性的尽头。 【即学即练】 1. Even experienced travelers sometimes get frightened (fright) when they suddenly lose all sense of direction. 2. Many people are frightened of failure because they connect mistakes with personal weakness. 3. The witness was frightened to reveal (reveal) the truth because the criminals knew her address. 4. The villagers were frightened that the rising river would destroy their homes overnight. 5. Dishonest advertisers sometimes frighten consumers into buying products they do not actually need. 6. Losing control of personal information is a frightening (fright) prospect in the digital age. 7. The abandoned dog trembled with fright whenever unfamiliar footsteps approached the garden gate. 3. satisfy v. 使某人满意；满足需要、愿望、要求或条件；使确信、消除疑虑 原文：I was not satisfied with the hotel. It was not as clean as I had expected. 我对这家酒店不满意。它没有我预想的那么干净。 词形变化：satisfaction n. 满足；满意；成就感 dissatisfaction n. 不满 satisfied adj. 感到满意的 dissatisfied adj. 感到不满的 unsatisfied adj. 未得到满足的 satisfying adj. 令人满足的；有成就感的 satisfactory adj. 令人满意的；足够好的；合格的 unsatisfactory adj. 不能令人满意的；不合格的 常见搭配：satisfy somebody’s needs / satisfy a need 满足某人的需要/ 满足一种需要 satisfy somebody’s curiosity 满足某人的好奇心 be / feel satisfied with somebody or something 对某人或某事感到满意 be satisfied that... 相信、确信…… be satisfactory to somebody 对某人来说是可以接受的 get / gain / derive satisfaction from something 从某事中获得满足感 take satisfaction in something 因某事而感到满足或欣慰 to somebody’s satisfaction 达到某人满意的程度 a sense / feeling of satisfaction 满足感 例句：A life that merely satisfies desire may still fail to satisfy the deeper hunger for meaning. 只满足欲望的人生，依然可能无法满足人对意义的更深层渴求。 【即学即练】 1. He was satisfied with his progress because each failure had taught him something useful. 2. The committee was satisfied that the evidence supported a fair and carefully reasoned conclusion. 3. Her quiet, satisfied (satisfy) smile suggested that patience had finally achieved what force could not. 4. The investigators rejected his statement because it offered no satisfactory (satisfy) explanation for the missing records. 5. The revised proposal appears satisfactory to both sides, although several practical details remain unresolved. 6. The repairs were completed to the owner’s satisfaction (satisfy) after several safety problems were corrected. 7. The board became increasingly dissatisfied (satisfy) with a strategy that produced promises instead of measurable results. 4. enrol v.（使）正式报名、注册、加入；招收（学生或成员） 原文：Judy enrolled in a programme of study that was eight months in duration, but she completed it in only six months. 朱迪报名参加了一个为期八个月的学习项目，但她只用了六个月就完成了。 词形变化：enrolment/ enrollment n. 报名；注册；入学人数 常见搭配：enrol at + 学校或机构 在（某所学校、学院或大学）注册入学 enrol on + 课程（英式英语） enroll in + 课程（美式英语）报名参加课程或培训项目 enrol as + 身份 注册成为学生、成员或候选人 enrol for + 课程、考试或项目 报名参加课程或考试 be enrolled at/in/on 已在某机构或课程中注册 student enrolment 学生注册；招生人数 例句：Those who enrol in lifelong learning discover that every new lesson quietly enlarges the boundaries of freedom. 坚持终身学习的人会发现，每一堂新课都在悄然拓展自由的边界。 【即学即练】 1. British students enrol on the course, while American students enroll in the same program. 2. He enrolled at the university after working abroad for nearly five years. 3. By enrolling (enrol) in evening classes, workers can develop skills without leaving their jobs. 4. Candidates must enrol for the examination before the published registration deadline passes. 5. She enrolled as a full-time student and devoted herself completely to scientific research. 6. Anyone enrolled (enrol) in the training program must attend at least ten workshops. 7. School enrolment (enrol) has fallen because many young families have left the region. 六、词根词缀 前缀 含义 例子 pro- 向前；在前；支持、赞成 proceed 继续进行；progress 进步、前进；promote 促进、提升；produce 生产；project 投射、规划；propose 提议；protect 保护；prolong 延长；proactive 积极主动的； pro-government 支持政府的 en- 使……；使进入；置于……之中 enroll 注册、登记；enable 使能够；enlarge 扩大；enrich 使丰富；encourage 鼓励；enclose 围住、封入；encircle 环绕；endanger 使处于危险中；ensure 确保；entitle 使有权利 contra- 相反；反对；对抗 contrary 相反的；contrast 对比；contravene 违反、违背； contradict 反驳、与……矛盾；contradiction 矛盾；contraindicate 表明不宜使用；contraindication 禁忌症；contralateral 身体对侧的；contraposition 对置、换质位；contraflow 逆向车流 ad- 向；朝；接近；加强动作 adapt 适应；admit 承认、准许进入；adopt 采用、收养；adhere 坚持、黏附；adjoin 与……毗连；adjust 调整；advertise 做广告；advance 前进；address 处理、致辞；add 增加 前缀 含义 例子 -ive 常构成形容词，表示“具有……性质的；有……作用或倾向的” massive 巨大的；active 活跃的；creative 有创造力的；attractive 有吸引力的；effective 有效的；expensive 昂贵的；impressive 令人印象深刻的；protective 保护性的；productive 多产的；competitive 有竞争力的 -some 常构成形容词，表示“充满……的；容易……的；令人……的” awesome 令人惊叹的；troublesome 麻烦的；tiresome 令人厌烦的；fearsome 可怕的；bothersome 令人烦恼的；burdensome 负担沉重的；quarrelsome 好争吵的；wholesome 有益健康的；lonesome 孤独的；handsome 英俊的 -ery 常构成名词，表示“场所、行业、活动、集合或状态” scenery 风景；bakery 面包店；machinery 机器的总称；pottery 陶器；jewelry 珠宝；greenery 绿色植物；cookery 烹饪；fishery 渔业；brewery 啤酒厂；nursery 托儿所、苗圃 -ate 常构成动词，表示“使……；进行……” anticipate 预料；activate 激活；decorate 装饰；educate 教育；communicate 交流；celebrate 庆祝；operate 操作；translate 翻译；motivate 激励；separate 分开 -ment 构成名词，表示“行为、过程、结果或状态” advertisement 广告；development 发展；movement 运动；agreement 同意、协议；improvement 改善；achievement 成就；excitement 兴奋；treatment 治疗、对待；punishment 惩罚；encouragement 鼓励 -ary 常构成形容词或名词，表示“与……有关的；具有……性质的；人或场所” contrary 相反的；ordinary 普通的；imaginary 想象中的；secondary 次要的；temporary 暂时的；voluntary 自愿的；literary 文学的；military 军事的；dictionary 词典；secretary 秘书 一、词汇易混辨析 1. bay/ gulf bay指海岸向内弯曲形成的水域，部分被陆地包围；通常面积较小、受陆地包围的程度较低，入口相对较宽。 gulf指海洋或海的一部分深入陆地形成的水域；通常面积更大、更深，受陆地包围的程度更高，入口可能相对较窄。 记忆： bay：通常是“小一些、开口宽一些的湾”。 gulf：通常是“大一些、深入陆地、开口窄一些的湾”。 易错点：认为bay一定很小、gulf一定很大；或者只看水域面积，而忽略入口宽度、陆地包围程度及固定地名。 ✅ The quiet fishing village lies beside a small bay with a broad opening to the sea. ❌ The quiet fishing village lies beside a small gulf with a broad opening to the sea. 错误理由：句中的small和a broad opening更符合bay通常较小、入口较宽的特点。这里使用gulf并非语法错误，但与描述的地貌特征不太匹配。 ✅ Large cargo ships crossed the deep gulf through its narrow entrance before reaching open water. ❌ Large cargo ships crossed the deep bay through its narrow entrance before reaching open water. 错误理由：句中的deep和narrow entrance描述的是较深、包围程度较高且入口较窄的大型水域，因此使用gulf更准确；bay在这个语境中不够恰当。 2. peak/ summit/ apex/ pinnacle peak强调可观察、可测量的最高值或高峰。既可指山的尖顶，也可指整座山峰；抽象意义中常表示价格、数量、能力、活动强度等达到最高水平。它是四个词中最普通、适用范围最广的词。常见搭配：mountain peak、peak season、peak performance、reach a peak、at its peak。 summit强调山峰最顶端的具体位置，即登山者最终到达的最高点。因此通常说climb a peak，但说reach the summit。它也可比喻某人能够达到的最高地位或层次；此外，summit还可表示国家领导人或高级官员参加的“峰会”。 apex强调线条汇聚形成的精确顶点，技术性最强。常用于几何、建筑、解剖学和生物学，如the apex of a triangle、the apex of a cone、the lung apex、an apex predator。用于抽象事物时，也可表示事业或权力的最高点。 pinnacle强调令人仰望、最成功或最受赞赏的巅峰，语气最强。它经常用于事业、成就、名望和艺术水平，如the pinnacle of her career、the pinnacle of achievement。与中性的peak相比，pinnacle通常带有赞赏、辉煌或高不可攀的色彩。字面意义上，它还可指建筑物顶部的小尖塔或高耸尖锐的岩峰。 核心区别： 数据、价格、数量、能力的最高值：peak 登山最终到达的最高点：summit 几何或物体的精确尖端：apex 事业或成就最辉煌的巅峰：pinnacle 易错点1：表示“攀登一座山峰”时通常用peak；表示“到达山顶”时通常用summit。 ✅ We climbed a remote Himalayan peak and reached its snow-covered summit shortly before sunset. ❌ We climbed a remote Himalayan summit and reached its snow-covered peak shortly before sunset. 错误理由：peak可以表示需要攀登的整座山峰，因此可以说climb a peak；summit主要指山的最高点，是最终抵达的位置，所以应说reach the summit。错误句把两者的典型功能颠倒了。 易错点2：表示三角形、圆锥或器官的精确顶端时，应使用技术性较强的apex。pinnacle最适合形容事业、艺术或成就的辉煌顶峰，不适合普通的数字变化。 ✅ The architect calculated the apex angle, and the award became the pinnacle of his career. ❌ The architect calculated the pinnacle angle, and the award became the apex of his career. 错误理由：几何学中的“顶角”是apex angle，不能说pinnacle angle；pinnacle of his career 强调事业中最辉煌、最值得赞赏的成就。the apex of his career并非语法错误，但语气更中性，不如pinnacle符合“获奖是职业生涯最高成就”的语境。 3. pleasant/ pleased/ pleasing pleasant表示某人或某事物“令人愉快的、宜人的、友善可亲的”，强调它带给人的整体感受很好。使用范围较广，可以形容天气、环境、经历、声音、气味，也可以形容一个人容易相处。 pleased表示某人“感到高兴的、满意的”，强调人的情绪或心理状态，主语通常是人。 pleasing表示某事物“令人满意的、令人愉悦的”，强调它具有使人产生愉悦或满足感的效果。主语通常是事物而不是感受者，而且语气比pleasant稍正式，常用于评价设计、外观、声音、表演或结果。 核心区别： pleasant：事物或人给人的整体感觉很好——“宜人的、友善的”。 pleased：人自己感到高兴或满意——“感到满意的”。 pleasing：事物能够让人满意或愉悦——“令人满意的”。 易错点：容易把pleased和pleasing混用。此外，不能因为pleasant有“愉快的”之意，就用be pleasant with表达“对……满意”。表示“对某物满意”应使用be pleased with。 ✅ The hotel staff were pleasant, and we felt pleased with their thoughtful service. ❌ The hotel staff were pleased, and we felt pleasant with their thoughtful service. 错误理由：The staff were pleased表示“员工自己感到高兴”，不能表达员工“态度友善”；这里应使用pleasant。此外，feel pleasant with不能表示“对……满意”，正确搭配是feel/be pleased with。 ✅ The garden’s pleasing design made our evening walk especially pleasant and relaxing. ❌ We were pleasing with the garden’s design after walking there for an hour. 错误理由：pleasing表示“令人愉悦的”，用于描述带来愉悦感的事物，不能表示人的感受。句子的主语是we，表示“我们感到满意”，所以应改为：We were pleased with the garden’s design after walking there for an hour. 4. satisfied/ satisfying/ satisfactory satisfied意为“感到满意的、满足的”，强调人获得某种结果后产生的感受。通常描述人、顾客、学生等，也可以修饰能够反映人的感受的表情，如a satisfied smile。常用结构是be/feel satisfied with + 名词，表示“对……感到满意”。此外，be satisfied that + 从句还可表示“确信……”。 satisfying意为“令人满意的、给人满足感的”，强调某件事物、经历或结果使人产生满意或愉悦的感觉。通常修饰job, experience, meal, result, ending等事物。常见结构有a satisfying + 名词和It is satisfying to do something。 satisfactory意为“令人满意的、合格的、尚可的”，强调某事物达到了特定要求或标准。它更偏客观评价，常用于正式语境，修饰solution, result, performance, progress, condition等。需要注意，satisfactory通常只表示“足够好、可以接受”，不一定表示“非常出色”或“让人很有满足感”。 核心区别： satisfied＝自己感到满意 satisfying＝使别人产生满足感 satisfactory＝符合要求或达到标准 易错点：表示“某人感到满意”时，误用satisfying；表示“某事令人有满足感”时，误用satisfied；表示“某结果符合标准”时，误用satisfying。其中，satisfying侧重主观感受，satisfactory侧重客观标准。 ✅ The students felt satisfied after receiving detailed feedback on their carefully revised final presentations. ❌ The students felt satisfying after receiving detailed feedback on their carefully revised final presentations. 错误理由：学生是“产生满意感的人”，所以应使用表示人的感受的satisfied。satisfying表示“令人满意的”，用于描述带来满足感的事物，不能在这里表示学生自己的感受。 ✅ The workshop gave participants a satisfying experience, while its safety procedures were fully satisfactory. ❌ The workshop gave participants a satisfied experience, while its safety procedures were fully satisfying. 错误理由：experience本身不会“感到满意”，而是给参与者带来满足感，因此应使用satisfying experience。 安全程序需要根据规则和标准进行评价，所以应使用satisfactory，表示“符合要求”。使用satisfying 会变成“安全程序让人感到愉悦或满足”，不能准确表达“达到安全标准”的意思。 5. dissatisfied/ unsatisfied dissatisfied强调人对已经得到、经历或看到的事物感到不满意、不高兴或失望，通常是因为结果没有达到预期。主语一般是人或群体，常用搭配为be dissatisfied with + 事物，如dissatisfied with the service/the result/their job。 unsatisfied强调某种需要、愿望、要求或欲望尚未得到满足，重点在“仍然缺少、没有实现”，不一定包含生气或抱怨的情绪。它既可以形容人，也常修饰非人的事物，如unsatisfied needs, demand, desire, curiosity。 核心区别： dissatisfied＝得到了，但对结果不满意 unsatisfied＝需要或愿望还没有得到充分满足 二者并非绝对不能互换。形容人时，unsatisfied有时也正确；但当重点是“对质量、服务或结果感到不满”时，dissatisfied通常更准确、更自然。 易错点：表示“顾客对服务质量感到不满”时误用unsatisfied；表示“需求、愿望尚未得到满足”时误用dissatisfied。 ✅ The guests were dissatisfied with the hotel because the rooms were noisy and poorly cleaned. ❌ The guests were unsatisfied with the hotel because the rooms were noisy and poorly cleaned. 错误理由：这里强调客人对已经体验过的酒店服务和房间质量感到失望、不满，因此使用dissatisfied with 更准确。Unsatisfied并非绝对不合语法，但它更容易让人理解为“客人的某些需求尚未得到满足”，不能清楚突出抱怨和不满的情绪。 ✅ The factory increased production because customer demand remained unsatisfied throughout the busy holiday season. ❌ The factory increased production because customer demand remained dissatisfied throughout the busy holiday season. 错误理由：Demand是“需求”，它没有情绪，不能感到不高兴或失望，因此不能自然地用dissatisfied修饰。这里表达的是“市场需求尚未得到满足”，应使用unsatisfied demand。 二、语法易错点 易错点1：动词-ing形式通常表示主动或使人产生某种感受；过去分词通常表示被动或人的感受。 例子：✅ The students felt deeply encouraged by the teacher’s inspiring speech about overcoming difficulties and pursuing their dreams. ❌ The students felt deeply encouraging by the teacher’s inspired speech about overcoming difficulties and pursuing their dreams. 解析：学生是“受到鼓舞的”，所以用encouraged；演讲“令人振奋”，所以用inspiring。 易错点2：作定语时，动词-ing形式表示被修饰词主动发出动作；过去分词表示被动承受动作。 例子：✅ The girl standing beside the window is reading a novel written by a famous Canadian author. ❌ The girl stood beside the window is reading a novel writing by a famous Canadian author. 解析：女孩主动“站在”窗边，用standing；小说是“被写的”，用written。 易错点3：动词-ing形式常表示正在进行的动作；过去分词常表示已经完成或形成的状态。 例子：✅ We watched the workers repairing the bridge damaged during last week’s heavy storm near the village. ❌ We watched the workers repaired the bridge damaging during last week’s heavy storm near the village. 解析：工人正在主动修桥，用repairing；桥在暴风雨中“被损坏”，用damaged。 易错点4：作宾语补足语时，动词-ing形式表示宾语正在主动做某事；过去分词表示宾语处于被动状态。 例子：✅ I heard someone knocking at the door and found the classroom door locked from inside. ❌ I heard someone knocked at the door and found the classroom door locking from inside. 解析：某人主动敲门，用knocking；教室门是“被锁上的”，用locked。 $Unit 4 Journey Across a Vast Land Learning About Language Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road, healthy, free, the world before me. —Walt Whitman 译文：我满怀轻快地踏上开阔的道路，健康、自由，整个世界就在前方。 解读：这句话出自沃尔特·惠特曼的诗歌《大路之歌》（Song of the Open Road），诗人以轻快而坚定的语气描绘自己徒步走向广阔世界的情景。在这里，“开放的道路”既是真实的旅途，也象征着人生中尚未确定、可以自主选择的未来；“healthy, free”表现出摆脱束缚后的生命活力，而“the world before me”则传达了勇敢面对未知、主动探索世界的乐观精神。惠特曼档案馆指出，这首诗表达了诗人对个人成长与社会进步的信念，并相信人类正沿着象征性的道路走向更美好的未来；美国国会图书馆也将自由、博爱与民主视为惠特曼诗歌的重要主题。因此，这句话不仅赞美旅行和自然，更鼓励人们保持轻盈开放的心态，依靠自己的力量作出选择，勇敢走向充满可能性的人生。 一、语法框架 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 二、核心语法 （一）核心区别 逻辑主语主动发出动作，通常用 doing；逻辑主语承受动作，通常用 done。 the students waiting outside（学生主动“等待” → doing） the students invited to the meeting（学生被“邀请” → done） 但是必须注意：doing不等于“现在”，done也不等于“过去”。 非谓语形式本身没有独立时态，具体时间由主句谓语和上下文决定；过去分词通常表示被动或结果状态，少数不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成。 （二）五种核心形式 形式 基本意义 例子 doing 主动；一般、同时或正在发生 Seeing the teacher, he stopped talking. being done 正在被做 The bridge being built will open next year. having done 主动；先于主句动作完成 Having finished the work, she went home. having been done 被动；先于主句动作完成 Having been warned, he became more careful. done 通常表示被动、完成或结果状态 Surrounded by trees, the house is beautiful. 完成式分词表示该动作先于主句动作完成；现在分词通常接近主动意义，过去分词通常接近被动意义。 【即学即练】 1. The boy (play) basketball on the playground is my brother. 2. (watch) by the police, the thief became very nervous. 3. (complete) the task, the workers took a short break. 4. (defeat) in the final, the team felt disappointed. 5. (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks like a beautiful garden. 6. (surround) by trees, the house looks very beautiful. （三）按句子成分逐项区别 1. 作主语 （1）动词-ing形式：可以作主语，此时具有名词性，谓语通常用单数。 Reading English aloud every morning is a good way to improve your pronunciation. Taking regular exercise helps us stay physically and mentally healthy. （2）过去分词：一般不可以单独作主语 不能说：Invited made him happy. 应改为：Being invited made him happy. 或 The fact that he was invited made him happy. “the injured、the accused”等属于“the＋形容词化分词”，不是普通的过去分词短语作主语。 2. 作宾语 （1）动词-ing形式：可以 ① 动词宾语。动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, forbid, cannot help, can't stand, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, imagine, keep,mind,miss,practise, quit,risk,suggest ② 介词宾语。动词的-ing形式常出现在下列词语后：get down to开始认真注意或对待，contribute to为......做贡献，devote...to把......献给，look forward to期待，object to反对，lead to 导致，pay attention to 注意，be addicted to于，be/get/become used to 习惯于，take to开始沉湎于，be responsible for 对......责，when it comes to当涉及......时 ③ 形容词宾语。动词的-ing形式用于be well worth“非常值得”后。 （2）过去分词：一般不能直接作宾语 过去分词通常出现在“宾语＋过去分词”的宾补结构中，而不是自己作宾语。 【即学即练】 1. You should avoid (make) the same mistake again. 2. When it comes to (learn) English, practice is very important. 3. The problem is well worth (discuss) carefully. 4. We should pay attention to (protect) the environment. 5. The doctor advised him to give up (smoke). 6. Hard work contributed to his (win) the competition. 3. 作表语 （1）动词-ing形式：表示活动、内容；表示事物具有“令人……的”性质 ① 表示活动、内容：Her hobby is collecting stamps. 主语与表语通常可以大致互换：Collecting stamps is her hobby. ② 表示事物具有“令人……的”性质：The instructions are confusing. （2）过去分词：通常表示人的感受，或事物所处的被动、完成状态 She was disappointed to learn that she had failed the interview. （3）-ing形容词与-ed形容词 -ing 含义 -ed 含义 interesting 令人感兴趣的 interested 感兴趣的 exciting 令人兴奋的 excited 感到兴奋的 tiring 令人疲劳的 tired 感到疲劳的 confusing 令人困惑的 confused 感到困惑的 satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的 astonishing 令人惊讶的 astonished 惊讶的 discouraging 令人沮丧的 discouraged 感到沮丧的 frightening 令人害怕的 frightened 感到害怕的 delighting 令人高兴的 delighted 高兴的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的 moving 感人的 moved 受感动的 判断标准不是简单的“物用-ing，人用-ed”，而是：产生某种感受的一方用-ing；体验这种感受的一方用-ed。 【即学即练】 1. The teacher’s instructions were so (confuse) that nobody knew what to do. 2. We were (astonish) to hear that he had won first prize. 3. The fans were (disappoint) with the team’s poor performance. 4. The children’s excellent performance was (delight) to their parents. 5. The manager was (satisfy) with our performance. 6. Climbing the mountain was a (tire) experience. 4. 作定语 （1）动词-ing形式：主动；正在进行；用途 ① 主动：a smiling girl 一个微笑的女孩 students waiting outside 在外面等待的学生 = students who are waiting outside ② 正在进行：boiling water 正在沸腾的水 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 a developing country 发展中的国家 ③ 用途：a reading room阅览室 a washing machine 洗衣机 drinking water 饮用水 这里的-ing相当于说明“供……使用”，不一定表示动作正在发生。 （2）过去分词：被动；完成或结果状态 ① 被动：the books written by Lu Xun = the books which were written … the measures taken by the government = the measures which were taken … ②完成或结果状态：boiled water 烧开了的水 fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶 a developed country 发达国家 a retired teacher 退休教师 a broken window 破了的窗户 ③ 高频对比 doing done falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 fallen leaves 已落下的叶子 boiling water 正在沸腾的水 boiled water 烧开了的水 developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries 发达国家 changing conditions 正在变化的情况 changed conditions 已改变的情况 rising prices 正在上涨的价格 raised prices 被提高了的价格 （3）定语位置 动词-ing形式和过去分词作定语时，位置主要取决于结构长短： ① 单个分词通常放在所修饰名词之前，如a sleeping baby、a broken window； ② 带有宾语、状语或补足成分的分词短语通常放在名词之后，相当于省略关系词和部分谓语的定语从句，如the girl standing by the window（= the girl who is standing by the window）和the books written by Lu Xun（= the books which were written by Lu Xun）。 ③ 特殊情况下，单个分词也可后置，常见于the people involved/concerned、the money left、all those invited等结构，尤其是分词表示特定范围、带有“参与、涉及、剩余、受影响”等含义，或修饰不定代词时； ④ 有些分词前置和后置还会产生意义差别，如concerned parents表示“忧心的父母”，而the parents concerned表示“有关的父母”。 【即学即练】 1. The (sing) birds woke me up early this morning. 2. The measures (take) by the government proved effective. 3. Look at the (fall) leaves in the air and the (fall) leaves on the ground. 4. Do not touch the (boil) water; you may drink the (boil) water later. 5. The students (concern) have been informed of the change. 5. 作宾语补足语 （1）动词-ing形式：宾语主动做，常强调过程或正在发生 We heard someone knocking at the door. They found the boy sleeping. I caught him cheating in the exam. （2）过去分词：宾语承受动作，或处于某种状态 We heard the song sung in English. She kept her eyes closed. You should make yourself understood. （3）高频结构 ① 感官动词：see/ hear/ watch/ notice/ feel＋宾语＋doing/ done I saw him running. 他主动跑。 I saw him surrounded by reporters. 他被记者包围。 ② have/get＋宾语＋done 表示“让别人做某事”或“遭遇某事”： I had my bike repaired. She got her passport renewed. ③ with＋宾语＋doing/done With the children playing outside, the room was quiet. With all the work finished, we went home. 判断：宾语主动发出动作 → doing；宾语承受动作或处于状态 → done 【即学即练】 1. Please keep the windows (close) when the air conditioner is on. 2. We need to have the classroom (clean) before the meeting. 3. With the children (play) outside, the house became quiet. 4. We saw the old man (surround) by a group of reporters. 5. He fell asleep with the light (burn) all night. 6. I noticed a stranger (follow) me on my way home. 6. 作状语 （1）动词-ing形式：逻辑主语通常是主句主语，并与动作构成主动关系 ① 时间：Walking along the street, I met an old friend. = While I was walking along the street, I met an old friend. ② 原因：Knowing the truth, she decided to tell the police. = Because she knew the truth, she decided to tell the police. ③ 条件：Turning left, you will see the library. = If you turn left, you will see the library. ④ 让步：Knowing that it was difficult, he still decided to have a try. = Although he knew that it was difficult, he still decided to have a try. ⑤ 结果：The heavy rain lasted for several days, causing serious flooding in the area. = The heavy rain lasted for several days, and as a result, it caused serious flooding in the area. ⑥ 方式或伴随：She entered the classroom, carrying a pile of books. = She entered the classroom and carried a pile of books. （2）过去分词：主句主语与过去分词通常构成被动关系，或主语处于某种状态 ① 时间：Asked about the accident, he remained silent. = When he was asked about the accident, he remained silent. ② 原因：Encouraged by the teacher, she tried again. = Because she was encouraged by the teacher, she tried again. ③ 条件：Used correctly, the machine can save time. = If it is used correctly, the machine can save time. ④ 让步：Defeated again, the team did not lose heart. = Although it was defeated again, the team did not lose heart. ⑤ 方式或伴随：The professor entered the hall, followed by a group of students. = The professor entered the hall, and he was followed by a group of students. ⑥ 结果或状态：He returned home exhausted, completely worn out by the long journey. = He returned home and was completely worn out by the long journey. （3）分词状语的主语一致原则 分词短语的逻辑主语原则上必须与主句主语一致。 正确：Seeing the police, the thief ran away.（是the thief看见警察。） 错误：Seeing the police, the wallet was dropped.（wallet不能主动“看见”。） 改为：Seeing the police, the thief dropped the wallet. When the thief saw the police, the wallet was dropped. （4）动作先后：doing还是having done ① 动作同时或前后紧密：doing Opening the door, she walked in. Hearing the news, he burst into tears. ② 分词动作明显先完成：having done Having completed the experiment, they wrote a report. Having worked all night, he felt exhausted. ③ 先完成且被动：having been done Having been told the truth, she became calmer. Having been repaired, the machine worked well again. 【即学即练】 1. Because Mark did not know the exact address, he called his friend for help. 2. After they had lived abroad for nearly ten years, they finally returned to their hometown. 3. The famous singer left the stage, and she was followed by several reporters. 4. After the documents had been carefully checked, they were sent to the manager. 三、重点单词 1. n. 窗帘；门帘；帘幕 2. n./adj. 古董；古玩；古老而有价值的 3. n. 呼吸；气息；一口气 4. n. 海湾；湾 5. n. 生物；动物 6. n./v. 最精彩的部分；亮点；突出；强调 7. n. 航空公司 8. n. 美；美丽；美人；美景 9. n./adj./v. 山峰；最高点；高峰的；达到顶峰 10. n. 持续时间；期间 11. n./v. 霜；霜冻；结霜 12. adj. 令人惊叹的；极好的；了不起的 13. adj. 温和的；轻微的；不强烈的 14. adj. 令人愉快的；宜人的；友好的 15. v. 使害怕；使受惊 16. v. 使惊奇；使惊愕 17. v. 注册；报名；加入；招收 四、必备词块 1. 拉上窗帘 2. 追溯到；始于 3. 为……所特有；是……独有的 4. 自然栖息地 5. 令游客惊叹；使游客叹为观止 6. 被霜覆盖；结满霜 7. 驶入；乘船进入 8. 报名参加一个课程/ 项目 9. 森林砍伐率；毁林率 10. 前往；开往；驶往 11. 大量的 12. 令人惊叹的景色；壮丽的风景 13. 进入荒野；深入荒野 五、核心词汇 1. peak n. 顶峰；最高点；v. 达到顶峰；adj. 最高的、最繁忙的 原文：It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb in the Rocky Mountains. 它是落基山脉中最难攀登的山峰之一。 常见搭配：reach a peak 达到顶峰或峰值 hit a peak 达到峰值，尤常用于价格、数量、温度等 rise to a peak 上升至最高点 be at the peak of... 处于……的巅峰 peaks and troughs 高峰与低谷；起起落落 peak at + 数字 以某一数字达到峰值 peak in + 时间 在某个时期达到顶峰 peak performance 最佳表现；巅峰表现 peak season 旺季；高峰季节 peak hours / peak periods / peak times 高峰时段 例句：Every peak reveals a wider horizon, but wisdom begins when we remember that no height is permanent. 每一座高峰都会展现更广阔的地平线，但真正的智慧始于明白没有高度是永恒的。 【即学即练】 1. the peak of her career, she remained willing to learn from younger and less experienced colleagues. 2. Electricity consumption peaked nearly ten thousand megawatts during the unusually hot summer afternoon. 3. Tourist numbers generally peak August, when schools close and families begin their summer holidays. 4. A meaningful life contains (peak) and troughs, each teaching lessons that comfort alone cannot provide. 5. 经过数月准备，登山者终于在日出前不久到达了白雪覆盖的山峰。 2. frightened adj. 害怕的；受惊的；惊恐的 原文：Do you feel frightened when going into the wilderness alone? 你独自进入荒野时会感到害怕吗？ 词形变化：fright n. 惊吓；突然的恐惧 frighten v. 使害怕；使受惊 frightening adj. 令人害怕的；骇人的 frighteningly adv. 令人恐惧地；惊人地 frightful adj. 可怕的；糟糕的 常见搭配：a frightened look/expression/voice 惊恐的神情／表情／声音 be frightened of somebody/something 害怕某人或某物 be frightened of doing something 害怕做某事 be frightened to do something 因害怕而不敢做某事 be frightened that… 害怕…… be frightened for somebody 为某人的安全担心 be frightened about something/doing something 对某事感到担忧 frighten somebody away/off 把某人或动物吓跑 frighten somebody into doing something 恐吓某人做某事 with fright 因恐惧 例句：Those who are frightened by uncertainty often forget that courage begins exactly where certainty finally ends. 害怕不确定性的人常常忘记：勇气恰恰开始于确定性的尽头。 【即学即练】 1. Even experienced travelers sometimes get (fright) when they suddenly lose all sense of direction. 2. Many people are frightened failure because they connect mistakes with personal weakness. 3. The witness was frightened (reveal) the truth because the criminals knew her address. 4. The villagers were frightened the rising river would destroy their homes overnight. 5. Dishonest advertisers sometimes frighten consumers buying products they do not actually need. 6. Losing control of personal information is a (fright) prospect in the digital age. 7. The abandoned dog trembled fright whenever unfamiliar footsteps approached the garden gate. 3. satisfy v. 使某人满意；满足需要、愿望、要求或条件；使确信、消除疑虑 原文：I was not satisfied with the hotel. It was not as clean as I had expected. 我对这家酒店不满意。它没有我预想的那么干净。 词形变化：satisfaction n. 满足；满意；成就感 dissatisfaction n. 不满 satisfied adj. 感到满意的 dissatisfied adj. 感到不满的 unsatisfied adj. 未得到满足的 satisfying adj. 令人满足的；有成就感的 satisfactory adj. 令人满意的；足够好的；合格的 unsatisfactory adj. 不能令人满意的；不合格的 常见搭配：satisfy somebody’s needs / satisfy a need 满足某人的需要/ 满足一种需要 satisfy somebody’s curiosity 满足某人的好奇心 be / feel satisfied with somebody or something 对某人或某事感到满意 be satisfied that... 相信、确信…… be satisfactory to somebody 对某人来说是可以接受的 get / gain / derive satisfaction from something 从某事中获得满足感 take satisfaction in something 因某事而感到满足或欣慰 to somebody’s satisfaction 达到某人满意的程度 a sense / feeling of satisfaction 满足感 例句：A life that merely satisfies desire may still fail to satisfy the deeper hunger for meaning. 只满足欲望的人生，依然可能无法满足人对意义的更深层渴求。 【即学即练】 1. He was satisfied his progress because each failure had taught him something useful. 2. The committee was satisfied the evidence supported a fair and carefully reasoned conclusion. 3. Her quiet, (satisfy) smile suggested that patience had finally achieved what force could not. 4. The investigators rejected his statement because it offered no (satisfy) explanation for the missing records. 5. The revised proposal appears satisfactory both sides, although several practical details remain unresolved. 6. The repairs were completed to the owner’s (satisfy) after several safety problems were corrected. 7. The board became increasingly (satisfy) with a strategy that produced promises instead of measurable results. 4. enrol v.（使）正式报名、注册、加入；招收（学生或成员） 原文：Judy enrolled in a programme of study that was eight months in duration, but she completed it in only six months. 朱迪报名参加了一个为期八个月的学习项目，但她只用了六个月就完成了。 词形变化：enrolment/ enrollment n. 报名；注册；入学人数 常见搭配：enrol at + 学校或机构 在（某所学校、学院或大学）注册入学 enrol on + 课程（英式英语） enroll in + 课程（美式英语）报名参加课程或培训项目 enrol as + 身份 注册成为学生、成员或候选人 enrol for + 课程、考试或项目 报名参加课程或考试 be enrolled at/in/on 已在某机构或课程中注册 student enrolment 学生注册；招生人数 例句：Those who enrol in lifelong learning discover that every new lesson quietly enlarges the boundaries of freedom. 坚持终身学习的人会发现，每一堂新课都在悄然拓展自由的边界。 【即学即练】 1. British students enrol the course, while American students enroll the same program. 2. He enrolled the university after working abroad for nearly five years. 3. By (enrol) in evening classes, workers can develop skills without leaving their jobs. 4. Candidates must enrol the examination before the published registration deadline passes. 5. She enrolled a full-time student and devoted herself completely to scientific research. 6. Anyone (enrol) in the training program must attend at least ten workshops. 7. School (enrol) has fallen because many young families have left the region. 六、词根词缀 前缀 含义 例子 pro- 向前；在前；支持、赞成 proceed 继续进行；progress 进步、前进；promote 促进、提升；produce 生产；project 投射、规划；propose 提议；protect 保护；prolong 延长；proactive 积极主动的； pro-government 支持政府的 en- 使……；使进入；置于……之中 enroll 注册、登记；enable 使能够；enlarge 扩大；enrich 使丰富；encourage 鼓励；enclose 围住、封入；encircle 环绕；endanger 使处于危险中；ensure 确保；entitle 使有权利 contra- 相反；反对；对抗 contrary 相反的；contrast 对比；contravene 违反、违背； contradict 反驳、与……矛盾；contradiction 矛盾；contraindicate 表明不宜使用；contraindication 禁忌症；contralateral 身体对侧的；contraposition 对置、换质位；contraflow 逆向车流 ad- 向；朝；接近；加强动作 adapt 适应；admit 承认、准许进入；adopt 采用、收养；adhere 坚持、黏附；adjoin 与……毗连；adjust 调整；advertise 做广告；advance 前进；address 处理、致辞；add 增加 前缀 含义 例子 -ive 常构成形容词，表示“具有……性质的；有……作用或倾向的” massive 巨大的；active 活跃的；creative 有创造力的；attractive 有吸引力的；effective 有效的；expensive 昂贵的；impressive 令人印象深刻的；protective 保护性的；productive 多产的；competitive 有竞争力的 -some 常构成形容词，表示“充满……的；容易……的；令人……的” awesome 令人惊叹的；troublesome 麻烦的；tiresome 令人厌烦的；fearsome 可怕的；bothersome 令人烦恼的；burdensome 负担沉重的；quarrelsome 好争吵的；wholesome 有益健康的；lonesome 孤独的；handsome 英俊的 -ery 常构成名词，表示“场所、行业、活动、集合或状态” scenery 风景；bakery 面包店；machinery 机器的总称；pottery 陶器；jewelry 珠宝；greenery 绿色植物；cookery 烹饪；fishery 渔业；brewery 啤酒厂；nursery 托儿所、苗圃 -ate 常构成动词，表示“使……；进行……” anticipate 预料；activate 激活；decorate 装饰；educate 教育；communicate 交流；celebrate 庆祝；operate 操作；translate 翻译；motivate 激励；separate 分开 -ment 构成名词，表示“行为、过程、结果或状态” advertisement 广告；development 发展；movement 运动；agreement 同意、协议；improvement 改善；achievement 成就；excitement 兴奋；treatment 治疗、对待；punishment 惩罚；encouragement 鼓励 -ary 常构成形容词或名词，表示“与……有关的；具有……性质的；人或场所” contrary 相反的；ordinary 普通的；imaginary 想象中的；secondary 次要的；temporary 暂时的；voluntary 自愿的；literary 文学的；military 军事的；dictionary 词典；secretary 秘书 一、词汇易混辨析 1. bay/ gulf bay指海岸向内弯曲形成的水域，部分被陆地包围；通常面积较小、受陆地包围的程度较低，入口相对较宽。 gulf指海洋或海的一部分深入陆地形成的水域；通常面积更大、更深，受陆地包围的程度更高，入口可能相对较窄。 记忆： bay：通常是“小一些、开口宽一些的湾”。 gulf：通常是“大一些、深入陆地、开口窄一些的湾”。 易错点：认为bay一定很小、gulf一定很大；或者只看水域面积，而忽略入口宽度、陆地包围程度及固定地名。 ✅ The quiet fishing village lies beside a small bay with a broad opening to the sea. ❌ The quiet fishing village lies beside a small gulf with a broad opening to the sea. 错误理由：句中的small和a broad opening更符合bay通常较小、入口较宽的特点。这里使用gulf并非语法错误，但与描述的地貌特征不太匹配。 ✅ Large cargo ships crossed the deep gulf through its narrow entrance before reaching open water. ❌ Large cargo ships crossed the deep bay through its narrow entrance before reaching open water. 错误理由：句中的deep和narrow entrance描述的是较深、包围程度较高且入口较窄的大型水域，因此使用gulf更准确；bay在这个语境中不够恰当。 2. peak/ summit/ apex/ pinnacle peak强调可观察、可测量的最高值或高峰。既可指山的尖顶，也可指整座山峰；抽象意义中常表示价格、数量、能力、活动强度等达到最高水平。它是四个词中最普通、适用范围最广的词。常见搭配：mountain peak、peak season、peak performance、reach a peak、at its peak。 summit强调山峰最顶端的具体位置，即登山者最终到达的最高点。因此通常说climb a peak，但说reach the summit。它也可比喻某人能够达到的最高地位或层次；此外，summit还可表示国家领导人或高级官员参加的“峰会”。 apex强调线条汇聚形成的精确顶点，技术性最强。常用于几何、建筑、解剖学和生物学，如the apex of a triangle、the apex of a cone、the lung apex、an apex predator。用于抽象事物时，也可表示事业或权力的最高点。 pinnacle强调令人仰望、最成功或最受赞赏的巅峰，语气最强。它经常用于事业、成就、名望和艺术水平，如the pinnacle of her career、the pinnacle of achievement。与中性的peak相比，pinnacle通常带有赞赏、辉煌或高不可攀的色彩。字面意义上，它还可指建筑物顶部的小尖塔或高耸尖锐的岩峰。 核心区别： 数据、价格、数量、能力的最高值：peak 登山最终到达的最高点：summit 几何或物体的精确尖端：apex 事业或成就最辉煌的巅峰：pinnacle 易错点1：表示“攀登一座山峰”时通常用peak；表示“到达山顶”时通常用summit。 ✅ We climbed a remote Himalayan peak and reached its snow-covered summit shortly before sunset. ❌ We climbed a remote Himalayan summit and reached its snow-covered peak shortly before sunset. 错误理由：peak可以表示需要攀登的整座山峰，因此可以说climb a peak；summit主要指山的最高点，是最终抵达的位置，所以应说reach the summit。错误句把两者的典型功能颠倒了。 易错点2：表示三角形、圆锥或器官的精确顶端时，应使用技术性较强的apex。pinnacle最适合形容事业、艺术或成就的辉煌顶峰，不适合普通的数字变化。 ✅ The architect calculated the apex angle, and the award became the pinnacle of his career. ❌ The architect calculated the pinnacle angle, and the award became the apex of his career. 错误理由：几何学中的“顶角”是apex angle，不能说pinnacle angle；pinnacle of his career 强调事业中最辉煌、最值得赞赏的成就。the apex of his career并非语法错误，但语气更中性，不如pinnacle符合“获奖是职业生涯最高成就”的语境。 3. pleasant/ pleased/ pleasing pleasant表示某人或某事物“令人愉快的、宜人的、友善可亲的”，强调它带给人的整体感受很好。使用范围较广，可以形容天气、环境、经历、声音、气味，也可以形容一个人容易相处。 pleased表示某人“感到高兴的、满意的”，强调人的情绪或心理状态，主语通常是人。 pleasing表示某事物“令人满意的、令人愉悦的”，强调它具有使人产生愉悦或满足感的效果。主语通常是事物而不是感受者，而且语气比pleasant稍正式，常用于评价设计、外观、声音、表演或结果。 核心区别： pleasant：事物或人给人的整体感觉很好——“宜人的、友善的”。 pleased：人自己感到高兴或满意——“感到满意的”。 pleasing：事物能够让人满意或愉悦——“令人满意的”。 易错点：容易把pleased和pleasing混用。此外，不能因为pleasant有“愉快的”之意，就用be pleasant with表达“对……满意”。表示“对某物满意”应使用be pleased with。 ✅ The hotel staff were pleasant, and we felt pleased with their thoughtful service. ❌ The hotel staff were pleased, and we felt pleasant with their thoughtful service. 错误理由：The staff were pleased表示“员工自己感到高兴”，不能表达员工“态度友善”；这里应使用pleasant。此外，feel pleasant with不能表示“对……满意”，正确搭配是feel/be pleased with。 ✅ The garden’s pleasing design made our evening walk especially pleasant and relaxing. ❌ We were pleasing with the garden’s design after walking there for an hour. 错误理由：pleasing表示“令人愉悦的”，用于描述带来愉悦感的事物，不能表示人的感受。句子的主语是we，表示“我们感到满意”，所以应改为：We were pleased with the garden’s design after walking there for an hour. 4. satisfied/ satisfying/ satisfactory satisfied意为“感到满意的、满足的”，强调人获得某种结果后产生的感受。通常描述人、顾客、学生等，也可以修饰能够反映人的感受的表情，如a satisfied smile。常用结构是be/feel satisfied with + 名词，表示“对……感到满意”。此外，be satisfied that + 从句还可表示“确信……”。 satisfying意为“令人满意的、给人满足感的”，强调某件事物、经历或结果使人产生满意或愉悦的感觉。通常修饰job, experience, meal, result, ending等事物。常见结构有a satisfying + 名词和It is satisfying to do something。 satisfactory意为“令人满意的、合格的、尚可的”，强调某事物达到了特定要求或标准。它更偏客观评价，常用于正式语境，修饰solution, result, performance, progress, condition等。需要注意，satisfactory通常只表示“足够好、可以接受”，不一定表示“非常出色”或“让人很有满足感”。 核心区别： satisfied＝自己感到满意 satisfying＝使别人产生满足感 satisfactory＝符合要求或达到标准 易错点：表示“某人感到满意”时，误用satisfying；表示“某事令人有满足感”时，误用satisfied；表示“某结果符合标准”时，误用satisfying。其中，satisfying侧重主观感受，satisfactory侧重客观标准。 ✅ The students felt satisfied after receiving detailed feedback on their carefully revised final presentations. ❌ The students felt satisfying after receiving detailed feedback on their carefully revised final presentations. 错误理由：学生是“产生满意感的人”，所以应使用表示人的感受的satisfied。satisfying表示“令人满意的”，用于描述带来满足感的事物，不能在这里表示学生自己的感受。 ✅ The workshop gave participants a satisfying experience, while its safety procedures were fully satisfactory. ❌ The workshop gave participants a satisfied experience, while its safety procedures were fully satisfying. 错误理由：experience本身不会“感到满意”，而是给参与者带来满足感，因此应使用satisfying experience。 安全程序需要根据规则和标准进行评价，所以应使用satisfactory，表示“符合要求”。使用satisfying 会变成“安全程序让人感到愉悦或满足”，不能准确表达“达到安全标准”的意思。 5. dissatisfied/ unsatisfied dissatisfied强调人对已经得到、经历或看到的事物感到不满意、不高兴或失望，通常是因为结果没有达到预期。主语一般是人或群体，常用搭配为be dissatisfied with + 事物，如dissatisfied with the service/the result/their job。 unsatisfied强调某种需要、愿望、要求或欲望尚未得到满足，重点在“仍然缺少、没有实现”，不一定包含生气或抱怨的情绪。它既可以形容人，也常修饰非人的事物，如unsatisfied needs, demand, desire, curiosity。 核心区别： dissatisfied＝得到了，但对结果不满意 unsatisfied＝需要或愿望还没有得到充分满足 二者并非绝对不能互换。形容人时，unsatisfied有时也正确；但当重点是“对质量、服务或结果感到不满”时，dissatisfied通常更准确、更自然。 易错点：表示“顾客对服务质量感到不满”时误用unsatisfied；表示“需求、愿望尚未得到满足”时误用dissatisfied。 ✅ The guests were dissatisfied with the hotel because the rooms were noisy and poorly cleaned. ❌ The guests were unsatisfied with the hotel because the rooms were noisy and poorly cleaned. 错误理由：这里强调客人对已经体验过的酒店服务和房间质量感到失望、不满，因此使用dissatisfied with 更准确。Unsatisfied并非绝对不合语法，但它更容易让人理解为“客人的某些需求尚未得到满足”，不能清楚突出抱怨和不满的情绪。 ✅ The factory increased production because customer demand remained unsatisfied throughout the busy holiday season. ❌ The factory increased production because customer demand remained dissatisfied throughout the busy holiday season. 错误理由：Demand是“需求”，它没有情绪，不能感到不高兴或失望，因此不能自然地用dissatisfied修饰。这里表达的是“市场需求尚未得到满足”，应使用unsatisfied demand。 二、语法易错点 易错点1：动词-ing形式通常表示主动或使人产生某种感受；过去分词通常表示被动或人的感受。 例子：✅ The students felt deeply encouraged by the teacher’s inspiring speech about overcoming difficulties and pursuing their dreams. ❌ The students felt deeply encouraging by the teacher’s inspired speech about overcoming difficulties and pursuing their dreams. 解析：学生是“受到鼓舞的”，所以用encouraged；演讲“令人振奋”，所以用inspiring。 易错点2：作定语时，动词-ing形式表示被修饰词主动发出动作；过去分词表示被动承受动作。 例子：✅ The girl standing beside the window is reading a novel written by a famous Canadian author. ❌ The girl stood beside the window is reading a novel writing by a famous Canadian author. 解析：女孩主动“站在”窗边，用standing；小说是“被写的”，用written。 易错点3：动词-ing形式常表示正在进行的动作；过去分词常表示已经完成或形成的状态。 例子：✅ We watched the workers repairing the bridge damaged during last week’s heavy storm near the village. ❌ We watched the workers repaired the bridge damaging during last week’s heavy storm near the village. 解析：工人正在主动修桥，用repairing；桥在暴风雨中“被损坏”，用damaged。 易错点4：作宾语补足语时，动词-ing形式表示宾语正在主动做某事；过去分词表示宾语处于被动状态。 例子：✅ I heard someone knocking at the door and found the classroom door locked from inside. ❌ I heard someone knocked at the door and found the classroom door locking from inside. 解析：某人主动敲门，用knocking；教室门是“被锁上的”，用locked。 $