Unit 2 Period 3 Using Language（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语知识清单围绕“跨文化沟通”主题，系统梳理Unit 2 Using Language模块核心内容。从基础词汇（29个重点单词及变形）、36个必备词块入手，深入解析7个核心词汇的用法（含搭配、拓展及即学即练），进而讲解经典句式、10组词汇易混辨析及3类句型易错点，构建从词汇到句式再到语用的学习支架。 知识链路以“文化理解”为核心，融合语言能力（词汇辨析、句式应用）、文化意识（安南名言解读、跨文化表达）和思维品质（对比分析、易错点总结）。习题设计注重即时反馈，词块与写作表达结合，助力学生构建系统语言知识体系，提升跨文化沟通与表达能力。

Unit 2 Bridging Cultures Using Language We may have different religions, different languages, different colored skin, but we all belong to one human race. —Kofi Annan 译文：我们或许有不同的宗教、语言和肤色，但我们都属于同一个人类大家庭。 解读：这句话强调，宗教、语言和肤色虽然构成了人类丰富多样的文化身份，却不应成为彼此隔阂、歧视或冲突的理由，因为所有人都共享同等的人性、尊严与基本权利。联合国大会的正式记录曾将这句话归于前联合国秘书长科菲·安南，其核心思想与《世界人权宣言》高度一致：该宣言第一条指出，人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等；第二条则强调，任何人都不应因种族、肤色、语言或宗教等差异而受到区别对待。与此同时，联合国教科文组织《世界文化多样性宣言》将文化多样性视为“人类的共同遗产”，并指出尊重差异、宽容、对话与合作是促进和平与安全的重要保障。因此，这句话并不是要求人们消除文化差异，而是倡导人们在承认和欣赏差异的基础上，以平等、尊重和交流跨越文化边界，共同建立一个更包容、更团结的人类社会。 一、重点单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. setting n. 环境；背景；（小说等的）情节背景 2. expense n. 费用；花费；开销 3. surroundings n. [pl.] 环境；周围的事物 4. perspective n. （思考问题的）角度；观点 5. competence n. 能力；胜任；本领 6. envoy n. 使者；使节；代表 7. angle n. 角；角度；立场 8. outlook n. 前景；可能性；观点 9. belt n. 腰带；地带 10. initiative n. 倡议；新方案 11. budget n. 预算 12. outcome n. 结果；效果 13. grasp vt. 理解；领会；抓紧 14. behave vt. 表现；vi. & vt. 表现得体；有礼貌 15. cooperate vi. 合作；协作；配合 16. gain vt. 获得；赢得；取得；增加；n. 好处；增加 17. depress vt. 使沮丧；使忧愁 18. boom vi. & n. 迅速发展；繁荣 19. strengthen vi. & vt. 加强；增强；巩固 20. deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝 21. surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的 22. mature adj. 成熟的 23. depressed adj. 沮丧的；意志消沉的 24. sincerely adv. 真诚地；诚实地 25. competent adj. 有能力的；称职的 26. optimistic adj. 乐观的 27. logical adj. 合乎逻辑的；合情合理的 28. dramatic adj. 巨大的；突然的；急剧的；喜剧（般）的 29. tremendous adj. 巨大的；极大的 二、重点单词变形 1. setting n. 环境；背景；情节背景→set vt. 设置；安排；使处于 2. dramatic adj. 巨大的；急剧的；戏剧性的→drama n. 戏剧→dramatically adv. 戏剧性地；显著地 3. expense n. 费用；花费→expensive adj. 昂贵的→expensively adv. 昂贵地→expend vt. 花费；消耗 4. cost n. 费用；成本；代价/v. 花费→costly adj. 昂贵的；代价高的 5. tremendous adj. 巨大的；极大的→tremendously adv. 极大地；非常 6. behave v. 表现；表现得体→behavior/behaviour n. 行为；举止→behavioral/behavioural adj. 行为的 7. surroundings n. 环境；周围的事物→surround vt. 包围；围绕→surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的 8. mature adj. 成熟的→maturity n. 成熟；成熟期→immature adj. 不成熟的 9. depressed adj. 沮丧的；意志消沉的→depress vt. 使沮丧；使忧愁→depression n. 沮丧；抑郁；萧条→depressing adj. 令人沮丧的 10. boom vi./n. 迅速发展；繁荣→booming adj. 繁荣的；迅速发展的 11. strengthen v. 加强；巩固→strength n. 力量；长处→strong adj. 强壮的；强大的→strongly adv. 强烈地 12. deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝→denial n. 否认；拒绝 13. optimistic adj. 乐观的→optimism n. 乐观；乐观主义→optimist n. 乐观的人；乐观主义者→optimistically adv. 乐观地 14. competence n. 能力；胜任；本领→competent adj. 有能力的；称职的→competently adv. 能干地；胜任地→incompetent adj. 无能力的；不称职的 15. cooperate vi. 合作；协作；配合→cooperation n. 合作；协作→cooperative adj. 合作的；配合的→cooperatively adv. 合作地 16. initiative n. 倡议；新方案；主动性→initiate vt. 发起；开始→initiation n. 发起；开始；入会仪式 17. sincerely adv. 真诚地；诚实地→sincere adj. 真诚的；诚挚的→sincerity n. 真诚；诚挚 18. logical adj. 合乎逻辑的；合情合理的→logic n. 逻辑；逻辑学→logically adv. 合乎逻辑地→illogical adj. 不合逻辑的 三、必备词块 1. in turn反过来；依次；轮流 2. all in all总之；总而言之 3. the Confucius Institute 孔子学院 4. apart from 除……之外 5. make dumplings 包饺子 6. sit together 坐在一起 7. a great inspiration 很大的鼓舞 8. cultural exchange 文化交流 9. a centre for Chinese activities 中国活动的中心 10. break down language and cultural barriers 打破语言和文化障碍 11. be beneficial to 对……有益的 12. strengthen one’s connection with ... 加强某人与……的联系 13. in the past few decades在过去的几十年里 14. the number of ……的数量 15. to begin with首先；第一 16. end up最后处于(某种境地)，到头来 17. cost an arm and a leg (使)花一大笔钱 18. limited language skills有限的语言技能 19. culture shock文化冲击 20. handle the challenges应对挑战 21. encounter problems with personal safety遭遇个人安全的问题 22. in addition此外；而且 23. approaches to ...……的方法(to是介词) 24. come as a shock to ... 对……是个震惊 25. look forward to期待；期盼 26. contribute to作贡献；有助于；导致 27. to sum up总而言之；总之 28. in my opinion在我看来 29. (be) willing to do sth愿意做某事 30. for example例如 31. deal with all kinds of difficulties处理各种困难 32. promote friendship between nations促进国与国之间的友谊 33. the Belt and Road Initiative“一带一路”倡议 34. make connections取得联系 35. a global perspective全球的视角 36. strong cultural awareness强烈的文化意识 四、核心词汇 1. grasp vt. 理解；领会；抓紧 n. 紧抓；掌握；理解；控制 原文：Well, I suppose it was difficult to grasp the tones at first. 嗯，我觉得一开始很难掌握音调。 常见搭配：vt. 理解；领会；抓紧 grasp at straws 抓救命稻草；作绝望的尝试 grasp someone’s hand/arm 紧握某人的手/手臂 grasp an opportunity/chance 抓住机会 grasp at sth 尽力抓住某物（通常表示试图抓住某物，或在困境中作徒劳、绝望的尝试。） grasp sb by the arm/hand 抓住某人的胳膊/手 grasp the meaning/significance of ... 理解……的意思/重要性 n. 紧抓；掌握；理解；控制 have a good/firm grasp of 很好地掌握…… within/beyond one’s grasp 在某人能力范围之内/之外 loosen/tighten one’s grasp 松开/握紧 拓展：grasp既可表示用手“紧紧抓住”，也可表示在头脑中“理解、领会”。其近义词包括understand、comprehend、seize、grab。其中，grasp表示“理解”时，常强调理解较复杂或较难的内容；表示“抓住”时，则强调牢牢握住。 例句：Only when we grasp the limits of our knowledge can we begin to understand true wisdom. 只有当我们认识到自身知识的局限时，才可能开始理解真正的智慧。 【即学即练】 1. When all reasonable explanations failed, the investigators began grasping at straws. 2. The deeper meaning of the poem remained beyond his grasp for many years. 3. Success may already be within your grasp when you are most tempted to quit. 4. Successful writers usually have a good grasp of both language and human nature. 5. 她抓住每一个学习机会，因为她相信充分准备能够创造好运。 She grasped every opportunity to learn, believing that preparation creates its own luck. 6. 那个受惊的孩子穿过拥挤的街道时，紧紧抓住了母亲的手。 The frightened child grasped his mother’s hand tightly while crossing the crowded street. 2. behave vt.表现 vi.& vt.表现得体；有礼貌 原文：Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些学生可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。 词形变化：behavior/ behaviour n.行为；举止 behavioral/ behavioural adj.行为的 misbehave v. 行为不端；不守规矩 常见搭配：behave well/badly 表现好/不好 behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体 behave as if/though ... 表现得好像 behavior towards sb. 对某人的行为或态度 be on one’s best behavior 表现得特别规矩 behavioral problems 行为问题 注意：表示“以某种方式表现”时，behave通常是不及物动词；作及物动词时，宾语通常只能是反身代词。 例句：A wise person behaves kindly even when no one is watching, because character needs no audience. 智者即使无人注视也心怀善意，因为真正的品格不需要观众。 【即学即练】 1. You may join the trip only if you promise to behave yourself (oneself). 2. His unacceptable behavior (behave) during the interview destroyed an otherwise excellent first impression. 3. Her friendly behavior toward new students helped them feel welcome immediately. 4. Everyone was on their best behavior when the school principal entered the classroom. 5. The counselor helped the family understand the child’s persistent behavioral (behave) problems at school. 6. Students who repeatedly misbehave (behave) in class may lose valuable learning opportunities. 3. surroundings n. [pl.]环境；周围的事物 原文：Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些学生可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。 词形变化：surround vt. 包围；围绕 surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的 常见搭配：adapt/adjust to new surroundings 适应新环境 be aware of one’s surroundings 留意周围环境 blend in with the surroundings 融入周围环境；与环境融为一体 surround ... with ... 用……包围…… be surrounded by/with ... 被……包围 例句：We cannot always choose our surroundings, but we can choose the spirit with which we face them. 我们无法总是选择自己的环境，却可以选择以怎样的精神面对它。 【即学即练】 1. Once upon a time, a king who was friendly to surrounding (surround) countries lived in a castle surrounded (surround) by a large forest and having wonderful surroundings (surround). 2. Young animals must quickly adapt to new surroundings if they hope to survive. 3. Some butterflies blend in with their surroundings so that it’s difficult to see them. 4. The farmer surrounded the young trees with fences to protect them from hungry animals. 5. She surrounded herself (oneself) with thoughtful people who encouraged honesty, patience, and lifelong learning. 6. 当别人友善相待时，大多数学生会逐渐适应新环境。 Most students gradually adjust to new surroundings when others treat them with kindness. 4. strengthen vi. & vt.加强；增强；巩固 原文：They have great facilities and outstanding professors，helping to educate young people who will contribute to the economy and further strengthen our country. 这些高校拥有一流的设施和杰出的教授，助力培养为经济作贡献、进一步增强我国实力的年轻人。 词形变化：strength n.力量；长处 strong adj.强壮的；强大的 strongly adv.强烈地 常见搭配：strengthen relationships/ties/bonds 巩固关系/联系/纽带 strengthen cooperation 加强合作 strengthen one’s position 巩固某人的地位 strengthen confidence 增强信心 physical/inner strength 体力/内在力量 build up/regain/gather strength 增强/恢复/积聚力量 拓展：词形变化规律 strong(adj.)→strength(n.)→strengthen(v.) long(adj.)→length(n.)→lengthen(v.) deep(adj.)→depth(n.)→deepen(v.) wide(adj.)→width(n.)→widen(v.) 例句：Hardship can strengthen the mind, but compassion determines whether that strength becomes wisdom or merely pride. 苦难能够磨炼心智，但慈悲决定这种力量最终成为智慧，还是仅仅化为傲慢。 【即学即练】 1. The new evidence will strengthen (strong) their case and improve their chances in court. 2. Inner strength (strong) often grows when people face hardship without abandoning their values. 3. Strengthening (strengthen) international cooperation requires patience, mutual trust, and respect for cultural differences. 4. 经常锻炼能够增强腹部肌肉，并保护你的下背部。 Regular exercise can strengthen your stomach muscles and protect your lower back. 5. 一次次失败反而坚定了她继续朝着最初目标努力的决心。 Repeated failure strengthened her determination to continue working toward her original goal. 5. deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝 原文：To sum up, one cannot deny the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages, so when you think about studying abroad, you should consider these many factors. 综上所述，我们无法否认的事实是：留学有其弊端。因此当你想要海外求学时，应当考虑上述诸多因素。 词形变化：denial n.否认；拒绝 常见搭配：deny that... 否认…… deny doing sth/having done sth 否认做过某事 deny oneself sth. 克制自己不享用某物 deny sb. access / entry 拒绝让某人进入 deny sb. an opportunity 不给某人机会 deny sb. the right to do sth. 剥夺某人做某事的权利 No one can deny the fact that ... 没人能够否认这个事实…… There is no denying that ... 不可否认…… 例句：We may deny uncomfortable truths, but reality patiently returns until courage teaches us to face them. 我们或许会否认令人不安的真相，但现实会耐心重现，直到勇气教会我们面对它。 【即学即练】 1. She denied sharing (share) the confidential document with anyone outside the research team. 2. The manager denied that the company had ignored repeated warnings from its engineers. 3. He denied himself (him) every unnecessary comfort while saving money for his children’s education. 4. There is no denying (deny) that honest reflection often requires considerable personal courage. 5. His repeated denial (deny) of responsibility weakened the public’s trust in his leadership. 6. 他否认违背了承诺，却拒绝解释自己去了哪里。 He denied breaking the promise but refused to explain where he had been. 6. optimistic adj. 乐观的 原文：As I always tell my son, there are no great difficulties for a person who is brave, optimistic, and willing to work hard! 正如我一直告诉我儿子的那样，对一个勇敢、乐观、愿意拼搏的人来说，世上无难事！ 词形变化：optimism n.乐观；乐观主义 optimist n.乐观的人；乐观主义者 optimistically adv.乐观地 常见搭配：be/ express/ share optimistic about ... 对/ 表达/ 持有……持乐观态度 be optimistic that… 乐观地认为…… overly optimistic 过于乐观 an optimistic attitude/outlook/view 乐观的态度/ 人生观/ 看法 例句：An optimistic mind does not deny darkness; it trusts that every dawn begins beyond what we can see. 乐观的心并不否认黑暗；它相信每一次黎明都始于我们目光无法到达之处。 【即学即练】 1. She remained optimistic (optimism) even when repeated failures made success seem almost impossible. 2. An optimist (optimism) searches for possibilities where others can see only difficulties. 3. The doctor spoke optimistically (optimism) about the patient’s chances of making a full recovery. 4. Many scientists are optimistic about the development of cleaner energy technologies. 5. The researchers are optimistic that the new treatment will save many lives. 6. 期待所有问题立刻消失未免过于乐观。 It would be overly optimistic to expect every problem to disappear immediately. 7. cooperate vi.合作；协作；配合 原文：Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps us view the world from different angles and thus gives us more insight into our own culture. 与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同视角看待世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。 常见搭配：cooperation n.合作；协作 cooperative adj.合作的；配合的 cooperatively adv.合作地 拓展：cooperate with sb (in sth) (在某事上)与某人合作 cooperate to do sth 合作做某事 in cooperation with 与……合作 seek/require/ensure cooperation 寻求/ 需要/ 确保合作 a cooperative effort/approach 共同努力/ 合作方式 a cooperative relationship 合作关系 注意：cooperate是不及物动词，不能直接接宾语。 例句：True progress begins when individuals cooperate, because shared wisdom often reaches farther than isolated brilliance ever can. 真正的进步始于个体合作，因为共同的智慧往往比孤立的才华走得更远。 【即学即练】 1. The two research teams agreed to cooperate with each other throughout the entire project. 2. Local schools cooperated with parents in creating safer environments for younger children. 3. Several nations must cooperate to protect (protect) endangered species from illegal international trade. 4. Our cooperation (cooperate) with local communities has greatly improved the quality of this research. 5. The educational program was developed in cooperation with several experienced language teachers. 6. The two departments developed a cooperative (cooperate) relationship based on respect and open communication. 五、经典句式 1. No wonder ＋ 从句 原文：No wonder my classmates say I sound like a robot! 难怪我的同学说我听起来像个机器人！ 分析：No wonder＋从句表示“难怪……；怪不得……”，用于说明某一现象或结果在已知原因、事实或背景下是合乎情理的。该结构可视为It is no wonder that＋从句的省略形式，其中wonder是“令人惊讶的事情”之意，no wonder整体相当于一个评注性状语，表达说话人对后面事实“不感到意外”的判断；其后通常直接接结构完整的陈述句，语气较自然，常用于口语和一般书面语。 拓展：in wonder 惊讶地 It is a wonder (that) ... 奇怪的是……；令人惊奇的是…… wonder whether/if/when/why/how ... 想知道是否/什么时候/为什么/怎样…… 例句：No wonder she passed the exam; she had studied diligently for several months beforehand. 难怪她通过了考试；她此前已经认真学习了好几个月。 【即学即练】 1. It is no wonder that many students find the novel difficult to understand.（同义句转换） → No wonder many students find the novel difficult to understand. 2. He stared at the breathtaking view in wonder, unable to believe his own eyes. 3. It is a wonder that he survived the serious accident without suffering any major injuries. 4. I wonder whether the new policy will have a positive effect on students’ development. 5. 难怪她能在比赛中脱颖而出，她为此训练了整整三年。 No wonder she stood out in the competition; she had trained for it for three whole years. 6. 难怪越来越多的年轻人选择在网上学习，因为这种方式更加灵活。 No wonder an increasing number of young people choose to study online, because this way is more flexible. 2. No matter which引导让步状语从句 原文：No matter which country you go to, you will end up feeling like an outsider. 无论你去哪个国家，你都会觉得自己像个局外人。 分析：No matter which引导让步状语从句，表示“无论哪一个……”，用于说明无论从若干人或事物中作出何种选择，主句所表达的结果都不会改变。which在从句中可单独作主语、宾语，也可放在名词前作限定语；从句通常使用陈述语序，不能采用疑问语序。该结构只引导让步状语从句，可与whichever互换，但whichever 还可引导名词性从句，而no matter which一般不能。 拓展：wherever＝no matter where whenever＝no matter when however＝no matter how 注意：whatever、whichever、who(m)ever既可引导让步状语从句，又可引导名词性从句。no matter what、no matter which、no matter who(m)只引导让步状语从句。 例句：No matter which path you choose, you must take responsibility for the consequences of your decision. 无论你选择哪条道路，都必须为自己的决定所带来的后果负责。 【即学即练】 1. Wherever difficulties arise, we should remain calm and seek solutions.（用no matter where改写） → No matter where difficulties arise, we should remain calm and seek solutions. 2. No matter how much pressure he was under, he never gave up his goal.（用however改写） → However much pressure he was under, he never gave up his goal. 3. You may find traditional Chinese culture fascinating wherever you travel in the country. 4. No matter how busy she is, she makes time to exercise every day. 5. 无论科技发展得多么迅速，人与人之间的交流仍然不可替代。 However rapidly technology develops, communication between people will remain irreplaceable. 一、词汇易混辨析 1. setting/ surroundings/ environment setting强调某件事情发生或存在的场所、背景或特定情境，关注“事情被放在什么场景中”。它经常用于故事、电影、活动、医疗或教育等语境，也可以同时包含地点、时间和社会背景。 surroundings强调某人或某物周围可以看到、接触或感知到的具体事物和地方，例如附近的建筑、树木、家具、景色等。重点是“身边有什么”，而不是这些条件产生了什么影响。 environment强调人、动物、植物或事物生活、工作和发展的整体条件及其影响。这些条件不仅可以是物理条件，还可以包括社会、心理、经济、商业和文化因素。表示某个具体的工作、学习或生活环境时，environment 通常是可数名词；表示整个自然界时，常使用the environment。 核心区别 setting：事情在哪里、在什么背景下发生——强调“场景或情境”。 surroundings：一个人或物体周围具体有什么——强调“周围的事物”。 environment：哪些整体条件影响生活、工作或发展——强调“条件及影响”。 易错点1：描述小说、电影或故事发生的时间和地点时，应使用setting，不能使用surroundings。 ✅ The novel’s setting shifts from wartime London to a remote village in northern France. ❌ The novel’s surroundings shift from wartime London to a remote village in northern France. 错误理由：这里描述的是小说故事发生的时间和地点，即文学作品的“背景”，所以应使用setting。Surroundings只能表示人物或物体周围的具体事物，不能表示小说的时代和故事背景。 易错点2：描述身边实际可见的景物、建筑或物品时，通常使用surroundings。描述学习、工作、商业或家庭中的整体条件和影响时，通常使用environment。 ✅ A supportive classroom environment helps nervous students participate confidently and develop stronger communication skills. ❌ Supportive classroom surroundings help nervous students participate confidently and develop stronger communication skills. 错误理由：这里强调课堂中的心理氛围、教学条件和支持方式对学生产生的影响，因此应使用environment。Surroundings主要指教室周围可见的桌椅、墙壁和设备，不能准确表达支持性的社会或心理条件。 2. dramatic/ drastic dramatic强调某件事非常明显、突然、令人惊讶或富有感染力，重点在于它带来的视觉效果、情绪冲击或显著变化。常见搭配有dramatic change、dramatic increase、dramatic improvement、dramatic performance。此外，它还可以表示“戏剧的、表演方面的”。 drastic强调某种行动、措施或变化非常极端、严厉、猛烈，而且会造成严重影响，通常暗含“形势迫使人采取强硬手段”的意味。常见搭配有drastic action、drastic measures、drastic cuts、drastic reduction。 核心区别 dramatic 看效果：明显、惊人、有感染力。 drastic 看程度：极端、严厉、下猛药。 两者都可以修饰 change、reduction 等词，但侧重点不同：a dramatic change：变化非常明显、突然或令人惊讶。a drastic change：变化非常彻底、极端，可能带来严重后果。 易错点：看到中文“巨大的、剧烈的”，就直接使用drastic。实际上，描述令人印象深刻的表现、明显的进步或积极变化时，通常用dramatic；描述为解决严重问题而采取的极端措施时，通常用drastic。 ✅ The actor gave a dramatic performance that held the entire audience in complete silence. ❌ The actor gave a drastic performance that held the entire audience in complete silence. 错误理由：这里描述的是表演具有强烈感染力和戏剧效果，应使用dramatic。Drastic表示“极端或严厉的”，不能自然地修饰演员的performance。 ✅ The government introduced drastic measures to control inflation and prevent a deeper economic crisis. ❌ The government introduced dramatic measures to control inflation and prevent a deeper economic crisis. 错误理由：这里强调政府采取的措施非常严厉、极端，是为了处理严重问题，因此应使用drastic measures。Dramatic measures更容易让人理解为“引人注目或戏剧性的措施”，没有准确体现措施的强硬程度。 3. expense/ cost expense通常作名词，强调已经发生的“支出、开销”或某个具体的“费用项目”。谈论交通费、住宿费、医疗费、生活费等多项开支时，常用复数形式expenses，如travel expenses、medical expenses和living expenses。它也可以作不可数名词，如at great expense。 cost既可以作名词，也可以作动词。作名词时，强调购买、制造或完成某事“需要多少钱”，即价格或总成本；作动词时，常用something costs somebody + 金额，表示“某物使某人花费多少钱”。此外，cost还可以表示时间、努力、生命等非金钱方面的“代价”。 核心区别 cost：侧重“需要付出多少”，常用于询问价格、总成本或某事的代价。 expense：侧重“实际花出去的钱”或“具体的支出项目”，常用于个人开销、公司经费和费用报销。 易错点：把固定搭配at someone’s expense 错写成at someone’s cost。 ✅ The entire family enjoyed a luxurious holiday abroad at their wealthy uncle’s expense. ❌ The entire family enjoyed a luxurious holiday abroad at their wealthy uncle’s cost. 错误理由：at someone’s expense 是固定搭配，在这里表示“由某人付钱、费用由某人承担”。at someone’s cost不适合表达单纯的“由某人付钱”；它更容易让人理解为“以某人的损失或牺牲为代价”。因此，本句应使用expense。 4. cost/ spend/ pay/ take 单词 常见主语 表示的内容 核心句型 cost 商品、服务、事情 某物需要多少钱 sth. costs sb. money spend 人或机构 主动花钱或花时间 sb. spends money on sth. / time doing sth. pay 付款的人或机构 向别人付款、为某物付款 sb. pays money for sth. take it、任务、行程、过程 完成某事所需的时间 It takes sb. time to do sth. 易错点1：表示“某人花钱购买某物”时，误把人放在cost前面作主语。一般应使用spend或pay。 ✅ This laptop cost me nearly eight hundred dollars during the store's holiday sale last weekend. ❌ This laptop spent me nearly eight hundred dollars during the store's holiday sale last weekend. 错误理由：laptop是产生费用的物品，因此应用cost me + 金额。spend的主语通常是花钱的人，不能说a laptop spent me money。 易错点2：让journey、task、work等事物作spend的主语。 ✅ The bus journey takes about ninety minutes when traffic around the city is especially heavy. ❌ The bus journey spends about ninety minutes when traffic around the city is especially heavy. 错误理由：journey是一个行程，它本身“需要”九十分钟，所以使用takes。spend的主语应是花费时间的人，行程不能主动“花时间”。 5. behave/ act behave强调一个人的行为表现或举止方式，常用于说明某人表现得好、坏、礼貌、奇怪等。它通常是不及物动词，常接副词、介词短语或 like / as if，如behave politely、behave badly、behave like a child。此外，behave oneself是固定搭配，表示“规矩一点；举止得体”。这个词经常暗含某种行为是否符合社会规范或他人的期待。 act含义比behave 更广。它可以表示为了某个目的而采取行动、作出反应或处理某种情况，常见搭配有 act quickly、act immediately、act to do something；也可以表示“表现得……”，甚至表示“表演、假装”，如 act strangely、act surprised。因此，表示“采取措施”时通常用act，而不是behave。 易错点：把behave误当成普通的“行动、采取措施”；或者把固定搭配behave oneself错误地说成act oneself。 ✅ The manager acted quickly to protect customers after the fire alarm suddenly sounded. ❌ The manager behaved quickly to protect customers after the fire alarm suddenly sounded. 错误理由：这里强调经理为了应对火警而“迅速采取行动”，应使用act quickly。Behave主要描述一个人的行为方式或举止，不能自然地表示为了处理紧急情况而采取措施。 ✅ Please behave yourself during the ceremony, because the guests expect everyone to remain respectful. ❌ Please act yourself during the ceremony, because the guests expect everyone to remain respectful. 错误理由：behave oneself 是固定搭配，表示“举止得体、守规矩”。英语中不使用act oneself表达这个意思；act后面不能这样直接接反身代词。 6. mature/ ripe mature强调人或事物经过一段时间后，已经充分生长、发育或发展。适用范围较广，可以形容人、思想、行为、动植物、市场、技术等，例如a mature adult, mature judgment, a mature tree, a mature market。用于水果时，通常强调水果已经达到一定的生理发育阶段或采收阶段，但不一定已经香甜柔软、适合马上食用。 ripe主要强调水果或农作物已经熟透，可以采摘或食用，通常涉及味道、颜色、硬度等食用品质。例如ripe bananas, ripe tomatoes, ripe wheat。 因此，水果可能已经mature but not yet ripe，即“已经发育到可以采收的阶段，但还没有熟到可以直接吃”。例如，一些梨需要在成熟阶段采摘，再放置一段时间使其变熟；桃子和油桃也可能在达到采收成熟度后继续完成成熟过程。 记忆： mature = 发育或发展完成：成熟的人、思想、技术、市场 ripe = 熟到可以吃或使用：熟透的水果、庄稼 易错点：把中文的“成熟”一律翻译成同一个英语单词。表示人的思想、行为或判断成熟，通常用mature，不能随意用ripe。表示水果已经熟甜、适合食用，通常用ripe。在农业或植物学语境中，mature fruit可以成立，但侧重“发育成熟”，不一定表示“已经熟透、可以马上吃”。 ✅ These peaches are fully ripe now, so we should eat them before tomorrow. ❌ These peaches are fully mature now, so we should eat them before tomorrow. 错误理由：这句话强调的是桃子已经达到最佳食用状态，并且需要尽快吃掉，因此应该用ripe。Mature在语法上并非绝对错误，但它只说明桃子已经充分发育，不能准确表达“已经熟甜、适合马上食用”。 ✅ Although Kevin is only sixteen, he gives remarkably mature advice during family disagreements. ❌ Although Kevin is only sixteen, he gives remarkably ripe advice during family disagreements. 错误理由：这里的“成熟”指建议体现出良好的判断力和成年人的思考方式，因此用mature。Ripe一般不用于形容人的建议、思想或判断；ripe advice搭配不自然。 7. strengthen/ enhance/ reinforce 单词 核心含义 是否强调额外支持 典型对象 strengthen 使力量、能力或效果增强 不一定 muscles, relationships, security, argument enhance 提升质量、价值、效果或吸引力 否 quality, performance, beauty, experience reinforce 通过材料、证据或重复进行加固 是 wall, structure, idea, message, stereotype 记忆： strengthen = make stronger：使它更强 enhance = make better：使它更好 reinforce = make stronger by adding support：通过额外支持再次加固 易错点1：表示肌肉、力量、关系或能力“变强”时，误用enhance。 enhance强调改善质量、效果或吸引力；如果核心意思是增加力量、稳定性或承受能力，通常使用strengthen。 ✅ Regular resistance training strengthens the muscles supporting your knees and reduces the risk of injury. ❌ Regular resistance training enhances the muscles supporting your knees and reduces the risk of injury. 错误理由：这里强调的是肌肉的力量变强，应使用strengthen the muscles。Enhance muscles并非典型自然搭配，因为enhance通常改善的是performance、appearance、quality等，而不是直接表示肌肉力量增加。 易错点2：表示用额外材料“加固”建筑或结构时，误用enhance。 ✅ Workers reinforced the damaged wall with steel supports before the building reopened to the public. ❌ Workers enhanced the damaged wall with steel supports before the building reopened to the public. 错误理由：钢制支架是额外加入的支撑材料，因此应使用reinforce something with something。Enhance只表示笼统地改善质量或外观，不能准确表达“通过增加支撑材料进行结构加固”。这句话并非完全无法理解，但用词明显不准确、不自然。 8. deny/ refuse/ reject deny强调“否认某件事是真的”或“不给予某人某种权利、机会或资源”； refuse强调主语明确表示“不愿意做”或“不愿意接受”； reject强调经过考虑、审查或判断后，认为某人或某物“不合适、不合格或不可接受”。 记忆： deny：这不是真的／不给你 refuse：我不做／我不要 reject：这个不接受／不通过 易错点1：表示“否认做过某事”，用deny doing，不用refuse doing。 ✅ The accountant denied leaking the report after investigators questioned her about the missing documents. ❌ The accountant refused leaking the report after investigators questioned her about the missing documents. 错误理由：句子表示“会计否认自己泄露过报告”，重点是认为这项指控不是真的，所以使用：deny doing something。refuse表示“不愿意做”，不能用refuse doing表达“否认做过”。 易错点2：表示“不给某人权限”，用deny someone access，不用reject someone access ✅ The security team denied visitors access to the laboratory during the confidential experiment. ❌ The security team rejected visitors access to the laboratory during the confidential experiment. 错误理由：表示“不允许某人进入或使用某处”时，固定搭配是：deny someone access to something。reject 主要表示“不接受某人或某物”，不能使用reject someone access表示“不给某人权限”。 9. cooperate/ collaborate cooperate强调为了共同目标而配合、协助或按要求行动。合作双方可以各自完成不同任务，不一定共同创造某个成果；它还可以表示“服从、配合”，如配合警方调查、配合医生治疗。常见搭配是cooperate with somebody、cooperate in/on something、cooperate to do something。 collaborate强调双方或多方共同参与、密切协作，一起创造或完成某项成果，尤其常用于研究、写作、设计、艺术和其他智力活动。常见搭配是collaborate with somebody on something 或 collaborate with somebody in doing something。 核心区别： cooperate更像“你做你的部分，我做我的部分，大家互相配合”； collaborate更像“我们坐在一起，共同做出同一个成果”。 二者含义存在重叠，因此某些情况下都可以使用；区别主要在于表达重点，而不是绝对的语法界限。 易错点：表示“配合调查、服从要求”时误用collaborate；表示“共同研究、共同设计或共同创作”时，只会使用比较宽泛的cooperate。此外，两个词通常都是不及物动词，不能直接在后面接合作项目作为宾语。 ✅ The witnesses cooperated with investigators by answering questions and providing all requested financial records. ⚠ The witnesses collaborated with investigators by answering questions and providing all requested financial records. 错误理由：这个语境表达的是证人按照要求“配合调查”，并不是证人与调查人员共同创造或研究某项成果。因此应使用cooperated with。这里的collaborated在语法上并非完全不成立，但不符合句子想表达的关系，甚至可能让人误以为证人参与了调查工作的策划或执行。 ✅ Engineers from both companies collaborated on designing a safer battery system for electric buses. ❌ Engineers from both companies collaborated designing a safer battery system for electric buses. 错误理由：collaborate通常不能直接接名词或动名词作宾语。表示“就某个项目展开合作”时，应使用collaborate on + 名词/动名词，所以要说collaborated on designing。也可以说：The engineers collaborated to design a safer battery system. 这里的to design表示合作的目的，而不是collaborate的直接宾语。 10. angle/ angel angle名词，常表示“角、角度”，也可以表示观察或思考问题的“角度、立场、观点”；还可指物体摆放、拍摄或观察时的方向。发音为/ˈæŋ.ɡəl/。 angel名词，表示“天使”；在非正式语境中，也可以指非常善良、乐于助人的人。发音为/ˈeɪn.dʒəl/。两词不仅字母顺序不同，发音和意思也完全不同。 易错点：angle和angel都是名词，而且拼写只差e、l的位置，因此容易混淆。但angle通常与角度、方向或观点有关；angel则与天使或善良的人有关。即使误用后句子结构仍然正确，意思也会变得不合逻辑。 ✅ The photographer changed the camera angle to capture the entire building in one dramatic shot. ❌ The photographer changed the camera angel to capture the entire building in one dramatic shot. 错误理由：这里需要表达“相机的拍摄角度”，所以应使用camera angle。Angel表示“天使”，camera angel会变成“相机天使”，不符合句意。 ✅ From another angle, the manager’s decision seems more practical and much easier to understand. ❌ From another angel, the manager’s decision seems more practical and much easier to understand. 错误理由：from another angle是常见表达，意为“从另一个角度或观点来看”。Angel不能表示“观点、立场”，因此不能替换angle。 二、短语搭配易错 1. be beneficial to 对……有益 be beneficial to表示“对……有益”。其中to是介词，后面要接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把be beneficial to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ Regular exercise is beneficial to improving both physical health and mental well-being. ❌ Regular exercise is beneficial to improve both physical health and mental well-being. 2. end up doing sth 最终做了某事 end up + 动名词，表示经过一系列情况后，最终做了某事，结果通常不是原本计划的。它后面要接动名词，不能接动词不定式。 易错点：把end up后面的动词误用成不定式。（学生经常会犯的错） 例子：✅ He ended up taking a taxi because he missed the last bus. ❌ He ended up to take a taxi because he missed the last bus. 3. approaches to ... ……的方法/ 途径 approaches to + 名词或动名词，表示“解决或处理某事的方法、途径”。这里的to是介词，后面要接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把approaches to中的to误认为不定式符号，后面的动词误用成原形。 例子：✅ We need to explore different approaches to solving this problem effectively. ❌ We need to explore different approaches to solve this problem effectively. 4. look forward to doing sth 期待做某事 look forward to中的to是介词，表示“期待；期盼”。它后面要接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把look forward to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ I look forward to meeting my new classmates at school next Monday. ❌ I look forward to meet my new classmates at school next Monday. 5. contribute to sth/doing sth 有助于……；促成…… contribute to中的to是介词，表示“有助于、促成、导致”。因此，to后面要接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把contribute to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ Regular exercise contributes to improving both physical health and mental well-being. ❌ Regular exercise contributes to improve both physical health and mental well-being. 三、句型易错点 1. Although引导让步状语从句 课文：Although studying abroad can bring great benefits, I think the disadvantages for young people are greater. 句型：Although + 主语 + 谓语，主语 + 谓语。 易错点：Although表示“虽然”，不能与but同时使用。 例子：✅ Although the journey was exhausting, I believe the experience taught our team several valuable lessons about cooperation. ❌ Although the journey was exhausting, but I believe the experience taught our team several valuable lessons about cooperation. 2. when引导的状语从句省略 课文：Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 句型：主句+ when + doing something。 易错点：当时间状语从句的主语与主句主语相同，且从句含有be动词时，可以省略“主语＋be”。 例子：✅ When walking through the museum, the students kept their voices low to avoid disturbing other visitors. ❌ When walking through the museum, the paintings attracted the students’ attention with their unusual colours and shapes. 3. 形容词加enough to do：be not adjective enough to do 课文：Other students are not mature enough to handle the challenges by themselves and may become depressed. 句型：主语 + be + 形容词 + enough to do + and + may + 动词原形。 易错点：enough修饰形容词时放在形容词后面，不能写成enough＋形容词。 例子：✅ The suitcase was light enough for the child to carry, but he still asked his father for help. ❌ The suitcase was enough light for the child to carry, but he still asked his father for help. 4. 主语中含with插入成分：主语，with…，has helped somebody do 课文：China’s global outlook, with projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has helped us make connections across the world. 句型：单数主语，with + 名词，has helped somebody do something。 易错点：with后的名词不是主语，谓语仍与真正的主语保持一致。 例子：✅ The city transport plan, with several railway lines, has helped residents reduce their daily travelling time. ❌ The city transport plan, with several railway lines, have helped residents reducing their daily travelling time. 一、议论性书信中的连接词 Point of view 观点 In my opinion 在我看来 In my view 依我看 From my point of view 从我的观点来看 From my perspective 从我的角度来看 As far as I am concerned 就我而言 Personally 就个人而言 I believe that 我认为 I think that 我认为 It seems to me that 在我看来 I strongly believe that 我坚信 Listing 列举 First / Firstly 首先 Second / Secondly 其次 Third / Thirdly 第三 First of all 首先 To begin with 首先 To start with 首先 In the first place 第一／首先 In the second place 第二／其次 In the third place 第三 Next 接下来 Then 然后 After that 在那之后 Following this 接着 Furthermore 此外 Moreover 而且／此外 In addition 此外／另外 Additionally 另外 Besides 除此之外 Also 也／此外 What is more 而且／更重要的是 Apart from this 除此之外 Aside from this 除此之外 Another point is that 另一点是 Another reason is that 另一个原因是 A further point is that 进一步来说 Equally important 同样重要的是 More importantly 更重要的是 Finally 最后 Lastly 最后 Last but not least 最后但同样重要的是 Summary 总结 In conclusion 总之 To conclude 总而言之 To sum up 总而言之 In summary 总结来说 In short 简而言之 In brief 简言之 Overall 总体而言 All in all 总的来说 On the whole 总体来说 Taking everything into consideration 综合考虑一切 Restating 重述 In other words 换句话说 To put it simply 简单来说 To put it another way 换一种说法 That is to say 也就是说 In simpler terms 用更简单的话来说 What this means is that 这意味着 To be more precise 更准确地说 More specifically 更具体地说 Simply put 简而言之 To clarify 为了说明清楚 Cause and effect 因果关系 Because 因为 Because of 因为／由于 Since 因为／由于 Due to 由于 Owing to 由于 Therefore 因此 Thus 因此 Consequently 因此／结果 As a result 因此／结果 This leads to 这导致 Giving examples 举例 For example 例如 For instance 例如 Such as 比如／例如 To illustrate 为了说明 To give an example 举个例子 A good example is 一个很好的例子是 One example is 一个例子是 Take, for example 以……为例 A case in point is 一个恰当的例子是 This can be illustrated by 这可以通过……来说明 二、描述留学经历的常用表达 study abroad 出国留学 overseas study experience 海外学习经历 live in a foreign country 生活在异国他乡 adapt to a new environment 适应新环境 experience a different culture 体验不同文化 broaden one’s horizons 开阔视野 step out of one’s comfort zone 走出舒适区 gain independence 获得独立性 develop life skills 培养生活技能 improve language proficiency 提高语言能力 communicate with people from different backgrounds 与不同背景的人交流 build cross-cultural awareness 培养跨文化意识 learn to respect cultural differences 学会尊重文化差异 become more open-minded 变得更加开放包容 see the world from a new perspective 从新的角度看世界 serve as a bridge between cultures 成为不同文化之间的桥梁 三、描述留学带来的挑战 face cultural shock 面临文化冲击 experience homesickness 经历思乡之情 feel lonely or isolated 感到孤独或孤立 struggle with language barriers 与语言障碍作斗争 have difficulty expressing oneself 难以表达自己 misunderstand others’ intentions 误解他人的意图 find it hard to fit in 发现很难融入 adjust to a different education system 适应不同的教育体系 deal with academic pressure 应对学业压力 manage daily life independently 独立处理日常生活 overcome fear and uncertainty 克服恐惧和不确定感 balance study and social life 平衡学习与社交生活 cope with unfamiliar situations 应对陌生情境 turn challenges into opportunities 将挑战转化为机会 四、描述如何适应异国文化 keep an open mind 保持开放的心态 be willing to learn 乐于学习 show respect for local customs 尊重当地习俗 observe how people behave 观察人们的行为方式 ask questions politely 礼貌地提问 take part in local activities 参加当地活动 join clubs and societies 加入社团组织 make friends with local students 与当地学生交朋友 communicate actively with others 主动与他人交流 learn from different perspectives 从不同视角中学习 accept differences rather than judge them 接受差异，而不是评判差异 find common ground 寻找共同点 build meaningful relationships 建立有意义的人际关系 gradually adapt to the new culture 逐渐适应新文化 become part of the local community 成为当地社区的一部分 五、描述留学的收获与意义 gain a global perspective 获得全球视野 become more independent and mature 变得更加独立和成熟 develop problem-solving skills 培养解决问题的能力 improve communication skills 提高沟通能力 strengthen one’s confidence 增强自信 learn to appreciate different cultures 学会欣赏不同文化 better understand one’s own culture 更好地理解自己的文化 develop intercultural competence 培养跨文化交际能力 prepare for future career opportunities 为未来职业机会做准备 build international friendships 建立国际友谊 expand one’s worldview 拓展世界观 become more tolerant and understanding 变得更加宽容和善解人意 discover one’s strengths and weaknesses 发现自己的优点和不足 grow as a person 实现个人成长 make unforgettable memories 留下难忘的回忆 六、高分句型积累 1. 描述留学的意义 Studying abroad is not only a journey of learning, but also a journey of personal growth. 留学不仅是一段学习之旅，也是一段个人成长之旅。 Living in a foreign country allows students to see the world from a broader perspective. 生活在异国他乡使学生能够从更广阔的视角看世界。 Through overseas study, students can gain knowledge, independence and intercultural understanding. 通过海外学习，学生可以获得知识、独立性和跨文化理解力。 The value of studying abroad lies not only in academic achievement, but also in cultural experience. 留学的价值不仅在于学业成就，也在于文化体验。 2. 描述文化差异与适应 At first, I found it difficult to adapt to the new culture, but gradually I learned to appreciate its uniqueness. 起初，我发现很难适应新文化，但渐渐地，我学会了欣赏它的独特之处。 Instead of judging cultural differences, we should try to understand the reasons behind them. 我们不应评判文化差异，而应努力理解其背后的原因。 Only by respecting different cultures can we build true mutual understanding. 只有尊重不同文化，我们才能建立真正的相互理解。 When we communicate with people from different backgrounds, patience and respect are especially important. 当我们与来自不同背景的人交流时，耐心和尊重尤为重要。 3. 描述挑战与成长 Although studying abroad can be challenging, these challenges help students become stronger and more independent. 尽管留学可能充满挑战，但这些挑战能帮助学生变得更坚强、更独立。 Homesickness and language barriers may be difficult to deal with, but they are also part of the learning process. 思乡和语言障碍可能很难应对，但它们也是学习过程的一部分。 Every difficulty I faced abroad taught me an important lesson about life. 我在国外面对的每一个困难都给我上了重要的人生一课。 By stepping out of my comfort zone, I discovered abilities I had never noticed before. 通过走出舒适区，我发现了自己以前从未注意到的能力。 4. 描述文化交流的作用 Cultural exchange helps people break down stereotypes and build closer relationships. 文化交流帮助人们打破刻板印象，建立更亲近的关系。 When students share their own cultures, they become bridges between different societies. 当学生分享自己的文化时，他们就成为不同社会之间的桥梁。 A simple conversation can sometimes reduce misunderstanding and bring people closer together. 一次简单的交谈有时可以减少误解，使人们更加亲近。 By learning about others, we also gain a deeper understanding of ourselves. 通过了解他人，我们也会更深刻地认识自己。 $Unit 2 Bridging Cultures Using Language We may have different religions, different languages, different colored skin, but we all belong to one human race. —Kofi Annan 译文：我们或许有不同的宗教、语言和肤色，但我们都属于同一个人类大家庭。 解读：这句话强调，宗教、语言和肤色虽然构成了人类丰富多样的文化身份，却不应成为彼此隔阂、歧视或冲突的理由，因为所有人都共享同等的人性、尊严与基本权利。联合国大会的正式记录曾将这句话归于前联合国秘书长科菲·安南，其核心思想与《世界人权宣言》高度一致：该宣言第一条指出，人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等；第二条则强调，任何人都不应因种族、肤色、语言或宗教等差异而受到区别对待。与此同时，联合国教科文组织《世界文化多样性宣言》将文化多样性视为“人类的共同遗产”，并指出尊重差异、宽容、对话与合作是促进和平与安全的重要保障。因此，这句话并不是要求人们消除文化差异，而是倡导人们在承认和欣赏差异的基础上，以平等、尊重和交流跨越文化边界，共同建立一个更包容、更团结的人类社会。 一、重点单词 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. n. 环境；背景；（小说等的）情节背景 2. n. 费用；花费；开销 3. n. [pl.] 环境；周围的事物 4. n. （思考问题的）角度；观点 5. n. 能力；胜任；本领 6. n. 使者；使节；代表 7. n. 角；角度；立场 8. n. 前景；可能性；观点 9. n. 腰带；地带 10. n. 倡议；新方案 11. n. 预算 12. n. 结果；效果 13. vt. 理解；领会；抓紧 14. vt. 表现；vi. & vt. 表现得体；有礼貌 15. vi. 合作；协作；配合 16. vt. 获得；赢得；取得；增加；n. 好处；增加 17. vt. 使沮丧；使忧愁 18. vi. & n. 迅速发展；繁荣 19. vi. & vt. 加强；增强；巩固 20. vt. 否认；否定；拒绝 21. adj. 周围的；附近的 22. adj. 成熟的 23. adj. 沮丧的；意志消沉的 24. adv. 真诚地；诚实地 25. adj. 有能力的；称职的 26. adj. 乐观的 27. adj. 合乎逻辑的；合情合理的 28. adj. 巨大的；突然的；急剧的；喜剧（般）的 29. adj. 巨大的；极大的 二、重点单词变形 1. setting n. 环境；背景；情节背景→ vt. 设置；安排；使处于 2. dramatic adj. 巨大的；急剧的；戏剧性的→ n. 戏剧→ adv. 戏剧性地；显著地 3. expense n. 费用；花费→ adj. 昂贵的→ adv. 昂贵地→ vt. 花费；消耗 4. cost n. 费用；成本；代价/v. 花费→ adj. 昂贵的；代价高的 5. tremendous adj. 巨大的；极大的→ adv. 极大地；非常 6. behave v. 表现；表现得体→ n. 行为；举止→ adj. 行为的 7. surroundings n. 环境；周围的事物→ vt. 包围；围绕→ adj. 周围的；附近的 8. mature adj. 成熟的→ n. 成熟；成熟期→ adj. 不成熟的 9. depressed adj. 沮丧的；意志消沉的→ vt. 使沮丧；使忧愁→ n. 沮丧；抑郁；萧条→ adj. 令人沮丧的 10. boom vi./n. 迅速发展；繁荣→ adj. 繁荣的；迅速发展的 11. strengthen v. 加强；巩固→ n. 力量；长处→ adj. 强壮的；强大的→ adv. 强烈地 12. deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝→ n. 否认；拒绝 13. optimistic adj. 乐观的→ n. 乐观；乐观主义→ n. 乐观的人；乐观主义者→ adv. 乐观地 14. competence n. 能力；胜任；本领→ adj. 有能力的；称职的→ adv. 能干地；胜任地→ adj. 无能力的；不称职的 15. cooperate vi. 合作；协作；配合→ n. 合作；协作→ adj. 合作的；配合的→ adv. 合作地 16. initiative n. 倡议；新方案；主动性→ vt. 发起；开始→ n. 发起；开始；入会仪式 17. sincerely adv. 真诚地；诚实地→ adj. 真诚的；诚挚的→ n. 真诚；诚挚 18. logical adj. 合乎逻辑的；合情合理的→ n. 逻辑；逻辑学→ adv. 合乎逻辑地→ adj. 不合逻辑的 三、必备词块 1. 反过来；依次；轮流 2. 总之；总而言之 3. 孔子学院 4. 除……之外 5. 包饺子 6. 坐在一起 7. 很大的鼓舞 8. 文化交流 9. 中国活动的中心 10. 打破语言和文化障碍 11. 对……有益的 12. 加强某人与……的联系 13. 在过去的几十年里 14. ……的数量 15. 首先；第一 16. 最后处于(某种境地)，到头来 17. (使)花一大笔钱 18. 有限的语言技能 19. 文化冲击 20. 应对挑战 21. 遭遇个人安全的问题 22. 此外；而且 23. ……的方法(to是介词) 24. 对……是个震惊 25. 期待；期盼 26. 作贡献；有助于；导致 27. 总而言之；总之 28. 在我看来 29. 愿意做某事 30. 例如 31. 处理各种困难 32. 促进国与国之间的友谊 33. “一带一路”倡议 34. 取得联系 35. 全球的视角 36. 强烈的文化意识 四、核心词汇 1. grasp vt. 理解；领会；抓紧 n. 紧抓；掌握；理解；控制 原文：Well, I suppose it was difficult to grasp the tones at first. 嗯，我觉得一开始很难掌握音调。 常见搭配：vt. 理解；领会；抓紧 grasp at straws 抓救命稻草；作绝望的尝试 grasp someone’s hand/arm 紧握某人的手/手臂 grasp an opportunity/chance 抓住机会 grasp at sth 尽力抓住某物（通常表示试图抓住某物，或在困境中作徒劳、绝望的尝试。） grasp sb by the arm/hand 抓住某人的胳膊/手 grasp the meaning/significance of ... 理解……的意思/重要性 n. 紧抓；掌握；理解；控制 have a good/firm grasp of 很好地掌握…… within/beyond one’s grasp 在某人能力范围之内/之外 loosen/tighten one’s grasp 松开/握紧 拓展：grasp既可表示用手“紧紧抓住”，也可表示在头脑中“理解、领会”。其近义词包括understand、comprehend、seize、grab。其中，grasp表示“理解”时，常强调理解较复杂或较难的内容；表示“抓住”时，则强调牢牢握住。 例句：Only when we grasp the limits of our knowledge can we begin to understand true wisdom. 只有当我们认识到自身知识的局限时，才可能开始理解真正的智慧。 【即学即练】 1. When all reasonable explanations failed, the investigators began grasping straws. 2. The deeper meaning of the poem remained his grasp for many years. 3. Success may already be your grasp when you are most tempted to quit. 4. Successful writers usually have a good grasp both language and human nature. 5. 她抓住每一个学习机会，因为她相信充分准备能够创造好运。 6. 那个受惊的孩子穿过拥挤的街道时，紧紧抓住了母亲的手。 2. behave vt.表现 vi.& vt.表现得体；有礼貌 原文：Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些学生可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。 词形变化：behavior/ behaviour n.行为；举止 behavioral/ behavioural adj.行为的 misbehave v. 行为不端；不守规矩 常见搭配：behave well/badly 表现好/不好 behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体 behave as if/though ... 表现得好像 behavior towards sb. 对某人的行为或态度 be on one’s best behavior 表现得特别规矩 behavioral problems 行为问题 注意：表示“以某种方式表现”时，behave通常是不及物动词；作及物动词时，宾语通常只能是反身代词。 例句：A wise person behaves kindly even when no one is watching, because character needs no audience. 智者即使无人注视也心怀善意，因为真正的品格不需要观众。 【即学即练】 1. You may join the trip only if you promise to behave (oneself). 2. His unacceptable (behave) during the interview destroyed an otherwise excellent first impression. 3. Her friendly behavior new students helped them feel welcome immediately. 4. Everyone was their best behavior when the school principal entered the classroom. 5. The counselor helped the family understand the child’s persistent (behave) problems at school. 6. Students who repeatedly (behave) in class may lose valuable learning opportunities. 3. surroundings n. [pl.]环境；周围的事物 原文：Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 在学习如何在新环境中举止得体时，有些学生可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击的折磨。 词形变化：surround vt. 包围；围绕 surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的 常见搭配：adapt/adjust to new surroundings 适应新环境 be aware of one’s surroundings 留意周围环境 blend in with the surroundings 融入周围环境；与环境融为一体 surround ... with ... 用……包围…… be surrounded by/with ... 被……包围 例句：We cannot always choose our surroundings, but we can choose the spirit with which we face them. 我们无法总是选择自己的环境，却可以选择以怎样的精神面对它。 【即学即练】 1. Once upon a time, a king who was friendly to (surround) countries lived in a castle (surround) by a large forest and having wonderful (surround). 2. Young animals must quickly adapt new surroundings if they hope to survive. 3. Some butterflies blend in their surroundings so that it’s difficult to see them. 4. The farmer surrounded the young trees fences to protect them from hungry animals. 5. She surrounded (oneself) with thoughtful people who encouraged honesty, patience, and lifelong learning. 6. 当别人友善相待时，大多数学生会逐渐适应新环境。 4. strengthen vi. & vt.加强；增强；巩固 原文：They have great facilities and outstanding professors，helping to educate young people who will contribute to the economy and further strengthen our country. 这些高校拥有一流的设施和杰出的教授，助力培养为经济作贡献、进一步增强我国实力的年轻人。 词形变化：strength n.力量；长处 strong adj.强壮的；强大的 strongly adv.强烈地 常见搭配：strengthen relationships/ties/bonds 巩固关系/联系/纽带 strengthen cooperation 加强合作 strengthen one’s position 巩固某人的地位 strengthen confidence 增强信心 physical/inner strength 体力/内在力量 build up/regain/gather strength 增强/恢复/积聚力量 拓展：词形变化规律 strong(adj.)→strength(n.)→strengthen(v.) long(adj.)→length(n.)→lengthen(v.) deep(adj.)→depth(n.)→deepen(v.) wide(adj.)→width(n.)→widen(v.) 例句：Hardship can strengthen the mind, but compassion determines whether that strength becomes wisdom or merely pride. 苦难能够磨炼心智，但慈悲决定这种力量最终成为智慧，还是仅仅化为傲慢。 【即学即练】 1. The new evidence will (strong) their case and improve their chances in court. 2. Inner (strong) often grows when people face hardship without abandoning their values. 3. (strengthen) international cooperation requires patience, mutual trust, and respect for cultural differences. 4. 经常锻炼能够增强腹部肌肉，并保护你的下背部。 5. 一次次失败反而坚定了她继续朝着最初目标努力的决心。 5. deny vt. 否认；否定；拒绝 原文：To sum up, one cannot deny the fact that studying abroad has its disadvantages, so when you think about studying abroad, you should consider these many factors. 综上所述，我们无法否认的事实是：留学有其弊端。因此当你想要海外求学时，应当考虑上述诸多因素。 词形变化：denial n.否认；拒绝 常见搭配：deny that... 否认…… deny doing sth/having done sth 否认做过某事 deny oneself sth. 克制自己不享用某物 deny sb. access / entry 拒绝让某人进入 deny sb. an opportunity 不给某人机会 deny sb. the right to do sth. 剥夺某人做某事的权利 No one can deny the fact that ... 没人能够否认这个事实…… There is no denying that ... 不可否认…… 例句：We may deny uncomfortable truths, but reality patiently returns until courage teaches us to face them. 我们或许会否认令人不安的真相，但现实会耐心重现，直到勇气教会我们面对它。 【即学即练】 1. She denied (share) the confidential document with anyone outside the research team. 2. The manager denied the company had ignored repeated warnings from its engineers. 3. He denied (him) every unnecessary comfort while saving money for his children’s education. 4. There is no (deny) that honest reflection often requires considerable personal courage. 5. His repeated (deny) of responsibility weakened the public’s trust in his leadership. 6. 他否认违背了承诺，却拒绝解释自己去了哪里。 6. optimistic adj. 乐观的 原文：As I always tell my son, there are no great difficulties for a person who is brave, optimistic, and willing to work hard! 正如我一直告诉我儿子的那样，对一个勇敢、乐观、愿意拼搏的人来说，世上无难事！ 词形变化：optimism n.乐观；乐观主义 optimist n.乐观的人；乐观主义者 optimistically adv.乐观地 常见搭配：be/ express/ share optimistic about ... 对/ 表达/ 持有……持乐观态度 be optimistic that… 乐观地认为…… overly optimistic 过于乐观 an optimistic attitude/outlook/view 乐观的态度/ 人生观/ 看法 例句：An optimistic mind does not deny darkness; it trusts that every dawn begins beyond what we can see. 乐观的心并不否认黑暗；它相信每一次黎明都始于我们目光无法到达之处。 【即学即练】 1. She remained (optimism) even when repeated failures made success seem almost impossible. 2. An (optimism) searches for possibilities where others can see only difficulties. 3. The doctor spoke (optimism) about the patient’s chances of making a full recovery. 4. Many scientists are optimistic the development of cleaner energy technologies. 5. The researchers are optimistic the new treatment will save many lives. 6. 期待所有问题立刻消失未免过于乐观。 7. cooperate vi.合作；协作；配合 原文：Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps us view the world from different angles and thus gives us more insight into our own culture. 与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同视角看待世界，进而让我们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。 常见搭配：cooperation n.合作；协作 cooperative adj.合作的；配合的 cooperatively adv.合作地 拓展：cooperate with sb (in sth) (在某事上)与某人合作 cooperate to do sth 合作做某事 in cooperation with 与……合作 seek/require/ensure cooperation 寻求/ 需要/ 确保合作 a cooperative effort/approach 共同努力/ 合作方式 a cooperative relationship 合作关系 注意：cooperate是不及物动词，不能直接接宾语。 例句：True progress begins when individuals cooperate, because shared wisdom often reaches farther than isolated brilliance ever can. 真正的进步始于个体合作，因为共同的智慧往往比孤立的才华走得更远。 【即学即练】 1. The two research teams agreed to cooperate each other throughout the entire project. 2. Local schools cooperated with parents creating safer environments for younger children. 3. Several nations must cooperate (protect) endangered species from illegal international trade. 4. Our (cooperate) with local communities has greatly improved the quality of this research. 5. The educational program was developed cooperation with several experienced language teachers. 6. The two departments developed a (cooperate) relationship based on respect and open communication. 五、经典句式 1. No wonder ＋ 从句 原文：No wonder my classmates say I sound like a robot! 难怪我的同学说我听起来像个机器人！ 分析：No wonder＋从句表示“难怪……；怪不得……”，用于说明某一现象或结果在已知原因、事实或背景下是合乎情理的。该结构可视为It is no wonder that＋从句的省略形式，其中wonder是“令人惊讶的事情”之意，no wonder整体相当于一个评注性状语，表达说话人对后面事实“不感到意外”的判断；其后通常直接接结构完整的陈述句，语气较自然，常用于口语和一般书面语。 拓展：in wonder 惊讶地 It is a wonder (that) ... 奇怪的是……；令人惊奇的是…… wonder whether/if/when/why/how ... 想知道是否/什么时候/为什么/怎样…… 例句：No wonder she passed the exam; she had studied diligently for several months beforehand. 难怪她通过了考试；她此前已经认真学习了好几个月。 【即学即练】 1. It is no wonder that many students find the novel difficult to understand.（同义句转换） → 2. He stared at the breathtaking view wonder, unable to believe his own eyes. 3. It is wonder that he survived the serious accident without suffering any major injuries. 4. I wonder the new policy will have a positive effect on students’ development. 5. 难怪她能在比赛中脱颖而出，她为此训练了整整三年。 6. 难怪越来越多的年轻人选择在网上学习，因为这种方式更加灵活。 2. No matter which引导让步状语从句 原文：No matter which country you go to, you will end up feeling like an outsider. 无论你去哪个国家，你都会觉得自己像个局外人。 分析：No matter which引导让步状语从句，表示“无论哪一个……”，用于说明无论从若干人或事物中作出何种选择，主句所表达的结果都不会改变。which在从句中可单独作主语、宾语，也可放在名词前作限定语；从句通常使用陈述语序，不能采用疑问语序。该结构只引导让步状语从句，可与whichever互换，但whichever 还可引导名词性从句，而no matter which一般不能。 拓展：wherever＝no matter where whenever＝no matter when however＝no matter how 注意：whatever、whichever、who(m)ever既可引导让步状语从句，又可引导名词性从句。no matter what、no matter which、no matter who(m)只引导让步状语从句。 例句：No matter which path you choose, you must take responsibility for the consequences of your decision. 无论你选择哪条道路，都必须为自己的决定所带来的后果负责。 【即学即练】 1. Wherever difficulties arise, we should remain calm and seek solutions.（用no matter where改写） → 2. No matter how much pressure he was under, he never gave up his goal.（用however改写） → 3. You may find traditional Chinese culture fascinating you travel in the country. 4. No matter busy she is, she makes time to exercise every day. 5. 无论科技发展得多么迅速，人与人之间的交流仍然不可替代。 一、词汇易混辨析 1. setting/ surroundings/ environment setting强调某件事情发生或存在的场所、背景或特定情境，关注“事情被放在什么场景中”。它经常用于故事、电影、活动、医疗或教育等语境，也可以同时包含地点、时间和社会背景。 surroundings强调某人或某物周围可以看到、接触或感知到的具体事物和地方，例如附近的建筑、树木、家具、景色等。重点是“身边有什么”，而不是这些条件产生了什么影响。 environment强调人、动物、植物或事物生活、工作和发展的整体条件及其影响。这些条件不仅可以是物理条件，还可以包括社会、心理、经济、商业和文化因素。表示某个具体的工作、学习或生活环境时，environment 通常是可数名词；表示整个自然界时，常使用the environment。 核心区别 setting：事情在哪里、在什么背景下发生——强调“场景或情境”。 surroundings：一个人或物体周围具体有什么——强调“周围的事物”。 environment：哪些整体条件影响生活、工作或发展——强调“条件及影响”。 易错点1：描述小说、电影或故事发生的时间和地点时，应使用setting，不能使用surroundings。 ✅ The novel’s setting shifts from wartime London to a remote village in northern France. ❌ The novel’s surroundings shift from wartime London to a remote village in northern France. 错误理由：这里描述的是小说故事发生的时间和地点，即文学作品的“背景”，所以应使用setting。Surroundings只能表示人物或物体周围的具体事物，不能表示小说的时代和故事背景。 易错点2：描述身边实际可见的景物、建筑或物品时，通常使用surroundings。描述学习、工作、商业或家庭中的整体条件和影响时，通常使用environment。 ✅ A supportive classroom environment helps nervous students participate confidently and develop stronger communication skills. ❌ Supportive classroom surroundings help nervous students participate confidently and develop stronger communication skills. 错误理由：这里强调课堂中的心理氛围、教学条件和支持方式对学生产生的影响，因此应使用environment。Surroundings主要指教室周围可见的桌椅、墙壁和设备，不能准确表达支持性的社会或心理条件。 2. dramatic/ drastic dramatic强调某件事非常明显、突然、令人惊讶或富有感染力，重点在于它带来的视觉效果、情绪冲击或显著变化。常见搭配有dramatic change、dramatic increase、dramatic improvement、dramatic performance。此外，它还可以表示“戏剧的、表演方面的”。 drastic强调某种行动、措施或变化非常极端、严厉、猛烈，而且会造成严重影响，通常暗含“形势迫使人采取强硬手段”的意味。常见搭配有drastic action、drastic measures、drastic cuts、drastic reduction。 核心区别 dramatic 看效果：明显、惊人、有感染力。 drastic 看程度：极端、严厉、下猛药。 两者都可以修饰 change、reduction 等词，但侧重点不同：a dramatic change：变化非常明显、突然或令人惊讶。a drastic change：变化非常彻底、极端，可能带来严重后果。 易错点：看到中文“巨大的、剧烈的”，就直接使用drastic。实际上，描述令人印象深刻的表现、明显的进步或积极变化时，通常用dramatic；描述为解决严重问题而采取的极端措施时，通常用drastic。 ✅ The actor gave a dramatic performance that held the entire audience in complete silence. ❌ The actor gave a drastic performance that held the entire audience in complete silence. 错误理由：这里描述的是表演具有强烈感染力和戏剧效果，应使用dramatic。Drastic表示“极端或严厉的”，不能自然地修饰演员的performance。 ✅ The government introduced drastic measures to control inflation and prevent a deeper economic crisis. ❌ The government introduced dramatic measures to control inflation and prevent a deeper economic crisis. 错误理由：这里强调政府采取的措施非常严厉、极端，是为了处理严重问题，因此应使用drastic measures。Dramatic measures更容易让人理解为“引人注目或戏剧性的措施”，没有准确体现措施的强硬程度。 3. expense/ cost expense通常作名词，强调已经发生的“支出、开销”或某个具体的“费用项目”。谈论交通费、住宿费、医疗费、生活费等多项开支时，常用复数形式expenses，如travel expenses、medical expenses和living expenses。它也可以作不可数名词，如at great expense。 cost既可以作名词，也可以作动词。作名词时，强调购买、制造或完成某事“需要多少钱”，即价格或总成本；作动词时，常用something costs somebody + 金额，表示“某物使某人花费多少钱”。此外，cost还可以表示时间、努力、生命等非金钱方面的“代价”。 核心区别 cost：侧重“需要付出多少”，常用于询问价格、总成本或某事的代价。 expense：侧重“实际花出去的钱”或“具体的支出项目”，常用于个人开销、公司经费和费用报销。 易错点：把固定搭配at someone’s expense 错写成at someone’s cost。 ✅ The entire family enjoyed a luxurious holiday abroad at their wealthy uncle’s expense. ❌ The entire family enjoyed a luxurious holiday abroad at their wealthy uncle’s cost. 错误理由：at someone’s expense 是固定搭配，在这里表示“由某人付钱、费用由某人承担”。at someone’s cost不适合表达单纯的“由某人付钱”；它更容易让人理解为“以某人的损失或牺牲为代价”。因此，本句应使用expense。 4. cost/ spend/ pay/ take 单词 常见主语 表示的内容 核心句型 cost 商品、服务、事情 某物需要多少钱 sth. costs sb. money spend 人或机构 主动花钱或花时间 sb. spends money on sth. / time doing sth. pay 付款的人或机构 向别人付款、为某物付款 sb. pays money for sth. take it、任务、行程、过程 完成某事所需的时间 It takes sb. time to do sth. 易错点1：表示“某人花钱购买某物”时，误把人放在cost前面作主语。一般应使用spend或pay。 ✅ This laptop cost me nearly eight hundred dollars during the store's holiday sale last weekend. ❌ This laptop spent me nearly eight hundred dollars during the store's holiday sale last weekend. 错误理由：laptop是产生费用的物品，因此应用cost me + 金额。spend的主语通常是花钱的人，不能说a laptop spent me money。 易错点2：让journey、task、work等事物作spend的主语。 ✅ The bus journey takes about ninety minutes when traffic around the city is especially heavy. ❌ The bus journey spends about ninety minutes when traffic around the city is especially heavy. 错误理由：journey是一个行程，它本身“需要”九十分钟，所以使用takes。spend的主语应是花费时间的人，行程不能主动“花时间”。 5. behave/ act behave强调一个人的行为表现或举止方式，常用于说明某人表现得好、坏、礼貌、奇怪等。它通常是不及物动词，常接副词、介词短语或 like / as if，如behave politely、behave badly、behave like a child。此外，behave oneself是固定搭配，表示“规矩一点；举止得体”。这个词经常暗含某种行为是否符合社会规范或他人的期待。 act含义比behave 更广。它可以表示为了某个目的而采取行动、作出反应或处理某种情况，常见搭配有 act quickly、act immediately、act to do something；也可以表示“表现得……”，甚至表示“表演、假装”，如 act strangely、act surprised。因此，表示“采取措施”时通常用act，而不是behave。 易错点：把behave误当成普通的“行动、采取措施”；或者把固定搭配behave oneself错误地说成act oneself。 ✅ The manager acted quickly to protect customers after the fire alarm suddenly sounded. ❌ The manager behaved quickly to protect customers after the fire alarm suddenly sounded. 错误理由：这里强调经理为了应对火警而“迅速采取行动”，应使用act quickly。Behave主要描述一个人的行为方式或举止，不能自然地表示为了处理紧急情况而采取措施。 ✅ Please behave yourself during the ceremony, because the guests expect everyone to remain respectful. ❌ Please act yourself during the ceremony, because the guests expect everyone to remain respectful. 错误理由：behave oneself 是固定搭配，表示“举止得体、守规矩”。英语中不使用act oneself表达这个意思；act后面不能这样直接接反身代词。 6. mature/ ripe mature强调人或事物经过一段时间后，已经充分生长、发育或发展。适用范围较广，可以形容人、思想、行为、动植物、市场、技术等，例如a mature adult, mature judgment, a mature tree, a mature market。用于水果时，通常强调水果已经达到一定的生理发育阶段或采收阶段，但不一定已经香甜柔软、适合马上食用。 ripe主要强调水果或农作物已经熟透，可以采摘或食用，通常涉及味道、颜色、硬度等食用品质。例如ripe bananas, ripe tomatoes, ripe wheat。 因此，水果可能已经mature but not yet ripe，即“已经发育到可以采收的阶段，但还没有熟到可以直接吃”。例如，一些梨需要在成熟阶段采摘，再放置一段时间使其变熟；桃子和油桃也可能在达到采收成熟度后继续完成成熟过程。 记忆： mature = 发育或发展完成：成熟的人、思想、技术、市场 ripe = 熟到可以吃或使用：熟透的水果、庄稼 易错点：把中文的“成熟”一律翻译成同一个英语单词。表示人的思想、行为或判断成熟，通常用mature，不能随意用ripe。表示水果已经熟甜、适合食用，通常用ripe。在农业或植物学语境中，mature fruit可以成立，但侧重“发育成熟”，不一定表示“已经熟透、可以马上吃”。 ✅ These peaches are fully ripe now, so we should eat them before tomorrow. ❌ These peaches are fully mature now, so we should eat them before tomorrow. 错误理由：这句话强调的是桃子已经达到最佳食用状态，并且需要尽快吃掉，因此应该用ripe。Mature在语法上并非绝对错误，但它只说明桃子已经充分发育，不能准确表达“已经熟甜、适合马上食用”。 ✅ Although Kevin is only sixteen, he gives remarkably mature advice during family disagreements. ❌ Although Kevin is only sixteen, he gives remarkably ripe advice during family disagreements. 错误理由：这里的“成熟”指建议体现出良好的判断力和成年人的思考方式，因此用mature。Ripe一般不用于形容人的建议、思想或判断；ripe advice搭配不自然。 7. strengthen/ enhance/ reinforce 单词 核心含义 是否强调额外支持 典型对象 strengthen 使力量、能力或效果增强 不一定 muscles, relationships, security, argument enhance 提升质量、价值、效果或吸引力 否 quality, performance, beauty, experience reinforce 通过材料、证据或重复进行加固 是 wall, structure, idea, message, stereotype 记忆： strengthen = make stronger：使它更强 enhance = make better：使它更好 reinforce = make stronger by adding support：通过额外支持再次加固 易错点1：表示肌肉、力量、关系或能力“变强”时，误用enhance。 enhance强调改善质量、效果或吸引力；如果核心意思是增加力量、稳定性或承受能力，通常使用strengthen。 ✅ Regular resistance training strengthens the muscles supporting your knees and reduces the risk of injury. ❌ Regular resistance training enhances the muscles supporting your knees and reduces the risk of injury. 错误理由：这里强调的是肌肉的力量变强，应使用strengthen the muscles。Enhance muscles并非典型自然搭配，因为enhance通常改善的是performance、appearance、quality等，而不是直接表示肌肉力量增加。 易错点2：表示用额外材料“加固”建筑或结构时，误用enhance。 ✅ Workers reinforced the damaged wall with steel supports before the building reopened to the public. ❌ Workers enhanced the damaged wall with steel supports before the building reopened to the public. 错误理由：钢制支架是额外加入的支撑材料，因此应使用reinforce something with something。Enhance只表示笼统地改善质量或外观，不能准确表达“通过增加支撑材料进行结构加固”。这句话并非完全无法理解，但用词明显不准确、不自然。 8. deny/ refuse/ reject deny强调“否认某件事是真的”或“不给予某人某种权利、机会或资源”； refuse强调主语明确表示“不愿意做”或“不愿意接受”； reject强调经过考虑、审查或判断后，认为某人或某物“不合适、不合格或不可接受”。 记忆： deny：这不是真的／不给你 refuse：我不做／我不要 reject：这个不接受／不通过 易错点1：表示“否认做过某事”，用deny doing，不用refuse doing。 ✅ The accountant denied leaking the report after investigators questioned her about the missing documents. ❌ The accountant refused leaking the report after investigators questioned her about the missing documents. 错误理由：句子表示“会计否认自己泄露过报告”，重点是认为这项指控不是真的，所以使用：deny doing something。refuse表示“不愿意做”，不能用refuse doing表达“否认做过”。 易错点2：表示“不给某人权限”，用deny someone access，不用reject someone access ✅ The security team denied visitors access to the laboratory during the confidential experiment. ❌ The security team rejected visitors access to the laboratory during the confidential experiment. 错误理由：表示“不允许某人进入或使用某处”时，固定搭配是：deny someone access to something。reject 主要表示“不接受某人或某物”，不能使用reject someone access表示“不给某人权限”。 9. cooperate/ collaborate cooperate强调为了共同目标而配合、协助或按要求行动。合作双方可以各自完成不同任务，不一定共同创造某个成果；它还可以表示“服从、配合”，如配合警方调查、配合医生治疗。常见搭配是cooperate with somebody、cooperate in/on something、cooperate to do something。 collaborate强调双方或多方共同参与、密切协作，一起创造或完成某项成果，尤其常用于研究、写作、设计、艺术和其他智力活动。常见搭配是collaborate with somebody on something 或 collaborate with somebody in doing something。 核心区别： cooperate更像“你做你的部分，我做我的部分，大家互相配合”； collaborate更像“我们坐在一起，共同做出同一个成果”。 二者含义存在重叠，因此某些情况下都可以使用；区别主要在于表达重点，而不是绝对的语法界限。 易错点：表示“配合调查、服从要求”时误用collaborate；表示“共同研究、共同设计或共同创作”时，只会使用比较宽泛的cooperate。此外，两个词通常都是不及物动词，不能直接在后面接合作项目作为宾语。 ✅ The witnesses cooperated with investigators by answering questions and providing all requested financial records. ⚠ The witnesses collaborated with investigators by answering questions and providing all requested financial records. 错误理由：这个语境表达的是证人按照要求“配合调查”，并不是证人与调查人员共同创造或研究某项成果。因此应使用cooperated with。这里的collaborated在语法上并非完全不成立，但不符合句子想表达的关系，甚至可能让人误以为证人参与了调查工作的策划或执行。 ✅ Engineers from both companies collaborated on designing a safer battery system for electric buses. ❌ Engineers from both companies collaborated designing a safer battery system for electric buses. 错误理由：collaborate通常不能直接接名词或动名词作宾语。表示“就某个项目展开合作”时，应使用collaborate on + 名词/动名词，所以要说collaborated on designing。也可以说：The engineers collaborated to design a safer battery system. 这里的to design表示合作的目的，而不是collaborate的直接宾语。 10. angle/ angel angle名词，常表示“角、角度”，也可以表示观察或思考问题的“角度、立场、观点”；还可指物体摆放、拍摄或观察时的方向。发音为/ˈæŋ.ɡəl/。 angel名词，表示“天使”；在非正式语境中，也可以指非常善良、乐于助人的人。发音为/ˈeɪn.dʒəl/。两词不仅字母顺序不同，发音和意思也完全不同。 易错点：angle和angel都是名词，而且拼写只差e、l的位置，因此容易混淆。但angle通常与角度、方向或观点有关；angel则与天使或善良的人有关。即使误用后句子结构仍然正确，意思也会变得不合逻辑。 ✅ The photographer changed the camera angle to capture the entire building in one dramatic shot. ❌ The photographer changed the camera angel to capture the entire building in one dramatic shot. 错误理由：这里需要表达“相机的拍摄角度”，所以应使用camera angle。Angel表示“天使”，camera angel会变成“相机天使”，不符合句意。 ✅ From another angle, the manager’s decision seems more practical and much easier to understand. ❌ From another angel, the manager’s decision seems more practical and much easier to understand. 错误理由：from another angle是常见表达，意为“从另一个角度或观点来看”。Angel不能表示“观点、立场”，因此不能替换angle。 二、短语搭配易错 1. be beneficial to 对……有益 be beneficial to表示“对……有益”。其中to是介词，后面要接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把be beneficial to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ Regular exercise is beneficial to improving both physical health and mental well-being. ❌ Regular exercise is beneficial to improve both physical health and mental well-being. 2. end up doing sth 最终做了某事 end up + 动名词，表示经过一系列情况后，最终做了某事，结果通常不是原本计划的。它后面要接动名词，不能接动词不定式。 易错点：把end up后面的动词误用成不定式。（学生经常会犯的错） 例子：✅ He ended up taking a taxi because he missed the last bus. ❌ He ended up to take a taxi because he missed the last bus. 3. approaches to ... ……的方法/ 途径 approaches to + 名词或动名词，表示“解决或处理某事的方法、途径”。这里的to是介词，后面要接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把approaches to中的to误认为不定式符号，后面的动词误用成原形。 例子：✅ We need to explore different approaches to solving this problem effectively. ❌ We need to explore different approaches to solve this problem effectively. 4. look forward to doing sth 期待做某事 look forward to中的to是介词，表示“期待；期盼”。它后面要接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把look forward to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ I look forward to meeting my new classmates at school next Monday. ❌ I look forward to meet my new classmates at school next Monday. 5. contribute to sth/doing sth 有助于……；促成…… contribute to中的to是介词，表示“有助于、促成、导致”。因此，to后面要接名词、代词或动名词，不能直接接动词原形。 易错点：把contribute to后面的动词误用成动词原形。 例子：✅ Regular exercise contributes to improving both physical health and mental well-being. ❌ Regular exercise contributes to improve both physical health and mental well-being. 三、句型易错点 1. Although引导让步状语从句 课文：Although studying abroad can bring great benefits, I think the disadvantages for young people are greater. 句型：Although + 主语 + 谓语，主语 + 谓语。 易错点：Although表示“虽然”，不能与but同时使用。 例子：✅ Although the journey was exhausting, I believe the experience taught our team several valuable lessons about cooperation. ❌ Although the journey was exhausting, but I believe the experience taught our team several valuable lessons about cooperation. 2. when引导的状语从句省略 课文：Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how to behave in new surroundings. 句型：主句+ when + doing something。 易错点：当时间状语从句的主语与主句主语相同，且从句含有be动词时，可以省略“主语＋be”。 例子：✅ When walking through the museum, the students kept their voices low to avoid disturbing other visitors. ❌ When walking through the museum, the paintings attracted the students’ attention with their unusual colours and shapes. 3. 形容词加enough to do：be not adjective enough to do 课文：Other students are not mature enough to handle the challenges by themselves and may become depressed. 句型：主语 + be + 形容词 + enough to do + and + may + 动词原形。 易错点：enough修饰形容词时放在形容词后面，不能写成enough＋形容词。 例子：✅ The suitcase was light enough for the child to carry, but he still asked his father for help. ❌ The suitcase was enough light for the child to carry, but he still asked his father for help. 4. 主语中含with插入成分：主语，with…，has helped somebody do 课文：China’s global outlook, with projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has helped us make connections across the world. 句型：单数主语，with + 名词，has helped somebody do something。 易错点：with后的名词不是主语，谓语仍与真正的主语保持一致。 例子：✅ The city transport plan, with several railway lines, has helped residents reduce their daily travelling time. ❌ The city transport plan, with several railway lines, have helped residents reducing their daily travelling time. 一、议论性书信中的连接词 Point of view 观点 In my opinion 在我看来 In my view 依我看 From my point of view 从我的观点来看 From my perspective 从我的角度来看 As far as I am concerned 就我而言 Personally 就个人而言 I believe that 我认为 I think that 我认为 It seems to me that 在我看来 I strongly believe that 我坚信 Listing 列举 First / Firstly 首先 Second / Secondly 其次 Third / Thirdly 第三 First of all 首先 To begin with 首先 To start with 首先 In the first place 第一／首先 In the second place 第二／其次 In the third place 第三 Next 接下来 Then 然后 After that 在那之后 Following this 接着 Furthermore 此外 Moreover 而且／此外 In addition 此外／另外 Additionally 另外 Besides 除此之外 Also 也／此外 What is more 而且／更重要的是 Apart from this 除此之外 Aside from this 除此之外 Another point is that 另一点是 Another reason is that 另一个原因是 A further point is that 进一步来说 Equally important 同样重要的是 More importantly 更重要的是 Finally 最后 Lastly 最后 Last but not least 最后但同样重要的是 Summary 总结 In conclusion 总之 To conclude 总而言之 To sum up 总而言之 In summary 总结来说 In short 简而言之 In brief 简言之 Overall 总体而言 All in all 总的来说 On the whole 总体来说 Taking everything into consideration 综合考虑一切 Restating 重述 In other words 换句话说 To put it simply 简单来说 To put it another way 换一种说法 That is to say 也就是说 In simpler terms 用更简单的话来说 What this means is that 这意味着 To be more precise 更准确地说 More specifically 更具体地说 Simply put 简而言之 To clarify 为了说明清楚 Cause and effect 因果关系 Because 因为 Because of 因为／由于 Since 因为／由于 Due to 由于 Owing to 由于 Therefore 因此 Thus 因此 Consequently 因此／结果 As a result 因此／结果 This leads to 这导致 Giving examples 举例 For example 例如 For instance 例如 Such as 比如／例如 To illustrate 为了说明 To give an example 举个例子 A good example is 一个很好的例子是 One example is 一个例子是 Take, for example 以……为例 A case in point is 一个恰当的例子是 This can be illustrated by 这可以通过……来说明 二、描述留学经历的常用表达 study abroad 出国留学 overseas study experience 海外学习经历 live in a foreign country 生活在异国他乡 adapt to a new environment 适应新环境 experience a different culture 体验不同文化 broaden one’s horizons 开阔视野 step out of one’s comfort zone 走出舒适区 gain independence 获得独立性 develop life skills 培养生活技能 improve language proficiency 提高语言能力 communicate with people from different backgrounds 与不同背景的人交流 build cross-cultural awareness 培养跨文化意识 learn to respect cultural differences 学会尊重文化差异 become more open-minded 变得更加开放包容 see the world from a new perspective 从新的角度看世界 serve as a bridge between cultures 成为不同文化之间的桥梁 三、描述留学带来的挑战 face cultural shock 面临文化冲击 experience homesickness 经历思乡之情 feel lonely or isolated 感到孤独或孤立 struggle with language barriers 与语言障碍作斗争 have difficulty expressing oneself 难以表达自己 misunderstand others’ intentions 误解他人的意图 find it hard to fit in 发现很难融入 adjust to a different education system 适应不同的教育体系 deal with academic pressure 应对学业压力 manage daily life independently 独立处理日常生活 overcome fear and uncertainty 克服恐惧和不确定感 balance study and social life 平衡学习与社交生活 cope with unfamiliar situations 应对陌生情境 turn challenges into opportunities 将挑战转化为机会 四、描述如何适应异国文化 keep an open mind 保持开放的心态 be willing to learn 乐于学习 show respect for local customs 尊重当地习俗 observe how people behave 观察人们的行为方式 ask questions politely 礼貌地提问 take part in local activities 参加当地活动 join clubs and societies 加入社团组织 make friends with local students 与当地学生交朋友 communicate actively with others 主动与他人交流 learn from different perspectives 从不同视角中学习 accept differences rather than judge them 接受差异，而不是评判差异 find common ground 寻找共同点 build meaningful relationships 建立有意义的人际关系 gradually adapt to the new culture 逐渐适应新文化 become part of the local community 成为当地社区的一部分 五、描述留学的收获与意义 gain a global perspective 获得全球视野 become more independent and mature 变得更加独立和成熟 develop problem-solving skills 培养解决问题的能力 improve communication skills 提高沟通能力 strengthen one’s confidence 增强自信 learn to appreciate different cultures 学会欣赏不同文化 better understand one’s own culture 更好地理解自己的文化 develop intercultural competence 培养跨文化交际能力 prepare for future career opportunities 为未来职业机会做准备 build international friendships 建立国际友谊 expand one’s worldview 拓展世界观 become more tolerant and understanding 变得更加宽容和善解人意 discover one’s strengths and weaknesses 发现自己的优点和不足 grow as a person 实现个人成长 make unforgettable memories 留下难忘的回忆 六、高分句型积累 1. 描述留学的意义 Studying abroad is not only a journey of learning, but also a journey of personal growth. 留学不仅是一段学习之旅，也是一段个人成长之旅。 Living in a foreign country allows students to see the world from a broader perspective. 生活在异国他乡使学生能够从更广阔的视角看世界。 Through overseas study, students can gain knowledge, independence and intercultural understanding. 通过海外学习，学生可以获得知识、独立性和跨文化理解力。 The value of studying abroad lies not only in academic achievement, but also in cultural experience. 留学的价值不仅在于学业成就，也在于文化体验。 2. 描述文化差异与适应 At first, I found it difficult to adapt to the new culture, but gradually I learned to appreciate its uniqueness. 起初，我发现很难适应新文化，但渐渐地，我学会了欣赏它的独特之处。 Instead of judging cultural differences, we should try to understand the reasons behind them. 我们不应评判文化差异，而应努力理解其背后的原因。 Only by respecting different cultures can we build true mutual understanding. 只有尊重不同文化，我们才能建立真正的相互理解。 When we communicate with people from different backgrounds, patience and respect are especially important. 当我们与来自不同背景的人交流时，耐心和尊重尤为重要。 3. 描述挑战与成长 Although studying abroad can be challenging, these challenges help students become stronger and more independent. 尽管留学可能充满挑战，但这些挑战能帮助学生变得更坚强、更独立。 Homesickness and language barriers may be difficult to deal with, but they are also part of the learning process. 思乡和语言障碍可能很难应对，但它们也是学习过程的一部分。 Every difficulty I faced abroad taught me an important lesson about life. 我在国外面对的每一个困难都给我上了重要的人生一课。 By stepping out of my comfort zone, I discovered abilities I had never noticed before. 通过走出舒适区，我发现了自己以前从未注意到的能力。 4. 描述文化交流的作用 Cultural exchange helps people break down stereotypes and build closer relationships. 文化交流帮助人们打破刻板印象，建立更亲近的关系。 When students share their own cultures, they become bridges between different societies. 当学生分享自己的文化时，他们就成为不同社会之间的桥梁。 A simple conversation can sometimes reduce misunderstanding and bring people closer together. 一次简单的交谈有时可以减少误解，使人们更加亲近。 By learning about others, we also gain a deeper understanding of ourselves. 通过了解他人，我们也会更深刻地认识自己。 $