Unit 2 Period 2 Learning About Language（知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语知识清单聚焦“Bridging Cultures”单元的名词性从句语法体系。从定义入手明确主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句的功能，通过表格梳理引导词分类及时态规则，结合判断步骤构建完整语法框架，以UNESCO文化多样性引言为支架实现语法与文化主题的融合。 知识链路按“概念-类型-要素-应用”逻辑递进，即学即练与易错点辨析强化语言能力，核心词汇词形变化及语境应用训练学习策略。文化引言解读培育跨文化意识，语法判断步骤与对比分析提升思维品质，形成“语法-词汇-文化”协同的学科特色学习路径。

Unit 2 Bridging Cultures Learning About Language Cultural diversity represents the sum of humanity’s solutions, and dialogue is the bridge between them. —UNESCO 译文：文化多样性汇聚了人类不同的智慧，而对话则是连接彼此的桥梁。 解读：这句话出自联合国教科文组织的世界报告《投资文化多样性与跨文化对话》，它将不同文化理解为人类在不同历史、环境与社会条件下形成的多种知识、经验和解决问题的方法，因此，文化多样性并非彼此隔绝的差异，而是推动社会创新与共同发展的智慧资源。联合国教科文组织《世界文化多样性宣言》也指出，文化多样性是交流、创新与创造力的源泉，是全人类的共同遗产；然而，这些宝贵经验只有通过平等、开放和相互尊重的对话，才能被不同群体真正理解和分享。这里的“桥梁”意味着，对话能够帮助人们跨越语言、价值观和生活方式的差异，减少偏见与误解，并在保留各自文化特色的同时建立信任、寻找共同点和形成共享的解决方案。因此，这句话强调的并不是消除文化差异，而是让差异通过交流转化为合作、和平与社会进步的力量。 一、语法框架 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 二、核心语法 （一）名词性从句的定义 1. 基本定义 在复合句中，作用相当于名词或名词短语的从句，叫作名词性从句。名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句也相应分为四类： 类型 在句中的作用 例句 主语从句 作主语 What he said is true. 宾语从句 作动词或介词的宾语 I believe that he is honest. 表语从句 位于系动词后作表语 The question is whether he will come. 同位语从句 解释抽象名词的具体内容 The news that he had won the prize surprised us. 英语从句通常包含主语和谓语；从句如果不能独立成句，而是依附于主句，就属于从属结构。that从句、wh-从句等都可以在句中充当宾语或其他名词性成分。 2. 先找到从句，再看它在主句中充当什么成分： （1）位于句首，整体作主语：主语从句； （2）位于动词或介词后，作宾语：宾语从句； （3）位于系动词后，说明主语内容：表语从句； （4）位于抽象名词后，解释该名词内容：同位语从句。 What caused the accident remains unknown.（从句位于句首，整体作主语，所以是主语从句。） Nobody knows what caused the accident.（从句位于动词knows后，作宾语，所以是宾语从句。） The question is what caused the accident.（从句位于系动词is后，作表语，所以是表语从句。） We are investigating the question what caused the accident.（从句解释question的具体内容，所以是同位语从句。） 【即学即练】判断下列句中加黑从句的类型 1. What he said at the meeting surprised everyone present. 主语从句 2. I don’t know whether he has finished the task. 宾语从句 3. The problem is how we can get there on time. 表语从句 4. The news that our team had won the match excited us greatly. 同位语从句 5. It is obvious that the environment is becoming increasingly important. 主语从句 6. There is no doubt that regular exercise is good for our health. 同位语从句 7. He depends on what his parents give him. 宾语从句 8. The reason for his absence is that he was seriously ill. 表语从句 （二）名词性从句的引导词 引导词 功能 从属连词 that that本身没有具体词义，在从句中不作任何句子成分，只起连接作用。 whether和if whether和if引导名词性从句时都可以表示“是否”，在从句中不作成分。在动词后的间接一般疑问句中，if和whether通常都可以使用；whether语气相对正式。 连接代词 who、whom、whose、which、what、whoever、whatever、whichever等 who：谁，作主语，也可作宾语；whom：谁，作宾语；whose：谁的，作定语；which：哪一个，作主语、宾语或定语；what：什么、……的事物，作主语、宾语、表语或定语；whoever：无论谁、任何……的人；whatever：无论什么、任何……的事物；whichever：无论哪一个、任何一个。 起连接作用；有具体词义；在从句中充当句子成分。 连接副词 when、where、how、why、whenever、wherever、however等 when：什么时候，时间状语；where：在哪里，地点状语；why：为什么，原因状语；how，怎样、如何，方式状语；whenever：无论什么时候，时间状语；wherever，无论在哪里，地点状语；however，无论怎样，方式或程度状语。 连接主句和从句；有具体词义；在从句中作状语。 引导词快速判断表 从句情况 应选引导词 从句成分完整，表示确定事实 that 从句成分完整，表示“是否” whether/if 从句缺少“人”作主语或宾语 who/whom 从句缺少所属关系 whose 从句缺少“事物”作主语、宾语或表语 what 从限定范围中选择 which 从句缺时间状语 when 从句缺地点状语 where 从句缺原因状语 why 从句缺方式状语 how 【即学即练】 1. It is obvious that regular exercise is good for our health. 2. Who will be chosen as the team leader has not been decided. 3. Could you tell me whom/ who you talked with after the meeting? 4. The police are trying to find out where the missing child is. 5. I wonder which subject you are most interested in, physics or chemistry. 6. The problem is how we should communicate with teenagers effectively. 7. There is no doubt that modern technology has changed our lives greatly. 8. The question whether we should accept his suggestion needs further discussion. （三）名词性从句的时态 1. 主句是现在或将来时 当主句谓语是一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或一般将来时时，从句根据实际情况选择时态，不受主句限制。 It annoys me that he broke my favourite vase. Do you know when and where he bought the book? I have heard that our teacher will come back tomorrow. 可以概括为：主句为现在时态，从句时态看实际时间。 2. 主句是过去时 当主句的谓语动词是过去时的时候，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也用某种过去时态。 I asked her if she would allow me to interview her,and she readily agreed. 3. 注意事项 从句表示客观事实、科学真理或自然规律，从句通常仍用一般现在时，不能因为主句是过去时，就把客观真理改成过去时。 The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun. We learned that light travels faster than sound. 【即学即练】 1. I have heard that Mr Smith will return (reture) from America next Monday. 2. Please tell me what you were doing (do) at eight o’clock last night. 3. She told me that she had seen (see) the film the day before. 4. She said that she was waiting (wait) for the bus when the accident happened. 5. I thought that he was (be) at home, but in fact he was at school. 6. Our science teacher explained that water boils (boil) at 100℃. 7. The scientist explained that the moon travels (travel) around the earth. （四）名词性从句的类型 名词性从句根据其在主句中所充当的成分，可以分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 1. 主语从句：在复合句中作主语的从句叫作主语从句。 That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all. 众所周知，地球围着太阳转。 （1）that引导的主语从句 ① that置于句首的主语从句 结构：That＋完整的陈述句＋谓语动词…… that在从句中：没有具体词义；不作主语、宾语、表语或状语；只起连接作用；位于句首引导主语从句时不能省略。 That he passed the examination surprised us. 他通过了考试，这使我们很惊讶。 判断方法：去掉that后，从句本身成分完整，因此使用that。 注意：that引导的主语从句直接位于句首时，句子往往显得比较正式，而且容易形成“头重脚轻”的结构，因此英语中更常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语从句放在句末。Cambridge Grammar也指出，英语常把真正的主语放到句末，用it占据句首主语位置。 ② that从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把that引导的主语从句后置 基本结构：It＋谓语部分＋that引导的主语从句 其中：it是形式主语；that从句是真正的主语；that一般不可省略。 a. It＋be＋形容词＋that从句 常见形容词：necessary、important、essential、vital、clear、obvious、certain、likely、possible、strange、natural、fortunate、unfortunate等。 It is obvious that he has made a serious mistake. 很明显，他犯了一个严重的错误。 注意：当形容词表示“必要、重要、恰当、紧迫”等意义时，that从句常用：主语＋（should）＋动词原形，其中should可以省略。 It is necessary that every student (should) follow the rules. It is essential that the problem (should) be solved immediately. 常见形容词：necessary、important、essential、vital、advisable、desirable、urgent等。 b. It＋be＋名词或名词短语＋that从句 常见名词短语：a fact、a pity、a shame、a wonder、an honour、good news、no wonder等。 It is a fact that smoking is harmful to health. It is a pity that you cannot attend the meeting. It is no wonder that he succeeded. c. It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句 常见过去分词：said、reported、believed、thought、known、announced、decided、expected、proved等。 It is reported that the number of tourists is increasing. It is believed that the medicine is effective. It has been proved that regular exercise is beneficial to health. 表示“建议、要求、命令、决定”等意义的过去分词后，从句常使用虚拟语气： It is suggested that we (should) set off early. It is required that every applicant (should) provide identification. It was ordered that the soldiers (should) leave at once. 常见词：suggested、advised、requested、required、ordered、demanded等。 d. It＋特殊动词或动词短语＋that从句 常见结构： It seems/appears that... It happens that... It turns out that... It matters that... It occurs to sb that... It makes no difference that/whether... It happened that I was out when she called. It suddenly occurred to me that I had left my keys at home. （2）whether引导的主语从句 whether表示“是否”，在从句中不作成分。 ① 主语从句位于句首时，只用whether，不用if Whether we can finish the work on time depends on our efficiency. If he will accept the invitation remains unknown. ❌ ② 使用it作形式主语 It is uncertain whether/if he will attend the meeting. It does not matter whether/if you agree or not. 在形式主语结构中，whether和if均可见，但正式表达及高考书面语中优先使用whether。 ③ whether与or not Whether or not he agrees makes no difference. It remains uncertain whether he will agree or not. 当or not紧跟在引导词后面时，必须使用whether： Cambridge Grammar指出，whether可直接与or not连用，也可以放在选择结构中；if不能直接用于if or not结构。 （3）wh-类连接词引导的主语从句 ① 连接代词：who、whom、whose、which、what、whoever、whatever、whichever等。 连接代词既起连接作用，又在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。 Who will attend the meeting has not been decided.（who作从句主语。） What he said surprised everyone.（what作said的宾语。） Which team will win is still uncertain.（which作team的定语。） Whoever breaks the law will be punished.（whoever作从句主语。） Whatever he does is carefully planned.（whatever作does的宾语。） ② 连接副词：when、where、why、how、whenever、wherever、however等。 连接副词在从句中作时间、地点、原因、方式或程度状语。 When the meeting will begin has not been announced. Where we should hold the meeting remains a question. Why he refused the offer is not clear. How the ancient people built the temple remains a mystery. ③ 主语从句使用陈述语序 结构：引导词＋主语＋谓语 What he wants is a new computer. 不能使用疑问语序：Why did he leave remains unknown. ❌ 当连接代词本身就是从句主语时，直接在其后使用谓语： Who broke the window is still unknown. 这里who是从句主语，不是倒装结构。 ④ 主谓一致 一个主语从句通常看作一个整体，主句谓语一般使用单数形式。 What he said is reasonable. 两个或两个以上主语从句由and连接，表示不同的事情时，谓语通常用复数： What he said and what he did were completely different. 【即学即练】 1. That regular exercise is beneficial to our health has been widely accepted. 2. It is possible that the train has been delayed because of the heavy snow. 3. It is important that everyone (should) be (be) aware of the value of teamwork. 4. It is necessary that more attention (should) be paid (pay) to children’s mental health. 5. It is an honour that I have been invited to speak at the ceremony. 6. Whether we can complete the project on time depends on how well we cooperate. 7. How the ancient people moved the enormous stones remains a mystery. 8. Whether he will attend the meeting and whether he will give a speech are (be) two different questions. 2. 宾语从句：在复合句中作动词、介词或某些形容词补足成分的从句，通常称为宾语从句。 We are talking about whether we should change the plan. （1）宾语从句的类型 ① 动词后的宾语从句 动词后的宾语从句最常见，可由that、if、whether以及wh-类连接词引导。 a. that引导 She explained that the train had been delayed. 常接that从句的动词包括：think、believe、know、say、hope、expect、suppose、imagine、consider、find、discover、realise、remember、admit、agree、promise、suggest、report等。 b. if/whether引导 She asked me whether/if I was ready. if和whether表示“是否”，引导一般疑问句转化而来的宾语从句。 c. wh-类连接词引导 She explained why she had been absent. Cambridge Grammar指出，know、remember、explain、discover、wonder等动词可以接who、what、when、where、which、whose、why、how等引导的wh-从句作直接宾语。 d. it作形式宾语 某些动词后接宾语从句，同时又有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 基本结构：主语＋动词＋it＋宾语补足语＋that从句 常见动词：find、think、consider、believe、feel、make等。 I find it necessary that we should take immediate action. We consider it important that every student should participate. 此外，下列结构也常用it作形式宾语： see to it that... depend on it that... take it for granted that... owe it to sb that... You may depend on it that she will keep her promise. We should not take it for granted that our parents should do everything for us. ② 介词后的宾语从句 名词性从句可以作介词的宾语。 We are interested in what he has discovered. They are discussing about how the problem should be solved. 注意：介词后表示“是否”时，只用whether，不用if。 介词后通常接： whether引导的从句； what、who、which等连接代词引导的从句； when、where、why、how等连接副词引导的从句。 ③ 形容词后的宾语从句 在高考传统语法中，位于某些形容词后的that从句常被归入“宾语从句”。 常见结构：主语＋be＋形容词＋that从句 常见形容词：sure、certain、aware、afraid、glad、pleased、happy、sorry、surprised、worried、confident等。 She was afraid that she might miss the train. I am not certain whether he has received the message. （2）宾语从句的注意事项 ① 宾语从句的语序 宾语从句一律使用陈述语序：引导词＋主语＋谓语 Can you tell me when the train will leave? ✅ Can you tell me when will the train leave?❌ 特殊情况：疑问词本身作主语 I do not know who broke the window. who本身是从句主语，后面直接接谓语broke，不需要增加助动词did。 ② 宾语从句引导词that的省略 a. 一般动词后的that宾语从句中，that通常可以省略 She said (that) she would return soon. b. 一个动词后有两个或多个并列的that宾语从句时，第一个that可以省略；第二个及以后的that一般不能省略。 He said (that) he was tired and that he wanted to go home. 如果省略第二个that，容易误以为and连接的是其他句子成分。 c. it作形式宾语时，后面的that一般不省略 I consider it important that everyone should arrive on time. d. 宾语从句置于句首时，that不能省略 That he is honest, I firmly believe. e. 主句与从句之间有插入成分时，宜保留that He told me yesterday that he would leave for Beijing. 保留that可以清楚标明宾语从句开始的位置。 f. 形容词后的that从句中，that可以省略 She was afraid (that) she would be late. ③ 宾语从句的否定转移 当主句符合以下条件时：主句主语通常是第一人称I或we；主句谓语表示“认为、相信、设想、推测”等心理活动；主句通常使用一般现在时；从句表达否定意义；英语习惯把从句中的否定词not转移到主句谓语上。 常见动词：think、believe、suppose、imagine、expect等。 I do not think he is suitable for the job. 我认为他不适合这项工作。 We do not believe that the plan will succeed. 我们认为这个计划不会成功。 通常不说： I think he is not suitable for the job. 后一句在特定强调语境下并非绝对错误，但高考常规表达优先使用否定转移。 注意：hope和wish一般不使用否定转移 I hope he will not fail. I wish I had not said that. 【即学即练】 1. The scientist discovered that the new material could be used in many fields. 2. They are considering whether they should continue the project or give it up. 3. I cannot decide which dress I should buy, the red one or the blue one. 4. The teacher encouraged us to write about whatever interested us most. 5. I wonder how he managed to finish the task in such a short time. 6. The success of the project depends on whether every member works together effectively. 7. I am doubtful whether the plan can be completed within a week. 8. We believe it necessary that more attention should be paid to environmental protection. 3. 表语从句：位于系动词之后、用来说明主语身份、性质、内容或状态的从句叫作表语从句。 基本结构：主语＋系动词＋表语从句 常见系动词：be、seem、appear、look、sound、remain等。 The problem is that we do not have enough time. The question remains whether the plan is practical. （1）表语从句的连接词 ① 从属连词that和whether a. that无具体词义，在从句中不作成分。 The truth is that nobody has told him the news. My opinion is that we should reconsider the plan. 高考规范表达中，表语从句前的that一般保留。 b. whether表示“是否”，在从句中不作成分。 The question is whether he will support us. The problem remains whether we can finish the project on time. 高考规范中，表语从句表示“是否”时用whether，不用if： ② 连接代词 who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。 连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。 The question is who should be responsible for the accident. The problem is whom we should invite. The difficulty is which plan we should choose. ③ 连接副词 when、where、why、how、whenever、wherever、however等。 The question is when we should set off. The problem is where we can find enough water. The question is how we can improve efficiency. 连接副词在从句中分别作时间、地点、原因、方式或程度状语。 ④ 其他连接词：because、as if、as though a. because because引导表语从句时，表示原因。 That is because he did not understand the instructions. 该结构强调原因：That is because... 那是因为…… because引导的从句说明前面结果产生的原因。Cambridge Grammar指出，because引导表示原因的从属分句。 b. as if和as though as if和as though意为“好像、仿佛”，常位于look、seem、sound、feel等系动词之后。 It sounds as though someone is knocking at the door. She felt as if all her worries had disappeared. Cambridge Grammar指出，as if与as though意义相近，可以表示看起来可能真实的情况，也可以表示想象或不真实的情况。 （2）表语从句的注意事项 ① 表语从句使用陈述语序 The question is where he has gone.✅ The question is where has he gone.❌ ② that在从句中不作成分 The fact is that he has already left.（从句he has already left成分完整，因此使用that。） ③ whether与if 高考中表语从句表示“是否”时，只选择whether： The problem is whether we can afford the cost. ④ The reason why... is that... 表示“……的原因是……”时，规范结构为：The reason why... is that... 其中：why引导定语从句，修饰reason；that引导表语从句，说明具体原因。 The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus. 也可以省略定语从句中的why：The reason he was late was that he missed the bus. Cambridge Grammar给出的规范结构同样是The reason (why)... was that...，并提醒不要在reason后用because引导修饰从句。 ⑤ That is because...与That is why... a. That is because...强调原因 He was late. That was because he missed the bus. 逻辑关系：结果＋because＋原因 b. That is why...强调结果 He missed the bus. That was why he was late. 逻辑关系：原因＋why＋结果 对比：He failed the examination. That was because he had not worked hard. He had not worked hard. That was why he failed the examination. ⑥ as if/as though后的语气 a. 表示可能真实的情况，根据实际时间正常使用时态： It looks as if it is going to rain. It sounds as though someone is knocking at the door. b. 表示与现在事实相反， 使用一般过去时；be动词常用were：He talks as if he knew everything. 表示与过去事实相反，使用过去完成时：She felt as though she had been running for hours. ⑦ 表示建议、命令、要求的表语从句 当主语是表示建议、命令、要求等意义的名词时，表语从句常使用：主语＋（should）＋动词原形 His request is that the work (should) be completed by Friday. The order was that everyone (should) remain inside. 常见名词：suggestion、advice、proposal、request、requirement、order、demand等。 【即学即练】 1. What surprised us most was that he completed the difficult task on his own. 2. The difficulty is whether we have enough money to continue the research. 3. The question is whose suggestion is more practical and effective. 4. What we have not decided is where the graduation ceremony will be held. 5. The streets were unusually quiet. That was because a heavy snowstorm had hit the city. 6. The reason why many students admire her is that she is always patient and helpful. 7. She had always dreamed of becoming a doctor. That was why she chose to study medicine. 8. Their proposal is that a new bridge should be built/be built (build) across the river. 4. 同位语从句：同位语从句位于某些抽象名词后面，用来说明该名词的具体内容。 The news that he had won the competition excited us. that从句说明news的具体内容，即“消息的内容是什么”，所以是同位语从句。 （1）可跟同位语从句的名词 能够接同位语从句的通常是表示事实、消息、想法、观点、可能性、要求、问题等内容的抽象名词。 ① 表示事实或消息：fact、news、truth、report、message、word、evidence等。 The news that our team had won soon spread. Word came that the meeting had been cancelled. ② 表示想法、观点或信念：idea、thought、belief、opinion、assumption、hope等。 We share the belief that everyone should be treated equally. There is still hope that the missing children will be found. ③ 表示可能性、怀疑或问题：possibility、chance、doubt、question、problem等。 There is some doubt whether he is telling the truth. The question who should be responsible has not been settled. ④ 表示建议、要求、命令或决定：suggestion、advice、proposal、request、requirement、demand、order、decision等。 The suggestion that we should reduce the cost was accepted. They ignored the request that the work should be completed immediately. （2）同位语从句的引导词 ① that：that是最常见的同位语从句引导词。 特点：无具体词义；在从句中不作成分；高考规范中不能省略；后面接成分完整的陈述句。 There is no doubt that he is capable of doing the job. I have reached the conclusion that the plan is impractical. ② whether：whether表示“是否”，可以引导同位语从句；if一般不用。 The question whether we should continue the experiment remains unanswered. There is some doubt whether he will keep his promise. ③ 连接代词和连接副词 同位语从句也可以由who、what、which、when、where、why、how等引导。 The question who should be sent abroad has not been decided. The problem how we can protect the environment needs immediate attention. We have not settled the question where the new school should be built. 这些连接词在从句中既有词义，又充当相应成分。 ④ 表示建议、命令、要求的名词后的虚拟语气 当同位语从句说明suggestion、advice、proposal、request、requirement、demand、order等名词的具体内容时，从句常使用：主语＋（should）＋动词原形 The doctor gave the advice that he (should) give up smoking. They accepted the proposal that a new bridge (should) be built. ⑤ 同位语从句有时与被说明的名词分隔 同位语从句通常紧跟在名词后，但为了保持句子平衡，也可能被谓语或其他成分隔开。 The news came that the rescue team had found the missing climbers. 被说明的名词是news，同位语从句是that the rescue team had found...，中间被谓语came隔开。 因此，判断同位语从句不能只看它是否紧挨名词，还要分析意义关系。 （3）同位语从句与定语从句的区别 判断角度 同位语从句 定语从句 作用 说明名词的具体内容 修饰、限定先行词 前面的名词 通常是抽象名词 人、物或抽象名词均可 that的性质 从属连词 关系代词 that是否作成分 不作成分 作主语或宾语 从句是否完整 通常成分完整 通常缺少主语或宾语 that能否省略 高考中不可省略 作宾语时可以省略 能否换成which 不能 指物时有时可以 【即学即练】 1. There is a strong possibility that the outdoor activity will be cancelled because of the storm. 2. We have reached the conclusion that the plan is worth carrying out. 3. The issue whether students should be allowed to use mobile phones at school has caused much debate. 4. They have not decided the question where the new hospital should be built. 5. The government issued an order that all dangerous buildings should be examined/be examined carefully. （五）名词性从句的判断步骤 1. 先判断从句类型 句首作主语——主语从句；动词、介词或形容词后——宾语从句；系动词后——表语从句；抽象名词后说明内容——同位语从句。 2. 再判断引导词 看从句缺不缺成分。 ① 从句不缺成分 表示事实——that；表示是否——whether/if。 ② 从句缺名词性成分 人——who/whom；所有关系——whose；事物——what；有范围的选择——which。 ③ 从句缺状语意义 时间——when；地点——where；原因——why；方式——how。 3. 最后检查特殊规则 查语序、时态、省略、whether限制、虚拟语气和否定转移。 三、重点单词 1. zone n.（有别于周围的）地区；地带；区域 2. homesickness n. 思乡病；乡愁 3. motivation n. 动力；积极性；动机 4. advisor n.（also adviser）顾问 5. expectation n. 期望；预期；期待 6. applicant n. 申请人 7. firm n. 公司；商行；事务所adj. 结实的；牢固的；坚定的 8. exposure n. 接触；体验；暴露；揭露 9. insight n. 洞察力；眼光 10. departure n. 离开；启程；出发 11. overwhelming adj. 无法抗拒的；巨大的；压倒性的 12. motivated adj. 积极的；主动的 13. reasonable adj. 有道理的；合情理的 14. motivate vt. 成为……的动机；激发；激励 15. expose vt. 使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于（险境） 四、必备词块 1. culture shock 文化冲击 2. comfort zone 舒适区；舒适范围 3. mention sth. as an example 把某事作为例子提及；举某事为例 4. be actively involved with sth. 积极参与某事 5. living conditions 生活条件 6. overcome culture shock 克服文化冲击 7. step out of one’s comfort zone 走出某人的舒适区 8. diverse cultural backgrounds 多元的文化背景 9. compared to 与……相比 10. suffer from homesickness 饱受思乡之苦；患思乡病 11. all sorts of 各种各样的 12. adapt to a new life 适应新生活 13. get familiar with 熟悉…… 14. speak up in class 在课堂上大胆发言 15. keep a balance between studies and social life 保持学习与社交生活之间的平衡 16. give sb. great insights into sth. 使某人对某事有深刻的认识 17. fall in love with 爱上…… 五、核心词汇 1. motivated adj. 有积极性的；有干劲的；有强烈动机的；出于某种动机的 原文：I became more motivated, and I’m also a lot more ambitious now! 我变得更有动力了，而且现在也更有抱负了！ 词形变化：motivation n. 动力；积极性；动机 motivate v. 激励；促使 demotivate v. 使失去动力 motivational adj. 激励性的 常见搭配：be motivated to do sth 有动力做某事；受到激励去做某事 motivate sb to do sth 激励／促使某人做某事 motivate sb through/by sth 通过某种方式激励某人 have the motivation to do sth 有做某事的动力 intrinsic motivation 内在动机 extrinsic motivation 外在动机 例句：A motivated mind turns ordinary obstacles into lessons, while patience transforms those lessons into lasting wisdom. 一颗充满动力的心会把普通的障碍化为教训，而耐心会把教训转化为长久的智慧。 【即学即练】 1. A motivated (motivate) person continues learning even when success offers no immediate reward. 2. She was motivated to continue (continue) because every setback revealed a better direction. 3. Great scientists are often motivated by curiosity rather than the promise of immediate reward. 4. A clear sense of purpose can motivate ordinary people to attempt (attempt) extraordinary things. 5. You must learn to motivate yourself (you) when praise and encouragement are unavailable. 6. She regained her motivation (motivate) after remembering the people who depended upon her courage. 2. expectation n. 期望；预期；期待 原文：The advisor talked about maintaining reasonable expectations when studying abroad. 这位顾问谈到出国留学时要保持合理的期望。 词形变化：expect v. 期待；期望；预计 unexpected adj. 出乎意料的 unexpectedly adv. 出乎意料地 expectant adj. 满怀期待的；即将成为父母的 常见搭配：meet/come up to/live up to one's expectations 不负某人所望 out of/beyond (one's) expectations 出乎(某人)意料 expect (sb) to do ... 期待(某人)做…… be expected to do something：被期望／预计做某事 as expected 正如预料的那样 expect that ... 预料/预计…… public expectations 公众期望 in expectation of something 期待着；预料到 in line with expectations 符合预期 例句：Wisdom begins when we release rigid expectations and learn to meet reality with courage, patience, and curiosity. 智慧始于放下僵化的期待，并学会以勇气、耐心和好奇心面对现实 【即学即练】 1. Many people expect to find (find) certainty before making decisions, although certainty rarely arrives first. 2. Good leaders expect their team members to question (question) assumptions rather than follow instructions blindly. 3. We expect that honest conversations will eventually reveal problems hidden beneath polite agreement. 4. Every participant is expected (expect) to respect opposing views and support arguments with reliable evidence. 5. As expected (expect), the difficult journey taught us more than the comfortable destination ever could. 6. Success becomes exhausting when people spend their lives trying to live up to others’ expectations (expect). 7. An unexpected (expect) failure can reveal weaknesses that repeated success has carefully hidden from view. 8. An expectant (expect) crowd gathered quietly, believing the announcement might change their shared future. 3. applicant n. 申请人 原文：Who will be the successful applicant for the summer job at the law firm? 谁将是律师事务所暑期工作的成功申请者？ 词形变化：apply v. 申请；运用；适用于；涂；敷 applicability n. 适用性；可应用性 application n. 申请；申请表；申请书；运用；使用；应用程序 常见搭配：apply to sb for sth 向某人申请得到某物 apply for sth 申请某物 apply to sb/sth 适用于某人/某物 apply to do sth 申请做某事 apply A to B 把A应用于/涂抹于B apply oneself to (doing) sth 专注于(做)某事；集中精力于(做)某事 an application form 申请表 practical application 实际应用 software/ mobile application 软件/ 移动应用程序 例句：Every applicant carries unseen potential; fair judgment begins when we look beyond polished words and familiar credentials. 每位申请者都拥有尚未显露的潜能；公平的判断始于超越华丽言辞和熟悉资历。 【即学即练】 1. Each applicant for the scholarship must explain how the award would serve the wider community. 2. The company interviewed every qualified applicant (apply) rather than relying only on academic degrees. 3. She applied for the research grant after refining her proposal with several independent experts. 4. The residents applied to the council for permission to restore the historic building. 5. Several graduates applied to join (join) the program because it combined service with professional training. 6. Anyone who applies herself (her) to steady practice can transform weakness into lasting competence. 4. exposure n. 接触；体验；暴露；揭露 原文：Exposure to another culture and its people can give exchange students great insights into the world. 接触另一种文化及其人民可以让交换生更深刻地了解世界。 词形变化：expose vt. 使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于(险境)；使曝光 常见搭配：exposure to different cultures 接触不同文化 exposure to new ideas 接触新思想 exposure to risk 面临风险 exposure to sunlight/the sun 接触阳光 public exposure 公众关注 expose ... to ... 使……暴露于……；使……体验…… be exposed to 暴露于；接触 拓展：及物动词expose后若无宾语，则常常使用它的被动形式。 例句：Growth begins with exposure to unfamiliar ideas, because a protected mind may remain safe but never truly expand. 成长始于接触陌生思想，因为一个受到严密保护的头脑或许安全，却永远无法真正拓展。 【即学即练】 1. Long-term exposure (expose) to polluted air can gradually damage both the lungs and the heart. 2. Children repeatedly exposed to violence may gradually begin to regard aggressive behavior as normal. 3. Anyone who challenges accepted beliefs exposes themselves (them) to criticism, misunderstanding, and sometimes ridicule. 4. Students exposed (expose) to contrasting viewpoints usually develop more flexible and carefully reasoned opinions. 5. 早期接触多种语言可以拓宽儿童对不同语音模式的认识。 Early exposure to several languages can broaden a child’s awareness of different sound patterns. 5. insight n. 洞察力；深刻见解 原文：Exposure to another culture and its people can give exchange students great insights into the world. 接触另一种文化及其人民可以让交换生更深刻地了解世界。 词形变化：insightful adj. 有深刻见解的；富有洞察力的 insightfully adv. 富有洞察力地 常见搭配：gain insight into 深入了解；获得对……的洞察 give somebody insight into 使某人了解……的本质或实际情况 deepen/broaden our insight into 加深/拓宽我们对……的认识 lack insight into 缺乏对……的理解 deep/profound insight 深刻的洞察 a flash of insight：灵光一现 a moment of insight：顿悟的时刻 例句：The novel offers remarkable insight into how loneliness can silently reshape a person’s character. 这部小说深刻揭示了孤独如何悄然改变一个人的性格。 【即学即练】 1. By listening without judgment, we gain insight into experiences entirely different from our own. 2. An insightful (insight) question can expose hidden assumptions more effectively than a confident answer. 3. He writes insightfully (insight) about the tension between personal freedom and social responsibility. 4. 文学能够加深我们对那些日常语言难以表达的情感的理解。 Literature can deepen our insight into emotions that ordinary conversation struggles to express. 5. 在灵光一现之间，她发现了连接所有证据的隐藏规律。 In a sudden flash of insight, she recognized the hidden pattern connecting all the evidence. 6. departure n. 离开；出发；背离 原文：He has made great friends here —— friends that he will still remember long after his departure. 词形变化：depart v. 离开；出发；背离 departed adj. 已故的；过去的 常见搭配：departure time 出发时间 departure gate 登机口 departure lounge 候机室 a significant/major/radical departure from 对……的重大改变 depart from a place 离开某地 depart for a place 动身前往某地 depart at + 时间 在某时出发 depart from tradition/the rules 背离传统／规则 depart this life 离世，委婉而正式的表达 例句：Every departure closes one familiar door, yet quietly opens another through which courage may enter. 每一次离开都会关上一扇熟悉的门，却也悄然打开一扇让勇气进入的新门。 【即学即练】 1. Her sudden departure (depart) left the entire office uncertain about the project’s future. 2. His decision marked a significant departure from the principles he once defended. 3. The first train departs from Platform Six for Manchester shortly after dawn. 4. Our flight is expected to depart at seven thirty tomorrow morning. 5. The villagers gathered annually to honor the memory of their dearly departed (depart). 6. Good leaders may depart from tradition without abandoning their deepest values. 六、词根词缀 前缀 含义 例子 over- 过度；超过；在……上方 overwork 过度工作　　overeat 吃得过多 overuse 过度使用　　overlook 俯瞰；忽视 co- 共同；一起；联合 cooperate 合作　　coexist 共存 coworker 同事　　coauthor 合著者 de- 去掉；除去；降低；使相反 decode 解码　　defrost 解冻 deactivate 使失效　　decrease 减少 ex- 前任的；以前的；向外 ex-president 前总统　　ex-wife 前妻 export 出口　　exclude 排除 out- 超过；胜过；向外 outperform 表现胜过　　outnumber 数量超过 outlive 比……活得久　　outgrow 长得穿不下；摆脱 in- 在……里面；进入；不、非 indoor 室内的　　input 输入 incorrect 不正确的　　inactive 不活跃的 后缀 含义或作用 例子 -ation 构成名词，表示：行为；过程；结果；状态 education 教育　　invitation 邀请 celebration 庆祝　　information 信息 -ness 构成抽象名词，表示：性质；状态；程度 happiness 幸福　　kindness 善良 darkness 黑暗　　illness 疾病 -ence 构成名词，表示：性质；状态；行为；存在 difference 差异　　confidence 信心 existence 存在　　dependence 依赖 -ure 构成名词，表示：行为；结果；状态 failure 失败　　closure 关闭 exposure 暴露　　departure 离开 一、词汇易混辨析 1. area/ region/ distinct/ zone area表示某个地方、城市、建筑或土地中的“一部分”，范围可大可小，边界通常不明确。它是四个词中最普通、最灵活的词，可以表示residential area、waiting area、parking area，也可以表示抽象的“领域”，如an area of research。 region通常表示国家或世界中的较大区域，往往因为地理位置、气候、文化或经济特点而形成一个整体。它比area更正式，范围一般也更大，边界可能并不精确。 district表示城市或国家中被划分出来的区域，通常具有明确边界、行政功能或鲜明特点。例如school district、financial district、shopping district。 zone表示因特殊用途、规则、活动、自然条件或危险程度而划分出来的区域。常见搭配有danger zone、war zone、time zone、no-parking zone、industrial zone。 记忆：普通地方用area，广阔地理用region；行政功能用district，规则用途用zone。 易错点1：描述普通住宅区、候车区或建筑内部空间时，误用范围较大、较正式的region。 ✅ Many families moved to this quiet residential area because schools and parks are nearby. ❌ Many families moved to this quiet residential region because schools and parks are nearby. 错误理由：这里指城市中的一个普通住宅片区，用residential area最自然。Region通常表示更大的地理范围，例如a coastal region或the northern region；residential region在这里范围显得过大，也不符合常见搭配。 易错点2：看到中文“地区”就一律使用region，忽略该区域是否具有明确的行政边界或城市功能。 ✅ The coastal region experiences heavy rainfall during summer and supports several unique ecosystems. ❌ The coastal district experiences heavy rainfall during summer and supports several unique ecosystems. 错误理由：这里按照海岸地貌、降雨和生态特点划分区域，因此用coastal region。District容易让人理解为政府正式划定的行政区，而不是自然形成的沿海地区。 易错点3：只要看到“区域”就使用area，忽略句子中是否存在限速、禁行、危险、施工或用途规定。 ✅ Drivers must reduce their speed when entering the construction zone near the bridge. ❌ Drivers must reduce their speed when entering the construction region near the bridge. 错误理由：施工区是因施工活动和安全规定而临时划出的范围，因此使用construction zone。Region表示较大的地理区域，不能自然表达受施工规定控制的具体地带。 2. motive/ motivation motive强调某人实施某个具体行为的原因、目的或意图，回答的是“他为什么要这样做”。它是可数名词，常用结构为a motive for...、the motive behind...。在犯罪调查、可疑行为、隐藏意图等语境中尤其常见，如financial motive、hidden motive、ulterior motive。 motivation既可以表示做某事的原因或动机，也可以表示促使人行动、努力或坚持的动力、积极性、干劲。表示“某个原因”时可以作可数名词；表示“动力、积极性”时通常作不可数名词，常与lack, lose, find, regain等词搭配。 核心区别： motive = 为什么做这件具体的事 motivation = 促使或支撑一个人行动的动力 易错点：表示“缺少动力、没有干劲”时误用motive。 lack a motive表示“没有做某事的理由”，而lack motivation 才表示“虽然可能知道为什么要做，却没有足够的动力去行动”。 ✅ Although Daniel had a clear goal, he lacked motivation to study consistently after work. ❌ Although Daniel had a clear goal, he lacked a motive to study consistently after work. 错误理由：motive表示“做某事的具体理由”。前半句已经说明Daniel有明确目标，因此他并不缺少理由，缺少的是付诸行动并坚持下去的动力，应使用不可数名词motivation。错误句在语法上可以成立，但与上下文表达的意思矛盾。 3. expectation/ expectancy/ anticipation expectation强调对未来结果的判断、信念或要求，即“认为某事会发生”或“认为某人应该达到某种标准”。它关注的是期待的具体内容或结果，语气可以是积极、消极或中性的。表示对人的要求、标准时，常用复数expectations。常见搭配：high expectations、meet expectations、exceed expectations、expectations of/for。 expectancy强调一种“某事即将发生”的期待状态或现场气氛，通常带有兴奋、希望或紧张感，比expectation更正式，也更少用于日常口语。它通常是不可数名词，最常见于an air of expectancy，表示“充满期待的气氛”。此外，expectancy常用于统计、医学或专业语境，表示“根据概率计算出的预期数值”，如life expectancy（预期寿命）。 anticipation强调在事情发生之前的期待、兴奋或紧张感，也可以强调因为预见某事而提前采取行动或做准备。因此，它比expectation更有“向前等待”的动态感。常见搭配：with anticipation、eager anticipation、in anticipation of。其中in anticipation of表示“预料到……而提前准备”。 核心区别 expectation：期待或判断的内容、结果、标准。 expectancy：期待中的状态、气氛，或统计上的预期数值。 anticipation：事情发生前的兴奋等待或提前准备。 易错点：表示“对某人的要求或标准”时，通常用expectations，不能随意换成expectancies ✅ The manager’s expectations for the new team were ambitious but still reasonably achievable. ❌ The manager’s expectancies for the new team were ambitious but still reasonably achievable. 错误理由：这里说的是经理对团队表现的“要求和标准”，应使用复数expectations。Expectancies很少用于这种日常语境，通常出现在统计、心理学或其他专业表达中，因此放在这里非常不自然。 易错点2：表示“预料到某事，因此提前准备”时，使用in anticipation of，不能说in expectancy of。 ✅ The hospital ordered extra supplies in anticipation of a severe winter flu outbreak. ❌ The hospital ordered extra supplies in expectancy of a severe winter flu outbreak. 错误理由：这里不仅表示“预计流感暴发”，还强调医院因此提前采取了准备措施，所以应使用固定搭配in anticipation of。Expectancy主要表示期待的状态、气氛或统计预期值，不能自然地用于“预料到某事而提前准备”这一结构。 4. overwhelming/ overwhelmed overwhelming强调某个事物、情况或感受非常强烈、数量极大，让人难以应付或不知道如何反应，意为“压倒性的；令人不知所措的”。它通常描述造成这种感受的人或事物，如任务、压力、气味、证据、支持等。牛津词典将其解释为“非常巨大或强烈，强大到让人无法抗拒或不知道如何反应”。 overwhelmed强调人或群体受到强烈情绪、压力或大量事务的影响，感到无法承受或应付，意为“不知所措的；应接不暇的”。它通常描述人的感受或受影响的状态。 核心区别： overwhelming = 事物令人招架不住 overwhelmed = 人感到招架不住 易错点：描述一个人的感受时误用overwhelming。 ✅ The amount of information in the report was overwhelming for most new employees. ❌ Most new employees felt overwhelming after reading the detailed report in one afternoon. 错误理由：句子的主语是most new employees，表达的是员工读完报告后的感受，因此应该使用overwhelmed。Overwhelming表示“使别人不知所措的”，不能直接表示某人自己感到不知所措。 二、语法易错点 易错点1：名词性从句要使用陈述句语序，不能使用疑问句语序。 例子：✅ The teacher explained why several students had missed the important meeting at school yesterday morning. ❌ The teacher explained why had several students missed the important meeting at school yesterday morning. 解析：why引导宾语从句时，从句应使用“主语＋谓语”的陈述句语序，即why several students had missed，不能写成疑问句语序why had several students missed。 易错点2：whether可以直接与or not连用，而if一般不能直接放在or not之前。 例子：✅ We have not decided whether we should postpone the outdoor concert because of the heavy rain. ❌ We have not decided if or not we should postpone the outdoor concert because of heavy rain. 解析：表示“是否”时，whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，但在or not紧跟连接词 的结构中，只能使用whether or not，不能使用if or not。 易错点3：what在从句中要充当句子成分，而that在从句中不充当任何成分。 例子：✅ What surprised the doctors was that the young patient recovered so quickly after the difficult operation. ❌ That surprised the doctors was that the young patient recovered so quickly after the difficult operation. 解析：第一个从句中缺少主语，需要使用能够充当主语的what。that只起连接作用，不能在从句中充当主语，因此不能替换what。 易错点4：what引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词通常使用单数形式。 例子：✅ What the new employees need most is more practical training before they begin working independently. ❌ What the new employees need most are more practical training before they begin working independently. 解析：整个What the new employees need most 是一个主语从句，通常被看作一个整体，因此谓语动词使用单数形式is，不能使用are。 易错点5：that引导主语从句并位于句首时，that通常不能省略。 例子：✅ That the ancient bridge survived the powerful earthquake amazed every engineer who inspected it carefully afterward. ❌ The ancient bridge survived the powerful earthquake amazed every engineer who inspected it carefully afterward. 解析：that引导的主语从句位于句首时，that用于标明从句的起点，不能省略。省略后，句子会出现两个谓语动词，导致结构混乱。 易错点6：在“There is no doubt”结构中，应用that引导同位语从句，不能使用whether。 例子：✅ There is no doubt that regular exercise can greatly improve both physical health and emotional well-being. ❌ There is no doubt whether regular exercise can greatly improve both physical health and emotional well-being. 解析：There is no doubt that… 表示“毫无疑问……”，that引导同位语从句，说明doubt的具体内容。whether表示“是否”，与no doubt的肯定含义相矛盾。 $Unit 2 Bridging Cultures Learning About Language Cultural diversity represents the sum of humanity’s solutions, and dialogue is the bridge between them. —UNESCO 译文：文化多样性汇聚了人类不同的智慧，而对话则是连接彼此的桥梁。 解读：这句话出自联合国教科文组织的世界报告《投资文化多样性与跨文化对话》，它将不同文化理解为人类在不同历史、环境与社会条件下形成的多种知识、经验和解决问题的方法，因此，文化多样性并非彼此隔绝的差异，而是推动社会创新与共同发展的智慧资源。联合国教科文组织《世界文化多样性宣言》也指出，文化多样性是交流、创新与创造力的源泉，是全人类的共同遗产；然而，这些宝贵经验只有通过平等、开放和相互尊重的对话，才能被不同群体真正理解和分享。这里的“桥梁”意味着，对话能够帮助人们跨越语言、价值观和生活方式的差异，减少偏见与误解，并在保留各自文化特色的同时建立信任、寻找共同点和形成共享的解决方案。因此，这句话强调的并不是消除文化差异，而是让差异通过交流转化为合作、和平与社会进步的力量。 一、语法框架 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 6 zxxk.com 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 二、核心语法 （一）名词性从句的定义 1. 基本定义 在复合句中，作用相当于名词或名词短语的从句，叫作名词性从句。名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此名词性从句也相应分为四类： 类型 在句中的作用 例句 主语从句 作主语 What he said is true. 宾语从句 作动词或介词的宾语 I believe that he is honest. 表语从句 位于系动词后作表语 The question is whether he will come. 同位语从句 解释抽象名词的具体内容 The news that he had won the prize surprised us. 英语从句通常包含主语和谓语；从句如果不能独立成句，而是依附于主句，就属于从属结构。that从句、wh-从句等都可以在句中充当宾语或其他名词性成分。 2. 先找到从句，再看它在主句中充当什么成分： （1）位于句首，整体作主语：主语从句； （2）位于动词或介词后，作宾语：宾语从句； （3）位于系动词后，说明主语内容：表语从句； （4）位于抽象名词后，解释该名词内容：同位语从句。 What caused the accident remains unknown.（从句位于句首，整体作主语，所以是主语从句。） Nobody knows what caused the accident.（从句位于动词knows后，作宾语，所以是宾语从句。） The question is what caused the accident.（从句位于系动词is后，作表语，所以是表语从句。） We are investigating the question what caused the accident.（从句解释question的具体内容，所以是同位语从句。） 【即学即练】判断下列句中加黑从句的类型 1. What he said at the meeting surprised everyone present. 2. I don’t know whether he has finished the task. 3. The problem is how we can get there on time. 4. The news that our team had won the match excited us greatly. 5. It is obvious that the environment is becoming increasingly important. 6. There is no doubt that regular exercise is good for our health. 7. He depends on what his parents give him. 8. The reason for his absence is that he was seriously ill. （二）名词性从句的引导词 引导词 功能 从属连词 that that本身没有具体词义，在从句中不作任何句子成分，只起连接作用。 whether和if whether和if引导名词性从句时都可以表示“是否”，在从句中不作成分。在动词后的间接一般疑问句中，if和whether通常都可以使用；whether语气相对正式。 连接代词 who、whom、whose、which、what、whoever、whatever、whichever等 who：谁，作主语，也可作宾语；whom：谁，作宾语；whose：谁的，作定语；which：哪一个，作主语、宾语或定语；what：什么、……的事物，作主语、宾语、表语或定语；whoever：无论谁、任何……的人；whatever：无论什么、任何……的事物；whichever：无论哪一个、任何一个。 起连接作用；有具体词义；在从句中充当句子成分。 连接副词 when、where、how、why、whenever、wherever、however等 when：什么时候，时间状语；where：在哪里，地点状语；why：为什么，原因状语；how，怎样、如何，方式状语；whenever：无论什么时候，时间状语；wherever，无论在哪里，地点状语；however，无论怎样，方式或程度状语。 连接主句和从句；有具体词义；在从句中作状语。 引导词快速判断表 从句情况 应选引导词 从句成分完整，表示确定事实 that 从句成分完整，表示“是否” whether/if 从句缺少“人”作主语或宾语 who/whom 从句缺少所属关系 whose 从句缺少“事物”作主语、宾语或表语 what 从限定范围中选择 which 从句缺时间状语 when 从句缺地点状语 where 从句缺原因状语 why 从句缺方式状语 how 【即学即练】 1. It is obvious regular exercise is good for our health. 2. will be chosen as the team leader has not been decided. 3. Could you tell me you talked with after the meeting? 4. The police are trying to find out the missing child is. 5. I wonder subject you are most interested in, physics or chemistry. 6. The problem is we should communicate with teenagers effectively. 7. There is no doubt modern technology has changed our lives greatly. 8. The question we should accept his suggestion needs further discussion. （三）名词性从句的时态 1. 主句是现在或将来时 当主句谓语是一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或一般将来时时，从句根据实际情况选择时态，不受主句限制。 It annoys me that he broke my favourite vase. Do you know when and where he bought the book? I have heard that our teacher will come back tomorrow. 可以概括为：主句为现在时态，从句时态看实际时间。 2. 主句是过去时 当主句的谓语动词是过去时的时候，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也用某种过去时态。 I asked her if she would allow me to interview her,and she readily agreed. 3. 注意事项 从句表示客观事实、科学真理或自然规律，从句通常仍用一般现在时，不能因为主句是过去时，就把客观真理改成过去时。 The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun. We learned that light travels faster than sound. 【即学即练】 1. I have heard that Mr Smith (reture) from America next Monday. 2. Please tell me what you (do) at eight o’clock last night. 3. She told me that she (see) the film the day before. 4. She said that she (wait) for the bus when the accident happened. 5. I thought that he (be) at home, but in fact he was at school. 6. Our science teacher explained that water (boil) at 100℃. 7. The scientist explained that the moon (travel) around the earth. （四）名词性从句的类型 名词性从句根据其在主句中所充当的成分，可以分为：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 1. 主语从句：在复合句中作主语的从句叫作主语从句。 That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all. 众所周知，地球围着太阳转。 （1）that引导的主语从句 ① that置于句首的主语从句 结构：That＋完整的陈述句＋谓语动词…… that在从句中：没有具体词义；不作主语、宾语、表语或状语；只起连接作用；位于句首引导主语从句时不能省略。 That he passed the examination surprised us. 他通过了考试，这使我们很惊讶。 判断方法：去掉that后，从句本身成分完整，因此使用that。 注意：that引导的主语从句直接位于句首时，句子往往显得比较正式，而且容易形成“头重脚轻”的结构，因此英语中更常用it作形式主语，把真正的主语从句放在句末。Cambridge Grammar也指出，英语常把真正的主语放到句末，用it占据句首主语位置。 ② that从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把that引导的主语从句后置 基本结构：It＋谓语部分＋that引导的主语从句 其中：it是形式主语；that从句是真正的主语；that一般不可省略。 a. It＋be＋形容词＋that从句 常见形容词：necessary、important、essential、vital、clear、obvious、certain、likely、possible、strange、natural、fortunate、unfortunate等。 It is obvious that he has made a serious mistake. 很明显，他犯了一个严重的错误。 注意：当形容词表示“必要、重要、恰当、紧迫”等意义时，that从句常用：主语＋（should）＋动词原形，其中should可以省略。 It is necessary that every student (should) follow the rules. It is essential that the problem (should) be solved immediately. 常见形容词：necessary、important、essential、vital、advisable、desirable、urgent等。 b. It＋be＋名词或名词短语＋that从句 常见名词短语：a fact、a pity、a shame、a wonder、an honour、good news、no wonder等。 It is a fact that smoking is harmful to health. It is a pity that you cannot attend the meeting. It is no wonder that he succeeded. c. It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句 常见过去分词：said、reported、believed、thought、known、announced、decided、expected、proved等。 It is reported that the number of tourists is increasing. It is believed that the medicine is effective. It has been proved that regular exercise is beneficial to health. 表示“建议、要求、命令、决定”等意义的过去分词后，从句常使用虚拟语气： It is suggested that we (should) set off early. It is required that every applicant (should) provide identification. It was ordered that the soldiers (should) leave at once. 常见词：suggested、advised、requested、required、ordered、demanded等。 d. It＋特殊动词或动词短语＋that从句 常见结构： It seems/appears that... It happens that... It turns out that... It matters that... It occurs to sb that... It makes no difference that/whether... It happened that I was out when she called. It suddenly occurred to me that I had left my keys at home. （2）whether引导的主语从句 whether表示“是否”，在从句中不作成分。 ① 主语从句位于句首时，只用whether，不用if Whether we can finish the work on time depends on our efficiency. If he will accept the invitation remains unknown. ❌ ② 使用it作形式主语 It is uncertain whether/if he will attend the meeting. It does not matter whether/if you agree or not. 在形式主语结构中，whether和if均可见，但正式表达及高考书面语中优先使用whether。 ③ whether与or not Whether or not he agrees makes no difference. It remains uncertain whether he will agree or not. 当or not紧跟在引导词后面时，必须使用whether： Cambridge Grammar指出，whether可直接与or not连用，也可以放在选择结构中；if不能直接用于if or not结构。 （3）wh-类连接词引导的主语从句 ① 连接代词：who、whom、whose、which、what、whoever、whatever、whichever等。 连接代词既起连接作用，又在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。 Who will attend the meeting has not been decided.（who作从句主语。） What he said surprised everyone.（what作said的宾语。） Which team will win is still uncertain.（which作team的定语。） Whoever breaks the law will be punished.（whoever作从句主语。） Whatever he does is carefully planned.（whatever作does的宾语。） ② 连接副词：when、where、why、how、whenever、wherever、however等。 连接副词在从句中作时间、地点、原因、方式或程度状语。 When the meeting will begin has not been announced. Where we should hold the meeting remains a question. Why he refused the offer is not clear. How the ancient people built the temple remains a mystery. ③ 主语从句使用陈述语序 结构：引导词＋主语＋谓语 What he wants is a new computer. 不能使用疑问语序：Why did he leave remains unknown. ❌ 当连接代词本身就是从句主语时，直接在其后使用谓语： Who broke the window is still unknown. 这里who是从句主语，不是倒装结构。 ④ 主谓一致 一个主语从句通常看作一个整体，主句谓语一般使用单数形式。 What he said is reasonable. 两个或两个以上主语从句由and连接，表示不同的事情时，谓语通常用复数： What he said and what he did were completely different. 【即学即练】 1. regular exercise is beneficial to our health has been widely accepted. 2. is possible that the train has been delayed because of the heavy snow. 3. It is important that everyone (be) aware of the value of teamwork. 4. It is necessary that more attention (pay) to children’s mental health. 5. It is an honour I have been invited to speak at the ceremony. 6. we can complete the project on time depends on how well we cooperate. 7. the ancient people moved the enormous stones remains a mystery. 8. Whether he will attend the meeting and whether he will give a speech (be) two different questions. 2. 宾语从句：在复合句中作动词、介词或某些形容词补足成分的从句，通常称为宾语从句。 We are talking about whether we should change the plan. （1）宾语从句的类型 ① 动词后的宾语从句 动词后的宾语从句最常见，可由that、if、whether以及wh-类连接词引导。 a. that引导 She explained that the train had been delayed. 常接that从句的动词包括：think、believe、know、say、hope、expect、suppose、imagine、consider、find、discover、realise、remember、admit、agree、promise、suggest、report等。 b. if/whether引导 She asked me whether/if I was ready. if和whether表示“是否”，引导一般疑问句转化而来的宾语从句。 c. wh-类连接词引导 She explained why she had been absent. Cambridge Grammar指出，know、remember、explain、discover、wonder等动词可以接who、what、when、where、which、whose、why、how等引导的wh-从句作直接宾语。 d. it作形式宾语 某些动词后接宾语从句，同时又有宾语补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 基本结构：主语＋动词＋it＋宾语补足语＋that从句 常见动词：find、think、consider、believe、feel、make等。 I find it necessary that we should take immediate action. We consider it important that every student should participate. 此外，下列结构也常用it作形式宾语： see to it that... depend on it that... take it for granted that... owe it to sb that... You may depend on it that she will keep her promise. We should not take it for granted that our parents should do everything for us. ② 介词后的宾语从句 名词性从句可以作介词的宾语。 We are interested in what he has discovered. They are discussing about how the problem should be solved. 注意：介词后表示“是否”时，只用whether，不用if。 介词后通常接： whether引导的从句； what、who、which等连接代词引导的从句； when、where、why、how等连接副词引导的从句。 ③ 形容词后的宾语从句 在高考传统语法中，位于某些形容词后的that从句常被归入“宾语从句”。 常见结构：主语＋be＋形容词＋that从句 常见形容词：sure、certain、aware、afraid、glad、pleased、happy、sorry、surprised、worried、confident等。 She was afraid that she might miss the train. I am not certain whether he has received the message. （2）宾语从句的注意事项 ① 宾语从句的语序 宾语从句一律使用陈述语序：引导词＋主语＋谓语 Can you tell me when the train will leave? ✅ Can you tell me when will the train leave?❌ 特殊情况：疑问词本身作主语 I do not know who broke the window. who本身是从句主语，后面直接接谓语broke，不需要增加助动词did。 ② 宾语从句引导词that的省略 a. 一般动词后的that宾语从句中，that通常可以省略 She said (that) she would return soon. b. 一个动词后有两个或多个并列的that宾语从句时，第一个that可以省略；第二个及以后的that一般不能省略。 He said (that) he was tired and that he wanted to go home. 如果省略第二个that，容易误以为and连接的是其他句子成分。 c. it作形式宾语时，后面的that一般不省略 I consider it important that everyone should arrive on time. d. 宾语从句置于句首时，that不能省略 That he is honest, I firmly believe. e. 主句与从句之间有插入成分时，宜保留that He told me yesterday that he would leave for Beijing. 保留that可以清楚标明宾语从句开始的位置。 f. 形容词后的that从句中，that可以省略 She was afraid (that) she would be late. ③ 宾语从句的否定转移 当主句符合以下条件时：主句主语通常是第一人称I或we；主句谓语表示“认为、相信、设想、推测”等心理活动；主句通常使用一般现在时；从句表达否定意义；英语习惯把从句中的否定词not转移到主句谓语上。 常见动词：think、believe、suppose、imagine、expect等。 I do not think he is suitable for the job. 我认为他不适合这项工作。 We do not believe that the plan will succeed. 我们认为这个计划不会成功。 通常不说： I think he is not suitable for the job. 后一句在特定强调语境下并非绝对错误，但高考常规表达优先使用否定转移。 注意：hope和wish一般不使用否定转移 I hope he will not fail. I wish I had not said that. 【即学即练】 1. The scientist discovered the new material could be used in many fields. 2. They are considering they should continue the project or give it up. 3. I cannot decide dress I should buy, the red one or the blue one. 4. The teacher encouraged us to write about interested us most. 5. I wonder he managed to finish the task in such a short time. 6. The success of the project depends on every member works together effectively. 7. I am doubtful the plan can be completed within a week. 8. We believe necessary that more attention should be paid to environmental protection. 3. 表语从句：位于系动词之后、用来说明主语身份、性质、内容或状态的从句叫作表语从句。 基本结构：主语＋系动词＋表语从句 常见系动词：be、seem、appear、look、sound、remain等。 The problem is that we do not have enough time. The question remains whether the plan is practical. （1）表语从句的连接词 ① 从属连词that和whether a. that无具体词义，在从句中不作成分。 The truth is that nobody has told him the news. My opinion is that we should reconsider the plan. 高考规范表达中，表语从句前的that一般保留。 b. whether表示“是否”，在从句中不作成分。 The question is whether he will support us. The problem remains whether we can finish the project on time. 高考规范中，表语从句表示“是否”时用whether，不用if： ② 连接代词 who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。 连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。 The question is who should be responsible for the accident. The problem is whom we should invite. The difficulty is which plan we should choose. ③ 连接副词 when、where、why、how、whenever、wherever、however等。 The question is when we should set off. The problem is where we can find enough water. The question is how we can improve efficiency. 连接副词在从句中分别作时间、地点、原因、方式或程度状语。 ④ 其他连接词：because、as if、as though a. because because引导表语从句时，表示原因。 That is because he did not understand the instructions. 该结构强调原因：That is because... 那是因为…… because引导的从句说明前面结果产生的原因。Cambridge Grammar指出，because引导表示原因的从属分句。 b. as if和as though as if和as though意为“好像、仿佛”，常位于look、seem、sound、feel等系动词之后。 It sounds as though someone is knocking at the door. She felt as if all her worries had disappeared. Cambridge Grammar指出，as if与as though意义相近，可以表示看起来可能真实的情况，也可以表示想象或不真实的情况。 （2）表语从句的注意事项 ① 表语从句使用陈述语序 The question is where he has gone.✅ The question is where has he gone.❌ ② that在从句中不作成分 The fact is that he has already left.（从句he has already left成分完整，因此使用that。） ③ whether与if 高考中表语从句表示“是否”时，只选择whether： The problem is whether we can afford the cost. ④ The reason why... is that... 表示“……的原因是……”时，规范结构为：The reason why... is that... 其中：why引导定语从句，修饰reason；that引导表语从句，说明具体原因。 The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus. 也可以省略定语从句中的why：The reason he was late was that he missed the bus. Cambridge Grammar给出的规范结构同样是The reason (why)... was that...，并提醒不要在reason后用because引导修饰从句。 ⑤ That is because...与That is why... a. That is because...强调原因 He was late. That was because he missed the bus. 逻辑关系：结果＋because＋原因 b. That is why...强调结果 He missed the bus. That was why he was late. 逻辑关系：原因＋why＋结果 对比：He failed the examination. That was because he had not worked hard. He had not worked hard. That was why he failed the examination. ⑥ as if/as though后的语气 a. 表示可能真实的情况，根据实际时间正常使用时态： It looks as if it is going to rain. It sounds as though someone is knocking at the door. b. 表示与现在事实相反， 使用一般过去时；be动词常用were：He talks as if he knew everything. 表示与过去事实相反，使用过去完成时：She felt as though she had been running for hours. ⑦ 表示建议、命令、要求的表语从句 当主语是表示建议、命令、要求等意义的名词时，表语从句常使用：主语＋（should）＋动词原形 His request is that the work (should) be completed by Friday. The order was that everyone (should) remain inside. 常见名词：suggestion、advice、proposal、request、requirement、order、demand等。 【即学即练】 1. What surprised us most was he completed the difficult task on his own. 2. The difficulty is we have enough money to continue the research. 3. The question is suggestion is more practical and effective. 4. What we have not decided is the graduation ceremony will be held. 5. The streets were unusually quiet. That was a heavy snowstorm had hit the city. 6. The reason why many students admire her is she is always patient and helpful. 7. She had always dreamed of becoming a doctor. That was she chose to study medicine. 8. Their proposal is that a new bridge (build) across the river. 4. 同位语从句：同位语从句位于某些抽象名词后面，用来说明该名词的具体内容。 The news that he had won the competition excited us. that从句说明news的具体内容，即“消息的内容是什么”，所以是同位语从句。 （1）可跟同位语从句的名词 能够接同位语从句的通常是表示事实、消息、想法、观点、可能性、要求、问题等内容的抽象名词。 ① 表示事实或消息：fact、news、truth、report、message、word、evidence等。 The news that our team had won soon spread. Word came that the meeting had been cancelled. ② 表示想法、观点或信念：idea、thought、belief、opinion、assumption、hope等。 We share the belief that everyone should be treated equally. There is still hope that the missing children will be found. ③ 表示可能性、怀疑或问题：possibility、chance、doubt、question、problem等。 There is some doubt whether he is telling the truth. The question who should be responsible has not been settled. ④ 表示建议、要求、命令或决定：suggestion、advice、proposal、request、requirement、demand、order、decision等。 The suggestion that we should reduce the cost was accepted. They ignored the request that the work should be completed immediately. （2）同位语从句的引导词 ① that：that是最常见的同位语从句引导词。 特点：无具体词义；在从句中不作成分；高考规范中不能省略；后面接成分完整的陈述句。 There is no doubt that he is capable of doing the job. I have reached the conclusion that the plan is impractical. ② whether：whether表示“是否”，可以引导同位语从句；if一般不用。 The question whether we should continue the experiment remains unanswered. There is some doubt whether he will keep his promise. ③ 连接代词和连接副词 同位语从句也可以由who、what、which、when、where、why、how等引导。 The question who should be sent abroad has not been decided. The problem how we can protect the environment needs immediate attention. We have not settled the question where the new school should be built. 这些连接词在从句中既有词义，又充当相应成分。 ④ 表示建议、命令、要求的名词后的虚拟语气 当同位语从句说明suggestion、advice、proposal、request、requirement、demand、order等名词的具体内容时，从句常使用：主语＋（should）＋动词原形 The doctor gave the advice that he (should) give up smoking. They accepted the proposal that a new bridge (should) be built. ⑤ 同位语从句有时与被说明的名词分隔 同位语从句通常紧跟在名词后，但为了保持句子平衡，也可能被谓语或其他成分隔开。 The news came that the rescue team had found the missing climbers. 被说明的名词是news，同位语从句是that the rescue team had found...，中间被谓语came隔开。 因此，判断同位语从句不能只看它是否紧挨名词，还要分析意义关系。 （3）同位语从句与定语从句的区别 判断角度 同位语从句 定语从句 作用 说明名词的具体内容 修饰、限定先行词 前面的名词 通常是抽象名词 人、物或抽象名词均可 that的性质 从属连词 关系代词 that是否作成分 不作成分 作主语或宾语 从句是否完整 通常成分完整 通常缺少主语或宾语 that能否省略 高考中不可省略 作宾语时可以省略 能否换成which 不能 指物时有时可以 【即学即练】 1. There is a strong possibility the outdoor activity will be cancelled because of the storm. 2. We have reached the conclusion the plan is worth carrying out. 3. The issue students should be allowed to use mobile phones at school has caused much debate. 4. They have not decided the question the new hospital should be built. 5. The government issued an order that all dangerous buildings carefully. （五）名词性从句的判断步骤 1. 先判断从句类型 句首作主语——主语从句；动词、介词或形容词后——宾语从句；系动词后——表语从句；抽象名词后说明内容——同位语从句。 2. 再判断引导词 看从句缺不缺成分。 ① 从句不缺成分 表示事实——that；表示是否——whether/if。 ② 从句缺名词性成分 人——who/whom；所有关系——whose；事物——what；有范围的选择——which。 ③ 从句缺状语意义 时间——when；地点——where；原因——why；方式——how。 3. 最后检查特殊规则 查语序、时态、省略、whether限制、虚拟语气和否定转移。 三、重点单词 1. n.（有别于周围的）地区；地带；区域 2. n. 思乡病；乡愁 3. n. 动力；积极性；动机 4. n.（also adviser）顾问 5. n. 期望；预期；期待 6. n. 申请人 7. n. 公司；商行；事务所adj. 结实的；牢固的；坚定的 8. n. 接触；体验；暴露；揭露 9. n. 洞察力；眼光 10. n. 离开；启程；出发 11. adj. 无法抗拒的；巨大的；压倒性的 12. adj. 积极的；主动的 13. adj. 有道理的；合情理的 14. vt. 成为……的动机；激发；激励 15. vt. 使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于（险境） 四、必备词块 1. 文化冲击 2. 舒适区；舒适范围 3. 把某事作为例子提及；举某事为例 4. 积极参与某事 5. 生活条件 6. 克服文化冲击 7. 走出某人的舒适区 8. 多元的文化背景 9. 与……相比 10. 饱受思乡之苦；患思乡病 11. 各种各样的 12. 适应新生活 13. 熟悉…… 14. 在课堂上大胆发言 15. 保持学习与社交生活之间的平衡 16. 使某人对某事有深刻的认识 17. 爱上…… 五、核心词汇 1. motivated adj. 有积极性的；有干劲的；有强烈动机的；出于某种动机的 原文：I became more motivated, and I’m also a lot more ambitious now! 我变得更有动力了，而且现在也更有抱负了！ 词形变化：motivation n. 动力；积极性；动机 motivate v. 激励；促使 demotivate v. 使失去动力 motivational adj. 激励性的 常见搭配：be motivated to do sth 有动力做某事；受到激励去做某事 motivate sb to do sth 激励／促使某人做某事 motivate sb through/by sth 通过某种方式激励某人 have the motivation to do sth 有做某事的动力 intrinsic motivation 内在动机 extrinsic motivation 外在动机 例句：A motivated mind turns ordinary obstacles into lessons, while patience transforms those lessons into lasting wisdom. 一颗充满动力的心会把普通的障碍化为教训，而耐心会把教训转化为长久的智慧。 【即学即练】 1. A (motivate) person continues learning even when success offers no immediate reward. 2. She was motivated (continue) because every setback revealed a better direction. 3. Great scientists are often motivated curiosity rather than the promise of immediate reward. 4. A clear sense of purpose can motivate ordinary people (attempt) extraordinary things. 5. You must learn to motivate (you) when praise and encouragement are unavailable. 6. She regained her (motivate) after remembering the people who depended upon her courage. 2. expectation n. 期望；预期；期待 原文：The advisor talked about maintaining reasonable expectations when studying abroad. 这位顾问谈到出国留学时要保持合理的期望。 词形变化：expect v. 期待；期望；预计 unexpected adj. 出乎意料的 unexpectedly adv. 出乎意料地 expectant adj. 满怀期待的；即将成为父母的 常见搭配：meet/come up to/live up to one's expectations 不负某人所望 out of/beyond (one's) expectations 出乎(某人)意料 expect (sb) to do ... 期待(某人)做…… be expected to do something：被期望／预计做某事 as expected 正如预料的那样 expect that ... 预料/预计…… public expectations 公众期望 in expectation of something 期待着；预料到 in line with expectations 符合预期 例句：Wisdom begins when we release rigid expectations and learn to meet reality with courage, patience, and curiosity. 智慧始于放下僵化的期待，并学会以勇气、耐心和好奇心面对现实 【即学即练】 1. Many people expect (find) certainty before making decisions, although certainty rarely arrives first. 2. Good leaders expect their team members (question) assumptions rather than follow instructions blindly. 3. We expect honest conversations will eventually reveal problems hidden beneath polite agreement. 4. Every participant is (expect) to respect opposing views and support arguments with reliable evidence. 5. As (expect), the difficult journey taught us more than the comfortable destination ever could. 6. Success becomes exhausting when people spend their lives trying to live up to others’ (expect). 7. An (expect) failure can reveal weaknesses that repeated success has carefully hidden from view. 8. An (expect) crowd gathered quietly, believing the announcement might change their shared future. 3. applicant n. 申请人 原文：Who will be the successful applicant for the summer job at the law firm? 谁将是律师事务所暑期工作的成功申请者？ 词形变化：apply v. 申请；运用；适用于；涂；敷 applicability n. 适用性；可应用性 application n. 申请；申请表；申请书；运用；使用；应用程序 常见搭配：apply to sb for sth 向某人申请得到某物 apply for sth 申请某物 apply to sb/sth 适用于某人/某物 apply to do sth 申请做某事 apply A to B 把A应用于/涂抹于B apply oneself to (doing) sth 专注于(做)某事；集中精力于(做)某事 an application form 申请表 practical application 实际应用 software/ mobile application 软件/ 移动应用程序 例句：Every applicant carries unseen potential; fair judgment begins when we look beyond polished words and familiar credentials. 每位申请者都拥有尚未显露的潜能；公平的判断始于超越华丽言辞和熟悉资历。 【即学即练】 1. Each applicant the scholarship must explain how the award would serve the wider community. 2. The company interviewed every qualified (apply) rather than relying only on academic degrees. 3. She applied the research grant after refining her proposal with several independent experts. 4. The residents applied the council permission to restore the historic building. 5. Several graduates applied (join) the program because it combined service with professional training. 6. Anyone who applies (her) to steady practice can transform weakness into lasting competence. 4. exposure n. 接触；体验；暴露；揭露 原文：Exposure to another culture and its people can give exchange students great insights into the world. 接触另一种文化及其人民可以让交换生更深刻地了解世界。 词形变化：expose vt. 使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于(险境)；使曝光 常见搭配：exposure to different cultures 接触不同文化 exposure to new ideas 接触新思想 exposure to risk 面临风险 exposure to sunlight/the sun 接触阳光 public exposure 公众关注 expose ... to ... 使……暴露于……；使……体验…… be exposed to 暴露于；接触 拓展：及物动词expose后若无宾语，则常常使用它的被动形式。 例句：Growth begins with exposure to unfamiliar ideas, because a protected mind may remain safe but never truly expand. 成长始于接触陌生思想，因为一个受到严密保护的头脑或许安全，却永远无法真正拓展。 【即学即练】 1. Long-term (expose) to polluted air can gradually damage both the lungs and the heart. 2. Children repeatedly exposed violence may gradually begin to regard aggressive behavior as normal. 3. Anyone who challenges accepted beliefs exposes (them) to criticism, misunderstanding, and sometimes ridicule. 4. Students (expose) to contrasting viewpoints usually develop more flexible and carefully reasoned opinions. 5. 早期接触多种语言可以拓宽儿童对不同语音模式的认识。 . 5. insight n. 洞察力；深刻见解 原文：Exposure to another culture and its people can give exchange students great insights into the world. 接触另一种文化及其人民可以让交换生更深刻地了解世界。 词形变化：insightful adj. 有深刻见解的；富有洞察力的 insightfully adv. 富有洞察力地 常见搭配：gain insight into 深入了解；获得对……的洞察 give somebody insight into 使某人了解……的本质或实际情况 deepen/broaden our insight into 加深/拓宽我们对……的认识 lack insight into 缺乏对……的理解 deep/profound insight 深刻的洞察 a flash of insight：灵光一现 a moment of insight：顿悟的时刻 例句：The novel offers remarkable insight into how loneliness can silently reshape a person’s character. 这部小说深刻揭示了孤独如何悄然改变一个人的性格。 【即学即练】 1. By listening without judgment, we gain insight experiences entirely different from our own. 2. An (insight) question can expose hidden assumptions more effectively than a confident answer. 3. He writes (insight) about the tension between personal freedom and social responsibility. 4. 文学能够加深我们对那些日常语言难以表达的情感的理解。 . 5. 在灵光一现之间，她发现了连接所有证据的隐藏规律。 . 6. departure n. 离开；出发；背离 原文：He has made great friends here —— friends that he will still remember long after his departure. 词形变化：depart v. 离开；出发；背离 departed adj. 已故的；过去的 常见搭配：departure time 出发时间 departure gate 登机口 departure lounge 候机室 a significant/major/radical departure from 对……的重大改变 depart from a place 离开某地 depart for a place 动身前往某地 depart at + 时间 在某时出发 depart from tradition/the rules 背离传统／规则 depart this life 离世，委婉而正式的表达 例句：Every departure closes one familiar door, yet quietly opens another through which courage may enter. 每一次离开都会关上一扇熟悉的门，却也悄然打开一扇让勇气进入的新门。 【即学即练】 1. Her sudden (depart) left the entire office uncertain about the project’s future. 2. His decision marked a significant departure the principles he once defended. 3. The first train departs from Platform Six Manchester shortly after dawn. 4. Our flight is expected to depart seven thirty tomorrow morning. 5. The villagers gathered annually to honor the memory of their dearly (depart). 6. Good leaders may depart tradition without abandoning their deepest values. 六、词根词缀 前缀 含义 例子 over- 过度；超过；在……上方 overwork 过度工作　　overeat 吃得过多 overuse 过度使用　　overlook 俯瞰；忽视 co- 共同；一起；联合 cooperate 合作　　coexist 共存 coworker 同事　　coauthor 合著者 de- 去掉；除去；降低；使相反 decode 解码　　defrost 解冻 deactivate 使失效　　decrease 减少 ex- 前任的；以前的；向外 ex-president 前总统　　ex-wife 前妻 export 出口　　exclude 排除 out- 超过；胜过；向外 outperform 表现胜过　　outnumber 数量超过 outlive 比……活得久　　outgrow 长得穿不下；摆脱 in- 在……里面；进入；不、非 indoor 室内的　　input 输入 incorrect 不正确的　　inactive 不活跃的 后缀 含义或作用 例子 -ation 构成名词，表示：行为；过程；结果；状态 education 教育　　invitation 邀请 celebration 庆祝　　information 信息 -ness 构成抽象名词，表示：性质；状态；程度 happiness 幸福　　kindness 善良 darkness 黑暗　　illness 疾病 -ence 构成名词，表示：性质；状态；行为；存在 difference 差异　　confidence 信心 existence 存在　　dependence 依赖 -ure 构成名词，表示：行为；结果；状态 failure 失败　　closure 关闭 exposure 暴露　　departure 离开 一、词汇易混辨析 1. area/ region/ distinct/ zone area表示某个地方、城市、建筑或土地中的“一部分”，范围可大可小，边界通常不明确。它是四个词中最普通、最灵活的词，可以表示residential area、waiting area、parking area，也可以表示抽象的“领域”，如an area of research。 region通常表示国家或世界中的较大区域，往往因为地理位置、气候、文化或经济特点而形成一个整体。它比area更正式，范围一般也更大，边界可能并不精确。 district表示城市或国家中被划分出来的区域，通常具有明确边界、行政功能或鲜明特点。例如school district、financial district、shopping district。 zone表示因特殊用途、规则、活动、自然条件或危险程度而划分出来的区域。常见搭配有danger zone、war zone、time zone、no-parking zone、industrial zone。 记忆：普通地方用area，广阔地理用region；行政功能用district，规则用途用zone。 易错点1：描述普通住宅区、候车区或建筑内部空间时，误用范围较大、较正式的region。 ✅ Many families moved to this quiet residential area because schools and parks are nearby. ❌ Many families moved to this quiet residential region because schools and parks are nearby. 错误理由：这里指城市中的一个普通住宅片区，用residential area最自然。Region通常表示更大的地理范围，例如a coastal region或the northern region；residential region在这里范围显得过大，也不符合常见搭配。 易错点2：看到中文“地区”就一律使用region，忽略该区域是否具有明确的行政边界或城市功能。 ✅ The coastal region experiences heavy rainfall during summer and supports several unique ecosystems. ❌ The coastal district experiences heavy rainfall during summer and supports several unique ecosystems. 错误理由：这里按照海岸地貌、降雨和生态特点划分区域，因此用coastal region。District容易让人理解为政府正式划定的行政区，而不是自然形成的沿海地区。 易错点3：只要看到“区域”就使用area，忽略句子中是否存在限速、禁行、危险、施工或用途规定。 ✅ Drivers must reduce their speed when entering the construction zone near the bridge. ❌ Drivers must reduce their speed when entering the construction region near the bridge. 错误理由：施工区是因施工活动和安全规定而临时划出的范围，因此使用construction zone。Region表示较大的地理区域，不能自然表达受施工规定控制的具体地带。 2. motive/ motivation motive强调某人实施某个具体行为的原因、目的或意图，回答的是“他为什么要这样做”。它是可数名词，常用结构为a motive for...、the motive behind...。在犯罪调查、可疑行为、隐藏意图等语境中尤其常见，如financial motive、hidden motive、ulterior motive。 motivation既可以表示做某事的原因或动机，也可以表示促使人行动、努力或坚持的动力、积极性、干劲。表示“某个原因”时可以作可数名词；表示“动力、积极性”时通常作不可数名词，常与lack, lose, find, regain等词搭配。 核心区别： motive = 为什么做这件具体的事 motivation = 促使或支撑一个人行动的动力 易错点：表示“缺少动力、没有干劲”时误用motive。 lack a motive表示“没有做某事的理由”，而lack motivation 才表示“虽然可能知道为什么要做，却没有足够的动力去行动”。 ✅ Although Daniel had a clear goal, he lacked motivation to study consistently after work. ❌ Although Daniel had a clear goal, he lacked a motive to study consistently after work. 错误理由：motive表示“做某事的具体理由”。前半句已经说明Daniel有明确目标，因此他并不缺少理由，缺少的是付诸行动并坚持下去的动力，应使用不可数名词motivation。错误句在语法上可以成立，但与上下文表达的意思矛盾。 3. expectation/ expectancy/ anticipation expectation强调对未来结果的判断、信念或要求，即“认为某事会发生”或“认为某人应该达到某种标准”。它关注的是期待的具体内容或结果，语气可以是积极、消极或中性的。表示对人的要求、标准时，常用复数expectations。常见搭配：high expectations、meet expectations、exceed expectations、expectations of/for。 expectancy强调一种“某事即将发生”的期待状态或现场气氛，通常带有兴奋、希望或紧张感，比expectation更正式，也更少用于日常口语。它通常是不可数名词，最常见于an air of expectancy，表示“充满期待的气氛”。此外，expectancy常用于统计、医学或专业语境，表示“根据概率计算出的预期数值”，如life expectancy（预期寿命）。 anticipation强调在事情发生之前的期待、兴奋或紧张感，也可以强调因为预见某事而提前采取行动或做准备。因此，它比expectation更有“向前等待”的动态感。常见搭配：with anticipation、eager anticipation、in anticipation of。其中in anticipation of表示“预料到……而提前准备”。 核心区别 expectation：期待或判断的内容、结果、标准。 expectancy：期待中的状态、气氛，或统计上的预期数值。 anticipation：事情发生前的兴奋等待或提前准备。 易错点：表示“对某人的要求或标准”时，通常用expectations，不能随意换成expectancies ✅ The manager’s expectations for the new team were ambitious but still reasonably achievable. ❌ The manager’s expectancies for the new team were ambitious but still reasonably achievable. 错误理由：这里说的是经理对团队表现的“要求和标准”，应使用复数expectations。Expectancies很少用于这种日常语境，通常出现在统计、心理学或其他专业表达中，因此放在这里非常不自然。 易错点2：表示“预料到某事，因此提前准备”时，使用in anticipation of，不能说in expectancy of。 ✅ The hospital ordered extra supplies in anticipation of a severe winter flu outbreak. ❌ The hospital ordered extra supplies in expectancy of a severe winter flu outbreak. 错误理由：这里不仅表示“预计流感暴发”，还强调医院因此提前采取了准备措施，所以应使用固定搭配in anticipation of。Expectancy主要表示期待的状态、气氛或统计预期值，不能自然地用于“预料到某事而提前准备”这一结构。 4. overwhelming/ overwhelmed overwhelming强调某个事物、情况或感受非常强烈、数量极大，让人难以应付或不知道如何反应，意为“压倒性的；令人不知所措的”。它通常描述造成这种感受的人或事物，如任务、压力、气味、证据、支持等。牛津词典将其解释为“非常巨大或强烈，强大到让人无法抗拒或不知道如何反应”。 overwhelmed强调人或群体受到强烈情绪、压力或大量事务的影响，感到无法承受或应付，意为“不知所措的；应接不暇的”。它通常描述人的感受或受影响的状态。 核心区别： overwhelming = 事物令人招架不住 overwhelmed = 人感到招架不住 易错点：描述一个人的感受时误用overwhelming。 ✅ The amount of information in the report was overwhelming for most new employees. ❌ Most new employees felt overwhelming after reading the detailed report in one afternoon. 错误理由：句子的主语是most new employees，表达的是员工读完报告后的感受，因此应该使用overwhelmed。Overwhelming表示“使别人不知所措的”，不能直接表示某人自己感到不知所措。 二、语法易错点 易错点1：名词性从句要使用陈述句语序，不能使用疑问句语序。 例子：✅ The teacher explained why several students had missed the important meeting at school yesterday morning. ❌ The teacher explained why had several students missed the important meeting at school yesterday morning. 解析：why引导宾语从句时，从句应使用“主语＋谓语”的陈述句语序，即why several students had missed，不能写成疑问句语序why had several students missed。 易错点2：whether可以直接与or not连用，而if一般不能直接放在or not之前。 例子：✅ We have not decided whether we should postpone the outdoor concert because of the heavy rain. ❌ We have not decided if or not we should postpone the outdoor concert because of heavy rain. 解析：表示“是否”时，whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，但在or not紧跟连接词 的结构中，只能使用whether or not，不能使用if or not。 易错点3：what在从句中要充当句子成分，而that在从句中不充当任何成分。 例子：✅ What surprised the doctors was that the young patient recovered so quickly after the difficult operation. ❌ That surprised the doctors was that the young patient recovered so quickly after the difficult operation. 解析：第一个从句中缺少主语，需要使用能够充当主语的what。that只起连接作用，不能在从句中充当主语，因此不能替换what。 易错点4：what引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词通常使用单数形式。 例子：✅ What the new employees need most is more practical training before they begin working independently. ❌ What the new employees need most are more practical training before they begin working independently. 解析：整个What the new employees need most 是一个主语从句，通常被看作一个整体，因此谓语动词使用单数形式is，不能使用are。 易错点5：that引导主语从句并位于句首时，that通常不能省略。 例子：✅ That the ancient bridge survived the powerful earthquake amazed every engineer who inspected it carefully afterward. ❌ The ancient bridge survived the powerful earthquake amazed every engineer who inspected it carefully afterward. 解析：that引导的主语从句位于句首时，that用于标明从句的起点，不能省略。省略后，句子会出现两个谓语动词，导致结构混乱。 易错点6：在“There is no doubt”结构中，应用that引导同位语从句，不能使用whether。 例子：✅ There is no doubt that regular exercise can greatly improve both physical health and emotional well-being. ❌ There is no doubt whether regular exercise can greatly improve both physical health and emotional well-being. 解析：There is no doubt that… 表示“毫无疑问……”，that引导同位语从句，说明doubt的具体内容。whether表示“是否”，与no doubt的肯定含义相矛盾。 $