专题06 阅读理解（说明文）（5年汇编）（北京专用）2022-2026年中考英语真题分类汇编

**基本信息** 聚焦北京中考英语说明文阅读，汇编2022-2026年真题及2026年各区模拟题，选材涵盖科技（可生物降解机器人）、环保（南极海冰变化）、心理（情绪成熟）等前沿话题，贴合中考命题规律，助力学生针对性提升阅读能力。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解单选题|每篇3-4题|细节理解（如2026真题第2题事件排序）、推理判断（如2025真题第3题软机器人设计理念）、主旨概括（如2024真题标题选择）|情境具时代性（全球海洋环流、数字孪生技术）；问题层次分明，从原文定位到逻辑推导；干扰项设置符合中考套路（无中生有、偷换对象），与真题命题趋势高度一致|

专题06 阅读理解（说明文） 考点分类 北京考情（2022-2026） 命题规律 说明文 说明文为北京中考阅读固定必考篇目，每年 1 篇，配套 3 道单选题，文章词数 300-360。选材以前沿科技、生活科普、自然知识、传统文化、健康理念为主，行文多采用总分总结构，语言简单直白，生词量少。考查题型以细节理解、推理判断、主旨概括三类为主，不常设置词义猜测题，整体难度在三类阅读中最低，是易得分题型。 题目排布顺序与文章行文段落顺序一致，细节题占比最高，答案均可通过原文同义替换定位。推理题只能基于文本信息推导，不能主观延伸；主旨题多依托首尾段、各段中心句设置选项。常见干扰项套路：无中生有、扩大范围、偷换说明对象、篡改原文条件，几乎不会出现极端化表述。 （2026·北京·中考真题）While the size of Arctic sea ice has dropped by about 40 percent over 40 years, until recently, the size of the sea ice around Antarctica was slowly increasing. Then, after 2015, Antarctic ice extent (范围) fell from a record high to several record lows, losing an area as large as Greenland. Some research has suggested that higher air temperatures may be the cause. However, two new studies show that ocean warming played a bigger role in this dramatic change. As part of global ocean circulation (全球海洋环流), warm saltwater moves southward from the tropics and circles Antarctica 200 metres below the surface. But temperature and saltiness records of the past 20 years suggest that this warm deep saltwater has been rising towards the surface, where it can melt (融化) sea ice. Antarctica is encircled by a belt of strong winds and storms. Climate change has pushed this storm belt southward, bringing more rain and snow into the sea ice area, according to a study by Earle Wilson and other researchers at Stanford University. The rain and snow create a layer (层) of fresh surface water that better protects the bottom of the sea ice from warm deep saltwater, allowing it to grow to its 2014 record high. But the same southward-moving storm belt also brings stronger winds. These winds blow surface water and ice forward. As this happens, warm deep saltwater rises up to fill the empty space. Between 2014 and 2016, this wind-driven rising began to get the upper hand against the protective layer of increased rain and snow, and sea ice began to melt away. When the researchers input the recorded ocean data (数据) into a computer model, it projected that sea ice would grow and then become smaller, as it did in the real world. The researchers plan to study and model other things, which also likely play roles throughout Antarctica. Examples include changes in sea ice movement and increases in ocean mixing resulting from more storms. By studying the ocean data, they hope to build a model to project changes in Antarctic sea ice in the years to come. 1．Which of the following best shows the Antarctic sea ice changes around 2015? A． B． C． D． 2．In which order are the following events discussed in Paragraph 3? ①Warm deep saltwater rises to the surface. ②A layer of fresh surface water is created. ③Surface water and ice are blown forward. ④More rain and snow are brought into the sea ice area. A．②④①③ B．②④③① C．④②①③ D．④②③① 3．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．Where is Antarctic sea ice loss taking us? B．Is this the cause of Antarctic sea ice loss? C．Will a new model explain Antarctic sea ice melting? D．How does fresh surface water protect Antarctic sea ice? 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了南极海冰在2015年前后从增加转为急剧减少的现象，并探讨了其可能的原因，包括海洋变暖和风暴带南移的影响。 1．根据第一段“until recently, the size of sea ice around Antarctica was slowly increasing. Then, after 2015, Antarctic ice extent fell from a record high to several record lows”可知，南极海冰在2015年前缓慢增加，之后急剧下降，因此图表应呈现先升后降的趋势，对应A选项。 2．根据第三段“bringing more rain and snow into the sea ice area... The rain and snow create a layer (层) of fresh surface water... These winds blow surface water and ice forward... warm deep saltwater rises up to fill the empty space”可知，首先风暴带南移带来更多雨雪（④），雨雪形成淡水层（②），随后更强风吹走表面水和冰（③），最后暖咸水上升填补空间（①），故顺序为④②③①，对应D选项。 3．全文围绕南极海冰损失的原因展开，从空气温度到海洋变暖，再到风暴带作用，最后提到建模研究，均是在探究原因，因此B选项“这是南极海冰损失的原因吗？”最符合文章主旨，适合作为本文标题。 （2025·北京·中考真题）Imagine a robot. What comes to your mind first? A machine stronger than the human body? However, this same quality is now causing a big problem—it’s creating tons of long-lasting e-waste that could flood our planet. What if, instead, the machines we use were designed to break down and disappear—just as living things do? For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. Wei, a scientist who studies natural materials in Hangzhou, worked together with his friend Zhang, a robotics engineer in Shanghai, to build robots for the new study. They started with cellulose (纤维素) taken from cotton. Then, they added glycerol (甘油) to make a new material that is soft and easy to change shapes. After that they allowed it to dry so it became strong, “Cellulose is cheap and easy to work with,” says Wei. They found that the controller and the robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried (埋) them both in a hole. Within eight weeks these two parts were almost completely gone. Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. However, it’s important to note that the technology is still in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a biodegradable robot,” Hartmann says, “we also need to make sure its electronics and power parts are biodegradable.” 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green. B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation.B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了可生物降解机器人的研究进展及其潜在应用，同时指出该技术仍处于早期阶段。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“...researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks.”可知，研究人员用动植物材料制作了机械臂和控制器，这些材料足够坚固，但可以在自然环境中轻松分解。由此可推知这些机械臂和控制器的特点是环保。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body.”可知，段主要讨论软体机器人的应用。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature.”可知，可生物降解机器人通常属于软体机器人范畴，其灵感来自自然。故选C。 （2024·北京·中考真题）Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigators, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of inborn ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．A 【导语】本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因。研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability.”可知，2022年进行实验的目的是找出人们认路能力不同的原因。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way.”可知，人们的生活经历决定了他们在认路方面的表现，结合最后一段最后一句“Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest.”可知，A选项“一个经常探索自然的女性”最为符合。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. ”可知，事实上，经验甚至可以解释一种普遍的观点——男性比女性更有可能表现得更好。事实证明，这种差异与其说是天生的能力问题，不如说是文化和经验的问题。由此推知，好的领航员大多是培养出来的，而不是天生的。故选A。 （2023·北京·中考真题）When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness depends on experiencing pleasure: good food, good jobs, all the comforts that money can buy. If we couldn’t have these, we might as well sit in front of the television on a quiet evening. Pleasure is an important part of the quality of life, but by itself it doesn’t bring happiness. When people think further about what makes a worthy life, they tend (倾向于) to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap (有重叠) pleasurable ones but fall into a group with a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events take place when people have not only satisfied a need or met some earlier expectation, but also achieved something unexpected. Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoy food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. Without enjoyment, life will go on, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily on luck and the external (外部的) environment. To achieve personal control over the quality of experience, however, we need to learn how to build enjoyment into what happens day in, day out. 1．You will most probably experience enjoyment when you ________. A．buy expensive shoes B．order a delicious meal C．talk with friends for new ideas D．sit quietly in front of a television 2．What do you know about pleasure and enjoyment from the passage? A．Enjoyment grows out of pleasure. B．Pleasure and enjoyment come hand in hand. C．Pleasurable experiences are part of enjoyable ones. D．Some experiences provide both pleasure and enjoyment. 3．The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．feeling pleasure stops people from achieving growth B．feeling enjoyment comes with achieving growth C．a worthy life depends on luck and environment D．pleasure is the key to a happy and worthy life 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比。 1．推理判断题。根据“Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had.”可知打一场能提高一个人能力的网球是令人愉快的，就像读一本从新的角度看待事物的书一样，就像进行一场能让我们表达自己不知道自己拥有的想法的谈话一样。由此推出当你和朋友谈论新想法时，你很可能会体验到乐趣。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different.”可知有些经历既能带来愉悦，又能带来享受。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据“As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention.”可知正如这个例子所表明的，我们可以在没有任何精神能量的情况下体验快乐，而享受只有在全神贯注的情况下才会发生。psychic energy与attention意思相近。故选A。 4．观点态度题。根据“Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement.”以及“Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging.”可知作者会赞成“感到快乐与得到成长是相辅相成的”这一观点。故选B。 （2023·北京·中考真题）Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste? According to the United Nations (UN), every year around the world, about one billion (十亿) tons of food is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly one billion people who go hungry. Simply 1/4 of the food wasted is enough to keep them out of hunger. In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we do to solve this food waste problem? One effective solution is balancing food production with demand (需求). In hotels and other similar places, special instruments should be used so that cooking specialists just prepare and cook food as it is ordered. Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce (减少) food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality (质量). Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes. One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family. Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area. In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future. 1．According to the passage, what is a possible result of food waste? A．The problem of worldwide hunger. B．A big increase in food production. C．The speed-up of climate change. D．A sudden drop in population. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Food recycling has been hugely successful. B．Buyers should give up non-top quality food. C．Stores should train people to make delicious dishes. D．Meal plans in the family are hard to put into practice. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．Benefits of reducing food waste. B．Solutions to the food waste problem. C．The importance of fighting food waste. D．The attitude to the food waste problem. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法，并得出结论：如果我们每个人都做出努力，食物浪费问题一定会有所改善。 1．细节理解题。根据“In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate change.”可知食物浪费可能造成的一个结果是气候变化的加速。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted.”可知家庭的膳食计划很难付诸实施。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“What can we do to solve this food waste problem?”以及通读全文可知主要介绍了四种解决食物浪费问题的方法。故选B。 （2022·北京·中考真题）What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn’t always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it’s of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind. The materials of a product are usually our first focus (关注). What is it made of? Are there any harmful chemicals in it? Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health. Packaging is important. How is a product packaged? Is it over packaged? We’d better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled (回收利用). We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible. Location (地点) matters. Where was a product produced? Where are we buying it? Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car. Look into what the company tells us about their product. It’s easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural” but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible. The greenest thing is certainly the one we don’t buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces (减少) waste and keeps the planet healthy. 1．The writer would suggest choosing a product that is ________. A．over packaged B．delivered from abroad C．locally produced D．made of unnatural materials 2．The words “be taken with a grain of in salt” Paragraph 5 probably mean “________”. A．be easily understood B．not be completely believed C．be widely spread D．not be quickly forgotten 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Buying Green B．Recycling Waste C．Keeping Healthy D．Reducing Energy Use 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。 1．推理判断题。根据“Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, ...”可知，作者建议选择当地生产的产品，故选C。 2．词句猜测题。分析“So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible.”可知，公司试图让我们相信他们的产品对环境负责，但是我们应该秉持一个怀疑的态度，此处“be taken with a grain of salt”的意思是“不被完全相信”，故选B。 3．最佳标题题，本文作者通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。选项A“Buying Green”符合主题，故选A。 （2026·北京平谷·二模）Why Athletes Should Wear Light-Colored Clothing in Hot Weather Have you ever noticed that many athletes prefer light-colored clothes in hot summer? Most people think it is just a matter of fashion or personal habit. However, studies show that clothing color actually has a surprising influence on athletes’ performance in hot weather. Some people might think that the color of a T-shirt does not really matter. They may say, “It is just a color. How can it affect your performance?” But a recent study has proved this idea wrong. In fact, research has shown that wearing a black T-shirt in hot weather can hurt an athlete’s performance—not physically, but mentally. Scientists did research on young tennis players in 32℃ weather. They divided the players into two groups: one in white T-shirts and the other in black ones. Surprisingly, although both groups had the same body temperature and drank about the same amount of water, the players in black T-shirts felt very different. Players in black felt much more tired and uncomfortable. They even thought they were making greater efforts than they actually did. Why does this happen? The answer may lie in a common belief. Most people think that black clothing absorbs (吸收) more heat and makes you hotter. This belief is so strong that it can actually change how you feel during exercise. Even if players say they never pay attention to their T-shirt color, the belief still affects them. This shows that our minds can play tricks on us. Therefore, doing something as simple as choosing a white T-shirt over a black one can help athletes feel better and perform better in the heat. So, what should athletes do? The answer is clear and simple. First, always wear light-colored clothing when training outdoors on hot days. White, light gray, or light blue are good choices. Second, change your T-shirt if it gets too wet with sweat. Third, drink cool water regularly and take breaks in cool shade. These steps are easy to follow, but they can make a real difference. Some still doubt that such a small choice is not worth caring about. Some might argue that training harder is what really matters. Proper training is important, but we should never ignore (忽视) easy and useful ways to improve performance. Winning in sports often comes from small advantages. If wearing a white T-shirt can help you feel less tired and more comfortable, why would you not do it? All in all, light-colored clothes help athletes feel more comfortable and less tired in hot weather. Never let a simple choice of clothing color influence your state. Smart choices always support better performance. Choose white, feel better, and play your best. 1．According to the study on young tennis players, what’s the difference between the two groups? A．Players in black T-shirts drank more water to reduce heat. B．Players in white T-shirts made greater efforts in the training. C．Players in white T-shirts had lower body temperature than those in black. D．Players in black T-shirts felt more tired though their physical state was the same. 2．The underlined phrase “play tricks on” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________. A．cheat B．protect C．challenge D．encourage 3．What does the writer think of the idea that “training harder is what really matters” in Paragraph 6? A．He doesn’t care about the idea and focuses on the study results. B．He completely agrees with it and thinks clothing color is unimportant. C．He disagrees with it and thinks training needs proper clothing to work. D．He thinks training is important, but small choices like clothing color also matter. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce a new study on athletes’ clothing color. B．To explain why black clothing makes people feel hotter. C．To advise athletes to wear light-colored clothing in hot weather. D．To argue that training is more important than clothing color. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文介绍了在炎热天气中，浅色衣服对运动员表现的影响，并建议运动员穿浅色衣服以提升舒适度和表现。 1．第三段指出：“although both groups had the same body temperature and drank about the same amount of water, the players in black T-shirts felt very different. Players in black felt much more tired and uncomfortable.”，说明穿黑T恤的球员虽然身体状况相同，但感觉更累。 2．第四段中“play tricks on”所在句为：“This shows that our minds can play tricks on us.”，结合前文“the belief still affects them”，说明我们的思维会“欺骗”我们。 3．第六段指出：“Proper training is important, but we should never ignore easy and useful ways to improve performance.”，说明作者认为训练重要，但衣服颜色等小选择也很重要。 4．全文围绕建议运动员在炎热天气穿浅色衣服展开。 （2026·北京顺义·二模）Have you ever kept calm and thought twice before speaking when struck by strong emotions? This daily reaction reflects your level of emotional maturity (成熟), a vital personal quality that humans gradually develop from birth and improve continuously throughout life. Psychological studies show that emotional maturity is not an inborn talent but a learned ability that keeps improving with personal growth and life experience. Emotional maturity and emotional intelligence are related but different. Emotional intelligence refers to your ability to understand and manage your emotions. Emotional maturity, however, focuses more on people’s behavioral responses to various emotions and feelings, as well as their ability to reflect on their inner feelings and take responsibility for their emotional states. Generally speaking, being emotionally mature means you can recognize your emotions in different situations, take ownership of them and handle them in a constructive way. It also means that you’re aware of your triggers (诱因) for certain emotions, and able to accept when you’re in the wrong or overreacting. A psychological survey proves a clear gap between them: emotional intelligence helps people identify and understand emotions accurately, while emotional maturity enables people to make decisions and respond appropriately to negative or positive feelings. People with high emotional maturity can choose different ways to react to situations. They are willing to pause and analyze their inner reactions, which allows them to tell apart sudden situational pressure and other hidden factors that cause emotional changes. Most importantly, they firmly understand that all emotions originate from their inner selves rather than outside conditions. Statistics show that over 70 percent of emotionally mature individuals refuse to vent (发泄) negative feelings on others or shift responsibility for their bad moods to people around them. It is worth noting that emotional maturity does not mean never losing temper. A study in 2024 points out the key difference: mature individuals can actively apologize and move forward quickly. They will not be trapped in lasting guilt or allow negative emotions to take up extra mental energy. Besides, they are willing to accept sincere apologies and understand everyone makes emotional mistakes. This is why emotional maturity helps with relationships. Emotional maturity is a lifelong growing skill. Nevertheless, the normal development of it can be affected by things like lack of sleep, poor nutrition, some medications, chronic stress and so on. If you struggle with emotional maturity, what matters most is to recognize your weaknesses and actively improve yourself to achieve personal growth. 1．Why do emotionally mature people refuse to vent-negative feelings on others? A．They are used to stressful situations in daily life. B．They know bad moods come from within themselves. C．They have learned to recognize their negative emotions. D．They hold their inner feelings back from affecting others. 2．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing Paragraph 5? A．To offer tips on avoiding daily arguments. B．To explain how to build close relationships. C．To show the bad results of long-term negative emotions. D．To correct a common misunderstanding of emotional maturity. 3．According to the passage, who is probably the most emotionally mature? A．The person who is caught in lasting guilt. B．The person who controls his rising feelings. C．The person who points out others’ mistakes. D．The person who keeps silent after a quarrel. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文围绕情绪成熟这一概念展开了系统科普，明确了情绪成熟的属性；说明了情绪成熟和情绪智力的差异；介绍了高情绪成熟者的核心特征；纠正了大众对情绪成熟的常见误解；阐述了情绪成熟是终身成长的技能，它的发展会受睡眠、压力、营养等因素影响，呼吁受情绪成熟问题困扰的人正视自身不足，主动提升实现成长。 1．根据第四段中“Most importantly, they firmly understand that all emotions originate from their inner selves rather than outside conditions.”可知，情绪成熟的人明白坏情绪来自自身内部，因此拒绝向他人发泄或推卸责任。 2．文章第五段首句指出“It is worth noting that emotional maturity does not mean never losing temper.”，接着阐述了成熟的人发脾气后会主动道歉并快速翻篇，不会陷入持久的内疚，由此可知，这一段主要是为了澄清人们对情绪成熟的一种常见误解（即认为成熟就是完全不发火）。 3．根据第一段中“kept calm and thought twice before speaking”以及第四段中“People with high emotional maturity can choose different ways to react to situations. They are willing to pause and analyze their inner reactions”可知，能够控制情绪上升、深思熟虑后再反应是情绪成熟的表现。 （2026·北京丰台·二模）When invited to something you don’t want to attend, you might find it hard to decline (拒绝). You worry saying “no” will upset the inviter, harm your friendship, or cost you future invitations. But are you worrying more than you should about saying “no”? These fears appear to be widespread. One study found that 77% of participants accepted unwanted invitations, fearing that declining would upset the inviters, reduce future invitations or have their own invitations declined. To explore this, researchers carried out a follow-up study. In the study, one group of people was asked to imagine turning down an invitation and then guess how the inviter would feel. Another group reported their actual feelings when someone declined their invitation. The results showed a clear asymmetry. Invitees worried that inviters would react negatively to a declined invitation, but inviters were surprisingly unaffected by the decline. In fact, people offering invitations are much more understanding—and less upset, angry or sad—than invitees expected. They also said they would be rather unlikely to let a single declined invitation stop them offering or accepting invitations in the future. The findings suggest that when declining an invitation, people often think that the inviter will focus on the cold, hard turndown. But in reality, the inviter focuses more on the invitee’s reasoning than on the refusal itself. The inviter typically believes the invitee carefully considered the invitation, which makes the decline feel less hurtful. Even so, it is still difficult to say “no”. Fortunately, there are a few things you can do. First, imagine that you were the one offering the invitation. The research shows that people are less likely to overestimate (高估) the negative effects of declining an invitation after they imagine how they would feel if someone turned down their invite. Second, give an honest reason for declining. People are more understanding when you explain why, especially if it’s about money. Honesty makes your response believable and shows you care about their invitation. Third, consider the “no but” strategy. You can decline one invitation while suggesting another activity, making it clear that the decline is directed at the event rather than at the inviter. Overall, the research suggests that if a person is not someone who frequently refuses invitations, declining an invitation once in a while is unlikely to trouble the inviter as much as the invitee might expect. In other words, the fear of saying “no” is often greater than the result of doing so. 1．Why was the follow-up study carried out? A．To show how people reacted to refusing invitations. B．To explain why declining risked losing future invitations. C．To find out if worries about declining invitations were true. D．To explore whether fears of refusing invitations were common. 2．What does the word “asymmetry” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Balance. B．Mismatch. C．Disorder. D．Similarity. 3．Which reply to the invitation would the writer most probably agree with? A． B． C． D． 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to decline invitations when necessary. B．To compare different ways of dealing with invitations. C．To discuss the influence of saying “no” to invitations. D．To review some findings on declining invitations. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文介绍一项相关研究，指出人们往往过度担忧拒绝邀约的后果，其实邀约者大多能够理解，并分享了几种得体拒绝邀约的方法。 1．根据第二段第二、三句“...participants accepted unwanted invitations, fearing that declining would upset the inviters...To explore this, researchers carried out a follow-up study.”，这里的“this”指代前文人们对拒绝邀请的担忧，所以后续研究的目的是“探索这个担忧是否真实”。 2．根据第三段第一二句“The results showed a clear asymmetry. Invitees worried that inviters would react negatively...but inviters were surprisingly unaffected.”，后句提到接受邀请的人担心邀请者会负面反应，但邀请者出乎意料地不受影响。这说明“担心”和“实际情况”之间存在“不一致/不匹配”。asymmetry在这里意为“不一致/不匹配”。 3．倒数第二段“Second, give an honest reason for declining. People are more understanding when you explain why, especially if it’s about money.”，诚实让你的回复可信，表明你在意对方的邀请，尤其是当理由与钱有关时。C选项的图片中“I’d love to, but I’m saving money for a new bike.”给出了诚实的理由，并且理由与钱相关。 4．通读全文可知，文章开头提到人们害怕拒绝邀请，担心会带来负面影响， 接着通过研究说明，邀请方其实比被邀请方预想的更能接受拒绝，人们往往高估了拒绝邀请的负面后果，最后给出了礼貌拒绝邀请的实用建议，整体目的是鼓励读者不必过度担忧，“在必要时可以拒绝邀请”。 （2026·北京房山·二模）People often look back on their life choices and imagine better possible results. When the real result is not as good as the imagined one, people may experience regret. Researchers have long been interested in studying this common feeling. One well-known study focused on the types of things people regret and whether they experienced more regret for things they did or did not do. Interestingly, for short-term regrets, they mostly talked about actions they had taken, such as saying silly words in public. For lifelong regrets, however, they mostly mentioned chances they had missed, like not valuing time with family members. These studies also showed something special. Very few people reported regret for something that they could not have personally changed. This means that if you don’t think you played a part in the result, you won’t feel regret. This is different from lots of other emotions like sadness, disappointment, or excitement, which people can feel even when they were not responsible for the situation that resulted in those feelings. This led scientists to believe that regret may help people see what went wrong with a decision and how to improve next time. In an experiment, 6-year-olds were told to choose between two locked boxes to win the prize that was inside. Most picked the box with a shorter wait and got two candies, but they learned they would have gotten four if they had chosen the other box. The next day, those who experienced regret the day before were more likely to wait longer. Experiencing regret helps people make better choices the next time they are faced with a similar decision. Even thinking about regret can help people make better choices in situations they have never experienced before. Lots of research has shown that, when it comes to making a decision, people will do what is called mental (心理的) time travel. This mental time travel allows people to anticipate future regret — they imagine themselves picking different options (选择) and how they would feel about each choice. Then, when it comes to actually deciding what to do in real life, they decide to go with the option they think will cause the smallest amount (数量) of regret. Regret is not our enemy. Wise people don’t get stuck in the past. They learn from it, accept it, and focus on the present. They let regret guide them, but they value today and make wiser choices ahead. 1．Why does the writer mention two kinds of regrets in Paragraph 2? A．To show a study result. B．To lead in a topic. C．To support a viewpoint. D．To point out a problem. 2．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Regret fails to help with decisions in new situations. B．Lifelong regrets usually come from things people did. C．Regret helps people improve in similar situations later. D．People often feel regret for things beyond their control. 3．What does the word “anticipate” in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．Refuse. B．Stress. C．Prove. D．Expect. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To guide readers to face regret in a proper way. B．To show how people make decisions with regret. C．To advise people to avoid regretting things deeply. D．To explain why regret differs from other emotions. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文介绍了心理学中关于“后悔”的研究，探讨了短期与长期后悔的类型、后悔与其他情绪的区别，以及后悔如何帮助人们做出更好的决策，最后引导读者以正确的态度面对后悔。 1．根据第二段第二句“One well-known study focused on the types of things people regret…”可知，作者提到两种遗憾（短期遗憾和终身遗憾）是为了展示这项研究的具体发现/结果。 2．文中提到“Experiencing regret helps people make better choices the next time they are faced with a similar decision.”，说明作者会同意“后悔能帮助人们在以后的类似情况中改进”这一观点，对应选项C。 3．根据第五段划线词后的解释“they imagine themselves picking different options...and how they would feel…”可知，这里指人们在心理上预先想象未来的 regret。Anticipate 意为“预期、预料”，与 Expect（期望、预期）意思最接近。 4．文章介绍了遗憾的定义、相关研究及其对决策的积极作用，最后一段总结指出“Wise people…learn from it, accept it, and focus on the present”，旨在引导读者正确面对遗憾并从中学习，而不是被其困扰。 （2026·北京昌平·二模）In a factory in Germany, something unusual is happening. Every machine on the production line is under the watch of intelligent sensors (智能传感器). If a robot uses too much electricity, the intelligent program will slow it down to reduce energy waste. If an important part begins to wear out, workers will get a warning before it breaks down. With these digital tools, the factory has not only cut its electricity use by 20% but also increased its production to a record high, showing the great power of joining technology and sustainability (可持续性). This is more than just a factory story. Experts name it the “twin transition (转型)”. It connects digital transition and sustainability in a way that not only focuses on using digital tools or saving energy. Instead, it aims to use digital technologies to help protect our planet. What makes this transition special is that it turns the once-separate goals of technological progress and environmental protection into a united task that benefits both businesses and the earth. The idea is already being used in the “digital twin”, a virtual replica (虚拟副本) of a real machine in which robots can practice and repeat difficult tasks again and again without wasting any materials or risking harm to real parts. The technology records all effective actions and removes ineffective ones. After enough virtual tests, the robot can perform perfectly in the real world. It cuts down material waste and stops breakdowns, which would need expensive repairs under normal conditions. However, the twin transition is not a perfect solution by itself. Although digital tools help people complete tasks with less effort and better results, people may end up using them more often, leading to increased energy use in the long run, a problem known as the “rebound effect.” Another challenge is the “digital divide.” Both developed and poorer areas have tried the twin transition, but poorer areas are short of high-speed Internet and practical digital skills. As a result, they cannot get the same benefits from the transition as developed areas do. To solve these problems, experts suggest that good leadership and proper education are key. Companies need leaders with an understanding of both technology and the natural world. Schools should teach students how to use digital tools to solve environmental problems. In fact, there is no need for technological progress to clash with nature. With the right actions, the twin transition will guide us toward a more sustainable and intelligent future. 1．Why does the writer talk about the factory in Germany in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce a new idea. B．To prove a common view. C．To compare two situations. D．To advise on general matters. 2．According to the passage, what is a good example of the “twin transition”? A．Providing high-speed Internet to poor areas to close the digital divide. B．Training students to use digital tools to solve environmental problems. C．Using green energy to produce more electricity for industrial machines. D．Practicing tasks on a virtual copy of a machine to prevent material waste. 3．What does the underlined word “clash” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Mix. B．Trade. C．Fight. D．Connect. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．Joining Technology and Nature: A New Way B．Going Green: A Smarter Way with Digital Tools C．Transition and Sustainability: Goals of Companies D．Digital Twin: A Virtual Replica for Robot Practice 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“双重转型”这一将数字技术与可持续发展相结合的新理念，通过实例说明了其应用、优势与面临的挑战。 1．文章第一段描述了德国工厂使用智能传感器的案例，第二段紧接着指出“This is more than just a factory story. Experts name it the ‘twin transition’”，说明提及工厂案例是为了引出“双重转型”这一新理念。 2．第三段提到“The idea is already being used in the ‘digital twin’... virtual replica... without wasting any materials”，说明在机器的虚拟副本上练习任务、减少材料浪费，是“双重转型”理念的典型应用，对应选项D。 3．最后一段提到“With the right actions... guide us toward a more sustainable... future”，说明技术进步与自然可以和谐共存。语境中“no need to... clash”意为无需冲突，clash意为“冲突、斗争”，与Fight同义。 4．本文核心围绕“双转型”展开，核心内容是借助数字工具实现可持续绿色发展。选项B“走向绿色：利用数字工具的智能方式”符号题意。 （2026·北京顺义·一模）After dinner, I told my six-year-old son, who was mid-meltdown, “Use your words!” He had just started yelling and hitting his eight-year-old sister because she wasn’t sharing a toy he believed was his. Both kids froze for a second, giving me just enough time to slow my own quickly rising emotions. Looking back, I realize I never actually explained to my kids why words can help. But putting feelings into words is how we begin to name what’s happening inside us, and that naming can start to change the experience itself. Sometimes, as research shows, the words we choose to describe our lives can shape our mental health for months and years to come. Psychologists are exploring how verbalizing our feelings can transform experience. It can help us manage heated moments and also support healing from life’s hardest situations. Research published over the past 40 years on expressive disclosure—using your words—shows it can lead to significant health improvements, especially for those dealing with stressful life events. Another research shows that writing about feelings can have a similar effect. After writing about a challenging situation, people report fewer doctor visits, reduced pain, stronger immune function (免疫功能), and better outcomes for conditions. Research also shows that writing about feelings can actually change the way you remember them. For those who don’t like to write, talking through one’s feelings works just as well. When we describe painful or overwhelming events, we don’t just relive them. We reorganize them. We add meaning, emotional context and resolution. In doing so, we can reduce the pain these memories cause and make them easier to deal with. Similar expressive writing programs are being explored with children and stem from (源于) research by psychologist John Gottman. A recent review shows these newer expressive writing programs have small but meaningful effects on improving outcomes for emotional well-being among kids ages 10 to 18 years old. There’s even some indication that these programs can improve school achievement among kids who have significant emotional problems. Even for young kids, storytelling and drawing can help make sense of big emotions, especially when guided by a teacher or parent. “Use your words” is a tool, and like any tool, it takes practice for someone to use it effectively. Sometimes we see it pay off. The boy is trying new ways to ask the girl to share her toys, and sometimes it even works. When using their words helps them get what they want or helps them solve a problem, it creates its own reward loop (循环). Over time, these small moments of language aren’t just about resolving conflicts. People begin to see themselves as the main characters in their own life stories—those who can take action and make changes, which, as research shows, is a foundation for lasting well-being. 1．Why does the writer mention the experience at the beginning of the passage? A．To introduce a topic. B．To offer a solution. C．To describe a problem. D．To support a viewpoint. 2．What does the word “verbalizing” in the third paragraph most probably mean? A．Understanding. B．Showing. C．Controlling. D．Voicing. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Simple expressions make stressful events easy to face. B．Words change how people understand their bad experiences. C．Talking is more effective than writing in dealing with emotions. D．People’s physical health decides their ability to manage feelings. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．“Using Your Words” Shapes Mental Health B．“Using Your Words” Builds Lasting Well-being C．“Using Your Words” Reorganizes Painful Memories D．“Using Your Words” Helps Make Sense of Big Emotions 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文主要阐述了用语言表达情感对心理健康的积极影响，包括缓解压力、重组痛苦记忆以及促进儿童情绪发展等。 1．第一段描述了作者让孩子“用语言表达”的生活经历，随后引出关于语言如何帮助情绪管理的讨论，因此该经历是为了引出话题。 2．第三段提到“Psychologists are exploring how verbalizing our feelings can transform experience. It can help us manage heated moments and also support healing from life’s hardest situations.”以及后文对用语言描述感受的阐述，可知“verbalizing”意思是“用语言表达”，与“Voicing”意思相近。 3．第四段明确指出：“When we describe painful or overwhelming events... We reorganize them. We add meaning... we can reduce the pain”，说明语言改变了人们理解痛苦经历的方式。 4．根据文章内容，全文围绕“用语言表达”对心理健康的积极作用展开，从帮助管理情绪、重组痛苦记忆，到对儿童情绪发展的意义，最终落脚于为持久幸福感奠定基础。因此最合适的标题是“‘用语言表达’建立持久幸福感”。 （2026·北京石景山·一模）Many kids find it hard to stay focused on their lessons for long. Research shows that movement breaks help students learn better—and it doesn’t take much. According to a study in Psychology of Sport & Exercise, just a few minutes of activity can improve classroom performance. Lead scientist Eric Drollette, an exercise psychologist at the University of North Carolina, wanted to find a kind of exercise that could fit into a classroom setting with limited space. Early studies had tested 20 to 30 minutes of moderate-intensity (中等强度的) exercise, but they couldn’t be done in a classroom and would take too much time away from lessons. Drollette’s team designed a nine-minute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Kids performed moves like jumping jacks (开合跳), squats and high knees—exercising for 30 seconds, resting for 30 seconds, and then repeating. The study tested 25 children aged 9 to 12. Each child visited the lab three times, taking part in three different activities: doing the nine-minute HIIE, riding a stationary (静止的) bike, and watching an educational video. After each activity, the children completed tasks testing attention, language skills, and math. Drollette’s team showed that after the high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), children’s brains became more efficient at recognizing mistakes. Language performance also improved after the HIIE. However, for math, the kids performed a bit less than after less-intense exercise. “That could be because of tiredness.” Drollette says. Tasks that require higher-level thinking, such as math, seem to be the first ones affected by tiredness. Experts find the results exciting. Lauren Raine, an exercise scientist at Northeastern University, noted that short, high-intensity exercise breaks in classrooms might improve learning performance and help students deal with mistakes more effectively. Drollette also believes such exercise could benefit teens. An overactive mistake response is connected with mental (精神的) health problems, which have become more common in high school. By helping calm this response, high-intensity exercise may support mental well-being. “Being active can help with a lot of things that are going on in society,” Drollette said, encouraging students to find chances to stand up and get moving. 1．Why did Drollette’s team create the nine-minute HIIE? A．To find the most popular exercise for young kids. B．To make exercise fit limited classroom time and space. C．To replace the moderate exercise in students’ daily life. D．To compare moderate exercise with a high-intensity one. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 4 about Drollette’s team’s study? A．Its results. B．Its process. C．Its challenges. D．Its limitations. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．20-30 minutes’ exercise is out of date today. B．The kids did activities instead of tests in the lab. C．Tiredness may influence the kids’ math performance. D．The HIIE program mainly benefits the kids’ learning. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了Drollette团队设计的一种9分钟高强度间歇运动（HIIE），这种运动能提高儿童的注意力、语言能力及错误识别效率，但对数学表现可能有暂时的疲劳影响。同时，高强度运动可能有助于心理健康。 1．根据文章第二段“wanted to find a kind of exercise that could fit into a classroom setting with limited space... would take too much time away from lessons”以及“Drollette’s team designed a nine-minute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE)”可知，设计9分钟HIIE是为了让运动适应有限的教室时间和空间。故选B。 2．根据文章第四段“Drollette’s team showed that after the HIIE, children’s brains became more efficient at recognizing mistakes. Language performance also improved... however, for math, the kids performed a bit less...”可知，该段主要介绍了在进行九分钟HIIE后学生大脑和语言等方面发生的变化，是研究结果。故选A。 3．根据文章第四段“That could be because of tiredness... math tasks seem to be the first ones affected by tiredness.”可知，疲劳可能影响孩子的数学表现，故选C。文中未提及“20-30分钟的运动如今过时了”，不选A。根据第三段“completed tasks testing attention, language skills, and math”可知，孩子们在实验室进行测试，选项B与原文不符。根据文章第四段“However, for math, the kids performed a bit less than after less-intense exercise.”可知，HIIE可能会导致数学表现下降，故选项D过于片面。 （2026·北京门头沟·二模）The human brain may work more similarly to artificial intelligence (AI) than people expect. A surprising new study shows that our brains understand spoken language through a layered (分层的) and step-by-step process, which is similar to the way advanced AI language models work. This discovery reshapes long-held ideas about how we build meaning from speech and provides new views on the connection between human thinking and technology. Led by Dr. Ariel Goldstein from the Hebrew University, the research team worked with experts from Google Research and Princeton University. They used a special technology called electrocorticography to track (追踪) brain activity while people listened to a thirty-minute podcast (播客) about science and daily life. What they found was unbelievable: the order of the brain’s responses matched the layered design of AI models like GPT and DeepSeek. As we listen to a speech, the brain doesn’t understand everything at once. Instead, each word goes through a series of neural (神经的) steps in the brain. Early brain signals match the early steps in AI, which focus on basic word features such as pronunciation and spelling. Later, the responses in key language areas— such as Broca’s area—match the deeper layers in AI that bring broader meanings. For example, when you hear the word “apple”, you might first think of the word itself, and then connect it to fruit, food, or other things. “We were amazed to see how closely the brain’s step-by-step understanding matches how AI works,” said Dr. Goldstein. These findings challenge the traditional view that language depends on fixed rules and strict symbols. Instead, they suggest that meaning is built gradually and depends on different situations—just like AI models learn from lots of examples. Classic linguistic elements, such as phonemes (音素), can’t explain real-time brain activity as well as AI models do. This study not only changes our understanding of language but also has practical value. The team has shared a public data set of neural recordings, providing a powerful resource for scientists to develop more brain-like models. This research builds a bridge between AI and neuroscience and opens new ways to explore how our brains make sense of the world through language. It has great value in fields like language education and brain science. 1．How did the researchers carry out the experiment? A．They compared how different AI models work together. B．They studied the brain’s neural processes by studying phonemes. C．They developed brain-like AI models and tested them with a data set. D．They followed the testers’ brain activity as the testers listened to an audio program. 2．What can we know about the brain’s language processing method? A．It first thinks of some broader meanings. B．It builds meaning in a similar way to an AI model. C．It depends more on strict rules than on different situations. D．It fully understands the speech immediately after hearing it. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The gradually closer gap between AI technology and neuroscience. B．The importance of neural data sets for AI and neuroscience research. C．The study’s practical use and the new research directions it brings about. D．The methods to develop advanced AI models by using neural recordings. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了一项新研究发现人类大脑理解语言的过程与人工智能语言模型的分层处理方式相似，这一发现挑战了传统语言学观点，并为脑科学和AI研究提供了新方向。 1．第二段提到“They used a special technology called electrocorticography to track brain activity while people listened to a thirty-minute podcast”，因此研究人员通过在测试者收听音频节目时追踪他们的脑活动来进行实验。 2．第三段提到“We were amazed to see how closely the brain’s step-by-step understanding matches how AI works”，并在后文举例说明听“apple”时先想到单词本身，再联想到水果等，说明大脑构建意义的方式与AI模型相似。 3．最后一段指出这项研究改变了我们对语言的理解，分享了公共数据集，为科学家开发更像人脑的模型提供了资源，并强调它在语言教育和脑科学等领域的价值，因此本段主要讨论研究的实际应用及其带来的新研究方向。 （2026·北京朝阳·一模）A large body of research has been developed in recent years to explain willpower. Most of the researchers exploring self-control do so with a clear goal in mind: How can willpower be improved? If willpower is truly easily used up, as the research suggests, what can be done to keep it strong? Avoiding temptation (诱惑) is an effective method for keeping self-control, so please follow “out of view, out of mind” rule. One recent study, for example, found office workers are less attracted to candy in the desk drawer than that on top of their desks. The research suggesting that we have a limited amount of self-control raises a troubling question. When we face too many temptations, are we to fail? Not necessarily. Researchers don’t believe that one’s willpower is ever completely used up. Rather, people appear to hold some willpower in reserve (储备), saved for future needs. The right drive allows us to tap into those reserves, allowing us to carry on even when our self-control strength has been run down. High drive might help deal with weakened willpower, at least to a point. Willpower may also be made less easily exhausted (精疲力尽的) in the first place. Researchers compare self-control to a muscle (肌肉) that gets tired with heavy use. But there is another side to this comparison, they say. While muscles become exhausted by exercise in the short term, they are strengthened by daily exercise in the long term. Similarly, we should take regular (有规律的) practices of self-control to build willpower strength. Studies on willpower exhaustion suggest that making a list of decisions on New Year’s Eve is the worst possible way. Being exhausted in one area can reduce willpower in other areas, so it makes more sense to focus on a single goal at a time. In other words, don’t try to give up smoking, choose a healthy diet and start a new exercise plan at the same time. Taking goals one by one is a better way. Once a good habit is in place, psychologist Baumeister says, you’ll no longer need willpower to keep the behavior. Finally, healthy habits will become routine (常规) and won’t require making decisions at all. Many questions about the nature of self-control remain to be answered by further research. Yet it seems likely that with clear goals, good self-control and a little practice, you can train your willpower to stay strong in the face of temptation. 1．From the studies, we can learn that ________. A．daily activities can keep people’s willpower active B．willpower is not easily completely used up in daily life C．strong wishes are the key to solving willpower problems D．people can improve their willpower by controlling themselves less 2．What does the phrase “tap into” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Set up. B．Take up. C．Run out of. D．Make use of. 3．To form a good habit, which of the following does the writer prefer? A．Focusing on one goal before moving on to another. B．Preparing a long list of decisions on New Year’s Eve. C．Trying different plans to develop healthy daily habits. D．Carrying out several lifestyle changes at the same time. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To offer advice on how to improve and keep willpower. B．To explain why people’s willpower becomes weak easily. C．To show how to avoid different kinds of daily temptations. D．To discuss the problems caused by poor self-control in life. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文介绍通过避免诱惑、利用意志力储备、规律练习及单目标聚焦来提升和保持意志力。 1．第三段明确指出：“Researchers don’t believe that one’s willpower is ever completely used up. Rather, ... in reserve.” 说明意志力在日常生活中不会完全耗尽，总有储备。  A项“日常活动保持意志力活跃”文中未直接支持；C项“强烈愿望是关键”文中提到“high drive”但非关键；D项“通过减少自我控制来改善”与原文相反（需多练习）。 2．前文说人们有储备的意志力“hold some willpower in reserve”，后文说“让我们能继续下去(allowing us to carry on)”，所以此处应是利用那些储备。选项D符合。   3．第五段明确说：“making a list of decisions ... is the worst possible way... it makes more sense to focus on a single goal at a time... Taking goals one by one is a better way.” 因此作者偏好一次专注一个目标，完成后再进行下一个。  B、C、D均与原文相反。 4．全文开篇问“How can willpower be improved?” 随后给出各种方法：避免诱惑、利用储备、像肌肉一样锻炼、一次一个目标等。结尾总结“you can train your willpower”。整体目的是提供改善和保持意志力的建议。选项B解释为何变弱（只是部分内容），选项C仅提避免诱惑（片面），D讨论自控差导致的问题（非重点）。 试卷第1页，共3页 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 阅读理解（说明文） 考点分类 北京考情（2022-2026） 命题规律 说明文 说明文为北京中考阅读固定必考篇目，每年 1 篇，配套 3 道单选题，文章词数 300-360。选材以前沿科技、生活科普、自然知识、传统文化、健康理念为主，行文多采用总分总结构，语言简单直白，生词量少。考查题型以细节理解、推理判断、主旨概括三类为主，不常设置词义猜测题，整体难度在三类阅读中最低，是易得分题型。 题目排布顺序与文章行文段落顺序一致，细节题占比最高，答案均可通过原文同义替换定位。推理题只能基于文本信息推导，不能主观延伸；主旨题多依托首尾段、各段中心句设置选项。常见干扰项套路：无中生有、扩大范围、偷换说明对象、篡改原文条件，几乎不会出现极端化表述。 （2026·北京·中考真题）While the size of Arctic sea ice has dropped by about 40 percent over 40 years, until recently, the size of the sea ice around Antarctica was slowly increasing. Then, after 2015, Antarctic ice extent (范围) fell from a record high to several record lows, losing an area as large as Greenland. Some research has suggested that higher air temperatures may be the cause. However, two new studies show that ocean warming played a bigger role in this dramatic change. As part of global ocean circulation (全球海洋环流), warm saltwater moves southward from the tropics and circles Antarctica 200 metres below the surface. But temperature and saltiness records of the past 20 years suggest that this warm deep saltwater has been rising towards the surface, where it can melt (融化) sea ice. Antarctica is encircled by a belt of strong winds and storms. Climate change has pushed this storm belt southward, bringing more rain and snow into the sea ice area, according to a study by Earle Wilson and other researchers at Stanford University. The rain and snow create a layer (层) of fresh surface water that better protects the bottom of the sea ice from warm deep saltwater, allowing it to grow to its 2014 record high. But the same southward-moving storm belt also brings stronger winds. These winds blow surface water and ice forward. As this happens, warm deep saltwater rises up to fill the empty space. Between 2014 and 2016, this wind-driven rising began to get the upper hand against the protective layer of increased rain and snow, and sea ice began to melt away. When the researchers input the recorded ocean data (数据) into a computer model, it projected that sea ice would grow and then become smaller, as it did in the real world. The researchers plan to study and model other things, which also likely play roles throughout Antarctica. Examples include changes in sea ice movement and increases in ocean mixing resulting from more storms. By studying the ocean data, they hope to build a model to project changes in Antarctic sea ice in the years to come. 1．Which of the following best shows the Antarctic sea ice changes around 2015? A． B． C． D． 2．In which order are the following events discussed in Paragraph 3? ①Warm deep saltwater rises to the surface. ②A layer of fresh surface water is created. ③Surface water and ice are blown forward. ④More rain and snow are brought into the sea ice area. A．②④①③ B．②④③① C．④②①③ D．④②③① 3．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．Where is Antarctic sea ice loss taking us? B．Is this the cause of Antarctic sea ice loss? C．Will a new model explain Antarctic sea ice melting? D．How does fresh surface water protect Antarctic sea ice? （2025·北京·中考真题）Imagine a robot. What comes to your mind first? A machine stronger than the human body? However, this same quality is now causing a big problem—it’s creating tons of long-lasting e-waste that could flood our planet. What if, instead, the machines we use were designed to break down and disappear—just as living things do? For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. Wei, a scientist who studies natural materials in Hangzhou, worked together with his friend Zhang, a robotics engineer in Shanghai, to build robots for the new study. They started with cellulose (纤维素) taken from cotton. Then, they added glycerol (甘油) to make a new material that is soft and easy to change shapes. After that they allowed it to dry so it became strong, “Cellulose is cheap and easy to work with,” says Wei. They found that the controller and the robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried (埋) them both in a hole. Within eight weeks these two parts were almost completely gone. Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. However, it’s important to note that the technology is still in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a biodegradable robot,” Hartmann says, “we also need to make sure its electronics and power parts are biodegradable.” 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green. B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation.B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. （2024·北京·中考真题）Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigators, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of inborn ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. （2023·北京·中考真题）When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness depends on experiencing pleasure: good food, good jobs, all the comforts that money can buy. If we couldn’t have these, we might as well sit in front of the television on a quiet evening. Pleasure is an important part of the quality of life, but by itself it doesn’t bring happiness. When people think further about what makes a worthy life, they tend (倾向于) to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap (有重叠) pleasurable ones but fall into a group with a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events take place when people have not only satisfied a need or met some earlier expectation, but also achieved something unexpected. Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoy food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. Without enjoyment, life will go on, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily on luck and the external (外部的) environment. To achieve personal control over the quality of experience, however, we need to learn how to build enjoyment into what happens day in, day out. 1．You will most probably experience enjoyment when you ________. A．buy expensive shoes B．order a delicious meal C．talk with friends for new ideas D．sit quietly in front of a television 2．What do you know about pleasure and enjoyment from the passage? A．Enjoyment grows out of pleasure. B．Pleasure and enjoyment come hand in hand. C．Pleasurable experiences are part of enjoyable ones. D．Some experiences provide both pleasure and enjoyment. 3．The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．feeling pleasure stops people from achieving growth B．feeling enjoyment comes with achieving growth C．a worthy life depends on luck and environment D．pleasure is the key to a happy and worthy life （2023·北京·中考真题）Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste? According to the United Nations (UN), every year around the world, about one billion (十亿) tons of food is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly one billion people who go hungry. Simply 1/4 of the food wasted is enough to keep them out of hunger. In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we do to solve this food waste problem? One effective solution is balancing food production with demand (需求). In hotels and other similar places, special instruments should be used so that cooking specialists just prepare and cook food as it is ordered. Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce (减少) food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality (质量). Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes. One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family. Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area. In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future. 1．According to the passage, what is a possible result of food waste? A．The problem of worldwide hunger. B．A big increase in food production. C．The speed-up of climate change. D．A sudden drop in population. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Food recycling has been hugely successful. B．Buyers should give up non-top quality food. C．Stores should train people to make delicious dishes. D．Meal plans in the family are hard to put into practice. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．Benefits of reducing food waste. B．Solutions to the food waste problem. C．The importance of fighting food waste. D．The attitude to the food waste problem. （2022·北京·中考真题）What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn’t always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it’s of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind. The materials of a product are usually our first focus (关注). What is it made of? Are there any harmful chemicals in it? Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health. Packaging is important. How is a product packaged? Is it over packaged? We’d better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled (回收利用). We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible. Location (地点) matters. Where was a product produced? Where are we buying it? Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car. Look into what the company tells us about their product. It’s easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural” but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible. The greenest thing is certainly the one we don’t buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces (减少) waste and keeps the planet healthy. 1．The writer would suggest choosing a product that is ________. A．over packaged B．delivered from abroad C．locally produced D．made of unnatural materials 2．The words “be taken with a grain of in salt” Paragraph 5 probably mean “________”. A．be easily understood B．not be completely believed C．be widely spread D．not be quickly forgotten 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Buying Green B．Recycling Waste C．Keeping Healthy D．Reducing Energy Use （2026·北京平谷·二模）Why Athletes Should Wear Light-Colored Clothing in Hot Weather Have you ever noticed that many athletes prefer light-colored clothes in hot summer? Most people think it is just a matter of fashion or personal habit. However, studies show that clothing color actually has a surprising influence on athletes’ performance in hot weather. Some people might think that the color of a T-shirt does not really matter. They may say, “It is just a color. How can it affect your performance?” But a recent study has proved this idea wrong. In fact, research has shown that wearing a black T-shirt in hot weather can hurt an athlete’s performance—not physically, but mentally. Scientists did research on young tennis players in 32℃ weather. They divided the players into two groups: one in white T-shirts and the other in black ones. Surprisingly, although both groups had the same body temperature and drank about the same amount of water, the players in black T-shirts felt very different. Players in black felt much more tired and uncomfortable. They even thought they were making greater efforts than they actually did. Why does this happen? The answer may lie in a common belief. Most people think that black clothing absorbs (吸收) more heat and makes you hotter. This belief is so strong that it can actually change how you feel during exercise. Even if players say they never pay attention to their T-shirt color, the belief still affects them. This shows that our minds can play tricks on us. Therefore, doing something as simple as choosing a white T-shirt over a black one can help athletes feel better and perform better in the heat. So, what should athletes do? The answer is clear and simple. First, always wear light-colored clothing when training outdoors on hot days. White, light gray, or light blue are good choices. Second, change your T-shirt if it gets too wet with sweat. Third, drink cool water regularly and take breaks in cool shade. These steps are easy to follow, but they can make a real difference. Some still doubt that such a small choice is not worth caring about. Some might argue that training harder is what really matters. Proper training is important, but we should never ignore (忽视) easy and useful ways to improve performance. Winning in sports often comes from small advantages. If wearing a white T-shirt can help you feel less tired and more comfortable, why would you not do it? All in all, light-colored clothes help athletes feel more comfortable and less tired in hot weather. Never let a simple choice of clothing color influence your state. Smart choices always support better performance. Choose white, feel better, and play your best. 1．According to the study on young tennis players, what’s the difference between the two groups? A．Players in black T-shirts drank more water to reduce heat. B．Players in white T-shirts made greater efforts in the training. C．Players in white T-shirts had lower body temperature than those in black. D．Players in black T-shirts felt more tired though their physical state was the same. 2．The underlined phrase “play tricks on” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________. A．cheat B．protect C．challenge D．encourage 3．What does the writer think of the idea that “training harder is what really matters” in Paragraph 6? A．He doesn’t care about the idea and focuses on the study results. B．He completely agrees with it and thinks clothing color is unimportant. C．He disagrees with it and thinks training needs proper clothing to work. D．He thinks training is important, but small choices like clothing color also matter. 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To introduce a new study on athletes’ clothing color. B．To explain why black clothing makes people feel hotter. C．To advise athletes to wear light-colored clothing in hot weather. D．To argue that training is more important than clothing color. （2026·北京顺义·二模）Have you ever kept calm and thought twice before speaking when struck by strong emotions? This daily reaction reflects your level of emotional maturity (成熟), a vital personal quality that humans gradually develop from birth and improve continuously throughout life. Psychological studies show that emotional maturity is not an inborn talent but a learned ability that keeps improving with personal growth and life experience. Emotional maturity and emotional intelligence are related but different. Emotional intelligence refers to your ability to understand and manage your emotions. Emotional maturity, however, focuses more on people’s behavioral responses to various emotions and feelings, as well as their ability to reflect on their inner feelings and take responsibility for their emotional states. Generally speaking, being emotionally mature means you can recognize your emotions in different situations, take ownership of them and handle them in a constructive way. It also means that you’re aware of your triggers (诱因) for certain emotions, and able to accept when you’re in the wrong or overreacting. A psychological survey proves a clear gap between them: emotional intelligence helps people identify and understand emotions accurately, while emotional maturity enables people to make decisions and respond appropriately to negative or positive feelings. People with high emotional maturity can choose different ways to react to situations. They are willing to pause and analyze their inner reactions, which allows them to tell apart sudden situational pressure and other hidden factors that cause emotional changes. Most importantly, they firmly understand that all emotions originate from their inner selves rather than outside conditions. Statistics show that over 70 percent of emotionally mature individuals refuse to vent (发泄) negative feelings on others or shift responsibility for their bad moods to people around them. It is worth noting that emotional maturity does not mean never losing temper. A study in 2024 points out the key difference: mature individuals can actively apologize and move forward quickly. They will not be trapped in lasting guilt or allow negative emotions to take up extra mental energy. Besides, they are willing to accept sincere apologies and understand everyone makes emotional mistakes. This is why emotional maturity helps with relationships. Emotional maturity is a lifelong growing skill. Nevertheless, the normal development of it can be affected by things like lack of sleep, poor nutrition, some medications, chronic stress and so on. If you struggle with emotional maturity, what matters most is to recognize your weaknesses and actively improve yourself to achieve personal growth. 1．Why do emotionally mature people refuse to vent-negative feelings on others? A．They are used to stressful situations in daily life. B．They know bad moods come from within themselves. C．They have learned to recognize their negative emotions. D．They hold their inner feelings back from affecting others. 2．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing Paragraph 5? A．To offer tips on avoiding daily arguments. B．To explain how to build close relationships. C．To show the bad results of long-term negative emotions. D．To correct a common misunderstanding of emotional maturity. 3．According to the passage, who is probably the most emotionally mature? A．The person who is caught in lasting guilt. B．The person who controls his rising feelings. C．The person who points out others’ mistakes. D．The person who keeps silent after a quarrel. （2026·北京丰台·二模）When invited to something you don’t want to attend, you might find it hard to decline (拒绝). You worry saying “no” will upset the inviter, harm your friendship, or cost you future invitations. But are you worrying more than you should about saying “no”? These fears appear to be widespread. One study found that 77% of participants accepted unwanted invitations, fearing that declining would upset the inviters, reduce future invitations or have their own invitations declined. To explore this, researchers carried out a follow-up study. In the study, one group of people was asked to imagine turning down an invitation and then guess how the inviter would feel. Another group reported their actual feelings when someone declined their invitation. The results showed a clear asymmetry. Invitees worried that inviters would react negatively to a declined invitation, but inviters were surprisingly unaffected by the decline. In fact, people offering invitations are much more understanding—and less upset, angry or sad—than invitees expected. They also said they would be rather unlikely to let a single declined invitation stop them offering or accepting invitations in the future. The findings suggest that when declining an invitation, people often think that the inviter will focus on the cold, hard turndown. But in reality, the inviter focuses more on the invitee’s reasoning than on the refusal itself. The inviter typically believes the invitee carefully considered the invitation, which makes the decline feel less hurtful. Even so, it is still difficult to say “no”. Fortunately, there are a few things you can do. First, imagine that you were the one offering the invitation. The research shows that people are less likely to overestimate (高估) the negative effects of declining an invitation after they imagine how they would feel if someone turned down their invite. Second, give an honest reason for declining. People are more understanding when you explain why, especially if it’s about money. Honesty makes your response believable and shows you care about their invitation. Third, consider the “no but” strategy. You can decline one invitation while suggesting another activity, making it clear that the decline is directed at the event rather than at the inviter. Overall, the research suggests that if a person is not someone who frequently refuses invitations, declining an invitation once in a while is unlikely to trouble the inviter as much as the invitee might expect. In other words, the fear of saying “no” is often greater than the result of doing so. 1．Why was the follow-up study carried out? A．To show how people reacted to refusing invitations. B．To explain why declining risked losing future invitations. C．To find out if worries about declining invitations were true. D．To explore whether fears of refusing invitations were common. 2．What does the word “asymmetry” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Balance. B．Mismatch. C．Disorder. D．Similarity. 3．Which reply to the invitation would the writer most probably agree with? A． B． C． D． 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to decline invitations when necessary. B．To compare different ways of dealing with invitations. C．To discuss the influence of saying “no” to invitations. D．To review some findings on declining invitations. （2026·北京房山·二模）People often look back on their life choices and imagine better possible results. When the real result is not as good as the imagined one, people may experience regret. Researchers have long been interested in studying this common feeling. One well-known study focused on the types of things people regret and whether they experienced more regret for things they did or did not do. Interestingly, for short-term regrets, they mostly talked about actions they had taken, such as saying silly words in public. For lifelong regrets, however, they mostly mentioned chances they had missed, like not valuing time with family members. These studies also showed something special. Very few people reported regret for something that they could not have personally changed. This means that if you don’t think you played a part in the result, you won’t feel regret. This is different from lots of other emotions like sadness, disappointment, or excitement, which people can feel even when they were not responsible for the situation that resulted in those feelings. This led scientists to believe that regret may help people see what went wrong with a decision and how to improve next time. In an experiment, 6-year-olds were told to choose between two locked boxes to win the prize that was inside. Most picked the box with a shorter wait and got two candies, but they learned they would have gotten four if they had chosen the other box. The next day, those who experienced regret the day before were more likely to wait longer. Experiencing regret helps people make better choices the next time they are faced with a similar decision. Even thinking about regret can help people make better choices in situations they have never experienced before. Lots of research has shown that, when it comes to making a decision, people will do what is called mental (心理的) time travel. This mental time travel allows people to anticipate future regret — they imagine themselves picking different options (选择) and how they would feel about each choice. Then, when it comes to actually deciding what to do in real life, they decide to go with the option they think will cause the smallest amount (数量) of regret. Regret is not our enemy. Wise people don’t get stuck in the past. They learn from it, accept it, and focus on the present. They let regret guide them, but they value today and make wiser choices ahead. 1．Why does the writer mention two kinds of regrets in Paragraph 2? A．To show a study result. B．To lead in a topic. C．To support a viewpoint. D．To point out a problem. 2．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Regret fails to help with decisions in new situations. B．Lifelong regrets usually come from things people did. C．Regret helps people improve in similar situations later. D．People often feel regret for things beyond their control. 3．What does the word “anticipate” in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．Refuse. B．Stress. C．Prove. D．Expect. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To guide readers to face regret in a proper way. B．To show how people make decisions with regret. C．To advise people to avoid regretting things deeply. D．To explain why regret differs from other emotions. （2026·北京昌平·二模）In a factory in Germany, something unusual is happening. Every machine on the production line is under the watch of intelligent sensors (智能传感器). If a robot uses too much electricity, the intelligent program will slow it down to reduce energy waste. If an important part begins to wear out, workers will get a warning before it breaks down. With these digital tools, the factory has not only cut its electricity use by 20% but also increased its production to a record high, showing the great power of joining technology and sustainability (可持续性). This is more than just a factory story. Experts name it the “twin transition (转型)”. It connects digital transition and sustainability in a way that not only focuses on using digital tools or saving energy. Instead, it aims to use digital technologies to help protect our planet. What makes this transition special is that it turns the once-separate goals of technological progress and environmental protection into a united task that benefits both businesses and the earth. The idea is already being used in the “digital twin”, a virtual replica (虚拟副本) of a real machine in which robots can practice and repeat difficult tasks again and again without wasting any materials or risking harm to real parts. The technology records all effective actions and removes ineffective ones. After enough virtual tests, the robot can perform perfectly in the real world. It cuts down material waste and stops breakdowns, which would need expensive repairs under normal conditions. However, the twin transition is not a perfect solution by itself. Although digital tools help people complete tasks with less effort and better results, people may end up using them more often, leading to increased energy use in the long run, a problem known as the “rebound effect.” Another challenge is the “digital divide.” Both developed and poorer areas have tried the twin transition, but poorer areas are short of high-speed Internet and practical digital skills. As a result, they cannot get the same benefits from the transition as developed areas do. To solve these problems, experts suggest that good leadership and proper education are key. Companies need leaders with an understanding of both technology and the natural world. Schools should teach students how to use digital tools to solve environmental problems. In fact, there is no need for technological progress to clash with nature. With the right actions, the twin transition will guide us toward a more sustainable and intelligent future. 1．Why does the writer talk about the factory in Germany in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce a new idea. B．To prove a common view. C．To compare two situations. D．To advise on general matters. 2．According to the passage, what is a good example of the “twin transition”? A．Providing high-speed Internet to poor areas to close the digital divide. B．Training students to use digital tools to solve environmental problems. C．Using green energy to produce more electricity for industrial machines. D．Practicing tasks on a virtual copy of a machine to prevent material waste. 3．What does the underlined word “clash” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Mix. B．Trade. C．Fight. D．Connect. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A．Joining Technology and Nature: A New Way B．Going Green: A Smarter Way with Digital Tools C．Transition and Sustainability: Goals of Companies D．Digital Twin: A Virtual Replica for Robot Practice （2026·北京顺义·一模）After dinner, I told my six-year-old son, who was mid-meltdown, “Use your words!” He had just started yelling and hitting his eight-year-old sister because she wasn’t sharing a toy he believed was his. Both kids froze for a second, giving me just enough time to slow my own quickly rising emotions. Looking back, I realize I never actually explained to my kids why words can help. But putting feelings into words is how we begin to name what’s happening inside us, and that naming can start to change the experience itself. Sometimes, as research shows, the words we choose to describe our lives can shape our mental health for months and years to come. Psychologists are exploring how verbalizing our feelings can transform experience. It can help us manage heated moments and also support healing from life’s hardest situations. Research published over the past 40 years on expressive disclosure—using your words—shows it can lead to significant health improvements, especially for those dealing with stressful life events. Another research shows that writing about feelings can have a similar effect. After writing about a challenging situation, people report fewer doctor visits, reduced pain, stronger immune function (免疫功能), and better outcomes for conditions. Research also shows that writing about feelings can actually change the way you remember them. For those who don’t like to write, talking through one’s feelings works just as well. When we describe painful or overwhelming events, we don’t just relive them. We reorganize them. We add meaning, emotional context and resolution. In doing so, we can reduce the pain these memories cause and make them easier to deal with. Similar expressive writing programs are being explored with children and stem from (源于) research by psychologist John Gottman. A recent review shows these newer expressive writing programs have small but meaningful effects on improving outcomes for emotional well-being among kids ages 10 to 18 years old. There’s even some indication that these programs can improve school achievement among kids who have significant emotional problems. Even for young kids, storytelling and drawing can help make sense of big emotions, especially when guided by a teacher or parent. “Use your words” is a tool, and like any tool, it takes practice for someone to use it effectively. Sometimes we see it pay off. The boy is trying new ways to ask the girl to share her toys, and sometimes it even works. When using their words helps them get what they want or helps them solve a problem, it creates its own reward loop (循环). Over time, these small moments of language aren’t just about resolving conflicts. People begin to see themselves as the main characters in their own life stories—those who can take action and make changes, which, as research shows, is a foundation for lasting well-being. 1．Why does the writer mention the experience at the beginning of the passage? A．To introduce a topic. B．To offer a solution. C．To describe a problem. D．To support a viewpoint. 2．What does the word “verbalizing” in the third paragraph most probably mean? A．Understanding. B．Showing. C．Controlling. D．Voicing. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Simple expressions make stressful events easy to face. B．Words change how people understand their bad experiences. C．Talking is more effective than writing in dealing with emotions. D．People’s physical health decides their ability to manage feelings. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．“Using Your Words” Shapes Mental Health B．“Using Your Words” Builds Lasting Well-being C．“Using Your Words” Reorganizes Painful Memories D．“Using Your Words” Helps Make Sense of Big Emotions （2026·北京石景山·一模）Many kids find it hard to stay focused on their lessons for long. Research shows that movement breaks help students learn better—and it doesn’t take much. According to a study in Psychology of Sport & Exercise, just a few minutes of activity can improve classroom performance. Lead scientist Eric Drollette, an exercise psychologist at the University of North Carolina, wanted to find a kind of exercise that could fit into a classroom setting with limited space. Early studies had tested 20 to 30 minutes of moderate-intensity (中等强度的) exercise, but they couldn’t be done in a classroom and would take too much time away from lessons. Drollette’s team designed a nine-minute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Kids performed moves like jumping jacks (开合跳), squats and high knees—exercising for 30 seconds, resting for 30 seconds, and then repeating. The study tested 25 children aged 9 to 12. Each child visited the lab three times, taking part in three different activities: doing the nine-minute HIIE, riding a stationary (静止的) bike, and watching an educational video. After each activity, the children completed tasks testing attention, language skills, and math. Drollette’s team showed that after the high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), children’s brains became more efficient at recognizing mistakes. Language performance also improved after the HIIE. However, for math, the kids performed a bit less than after less-intense exercise. “That could be because of tiredness.” Drollette says. Tasks that require higher-level thinking, such as math, seem to be the first ones affected by tiredness. Experts find the results exciting. Lauren Raine, an exercise scientist at Northeastern University, noted that short, high-intensity exercise breaks in classrooms might improve learning performance and help students deal with mistakes more effectively. Drollette also believes such exercise could benefit teens. An overactive mistake response is connected with mental (精神的) health problems, which have become more common in high school. By helping calm this response, high-intensity exercise may support mental well-being. “Being active can help with a lot of things that are going on in society,” Drollette said, encouraging students to find chances to stand up and get moving. 1．Why did Drollette’s team create the nine-minute HIIE? A．To find the most popular exercise for young kids. B．To make exercise fit limited classroom time and space. C．To replace the moderate exercise in students’ daily life. D．To compare moderate exercise with a high-intensity one. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 4 about Drollette’s team’s study? A．Its results. B．Its process. C．Its challenges. D．Its limitations. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．20-30 minutes’ exercise is out of date today. B．The kids did activities instead of tests in the lab. C．Tiredness may influence the kids’ math performance. D．The HIIE program mainly benefits the kids’ learning. （2026·北京门头沟·二模）The human brain may work more similarly to artificial intelligence (AI) than people expect. A surprising new study shows that our brains understand spoken language through a layered (分层的) and step-by-step process, which is similar to the way advanced AI language models work. This discovery reshapes long-held ideas about how we build meaning from speech and provides new views on the connection between human thinking and technology. Led by Dr. Ariel Goldstein from the Hebrew University, the research team worked with experts from Google Research and Princeton University. They used a special technology called electrocorticography to track (追踪) brain activity while people listened to a thirty-minute podcast (播客) about science and daily life. What they found was unbelievable: the order of the brain’s responses matched the layered design of AI models like GPT and DeepSeek. As we listen to a speech, the brain doesn’t understand everything at once. Instead, each word goes through a series of neural (神经的) steps in the brain. Early brain signals match the early steps in AI, which focus on basic word features such as pronunciation and spelling. Later, the responses in key language areas— such as Broca’s area—match the deeper layers in AI that bring broader meanings. For example, when you hear the word “apple”, you might first think of the word itself, and then connect it to fruit, food, or other things. “We were amazed to see how closely the brain’s step-by-step understanding matches how AI works,” said Dr. Goldstein. These findings challenge the traditional view that language depends on fixed rules and strict symbols. Instead, they suggest that meaning is built gradually and depends on different situations—just like AI models learn from lots of examples. Classic linguistic elements, such as phonemes (音素), can’t explain real-time brain activity as well as AI models do. This study not only changes our understanding of language but also has practical value. The team has shared a public data set of neural recordings, providing a powerful resource for scientists to develop more brain-like models. This research builds a bridge between AI and neuroscience and opens new ways to explore how our brains make sense of the world through language. It has great value in fields like language education and brain science. 1．How did the researchers carry out the experiment? A．They compared how different AI models work together. B．They studied the brain’s neural processes by studying phonemes. C．They developed brain-like AI models and tested them with a data set. D．They followed the testers’ brain activity as the testers listened to an audio program. 2．What can we know about the brain’s language processing method? A．It first thinks of some broader meanings. B．It builds meaning in a similar way to an AI model. C．It depends more on strict rules than on different situations. D．It fully understands the speech immediately after hearing it. 3．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．The gradually closer gap between AI technology and neuroscience. B．The importance of neural data sets for AI and neuroscience research. C．The study’s practical use and the new research directions it brings about. D．The methods to develop advanced AI models by using neural recordings. （2026·北京朝阳·一模）A large body of research has been developed in recent years to explain willpower. Most of the researchers exploring self-control do so with a clear goal in mind: How can willpower be improved? If willpower is truly easily used up, as the research suggests, what can be done to keep it strong? Avoiding temptation (诱惑) is an effective method for keeping self-control, so please follow “out of view, out of mind” rule. One recent study, for example, found office workers are less attracted to candy in the desk drawer than that on top of their desks. The research suggesting that we have a limited amount of self-control raises a troubling question. When we face too many temptations, are we to fail? Not necessarily. Researchers don’t believe that one’s willpower is ever completely used up. Rather, people appear to hold some willpower in reserve (储备), saved for future needs. The right drive allows us to tap into those reserves, allowing us to carry on even when our self-control strength has been run down. High drive might help deal with weakened willpower, at least to a point. Willpower may also be made less easily exhausted (精疲力尽的) in the first place. Researchers compare self-control to a muscle (肌肉) that gets tired with heavy use. But there is another side to this comparison, they say. While muscles become exhausted by exercise in the short term, they are strengthened by daily exercise in the long term. Similarly, we should take regular (有规律的) practices of self-control to build willpower strength. Studies on willpower exhaustion suggest that making a list of decisions on New Year’s Eve is the worst possible way. Being exhausted in one area can reduce willpower in other areas, so it makes more sense to focus on a single goal at a time. In other words, don’t try to give up smoking, choose a healthy diet and start a new exercise plan at the same time. Taking goals one by one is a better way. Once a good habit is in place, psychologist Baumeister says, you’ll no longer need willpower to keep the behavior. Finally, healthy habits will become routine (常规) and won’t require making decisions at all. Many questions about the nature of self-control remain to be answered by further research. Yet it seems likely that with clear goals, good self-control and a little practice, you can train your willpower to stay strong in the face of temptation. 1．From the studies, we can learn that ________. A．daily activities can keep people’s willpower active B．willpower is not easily completely used up in daily life C．strong wishes are the key to solving willpower problems D．people can improve their willpower by controlling themselves less 2．What does the phrase “tap into” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Set up. B．Take up. C．Run out of. D．Make use of. 3．To form a good habit, which of the following does the writer prefer? A．Focusing on one goal before moving on to another. B．Preparing a long list of decisions on New Year’s Eve. C．Trying different plans to develop healthy daily habits. D．Carrying out several lifestyle changes at the same time. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To offer advice on how to improve and keep willpower. B．To explain why people’s willpower becomes weak easily. C．To show how to avoid different kinds of daily temptations. D．To discuss the problems caused by poor self-control in life. 试卷第1页，共3页 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 专题06 阅读理解（说明文） 2026中考：1.A 2.D 3.B 2025中考：1.A 2.B 3.C 2024中考：1.D 2.A 3.A 2023中考：1.C 2.D 3.A 4.B 2023中考：1.C 2.D 3.B 2022中考：1.C 2.B 3.A 2026平谷二模：1.D 2.A 3.D 4.C 2026顺义二模：1.B 2.D 3.B 2026丰台二模：1.C 2.B 3.C 4.A 2026房山二模：1.A 2.C 3.D 4.A 2026昌平二模：1.A 2.D 3.C 4.B 2026顺义一模：1.A 2.D 3.B 4.B 2026石景山一模：1.B 2.A 3.C 2026门头沟二模：1.D 2.B 3.C 2026朝阳一模：1.B 2.D 3.A 4.A 试卷第1页，共3页 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $