Unit 1 Science and Scientists （知识清单）英语人教版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语单元知识清单系统梳理了“Science and Scientists”单元内容，涵盖词汇（阅读、写作、变形等）、语法（表语从句、构词法）、写作（科学家介绍与科学精神阐述）等核心范畴，搭建了从基础词汇语法到综合写作应用的递进式学习支架。 清单通过分类分级呈现知识体系，如词汇分阅读与写作模块，语法标注核心考点与易错点，培养学生语言能力和思维品质。设计“助记口诀”（如“blame特殊要记牢，to blame主动表被动”）、构词法前缀后缀表等实用工具，不同基础学生可高效掌握，教师可据此精准教学，提升课堂实效。

Unit 1 Science and Scientists 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. 死于…… 2. 赞同；订阅 3. 由…… 引起 4. 决心做某事 5. 应受责备；是…… 的原因 6. 能够做某事 7. 从…… 移走某物 8. 当场制止；使…… 停止 9. 被…… 感染 10. 之间的联系 11. 有可能做某事 12. 多亏了；由于 13. 被认为是 14. 总的来说 15. 因…… 而著名 16. 查明；弄清楚 17. 以…… 为基础 18. 处理；应对 二、写作词汇： 1. 对…… 有巨大影响 2. 转专业 3. 负责；掌管 4. 对…… 负责 5. 被称为；以…… 著称 6. 愿意做某事 7. 害怕做某事 8. 喜欢；喜爱 9. 为…… 感到骄傲 10. 被用来做某事 11. 与…… 不同 12. 与…… 相似 13. 确信…… 14. 充满…… 15. 对…… 感兴趣 三、词汇变形： 1. science n. 科学→ n. 科学家 2. infect v. 感染→ n. 感染；传染病→ adj. 传染性的 3. die v. 死亡→ n. 死亡→ adj. 死亡的 4. discover v. 发现→ n. 发现 5. solve v. 解决→ n. 解决方案 6. create v. 创造→ adj. 有创造力的→ n. 创造力 7. develop v. 发展→ n. 发展 8. prove v. 证明→ n. 证据 9. able adj. 能够的→ n. 能力→ adj. 残疾的 10. determine v. 决定→ adj. 坚定的→ n. 决心 11. operate v. 操作→ n. 手术；操作 12. contribute v. 贡献→ n. 贡献 13. vary v. 变化→ adj. 各种各样的→ n. 种类 14. transform v. 转变→ n. 转变；转型 15. treat v. 治疗；对待→ n. 治疗；待遇 四、拓展词汇 1. epidemic n. 流行病；传染病 2. epidemiology n. 流行病学 3. hypothesis n. 假设；假说 4. statistics n. 统计数据；统计学 5. vaccine n. 疫苗 6. microscope n. 显微镜 7. laboratory n. 实验室 8. research n. 研究；调查 9. experiment n. 实验；试验 10. theory n. 理论；学说 11. conclusion n. 结论；推论 12. evidence n. 证据；证明 13. analysis n. 分析；分解 14. innovation n. 创新；革新 15. pioneer n. 先驱；开拓者 五、熟词生义 1. track n. 轨道；足迹→v. 跟踪；追踪；n. 行动；进程 2. subscribe v. 订阅；捐款→v. 赞同；支持 3. blame v. 责备；指责→n. 责任；过失 4. handle n. 把手；手柄→v. 处理；应对 5. solid adj. 固体的；坚固的→adj. 可靠的；扎实的 6. raw adj. 生的；未加工的→adj. 原始的；未经处理的 7. severe adj. 严重的；严厉的→adj. 剧烈的；极度的 8. suspect v. 怀疑；猜想→n. 嫌疑人；可疑分子 写作 句型 1. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. (教材P2) 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。 2. Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. (教材P9) 除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。 3.This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. (教材P9) 这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。 语法 表语从句、英语构词法（前缀/后缀） 写作 写一篇短文介绍你敬佩的一位科学家，结合其事迹阐述你对科学精神的理解 一、知识点精讲 1. frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 【词汇拓展】 ·frustrate vt.使沮丧；使懊恼；挫败 ·frustrating adj. 令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的 ·frustration n. [U]懊丧；沮丧；挫败 [C]令人懊丧(或懊恼、沮丧)的事物 【例句】 ①When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and frustrated. 出问题时，我们自然而然都会觉得失望和沮丧。 ②It frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice. 我的任何想法都无法付诸实践，这让我很沮丧。(应用文写作之求助信) ③She couldn't stand the frustration of not being able to help. 眼睁睁帮不上忙，她可受不了。(读后续写之人物描写) 【易混辨析】 情绪类形容词 touched 感动的 grateful 感激的 furious 狂怒的，暴怒的 depressed 抑郁的，沮丧的 sorrowful 悲伤的，悲痛的 jealous 妒忌的 【对点训练】 ①It's (frustrate) to have to wait so long. ②The result, not unnaturally, was that he became more tense and increasingly (frustrate). ③It was a time fraught with difficulties and (frustrate). 2. suspect vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 【词汇拓展】 ·suspected adj. 有嫌疑的；被怀疑的 ·suspicious adj. 多疑的；感觉可疑的 ·suspicion n. 怀疑；嫌疑；猜疑 ☞suspect (that) ... 怀疑/认为…… ☞suspect sb to be ... 怀疑某人是…… ☞suspect ... of (doing) sth. 怀疑……(做了)某事 ☞be suspicious of ... 对……怀疑 【例句】 ①If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light. 假如你怀疑有煤气泄漏，不要划火柴，甚至连电灯都不要开。 ②He is the prime suspect in the case. 他是这个案子的首要嫌疑人。 ③The police suspect him of carrying out two bomb attacks. 警方怀疑他发动两起爆炸案。 【对点训练】 ①Some parents hesitate to take these steps because they suspect their child is exaggerating. ②He stared at that broken arm with a look. (suspect) 3. blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责 【词汇拓展】 ☞blame sb for sth. 因某事而责备某人 ☞blame sth. on sb 把某事怪到某人头上 ☞be to blame (for ...) 应该(为……) 负责任；该(因……)受责备 注意： be to blame 短语中的blame不能用被动形式，该短语为主动形式表示被动含义。 ☞take the blame for ... 对……负责 ☞put/lay the blame (for sth) on sb (把某事)归咎于某人身上 【例句】 ①Police are blaming the accident on Jack due to his dangerous driving. 警方把事故原因归咎于杰克危险驾驶。 ②She was partly to blame for failing to look as she crossed the road. 她横穿马路时没有看车，应承担部分责任。 ③He decided to take the blame for the team's failure. 他决定为团队的失败承担责任。 【对点训练】 ①I don't blame him getting angry—she's being really annoying. ②Anything that goes wrong in the office is blamed Pete. 4. decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 【词汇拓展】 ☞a decrease in ... 在……方面减少 ☞on the decrease 在减少 ☞decrease to ... 减少到…… ☞decrease by ... 减少了…… ☞decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到…… 反义词： increase n．& v. 增加，增多 ☞on the increase 在增加 ☞increase by ... 增加了…… ☞increase to ... 增加到…… ☞an increase in ... 在……方面增加 【例句】 ①There could be a slight decrease in his weight but he eats too much. 他的体重可能略有下降，但他还是吃得很多。 ②The number of poor men is on the decrease as the economy is growing. 随着经济发展，贫困人口数量正在减少。 ③The temperature will decrease from 25 degrees Celsius to 15 degrees Celsius tomorrow. 明天气温将从25摄氏度降至15摄氏度。 【对点训练】 ①Plants decreased 28 percent over 40 years. ②Last year there was a 20% decrease his earnings. ③The new law has come into effect, and the number of wild animals here is the increase now. 5. break out (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发 【词汇拓展】 ☞break down (机器或车辆) 出毛病，损坏；(讨论、关系或系统)失败，破裂，失灵；感情失控(痛哭起来) ☞break up (使)分裂；(被)拆分；(使)破碎；(夫妻)结束关系； (会议、聚会) 解散 ☞break into 强行进入；闯入 ☞break off 折断；(使)断开；突然中止 ☞break away (from ...) (从……)挣脱；脱开；逃脱 【例句】 ①When hostilities broke out he joined up. 战争爆发后，他参了军。 ②We are able to assist motorists whose vehicles break down or are involved in accidents within 20 minutes. 我们可在20分钟内协助车辆出现故障或发生意外的驾驶者。 ③The meeting broke up at eleven o'clock. 会议在十一点结束。 ④Her house was broken into last week. 她的房子上周被人闯入了。 ⑤She broke off a piece of chocolate and gave it to me. 她掰了一块巧克力给我。(读后续写之动作描写) ⑥I broke away from him and rushed out into the hall. 我挣脱了他，冲进了大厅。(读后续写之动作描写) 【对点训练】 ①She broke from the pack and opened up a two－second lead. ②Lee broke a small piece of orange and held it out to him. ③Since war broke , the phones at donation centres have been ringing off the hook. 6.come down with 患(病)；染上(小病) 【词汇拓展】 ☞come about 发生；产生 ☞come across 偶然发现；偶然遇见 ☞come up 走近；出现；被提及 ☞come up with 想出，提出(计划、想法等) ☞come out (书或光盘)出版，发行；露出；显示；结果是 ☞come to life 恢复知觉；苏醒 ☞when it comes to (doing) sth. 当提到/涉及(做)某事时 【例句】 ①I think I'm coming down with flu. 我想我得了流感。 ②I came across a small clearing and immediately noticed the dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow. 我偶然发现了一块小空地，立刻注意到枯黄的草与刚下的雪相映成趣。(读后续写之环境描写) ③We've been asked to come up with some new ideas. 我们被要求提出一些新的想法。 ④The truth about what happened is beginning to come out. 所发生的事情的真相开始浮出水面。 【对点训练】 ①Never have I come such a difficult problem. ②Keep your eye on these jokers; you never know what they will come up . ③We come down illnesses more easily when under stress. 二、核心语法精讲 表语从句 （一）核心定义 表语从句是在复合句中充当表语的从句，通常放在系动词（be, seem, appear, look, sound, feel, become, remain 等）之后，用于说明主语的具体内容、性质、状态、原因或结果等。 （二）基本结构 主语+系动词+表语从句 例：What he said is that he will come tomorrow. （主语：What he said；系动词：is；表语从句：that he will come tomorrow） （三）常用引导词及用法 表语从句的引导词可分为 3 类，结合课本例句逐一讲解： 1. that 用法：只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，无实际含义，不可省略。 课本例句： 1　 Snow's discovery in two particular streets in London was that more than 500 people died in ten days. 2　 The fact was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. 2. wh-类连接词（what, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, whether） 用法：既起连接作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、状语等成分，有实际含义。 课本例句： 1　 What John Snow showed to the world was how cholera could be overcome.（how 在从句中作方式状语） 2　 The problem was not about whether all our theories were equally good.（whether 在从句中不作成分，表 "是否"） 3　 This was when you should have calmed down and got down to doing some solid work.（when 在从句中作时间状语） 3. because, as if/though 用法：because 引导表语从句表原因；as if/though 引导表语从句表 "仿佛、好像"，从句可使用陈述语气或虚拟语气。 课本例句： 1　 It seemed as if all the theories were useful. （四）核心考点与易错点 1. that 不可省略：表语从句中 that 即使不充当成分，也不能省略，这是和宾语从句的核心区别（宾语从句中 that 可省略）。 错：The reason is he is ill. 对：The reason is that he is ill. 2. whether vs if：表语从句中表 "是否" 时，只能用 whether，不能用 if。 3. 主语从句+be+表语从句：这是本单元的核心句式，常见结构为 "What/That/wh-从句+be+表语从句"，用于强调主语的具体内容。 课本原句改写：What Snow was determined to find out was why the cholera outbreak was so severe. （五）巩固练习 1　 The truth is the water pump was to blame for the cholera outbreak. 2　 What we need to know is we can prevent cholera from spreading. 3　 It seemed the theories about cholera were all correct at first. 4　 The problem was we couldn't find the cause of the disease. 英语构词法（前缀+后缀） （一）核心概念 构词法是英语中构成新词的主要方式，派生法（加前缀/后缀） 是最核心的类型： · 前缀（prefix）：加在词根前，改变词义，不改变词性； · 后缀（suffix）：加在词根后，改变词性，不改变核心词义。 （2） 核心前缀（本单元重点） 前缀 核心含义 课本例词 拓展例词 re- 再，又；回；重新 remove（移走）、research（研究）、recover（恢复） repeat（重复）、rewrite（重写）、return（返回） dis- 不，相反；分开；否定 discover（发现）、disease（疾病）、disagree（不同意） disappear（消失）、dishonest（不诚实的）、distribute（分配） micro- 微，小；微观 microscope（显微镜） microwave（微波炉）、microorganism（微生物）、microscope（显微镜） trans- 转移，转变；穿过；横过 transform（转变）、transport（运输） translate（翻译）、transmit（传播）、transition（过渡） in-/im- 不，无；向内 infection（感染）、impossible（不可能的） incorrect（不正确的）、invisible（看不见的）、import（进口） un- 不，无；相反 unusual（不寻常的）、unable（不能的） unhappy（不开心的）、unfair（不公平的）、uncover（揭开） （3） 核心后缀 后缀 核心含义 词性变化 课本例词 拓展例词 -ion 动作或状态的名词化 动词→名词 infection（感染）、action（行动）、decision（决定）、solution（解决方案） attention（注意）、introduction（介绍）、construction（建设） -ology …… 学（学科名词） 名词 epidemiology（流行病学） biology（生物学）、psychology（心理学）、sociology（社会学） -ory ① 形容词：…… 的；② 名词：场所 动词/名词→形容词/名词 contradictory（矛盾的）、laboratory（实验室） satisfactory（满意的）、factory（工厂）、memory（记忆） -ial 有…… 性质的（形容词） 名词→形容词 substantial（大量的；实质的）、essential（必要的） special（特别的）、official（官方的）、partial（部分的） -ive 有…… 性质的（形容词） 动词→形容词 creative（有创造力的）、infectious（传染性的） active（活跃的）、passive（被动的）、attractive（有吸引力的） -er/-or 人/物（执行动作的人/物） 动词→名词 scientist（科学家）、doctor（医生）、inventor（发明家） teacher（老师）、worker（工人）、actor（演员） -ment 动作/结果/状态 动词→名词 development（发展）、movement（运动） agreement（同意）、argument（争论）、equipment（设备） -ful 充满…… 的；有…… 性质的 名词→形容词 helpful（有帮助的）、useful（有用的） careful（小心的）、beautiful（美丽的）、powerful（强大的） （四）核心考点与易错点 1. 前缀辨义：同一前缀可能有多个含义，需结合语境判断。 例：re - 在 "return" 中表 "回"，在 "repeat" 中表 "再"；dis-在 "disagree" 中表 "否定"，在 "discover" 中表 "分开"。 2. 后缀辨词性：同一后缀可能对应不同词性，需结合词根判断。 例：-ory 可作形容词（contradictory），也可作名词（laboratory）。 3. 词性转换规则：动词变名词常用 - ion/-ment/-er/-or；名词变形容词常用 - ial/-ive/-ful；形容词变副词常用 - ly。 （五）巩固练习 1. 用所给词的适当形式填空： 1　 The (infect) of the water caused the spread of cholera. 2　 John Snow was a (create) scientist who used maps and statistics to study diseases. 3　 The (develop) of clean water systems reduced the threat of cholera. 4　 It is (essence) to know how to prevent cholera. 2. 写出下列单词的前缀/后缀及含义： 1　 microscope 前缀： 含义： 2　 contradictory 后缀： 含义： 3　 transform 前缀： 含义： 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 本单元核心写作话题为科学精神与科学家品质（What makes a great scientist），属于议论文+人物介绍结合的话题作文，是单元Reading for Writing板块核心写作任务。 (1) 写作核心：围绕优秀科学家的个人事迹、科研成就，提炼并阐释严谨、执着、勇于探索、敢于质疑、无私奉献等科学精神，阐明伟大科学家的必备品质。 (2) 考查要求：文章逻辑清晰，结合具体事例支撑观点；熟练运用本单元名词短语、形容词短语、副词短语，搭配表语从句、高级句式；用词精准，句式多样，贴合高中考场写作评分标准。 (3) 常见命题形式：① 介绍你敬佩的一位科学家并阐述其科学精神；② 论述成为优秀科学家需要具备的品质；③ 谈谈科学精神对青少年的启示。 2. 写作框架（经典总-分-总三段式，考场通用） 第一段：开篇点题（总起，引入话题/人物） 简要引出核心观点，点明伟大科学家的核心特质，或直接介绍自己敬佩的科学家的身份、地位与核心贡献，简洁开篇，不拖沓。 万能开篇逻辑：话题引入+核心观点/人物简介 第二段：主体论述（分述，事例+品质结合） 文章核心段落，分层展开：① 结合科学家具体科研事迹（如攻坚克难、大胆求证、反复实验）；② 对应提炼科学品质；③ 用衔接词串联内容，做到事例支撑观点，有理有据。可结合约翰·斯诺探究霍乱病因等课本经典素材展开。 万能主体逻辑：具体事迹→体现品质→简要分析 第三段：结尾升华（总结，感悟+启示） 总结全文，重申科学精神的价值，结合自身青少年身份，阐述该精神对自身学习、成长的启发与激励，升华文章主旨。 万能结尾逻辑：总结品质+个人感悟+未来践行方向 3. 写作素材（高分词汇、短语、句型） （一）核心高分短语 1. devote oneself to scientific research 投身科学研究 2. seek the truth patiently and rigorously 耐心严谨地探求真理 3. draw a scientific conclusion 得出科学结论 4. conduct repeated experiments 进行反复实验 5. challenge traditional theories 挑战传统理论 6. make great contributions to 为……做出巨大贡献 7. overcome numerous difficulties 克服重重困难 8. have a profound impact on science 对科学产生深远影响 9. stick to scientific exploration 坚持科学探索 10. figure out the root cause 查明根本原因 （二）品质类高分形容词 rigorous 严谨的；persistent 执着的；courageous 敢于探索的；selfless 无私的； modest 谦逊的；creative 富有创造力的；responsible 有担当的 （三）万能高分句型（含本单元核心语法） (1) 表语从句句型 What makes a scientist great is not only their achievements but also their noble scientific spirit. 译文：造就伟大科学家的不仅是他们的成就，更是他们崇高的科学精神。 (2) 状语从句高级句型 Though faced with countless failures, they never give up their exploration of science. 译文：尽管遭遇无数挫折，他们从未放弃对科学的探索。 (3) 定语从句句型 John Snow is a devoted scientist who devoted his life to preventing the spread of diseases. 译文：约翰·斯诺是一位敬业的科学家，他毕生致力于遏制疾病传播。 (4) 升华结尾句型 It is their perseverance and rigorous attitude that inspires us to pursue knowledge bravely. 译文：正是他们的执着与严谨激励着我们勇敢地追求知识。 4. 范文背诵 范文一（课本人物·约翰·斯诺 侧重事迹与精神） What Makes a Great Scientist Science promotes the progress of human society, and great scientists are the promoters of scientific development. In my opinion, what makes a great scientist is rigorous attitude, persistent exploration and a sense of responsibility. John Snow, a famous British doctor and scientist, is a perfect example. At that time, cholera was a deadly disease that threatened people’s lives. Faced with the unknown cause of the disease, he refused to accept unreasonable traditional theories. Instead, he conducted careful investigations, marked the death cases on maps and finally figured out that the polluted pump water was to blame. He stuck to scientific truth, overcame various difficulties and successfully found the way to prevent cholera from spreading. His whole process of research fully shows the rigorous and persistent scientific spirit. The spirit of great scientists is precious wealth for us teenagers. We should learn from them, treat our study rigorously and keep exploring bravely. Only in this way can we make progress and contribute to society in the future. 范文二（侧重科学家必备品质 适配通用考题） The Qualities of a Great Scientist Scientific research is never an easy journey, and outstanding scientists share many precious qualities that lead them to success. First and foremost, rigorousness is the basic quality for a scientist. Every scientific conclusion is based on repeated experiments and careful analysis, rather than random guesses. Besides, perseverance matters most. Scientific exploration is full of failures and setbacks. Great scientists never give up when they meet difficulties. Instead, they keep trying and correcting their mistakes. Last but not least, courage to question and innovate is indispensable. Many major scientific breakthroughs come from challenging old theories and putting forward new ideas. In short, rigorousness, perseverance and innovative courage are the key qualities of great scientists. As senior high school students, we should cultivate these qualities in our daily study, lay a solid foundation of knowledge and pursue scientific dreams bravely. 易错点01 be likely to do 句型与It is likely that... 句式混用 【一句话辨异】 People who drink polluted water are likely to fall ill, and it is likely that the disease will spread quickly without control. 饮用污染水源的人很容易患病，且若不加管控，这种疾病很可能快速蔓延。 【错因辨析】 1. 两个同义高频句型结构极易混淆，是单元语法填空、改错高频考点： ① 主语 + be likely to do sth（人/物作主语）：某人/某物有可能做某事 ② It is likely that + 完整从句（it作形式主语）：很可能…… 2. 核心禁忌：两个句式不可混搭，绝对不能写 It is likely to do 或 Sb is likely that...。 3. 同义替换：be likely to do = be probable to do（少用）；It is likely that = It is probable that。 4. 高频错句对比： ❌ It is likely to rain tomorrow.（混搭错误） ✅ It is likely that it will rain tomorrow.（正确） ✅ The disease is likely to spread.（正确） 【助记口诀】 人物主语接to do，It作主语接that；两个句式不混搭，likely用法不出差。 【对点训练】 ______ is likely that most citizens will realize the importance of healthy water. A. That B. It C. This 易错点02 表语从句that的省略误用 【一句话辨异】 The reason why cholera spread rapidly was that polluted water was to blame, not that people lacked basic prevention awareness. 霍乱快速蔓延的原因是受污染的水源作祟，而非人们缺乏基础的防护意识。 【错因辨析】 1. 表语从句中，that仅起连接作用、无实义、不充当成分，绝对不可省略，这是与宾语从句的核心区别（宾语从句that可省略）。 2. 固定句型易错：The reason is that...（原因是……）为固定表语从句句型，严禁省略that，切勿受汉语思维影响出错。 3. 高频错句对比： ❌ The reason is he made a mistake in the experiment.（错误，漏that） ✅ The reason is that he made a mistake in the experiment.（正确） 【助记口诀】 表语从句that不删, Reason句型记心间；宾从可省它不行，语法填空常考点。 【对点训练】 The truth ______ the scientist stuck to scientific truth moved all the people around him. A. that B. what C. / 易错点03 单元构词法词性混淆（前缀后缀高频易错） 【一句话辨异】 The infectious disease infection infected dozens of people, reminding us of the harm of infectious germs. 这场传染性疾病的感染波及数十人，让我们警惕致病菌的危害。 【错因辨析】 1. 后缀词性混淆：-ion为名词后缀（表动作、状态），-ious/-ive为形容词后缀（表性质），极易混用。 infect v. 感染 → infection n. 感染（名词）→ infectious adj. 传染性的（形容词） 2. 前缀含义混淆：trans-表"转变、转移"，re-表"重新、返回"，易记混词义；micro-仅修饰微观事物，不可用于普通名词。 3. 高频错误：将creative（adj. 有创造力的）误写为createful，将development（n. 发展）误写为developement。 【一句话辨异】 后缀变词性，前缀改词义；ion变名词，ive变形容词；trans是转变，re是重启。 【对点训练】 The ______ (infect) water led to the outbreak of cholera in the 19th century. 易错点04 be to blame 主动表被动特殊句型（单元课本核心句型） 【一句话辨异】 It was confirmed that the polluted river water was to blame for the widespread cholera, so people realized that poor sanitation was also to blame. 经证实，受污染的河水是霍乱大范围爆发的元凶，人们也因此意识到糟糕的卫生环境同样难辞其咎。 【错因辨析】 1. 核心特殊用法：be to blame (for sth) 意为"（因某事）应负责任、应受责备"，是高中唯一**主动形式表被动含义**的固定句型，绝对不能用be to be blamed，属于单元必考陷阱。 2. 句式结构：主语为被责备的人/事物，后接for引出具体事由，无被动语态变化。 3. 高频错句对比： ❌ The dirty pump water was to be blamed for the disease.（错误，多余被动结构） ✅ The dirty pump water was to blame for the disease.（正确，主动表被动） 4. 拓展搭配：blame sb for sth. 因某事责备某人；blame sth. on sb 把某事归咎于某人（这两个短语为常规主动语态，无特殊用法）。 【助记口诀】 blame特殊要记牢，to blame主动表被动；不加be来不加ed，考试填空不踩坑。 【对点训练】 The outdated water system ______ for the outbreak of cholera in the 19th century. A. was to blame B. was to be blamed C. blamed 一、默写重点单词 1．______________ adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 2．______________ adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 3．________________ vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任　n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 4．________ vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责　n. 责备；指责 5．____________ n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 二、语法运用 1．The house looked _______________ it was about to fall down. 2．If I'm a bit sleepy, it's _____________ I was up all night. 3．My idea is _____________ we should do it right away. 4．He had to help his little sister with her homework last night; that's ______ he didn't see the film. 5．The main question is __________ you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. 三、语法填空 (2024·山东省青岛第五十八中学高二上期中)A black slate (石板), an alloy steel needle and decades of practice are __1__ Li Yahua needs to create the perfect Huihe stone shadow carving work of art. With her left hand __2__ (gentle) leaning against the mirror－like stone to support the heavy chisel (凿子) she's holding in her right hand, the artist creates a black－and－white landscape by intensively chiseling dots in various sizes and density on the stone. __3__ (difference) from traditional Chinese art types that emphasize the beauty of lines, stone shadow carving highlights the size and __4__ (deep) of dots. "We use an alloy steel needle to chisel white dots to create images on a polished and smooth black slate，" Li explained, adding the pressure __5__ (use) to chisel them was the key to getting the carving right. "On an A4－paper－size black slate, we need to chisel about 100 million dots __6__ (create) an image，" she continued, adding it would take 7 to 20 days to complete the work depending on its level of complexity. Born into a family of stone carvers, stone and alloy steel needles __7__ (be) Li's best friends since childhood and the sound of chisel __8__ (knock) on the slate is the soundtrack to her life. __9__ 56－year－old has devoted nearly 40 years to the craft. For her, shadow carving is about preserving history, culture and art, __10__ recording the stories of the times. 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5．________　 6.________　7.________　8.________9．________　10.________ 四、阅读理解 A （2024·河南省南阳市高二上学期期中考试）David Bennett Sr., who was seriously ill and seeking a miracle, took the last bet on Jan. 7, when he became the first human to be successfully transplanted with the heart of a pig. "It creates the beat； it creates the pressure； it is his heart，" declared Bartley Griffith, director of the surgical team that performed the operation at the University of Maryland Medical Center. Bennett, aged 57, held on through 60 tomorrows, far longer than any previous patient who'd received a heart from another species. His remarkable run offered new hope that such procedures, known as xenotransplantation （异种器官移植） could help relieve the shortage of replacement organs, saving thousands of lives each year. The earliest attempts at xenotransplantation of organs, involving kidneys from rabbits, goats, and other animals, occurred in the early 20th century, decades before the first successful human-to-human transplants. Rejection, which occurs when the recipient's body system recognizes the donor organ as a foreign object and attacks it, followed within hours or days. Results improved after some special drugs arrived in the 1960s, but most recipients still died after a few weeks. The record for a heart xenotransplantation was set in 1983, when an infant named Baby Fae survived for 20 days with an organ from a baboon （狒狒）. However, in recent years, advances in gene editing have opened a new possibility： re-edit some genes in animals to provide user-friendly spare parts. Pigs could be ideal for this purpose, because they're easy to raise and reach adult human size in months. Some biotech companies, including Revivicor, are investing heavily in the field. The donor pig was offered by Revivicor from a line of animals in which 10 genes had been re­edited to improve the heart's condition. Besides, the pig was raised in isolation and tested regularly for viruses that could infect humans or damage the organ itself. This medical breakthrough provided an alternative for the 20% of patients on the heart transplant waiting list who die while waiting or become too sick to be a good candidate. 1. What can we learn from the passage？ A.Bennett survived the surgery and has lived healthily since then. B.The operation on Bennett was successfully carried out. C.Xenotransplantation completely solve the problem of the shortage of replacement organs. D.Many patients have received the heart from a pig but failed to live as long as Bennett. 2.What does the author intend to show in Paragraph 3？ A.The process of an xenotransplantation operation. B.The consequence of the xenotransplantation operation. C.The significance of the xenotransplantation operation. D.The past exploration of the xenotransplantation operation. 3.What makes pigs ideal for providing spare parts in xenotransplantation？ A.Their growth speed and health condition. B.Their life pattern and resistance to viruses. C.Their easiness of keeping and rapid growth. D.Their investment value and natural qualities. 4.Why was Bennett's operation considered as a breakthrough？ A.It offered a possibility of replacement organs through gene editing. B.It proved the potential for using organs from various animals. C.It guaranteed a sufficient supply of donor pigs for transplants. D.It introduced new medications to prevent organ rejection. B （2024·四川省成都市西北中学高二上学期期中考试）A Beijing-based gene firm on Monday announced the debut （首次亮相） of the world's first, cloned wild arctic wolf via video—100 days after its birth in a Beijing lab. Experts said its birth pioneers the breeding of more rare and endangered animals through cloning technology. "To save the endangered animal, we started the research cooperation with Harbin Polarland on cloning the arctic wolf in 2020. After two years of painstaking efforts, the arctic wolf was cloned successfully. It is the first case of its kind in the world，" Mi Jidong, the company's general manager of the Beijing-based Sinogene Biotechnology Co., said at a press conference in Beijing. Born on June 10, the wolf, named Maya, is in very good health. Its donor cell came from the skin sample of a wild female arctic wolf, which had been introduced from Canada to Harbin Polarland. The cloning of the arctic wolf was accomplished by constructing 137 new embryos （胚胎）, followed by the transfer of 85 embryos to the uteri of seven dogs, of which one was born as a healthy wolf—Maya, Zhao noted. The selection of a dog as Maya's surrogate （代孕） was made because dogs share genetic ancestry with ancient wolves and it's more likely to succeed through cloning technology, experts said. He Zhengming, the head of Chinese Experimental Animal Resources Research Institute for Food and Drug Control, said that the cloned animals still have the ability to reproduce if they have intact fertilized eggs. The cloning technology can copy all genetic information for selective breeding, and in this way, it diversifies the population of endangered animals. From the world's first mammal clone "Dolly", cloning technology has provided the possibility to diversify the populations of some species such as cattle, pigs and horses. When endangered species in some places are identified, cloning of cells preserved from freezing technologies could also generate new life, experts said. However, some raised controversy relating to the cloned arctic wolf. Sun Quanhui, a scientist from the World Animal Protection organization, insisted that cloning technology has made great progress since its birth, but it is still being perfected and in the exploratory stage of research, and there are many technical and ethical issues that need to be tackled and treated with caution. 5.What is the significance of the first cloned wild arctic wolf's birth？ A.To produce more endangered species through cloning. B.To help the scientists win an award. C.To promote the research cooperation. D.To increase the profit of wildlife reserves. 6.What can be inferred from Paragraph 3？ A.Maya is the first cloned arctic wolf in the world. B.Wild arctic wolves are easily available in Harbin Polarland. C.There is no scientific support for choosing a dog as Maya's surrogate. D.Researchers experienced trial and error to achieve the successful birth of Maya. 7.What's the author's attitude toward cloning technology？ A.Doubtful. B.Favorable. C.Objective. D.Opposed. 8.Which is the best title of the passage？ A.The Research on the Rare and Endangered Animals B.The Debut of the World's 1st Cloned Wild Arctic Wolf C.The Beginning of the Cloning Technology Application D.The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Through Cloning Technology 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1/10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 1 Science and Scientists 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. die from 死于…… 2. subscribe to 赞同；订阅 3. be caused by 由…… 引起 4. be determined to do 决心做某事 5. be to blame 应受责备；是…… 的原因 6. be able to do sth. 能够做某事 7. remove sth. from 从…… 移走某物 8. stop sth. in its tracks 当场制止；使…… 停止 9. be infected by 被…… 感染 10. a link between … 之间的联系 11. be likely to do 有可能做某事 12. thanks to 多亏了；由于 13. be considered as 被认为是 14. in general 总的来说 15. be famous for 因…… 而著名 16. find out 查明；弄清楚 17. be based on 以…… 为基础 18. deal with 处理；应对 二、写作词汇： 1. have a great impact on 对…… 有巨大影响 2. switch one’s major 转专业 3. be in charge of 负责；掌管 4. be responsible for 对…… 负责 5. be known as 被称为；以…… 著称 6. be willing to do 愿意做某事 7. be afraid to do 害怕做某事 8. be fond of 喜欢；喜爱 9. be proud of 为…… 感到骄傲 10. be used to do 被用来做某事 11. be different from 与…… 不同 12. be similar to 与…… 相似 13. be sure of 确信…… 14. be full of 充满…… 15. be interested in 对…… 感兴趣 三、词汇变形： 1. science n. 科学→scientist n. 科学家 2. infect v. 感染→infection n. 感染；传染病→infectious adj. 传染性的 3. die v. 死亡→death n. 死亡→dead adj. 死亡的 4. discover v. 发现→discovery n. 发现 5. solve v. 解决→solution n. 解决方案 6. create v. 创造→creative adj. 有创造力的→creativity n. 创造力 7. develop v. 发展→development n. 发展 8. prove v. 证明→proof n. 证据 9. able adj. 能够的→ability n. 能力→disabled adj. 残疾的 10. determine v. 决定→determined adj. 坚定的→determination n. 决心 11. operate v. 操作→operation n. 手术；操作 12. contribute v. 贡献→contribution n. 贡献 13. vary v. 变化→various adj. 各种各样的→variety n. 种类 14. transform v. 转变→transformation n. 转变；转型 15. treat v. 治疗；对待→treatment n. 治疗；待遇 四、拓展词汇 1. epidemic n. 流行病；传染病 2. epidemiology n. 流行病学 3. hypothesis n. 假设；假说 4. statistics n. 统计数据；统计学 5. vaccine n. 疫苗 6. microscope n. 显微镜 7. laboratory n. 实验室 8. research n. 研究；调查 9. experiment n. 实验；试验 10. theory n. 理论；学说 11. conclusion n. 结论；推论 12. evidence n. 证据；证明 13. analysis n. 分析；分解 14. innovation n. 创新；革新 15. pioneer n. 先驱；开拓者 五、熟词生义 1. track n. 轨道；足迹→v. 跟踪；追踪；n. 行动；进程 2. subscribe v. 订阅；捐款→v. 赞同；支持 3. blame v. 责备；指责→n. 责任；过失 4. handle n. 把手；手柄→v. 处理；应对 5. solid adj. 固体的；坚固的→adj. 可靠的；扎实的 6. raw adj. 生的；未加工的→adj. 原始的；未经处理的 7. severe adj. 严重的；严厉的→adj. 剧烈的；极度的 8. suspect v. 怀疑；猜想→n. 嫌疑人；可疑分子 写作 句型 1. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. (教材P2) 该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。 2. Besides being brilliant, he was brave, though sometimes careless in what he said or did. (教材P9) 除了才华横溢之外，他还是一个勇敢的人，尽管有时候言行举止比较随意。 3.This odd combination of characteristics had made him one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th and 21st centuries. (教材P9) 这些性格特点的奇特组合使得他成为二十世纪与二十一世纪最伟大的思想家之一。 语法 表语从句、英语构词法（前缀/后缀） 写作 写一篇短文介绍你敬佩的一位科学家，结合其事迹阐述你对科学精神的理解 一、知识点精讲 1. frustrated adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 【词汇拓展】 ·frustrate vt.使沮丧；使懊恼；挫败 ·frustrating adj. 令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的 ·frustration n. [U]懊丧；沮丧；挫败 [C]令人懊丧(或懊恼、沮丧)的事物 【例句】 ①When things go wrong, all of us naturally feel disappointed and frustrated. 出问题时，我们自然而然都会觉得失望和沮丧。 ②It frustrates me that I'm not able to put any of my ideas into practice. 我的任何想法都无法付诸实践，这让我很沮丧。(应用文写作之求助信) ③She couldn't stand the frustration of not being able to help. 眼睁睁帮不上忙，她可受不了。(读后续写之人物描写) 【易混辨析】 情绪类形容词 touched 感动的 grateful 感激的 furious 狂怒的，暴怒的 depressed 抑郁的，沮丧的 sorrowful 悲伤的，悲痛的 jealous 妒忌的 【对点训练】 ①It's frustrating (frustrate) to have to wait so long. ②The result, not unnaturally, was that he became more tense and increasingly frustrated (frustrate). ③It was a time fraught with difficulties and frustrations (frustrate). 2. suspect vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任 n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 【词汇拓展】 ·suspected adj. 有嫌疑的；被怀疑的 ·suspicious adj. 多疑的；感觉可疑的 ·suspicion n. 怀疑；嫌疑；猜疑 ☞suspect (that) ... 怀疑/认为…… ☞suspect sb to be ... 怀疑某人是…… ☞suspect ... of (doing) sth. 怀疑……(做了)某事 ☞be suspicious of ... 对……怀疑 【例句】 ①If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light. 假如你怀疑有煤气泄漏，不要划火柴，甚至连电灯都不要开。 ②He is the prime suspect in the case. 他是这个案子的首要嫌疑人。 ③The police suspect him of carrying out two bomb attacks. 警方怀疑他发动两起爆炸案。 【对点训练】 ①Some parents hesitate to take these steps because they suspect that their child is exaggerating. ②He stared at that suspected broken arm with a suspicious look. (suspect) 3. blame vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n. 责备；指责 【词汇拓展】 ☞blame sb for sth. 因某事而责备某人 ☞blame sth. on sb 把某事怪到某人头上 ☞be to blame (for ...) 应该(为……) 负责任；该(因……)受责备 注意： be to blame 短语中的blame不能用被动形式，该短语为主动形式表示被动含义。 ☞take the blame for ... 对……负责 ☞put/lay the blame (for sth) on sb (把某事)归咎于某人身上 【例句】 ①Police are blaming the accident on Jack due to his dangerous driving. 警方把事故原因归咎于杰克危险驾驶。 ②She was partly to blame for failing to look as she crossed the road. 她横穿马路时没有看车，应承担部分责任。 ③He decided to take the blame for the team's failure. 他决定为团队的失败承担责任。 【对点训练】 ①I don't blame him for getting angry—she's being really annoying. ②Anything that goes wrong in the office is blamed on Pete. 4. decrease n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 【词汇拓展】 ☞a decrease in ... 在……方面减少 ☞on the decrease 在减少 ☞decrease to ... 减少到…… ☞decrease by ... 减少了…… ☞decrease from ... to ... 从……减少到…… 反义词： increase n．& v. 增加，增多 ☞on the increase 在增加 ☞increase by ... 增加了…… ☞increase to ... 增加到…… ☞an increase in ... 在……方面增加 【例句】 ①There could be a slight decrease in his weight but he eats too much. 他的体重可能略有下降，但他还是吃得很多。 ②The number of poor men is on the decrease as the economy is growing. 随着经济发展，贫困人口数量正在减少。 ③The temperature will decrease from 25 degrees Celsius to 15 degrees Celsius tomorrow. 明天气温将从25摄氏度降至15摄氏度。 【对点训练】 ①Plants decreased by 28 percent over 40 years. ②Last year there was a 20% decrease in his earnings. ③The new law has come into effect, and the number of wild animals here is on the increase now. 5. break out (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发 【词汇拓展】 ☞break down (机器或车辆) 出毛病，损坏；(讨论、关系或系统)失败，破裂，失灵；感情失控(痛哭起来) ☞break up (使)分裂；(被)拆分；(使)破碎；(夫妻)结束关系； (会议、聚会) 解散 ☞break into 强行进入；闯入 ☞break off 折断；(使)断开；突然中止 ☞break away (from ...) (从……)挣脱；脱开；逃脱 【例句】 ①When hostilities broke out he joined up. 战争爆发后，他参了军。 ②We are able to assist motorists whose vehicles break down or are involved in accidents within 20 minutes. 我们可在20分钟内协助车辆出现故障或发生意外的驾驶者。 ③The meeting broke up at eleven o'clock. 会议在十一点结束。 ④Her house was broken into last week. 她的房子上周被人闯入了。 ⑤She broke off a piece of chocolate and gave it to me. 她掰了一块巧克力给我。(读后续写之动作描写) ⑥I broke away from him and rushed out into the hall. 我挣脱了他，冲进了大厅。(读后续写之动作描写) 【对点训练】 ①She broke away from the pack and opened up a two－second lead. ②Lee broke off a small piece of orange and held it out to him. ③Since war broke out, the phones at donation centres have been ringing off the hook. 6.come down with 患(病)；染上(小病) 【词汇拓展】 ☞come about 发生；产生 ☞come across 偶然发现；偶然遇见 ☞come up 走近；出现；被提及 ☞come up with 想出，提出(计划、想法等) ☞come out (书或光盘)出版，发行；露出；显示；结果是 ☞come to life 恢复知觉；苏醒 ☞when it comes to (doing) sth. 当提到/涉及(做)某事时 【例句】 ①I think I'm coming down with flu. 我想我得了流感。 ②I came across a small clearing and immediately noticed the dead yellow grasses set against the fresh snow. 我偶然发现了一块小空地，立刻注意到枯黄的草与刚下的雪相映成趣。(读后续写之环境描写) ③We've been asked to come up with some new ideas. 我们被要求提出一些新的想法。 ④The truth about what happened is beginning to come out. 所发生的事情的真相开始浮出水面。 【对点训练】 ①Never have I come across such a difficult problem. ②Keep your eye on these jokers; you never know what they will come up with. ③We come down with illnesses more easily when under stress. 二、核心语法精讲 表语从句 （一）核心定义 表语从句是在复合句中充当表语的从句，通常放在系动词（be, seem, appear, look, sound, feel, become, remain 等）之后，用于说明主语的具体内容、性质、状态、原因或结果等。 （二）基本结构 主语+系动词+表语从句 例：What he said is that he will come tomorrow. （主语：What he said；系动词：is；表语从句：that he will come tomorrow） （三）常用引导词及用法 表语从句的引导词可分为 3 类，结合课本例句逐一讲解： 1. that 用法：只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，无实际含义，不可省略。 课本例句： 1　 Snow's discovery in two particular streets in London was that more than 500 people died in ten days. 2　 The fact was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. 2. wh-类连接词（what, who, whom, whose, when, where, why, how, whether） 用法：既起连接作用，又在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、状语等成分，有实际含义。 课本例句： 1　 What John Snow showed to the world was how cholera could be overcome.（how 在从句中作方式状语） 2　 The problem was not about whether all our theories were equally good.（whether 在从句中不作成分，表 "是否"） 3　 This was when you should have calmed down and got down to doing some solid work.（when 在从句中作时间状语） 3. because, as if/though 用法：because 引导表语从句表原因；as if/though 引导表语从句表 "仿佛、好像"，从句可使用陈述语气或虚拟语气。 课本例句： 1　 It seemed as if all the theories were useful. （四）核心考点与易错点 1. that 不可省略：表语从句中 that 即使不充当成分，也不能省略，这是和宾语从句的核心区别（宾语从句中 that 可省略）。 错：The reason is he is ill. 对：The reason is that he is ill. 2. whether vs if：表语从句中表 "是否" 时，只能用 whether，不能用 if。 3. 主语从句+be+表语从句：这是本单元的核心句式，常见结构为 "What/That/wh-从句+be+表语从句"，用于强调主语的具体内容。 课本原句改写：What Snow was determined to find out was why the cholera outbreak was so severe. （五）巩固练习 1　 The truth is that the water pump was to blame for the cholera outbreak. 2　 What we need to know is how/whether we can prevent cholera from spreading. 3　 It seemed as if/though the theories about cholera were all correct at first. 4　 The problem was that we couldn't find the cause of the disease. 英语构词法（前缀+后缀） （一）核心概念 构词法是英语中构成新词的主要方式，派生法（加前缀/后缀） 是最核心的类型： · 前缀（prefix）：加在词根前，改变词义，不改变词性； · 后缀（suffix）：加在词根后，改变词性，不改变核心词义。 （2） 核心前缀（本单元重点） 前缀 核心含义 课本例词 拓展例词 re- 再，又；回；重新 remove（移走）、research（研究）、recover（恢复） repeat（重复）、rewrite（重写）、return（返回） dis- 不，相反；分开；否定 discover（发现）、disease（疾病）、disagree（不同意） disappear（消失）、dishonest（不诚实的）、distribute（分配） micro- 微，小；微观 microscope（显微镜） microwave（微波炉）、microorganism（微生物）、microscope（显微镜） trans- 转移，转变；穿过；横过 transform（转变）、transport（运输） translate（翻译）、transmit（传播）、transition（过渡） in-/im- 不，无；向内 infection（感染）、impossible（不可能的） incorrect（不正确的）、invisible（看不见的）、import（进口） un- 不，无；相反 unusual（不寻常的）、unable（不能的） unhappy（不开心的）、unfair（不公平的）、uncover（揭开） （3） 核心后缀 后缀 核心含义 词性变化 课本例词 拓展例词 -ion 动作或状态的名词化 动词→名词 infection（感染）、action（行动）、decision（决定）、solution（解决方案） attention（注意）、introduction（介绍）、construction（建设） -ology …… 学（学科名词） 名词 epidemiology（流行病学） biology（生物学）、psychology（心理学）、sociology（社会学） -ory ① 形容词：…… 的；② 名词：场所 动词/名词→形容词/名词 contradictory（矛盾的）、laboratory（实验室） satisfactory（满意的）、factory（工厂）、memory（记忆） -ial 有…… 性质的（形容词） 名词→形容词 substantial（大量的；实质的）、essential（必要的） special（特别的）、official（官方的）、partial（部分的） -ive 有…… 性质的（形容词） 动词→形容词 creative（有创造力的）、infectious（传染性的） active（活跃的）、passive（被动的）、attractive（有吸引力的） -er/-or 人/物（执行动作的人/物） 动词→名词 scientist（科学家）、doctor（医生）、inventor（发明家） teacher（老师）、worker（工人）、actor（演员） -ment 动作/结果/状态 动词→名词 development（发展）、movement（运动） agreement（同意）、argument（争论）、equipment（设备） -ful 充满…… 的；有…… 性质的 名词→形容词 helpful（有帮助的）、useful（有用的） careful（小心的）、beautiful（美丽的）、powerful（强大的） （四）核心考点与易错点 1. 前缀辨义：同一前缀可能有多个含义，需结合语境判断。 例：re-在 "return" 中表 "回"，在 "repeat" 中表 "再"；dis-在 "disagree" 中表 "否定"，在 "discover" 中表 "分开"。 2. 后缀辨词性：同一后缀可能对应不同词性，需结合词根判断。 例：-ory 可作形容词（contradictory），也可作名词（laboratory）。 3. 词性转换规则：动词变名词常用 - ion/-ment/-er/-or；名词变形容词常用 - ial/-ive/-ful；形容词变副词常用 - ly。 （五）巩固练习 1. 用所给词的适当形式填空： 1　 The infection (infect) of the water caused the spread of cholera. 2　 John Snow was a creative (create) scientist who used maps and statistics to study diseases. 3　 The development (develop) of clean water systems reduced the threat of cholera. 4　 It is essential (essence) to know how to prevent cholera. 2. 写出下列单词的前缀/后缀及含义： 1　 microscope 前缀：micro- 含义：微，小 2　 contradictory 后缀：-ory 含义：…… 的 3　 transform 前缀：trans- 含义：转变，转移 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 本单元核心写作话题为科学精神与科学家品质（What makes a great scientist），属于议论文+人物介绍结合的话题作文，是单元Reading for Writing板块核心写作任务。 (1) 写作核心：围绕优秀科学家的个人事迹、科研成就，提炼并阐释严谨、执着、勇于探索、敢于质疑、无私奉献等科学精神，阐明伟大科学家的必备品质。 (2) 考查要求：文章逻辑清晰，结合具体事例支撑观点；熟练运用本单元名词短语、形容词短语、副词短语，搭配表语从句、高级句式；用词精准，句式多样，贴合高中考场写作评分标准。 (3) 常见命题形式：① 介绍你敬佩的一位科学家并阐述其科学精神；② 论述成为优秀科学家需要具备的品质；③ 谈谈科学精神对青少年的启示。 2. 写作框架（经典总-分-总三段式，考场通用） 第一段：开篇点题（总起，引入话题/人物） 简要引出核心观点，点明伟大科学家的核心特质，或直接介绍自己敬佩的科学家的身份、地位与核心贡献，简洁开篇，不拖沓。 万能开篇逻辑：话题引入+核心观点/人物简介 第二段：主体论述（分述，事例+品质结合） 文章核心段落，分层展开：① 结合科学家具体科研事迹（如攻坚克难、大胆求证、反复实验）；② 对应提炼科学品质；③ 用衔接词串联内容，做到事例支撑观点，有理有据。可结合约翰·斯诺探究霍乱病因等课本经典素材展开。 万能主体逻辑：具体事迹→体现品质→简要分析 第三段：结尾升华（总结，感悟+启示） 总结全文，重申科学精神的价值，结合自身青少年身份，阐述该精神对自身学习、成长的启发与激励，升华文章主旨。 万能结尾逻辑：总结品质+个人感悟+未来践行方向 3. 写作素材（高分词汇、短语、句型） （一）核心高分短语 1. devote oneself to scientific research 投身科学研究 2. seek the truth patiently and rigorously 耐心严谨地探求真理 3. draw a scientific conclusion 得出科学结论 4. conduct repeated experiments 进行反复实验 5. challenge traditional theories 挑战传统理论 6. make great contributions to 为……做出巨大贡献 7. overcome numerous difficulties 克服重重困难 8. have a profound impact on science 对科学产生深远影响 9. stick to scientific exploration 坚持科学探索 10. figure out the root cause 查明根本原因 （二）品质类高分形容词 rigorous 严谨的；persistent 执着的；courageous 敢于探索的；selfless 无私的； modest 谦逊的；creative 富有创造力的；responsible 有担当的 （三）万能高分句型（含本单元核心语法） (1) 表语从句句型 What makes a scientist great is not only their achievements but also their noble scientific spirit. 译文：造就伟大科学家的不仅是他们的成就，更是他们崇高的科学精神。 (2) 状语从句高级句型 Though faced with countless failures, they never give up their exploration of science. 译文：尽管遭遇无数挫折，他们从未放弃对科学的探索。 (3) 定语从句句型 John Snow is a devoted scientist who devoted his life to preventing the spread of diseases. 译文：约翰·斯诺是一位敬业的科学家，他毕生致力于遏制疾病传播。 (4) 升华结尾句型 It is their perseverance and rigorous attitude that inspires us to pursue knowledge bravely. 译文：正是他们的执着与严谨激励着我们勇敢地追求知识。 4. 范文背诵 范文一（课本人物·约翰·斯诺 侧重事迹与精神） What Makes a Great Scientist Science promotes the progress of human society, and great scientists are the promoters of scientific development. In my opinion, what makes a great scientist is rigorous attitude, persistent exploration and a sense of responsibility. John Snow, a famous British doctor and scientist, is a perfect example. At that time, cholera was a deadly disease that threatened people’s lives. Faced with the unknown cause of the disease, he refused to accept unreasonable traditional theories. Instead, he conducted careful investigations, marked the death cases on maps and finally figured out that the polluted pump water was to blame. He stuck to scientific truth, overcame various difficulties and successfully found the way to prevent cholera from spreading. His whole process of research fully shows the rigorous and persistent scientific spirit. The spirit of great scientists is precious wealth for us teenagers. We should learn from them, treat our study rigorously and keep exploring bravely. Only in this way can we make progress and contribute to society in the future. 范文二（侧重科学家必备品质 适配通用考题） The Qualities of a Great Scientist Scientific research is never an easy journey, and outstanding scientists share many precious qualities that lead them to success. First and foremost, rigorousness is the basic quality for a scientist. Every scientific conclusion is based on repeated experiments and careful analysis, rather than random guesses. Besides, perseverance matters most. Scientific exploration is full of failures and setbacks. Great scientists never give up when they meet difficulties. Instead, they keep trying and correcting their mistakes. Last but not least, courage to question and innovate is indispensable. Many major scientific breakthroughs come from challenging old theories and putting forward new ideas. In short, rigorousness, perseverance and innovative courage are the key qualities of great scientists. As senior high school students, we should cultivate these qualities in our daily study, lay a solid foundation of knowledge and pursue scientific dreams bravely. 易错点01 be likely to do 句型与It is likely that... 句式混用 【一句话辨异】 People who drink polluted water are likely to fall ill, and it is likely that the disease will spread quickly without control. 饮用污染水源的人很容易患病，且若不加管控，这种疾病很可能快速蔓延。 【错因辨析】 1. 两个同义高频句型结构极易混淆，是单元语法填空、改错高频考点： ① 主语 + be likely to do sth（人/物作主语）：某人/某物有可能做某事 ② It is likely that + 完整从句（it作形式主语）：很可能…… 2. 核心禁忌：两个句式不可混搭，绝对不能写 It is likely to do 或 Sb is likely that...。 3. 同义替换：be likely to do = be probable to do（少用）；It is likely that = It is probable that。 4. 高频错句对比： ❌ It is likely to rain tomorrow.（混搭错误） ✅ It is likely that it will rain tomorrow.（正确） ✅ The disease is likely to spread.（正确） 【助记口诀】 人物主语接to do，It作主语接that；两个句式不混搭，likely用法不出差。 【对点训练】 ______ is likely that most citizens will realize the importance of healthy water. A. That B. It C. This 答案：B 解析：考查固定句型It is likely that...，it为形式主语，指代后面完整从句，为固定用法；That/This无法引导该句型，故选B。 易错点02 表语从句that的省略误用 【一句话辨异】 The reason why cholera spread rapidly was that polluted water was to blame, not that people lacked basic prevention awareness. 霍乱快速蔓延的原因是受污染的水源作祟，而非人们缺乏基础的防护意识。 【错因辨析】 1. 表语从句中，that仅起连接作用、无实义、不充当成分，绝对不可省略，这是与宾语从句的核心区别（宾语从句that可省略）。 2. 固定句型易错：The reason is that...（原因是……）为固定表语从句句型，严禁省略that，切勿受汉语思维影响出错。 3. 高频错句对比： ❌ The reason is he made a mistake in the experiment.（错误，漏that） ✅ The reason is that he made a mistake in the experiment.（正确） 【助记口诀】 表语从句that不删, Reason句型记心间；宾从可省它不行，语法填空常考点。 【对点训练】 The truth ______ the scientist stuck to scientific truth moved all the people around him. A. that B. what C. / 答案：A 解析：本句为表语从句衍生同位语从句，从句句意完整、不缺成分，需用that连接且不可省略；what需在从句中充当成分，不符合句式结构，故选A。 易错点03 单元构词法词性混淆（前缀后缀高频易错） 【一句话辨异】 The infectious disease infection infected dozens of people, reminding us of the harm of infectious germs. 这场传染性疾病的感染波及数十人，让我们警惕致病菌的危害。 【错因辨析】 1. 后缀词性混淆：-ion为名词后缀（表动作、状态），-ious/-ive为形容词后缀（表性质），极易混用。 infect v. 感染 → infection n. 感染（名词）→ infectious adj. 传染性的（形容词） 2. 前缀含义混淆：trans-表"转变、转移"，re-表"重新、返回"，易记混词义；micro-仅修饰微观事物，不可用于普通名词。 3. 高频错误：将creative（adj. 有创造力的）误写为createful，将development（n. 发展）误写为developement。 【一句话辨异】 后缀变词性，前缀改词义；ion变名词，ive变形容词；trans是转变，re是重启。 【对点训练】 The ______ (infect) water led to the outbreak of cholera in the 19th century. 答案：infectious 解析：空格修饰名词water，需用形容词；infect为动词，infectious为形容词"传染性的、受污染的"，符合语境。 易错点04 be to blame 主动表被动特殊句型（单元课本核心句型） 【一句话辨异】 It was confirmed that the polluted river water was to blame for the widespread cholera, so people realized that poor sanitation was also to blame. 经证实，受污染的河水是霍乱大范围爆发的元凶，人们也因此意识到糟糕的卫生环境同样难辞其咎。 【错因辨析】 1. 核心特殊用法：be to blame (for sth) 意为"（因某事）应负责任、应受责备"，是高中唯一**主动形式表被动含义**的固定句型，绝对不能用be to be blamed，属于单元必考陷阱。 2. 句式结构：主语为被责备的人/事物，后接for引出具体事由，无被动语态变化。 3. 高频错句对比： ❌ The dirty pump water was to be blamed for the disease.（错误，多余被动结构） ✅ The dirty pump water was to blame for the disease.（正确，主动表被动） 4. 拓展搭配：blame sb for sth. 因某事责备某人；blame sth. on sb 把某事归咎于某人（这两个短语为常规主动语态，无特殊用法）。 【助记口诀】 blame特殊要记牢，to blame主动表被动；不加be来不加ed，考试填空不踩坑。 【对点训练】 The outdated water system ______ for the outbreak of cholera in the 19th century. A. was to blame B. was to be blamed C. blamed 答案：A 解析：考查be to blame特殊句型。该短语主动表被动，无be to be blamed结构，排除B；C选项blamed为主动谓语，主语system无法主动发出"责备"动作，逻辑不通，故选A。 一、默写重点单词 1．______________ adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 2．______________ adj. 相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的 3．________________ vt.& vi. 怀疑；疑有；不信任　n. 犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 4．________ vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责　n. 责备；指责 5．____________ n. 减少；降低；减少量　vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 【答案】1.frustrated 2.contradictory 3.suspect 4.blame 5.decrease 二、语法运用 1．The house looked _______________ it was about to fall down. 2．If I'm a bit sleepy, it's _____________ I was up all night. 3．My idea is _____________ we should do it right away. 4．He had to help his little sister with her homework last night; that's ______ he didn't see the film. 5．The main question is __________ you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. 【答案】1.as if/as though 2.because 3.that 4.why 5.whether 三、语法填空 (2024·山东省青岛第五十八中学高二上期中)A black slate (石板), an alloy steel needle and decades of practice are __1__ Li Yahua needs to create the perfect Huihe stone shadow carving work of art. With her left hand __2__ (gentle) leaning against the mirror－like stone to support the heavy chisel (凿子) she's holding in her right hand, the artist creates a black－and－white landscape by intensively chiseling dots in various sizes and density on the stone. __3__ (difference) from traditional Chinese art types that emphasize the beauty of lines, stone shadow carving highlights the size and __4__ (deep) of dots. "We use an alloy steel needle to chisel white dots to create images on a polished and smooth black slate，" Li explained, adding the pressure __5__ (use) to chisel them was the key to getting the carving right. "On an A4－paper－size black slate, we need to chisel about 100 million dots __6__ (create) an image，" she continued, adding it would take 7 to 20 days to complete the work depending on its level of complexity. Born into a family of stone carvers, stone and alloy steel needles __7__ (be) Li's best friends since childhood and the sound of chisel __8__ (knock) on the slate is the soundtrack to her life. __9__ 56－year－old has devoted nearly 40 years to the craft. For her, shadow carving is about preserving history, culture and art, __10__ recording the stories of the times. 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5．________　 6.________　7.________　8.________9．________　10.________ 【答案】 1．what　考查表语从句的连接词。设空处引导表语从句，从句中缺少needs的宾语，意为"……的事物"，应用连接代词what引导。故填what。 2．gently　考查词性转换。设空处应用副词作状语，修饰动词短语leaning against。故填gently。 3．Different　考查词性转换。此处用形容词性短语作状语，different from "不同于"，句首单词首字母应大写。故填Different。 4．depth　考查词性转换。the size and __4__ (deep) of dots是名词所有格结构，应用不可数名词depth。故填depth。 5．used　考查非谓语动词。动词use与其逻辑主语the pressure是被动关系，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填used。 6．to create　考查非谓语动词。此处表示目的，应用不定式作状语。故填to create。 7．have been　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语since childhood可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语stone and alloy steel needles为复数，谓语应用复数。故填have been。 8．knocking　考查非谓语动词。knock与其逻辑主语chisel是主动关系，应用现在分词作后置定语。故填knocking。 9．The　考查冠词。句意：56岁的李亚华已经为这项技术奉献了近40年的时间。此处特指"56岁的李亚华"，应用定冠词，句首单词首字母应大写。故填The。 10．and　考查连词。句意：对她来说，石影雕刻就是保存历史文化艺术，记录时代故事。preserving history, culture and art和recording the stories of the times是并列关系，应用并列连词and连接。故填and。 四、阅读理解 A （2024·河南省南阳市高二上学期期中考试）David Bennett Sr., who was seriously ill and seeking a miracle, took the last bet on Jan. 7, when he became the first human to be successfully transplanted with the heart of a pig. "It creates the beat； it creates the pressure； it is his heart，" declared Bartley Griffith, director of the surgical team that performed the operation at the University of Maryland Medical Center. Bennett, aged 57, held on through 60 tomorrows, far longer than any previous patient who'd received a heart from another species. His remarkable run offered new hope that such procedures, known as xenotransplantation （异种器官移植） could help relieve the shortage of replacement organs, saving thousands of lives each year. The earliest attempts at xenotransplantation of organs, involving kidneys from rabbits, goats, and other animals, occurred in the early 20th century, decades before the first successful human-to-human transplants. Rejection, which occurs when the recipient's body system recognizes the donor organ as a foreign object and attacks it, followed within hours or days. Results improved after some special drugs arrived in the 1960s, but most recipients still died after a few weeks. The record for a heart xenotransplantation was set in 1983, when an infant named Baby Fae survived for 20 days with an organ from a baboon （狒狒）. However, in recent years, advances in gene editing have opened a new possibility： re-edit some genes in animals to provide user-friendly spare parts. Pigs could be ideal for this purpose, because they're easy to raise and reach adult human size in months. Some biotech companies, including Revivicor, are investing heavily in the field. The donor pig was offered by Revivicor from a line of animals in which 10 genes had been re­edited to improve the heart's condition. Besides, the pig was raised in isolation and tested regularly for viruses that could infect humans or damage the organ itself. This medical breakthrough provided an alternative for the 20% of patients on the heart transplant waiting list who die while waiting or become too sick to be a good candidate. 1. What can we learn from the passage？ A.Bennett survived the surgery and has lived healthily since then. B.The operation on Bennett was successfully carried out. C.Xenotransplantation completely solve the problem of the shortage of replacement organs. D.Many patients have received the heart from a pig but failed to live as long as Bennett. 2.What does the author intend to show in Paragraph 3？ A.The process of an xenotransplantation operation. B.The consequence of the xenotransplantation operation. C.The significance of the xenotransplantation operation. D.The past exploration of the xenotransplantation operation. 3.What makes pigs ideal for providing spare parts in xenotransplantation？ A.Their growth speed and health condition. B.Their life pattern and resistance to viruses. C.Their easiness of keeping and rapid growth. D.Their investment value and natural qualities. 4.Why was Bennett's operation considered as a breakthrough？ A.It offered a possibility of replacement organs through gene editing. B.It proved the potential for using organs from various animals. C.It guaranteed a sufficient supply of donor pigs for transplants. D.It introduced new medications to prevent organ rejection. 【答案】 1.B　细节理解题。根据第一段中的"It creates the beat ... of Maryland Medical Center.（‘它创造了心跳；它产生了压力；这是他的心脏，’马里兰大学医学中心的手术小组主任Bartley Griffith （巴特利·格里菲思）宣布。）"可知，Bennett （班尼特）的手术很成功。故选B。 2.D　推理判断题。根据第三段中的"The earliest attempts ...""in the 1960s"以及"in 1983"可推知，作者想在第三段介绍异种器官移植手术的既往探索。故选D。 3.C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的"Pigs could be ideal ... adult human size in months.（猪可能是实现这个目的的理想选择，因为它们很容易饲养，几个月内就能达到成年人类的大小。）"可知，猪是异种移植中提供供体理想的选择，是因为它们容易饲养且长得快。故选C。 4.A　细节理解题。根据最后一段"This medical breakthrough ... a good candidate.（这一医学突破为心脏移植候选名单上20%的患者提供了另一种选择，这些患者或是在等待过程中死亡或因病情严重而不适合接受心脏移植手术。）"可知，Bennett的手术被认为是一个突破，因为它提供了通过基因编辑替代器官的可能性。故选A。 B （2024·四川省成都市西北中学高二上学期期中考试）A Beijing-based gene firm on Monday announced the debut （首次亮相） of the world's first, cloned wild arctic wolf via video—100 days after its birth in a Beijing lab. Experts said its birth pioneers the breeding of more rare and endangered animals through cloning technology. "To save the endangered animal, we started the research cooperation with Harbin Polarland on cloning the arctic wolf in 2020. After two years of painstaking efforts, the arctic wolf was cloned successfully. It is the first case of its kind in the world，" Mi Jidong, the company's general manager of the Beijing-based Sinogene Biotechnology Co., said at a press conference in Beijing. Born on June 10, the wolf, named Maya, is in very good health. Its donor cell came from the skin sample of a wild female arctic wolf, which had been introduced from Canada to Harbin Polarland. The cloning of the arctic wolf was accomplished by constructing 137 new embryos （胚胎）, followed by the transfer of 85 embryos to the uteri of seven dogs, of which one was born as a healthy wolf—Maya, Zhao noted. The selection of a dog as Maya's surrogate （代孕） was made because dogs share genetic ancestry with ancient wolves and it's more likely to succeed through cloning technology, experts said. He Zhengming, the head of Chinese Experimental Animal Resources Research Institute for Food and Drug Control, said that the cloned animals still have the ability to reproduce if they have intact fertilized eggs. The cloning technology can copy all genetic information for selective breeding, and in this way, it diversifies the population of endangered animals. From the world's first mammal clone "Dolly", cloning technology has provided the possibility to diversify the populations of some species such as cattle, pigs and horses. When endangered species in some places are identified, cloning of cells preserved from freezing technologies could also generate new life, experts said. However, some raised controversy relating to the cloned arctic wolf. Sun Quanhui, a scientist from the World Animal Protection organization, insisted that cloning technology has made great progress since its birth, but it is still being perfected and in the exploratory stage of research, and there are many technical and ethical issues that need to be tackled and treated with caution. 5.What is the significance of the first cloned wild arctic wolf's birth？ A.To produce more endangered species through cloning. B.To help the scientists win an award. C.To promote the research cooperation. D.To increase the profit of wildlife reserves. 6.What can be inferred from Paragraph 3？ A.Maya is the first cloned arctic wolf in the world. B.Wild arctic wolves are easily available in Harbin Polarland. C.There is no scientific support for choosing a dog as Maya's surrogate. D.Researchers experienced trial and error to achieve the successful birth of Maya. 7.What's the author's attitude toward cloning technology？ A.Doubtful. B.Favorable. C.Objective. D.Opposed. 8.Which is the best title of the passage？ A.The Research on the Rare and Endangered Animals B.The Debut of the World's 1st Cloned Wild Arctic Wolf C.The Beginning of the Cloning Technology Application D.The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Through Cloning Technology 【答案】 5.A　细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Experts said its birth ... through cloning technology."可知，该北极狼克隆的成功为培育更多珍稀濒危动物开创了先河。故选A。 6.D　推理判断题。根据第三段中的"The cloning of the arctic wolf ... Zhao noted. （赵指出，北极狼的克隆是通过构建137个新胚胎完成的，随后将85个胚胎移植到7只狗的子宫中，其中一只出生时是健康的狼——Maya（玛雅）。）"可推知，研究人员经历了反复实验，才成功诞生了Maya。故选D。 7.C　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的"When endangered species ... experts said. （专家表示，当一些地方的濒危物种被发现时，利用冷冻技术保存的细胞进行克隆也可以产生新的生命。）"可知，作者呈现了克隆技术对濒危物种的价值；再根据最后一段中的"However, some raised controversy relating to the cloned arctic wolf. （然而，一些人提出了与克隆北极狼有关的争议。）"可知，作者呈现了对克隆技术的质疑。由此可推知，作者对这一技术持客观态度。故选C。 8.B　标题判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段中的"A Beijing-based gene firm ... cloned wild arctic wolf via video （北京一家基因公司周一通过视频宣布，世界上第一只克隆的野生北极狼首次亮相）"可知，本文主要围绕着第一只克隆的北极狼展开，因此B项（世界上第一只克隆的野生北极狼首次亮相）最适合作为文章标题。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1/10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $