Unit 4 Natural Disasters（知识清单）英语人教版必修第一册

该高中英语Unit 4知识清单系统整合了“自然灾害”主题的词汇、语法与写作核心内容，涵盖阅读/写作词汇、词汇变形、高频词辨析、定语从句（关系代词）及新闻报道概要写作等范畴，构建从基础词汇积累到语法应用再到语篇输出的递进式学习支架。 清单通过“高考频次标注”“易错点分级辨析”“熟词生义拓展”构建知识体系，如将damage/destroy/ruin辨析为三级程度并配“damage可修部分损”口诀，突出语言能力培养。设计“定语从句专项练习”“新闻报道写作框架+范文”，结合strike熟词生义句型训练，提升思维品质与学习能力，教师可直接用于课堂精讲，学生能自主梳理重难点，高效备考。

Unit 4 Natural Disasters 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. 火山喷发 2. 似乎；好像；仿佛 3. 严重受损；破败不堪 4. 震惊；吃惊 5. 露天；在户外 6. 急救箱 7. 现有（尤指帮助） 8. 消灭；彻底消除 二、写作词汇： 1. 遭受；忍受 2. 采取行动 3. 给予援助 4. 冷静下来；使平静 5. ... 保护……免受…… 6. 发表演讲 三、词汇变形： 1. disaster n. 灾难 → adj. 灾难性的 2. destroy vt. 摧毁 → n. 破坏 → adj. 破坏性的 3. die v. 死亡 → n. 死亡 → adj. 死亡的 → deadly adj. 致命的 4. affect vt. 影响；打动 → n. 影响；效果 5. breathe v. 呼吸 → n. 气息；呼吸 6. survive v. 幸存；存活 → n. 幸存 → n. 幸存者 7. erupt v. 爆发 → n. 喷发；爆发 8. revive v. 苏醒；复活 → n. 振兴；复苏 四、拓展词汇 1. _______________ n. 龙卷风；旋风 2. _______________ n. 旱灾；久旱 3. _______________ n. 崩塌；滑坡 4. _______________ n. 海啸 5. _______________ n./v. 洪水；淹没 6. _______________ n. 震级；重大 7. _______________ n./vt. 营救；救援 8. _______________ vt. 疏散；撤出 9. _______________ n. 突发事件；紧急情况 10. _______________ n. 总结；概要 五、熟词生义 1. _______________ 【熟义】击打；罢工 【生义】vt.（灾害、疾病）突然侵袭 2. _______________ 【熟义】轻叩；轻敲 【生义】vt. 开发；利用（资源） 3. _______________ 【熟义】递送 【生义】vt. 发表（演讲）；传递（观点） 4. _______________ 【熟义】供应 【生义】n. [pl.] 补给品；物资 写作 句型 11. It seemed as if the world were ! 译文：仿佛世界末日即将来临！ 2. Nearly of the whole nation felt it! 译文：全国几乎三分之一的地方均有震感。 3. Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing ruins. 译文：幸存者目及之处无一不是废墟。 4. ... the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who and to bury the dead. 译文：……部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山，将受困群众从废墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。 5. In Sri Lanka, some 1,600 kilometres west of the quake centre, deaths stood at 2,498 ... 译文：在斯里兰卡，震中以西约1600千米处，死亡人数高达2,498人…… 语法 定语从句（一）——关系代词 that / which / who / whom / whose 写作 自然灾害新闻报道总结 一、知识点精讲 1. damage v. 损害；伤害 n. 损害；损失 高考频次：2024-2026年考查6次（词义辨析必考） 例句：Strong storms may damage houses and public facilities. 强风暴可能损毁房屋与公共设施。 易混层级辨析（高考必考） damage：部分损坏，可修复；destroy：彻底摧毁，无法修复；ruin：彻底毁坏、破败（程度最重） 2. supply n. 补给；物资；供应 v. 供应；提供 高考频次：2024-2026年考查5次（完形、语法填空） 例句：Local people offered food and water supplies to disaster areas. 当地民众向灾区提供食物和饮水物资。 固定搭配 = 向某人提供某物 3. shock n. 震惊；冲击；电击 v. 使震惊 高考频次：2024-2026年考查5次（变形、短语） 例句：The sudden natural disaster shocked all the local residents. 突如其来的自然灾害震惊了所有当地居民。 词汇拓展 ① . 感到震惊的 ②shocking adj. 令人震惊的 ③ 处于震惊状态 4. trap v. 困住；使陷入困境 n. 陷阱；困境 高考频次：2024-2026年考查4次（完形、被动语态） 例句：Some tourists were trapped in the mountains due to heavy rain. 部分游客因大雨被困山中。 固定搭配 被困在……；陷入……困境 5. bury v. 埋葬；埋藏；专心于 高考频次：2024-2026年考查4次（熟词生义） 例句：He buried himself in study to improve his grades. 他埋头学习以提升成绩。 高频搭配 埋头于；专心于 6. strike v. 袭击；击打；突然想到；罢工 n. 罢工；袭击 高考频次：2024-2026年考查7次（熟词生义超高频） 例句：A heavy storm struck the coastal city last night. 昨晚一场强风暴袭击了这座沿海城市。 核心考点 某人突然想到…… 7. deliver v. 递送；发表（演讲）；传递；接生 高考频次：2024-2026年考查5次（熟词生义、阅读） 例句：The teacher a speech on environmental protection yesterday. 老师昨天发表了一场环保主题演讲。 词汇拓展 delivery n. 递送；交付；演讲风格 8. calm adj. 冷静的；平静的 v. 使平静；镇静 高考频次：2024-2026年考查6次（完形、写作） 例句：We should keep calm when facing unexpected dangers. 面对突发危险我们要保持冷静。 高频短语 冷静下来；平息 二、核心语法精讲 限制性定语从句（关系代词） 一、核心考点总览 限制性定语从句无逗号分隔，用于紧密修饰限定先行词，是高考语法填空、改错、写作核心考点。重点考查 who/whom/which/that/whose 五大关系代词的指代对象、句法成分，以及that的专属特殊用法。 二、五大关系代词核心精讲 1. who 用法：指代 ，在从句中作 ，口语中作宾语可省略。 例句：Rescuers who stick to their posts during disasters are the most admirable people. 坚守救灾一线的救援人员是最令人敬佩的人。 2. whom 用法：指代 ，仅在从句中作 ，可省略，正式文体中不省略。 例句：The volunteers whom we met in flood-stricken areas devoted themselves to disaster relief work. 我们在灾区遇到的志愿者们全身心投入救灾工作。 3. which 用法：指代 ，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略。 例句：The disaster prevention knowledge which we learn at school can save lives in emergencies. 我们在校学习的防灾知识能在紧急情况下挽救生命。 4. that 用法： ，从句中可作主语、宾语，通用性最强。 例句：The supplies that are sent to disaster areas can meet people’s basic living needs. 送往灾区的物资能够保障人们的基本生活需求。 5. whose 用法： ，人、物通用，后必须接名词，不可单独使用。 例句：The meteorological station whose forecasts are accurate helps people avoid natural disasters. 预报精准的气象站能帮助人们规避自然灾害。 三、高考必考：只用that、不用which/who的场景 1. 先行词被最高级、序数词、 等不定代词修饰时； 2. 先行词同时包含人+物时； 3. 先行词为 等不定代词时。 例句：All that we can do is to provide timely support for disaster-affected people. 我们所能做的一切，就是为受灾群众提供及时的帮扶。 定语从句·关系代词专项练习 单选题 1. The club ______ I joined last month offers many interesting after-school activities. A. what　B. which　C. where　D. when 2. The student ______ is responsible for our class volunteer work is very helpful. A. who　B. which　C. whom　D. whose 3. This is the best study plan ______ I have ever made to improve my grades. A. which　B. that　C. what　D. when 4. The book ______ cover is blue teaches us a lot about travelling culture. A. that　B. which　C. whose　D. whom 5. The problems ______ we are facing now are mainly about study pressure and time management. A. which　B. who　C. whose　D. where 三、单元写作清单 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 自然灾害 写作体裁：新闻报道概要（概要写作+应用文） 写作话题：A summary of a news report 自然灾害新闻报道总结 1. 话题分析 本话题为概要写作高频题型，要求客观、精炼概括新闻核心内容，无需主观抒情。写作需精准涵盖五大核心要素：灾害类型、发生时间与地点、灾害造成的损失与影响、救援措施、灾后情况。语言正式简洁、逻辑严谨，时态以一般过去时为主，贴合新闻报道客观、严谨的文体特点，重点考查信息提炼与语言概括能力。 2. 写作框架 第一段（开篇总括）：简要概括新闻核心事件，点明灾害类型、发生时间和地点。 第二段（主体详述核心信息）：介绍灾害带来的破坏（人员、建筑、经济损失）；阐述政府、救援人员开展的救援行动与应急措施。 第三段（结尾总结）：简述灾后现状、人们的应对态度及灾害带来的启示（团结互助、敬畏自然、防灾减灾）。 3. 写作素材 高频句型 ① A terrible natural disaster hit ... on ...（时间地点）. ② The disaster caused great damage to the local area. ③ A large number of buildings were destroyed and many people were injured. ④ Rescue teams arrived immediately to carry out rescue work. ⑤ The government took effective measures to help people in need. ⑥ People united together to face the disaster bravely. 高频词汇 自然灾害； 造成破坏； 沦为废墟； 开展救援工作； 采取有效措施； 幸存者； 团结一心 4. 范文背诵 A Summary of a News Report A terrible earthquake struck a small city in Southwest China on July 10th, 2025, causing serious damage to the local area. The sudden earthquake destroyed a lot of houses and roads. Several people lost their lives and many residents were injured. A large number of people became homeless and trapped in the ruins. Fortunately, rescue teams and medical workers rushed to the disaster area immediately. They tried their best to save survivors, treat the injured and supply daily necessities for the victims. The local government also took effective measures to organize rescue and reconstruction work. Though the disaster brought huge losses, local people stayed strong and united. This news tells us the power of unity and the importance of disaster prevention and relief. 易错点01 damage/destroy/ruin层级辨析 助记口诀：damage可修部分损，destroy全毁无幸存，ruin破败毁终身。 一句话辨异：The storm damaged many houses, but none were destroyed or ruined completely. 暴风雨损毁了许多房屋，但没有一栋被彻底摧毁、沦为废墟。 【错因辨析】 高考词义辨析必考三级差异： 1. ：部分损坏、可修复，程度最轻，可作动词/名词。 2. ：彻底摧毁、无法修复，瞬间毁灭性破坏，仅作动词。 3. ：长期破败、彻底荒废，侧重状态破败，程度最重。 4. 固定短语： 沦为废墟（固定搭配，不可改）。 【对点训练】 1. The ancient temple was ______ (ruin) by years of wind and rain.（语法填空） 2. The accident caused slight ______ (damage) to his car.（填空） 易错点02 supply搭配与单复数陷阱 助记口诀：供给搭配双结构，物资复数 ，动词搭配不乱用。 一句话辨异：The government supplied the disaster-stricken area with daily supplies in time. 政府及时向灾区供应了日常物资。 【错因辨析】 1. 双固定搭配： = （向某人提供某物），介词不可混用。 2. 熟词生义+单复数陷阱：supply单数表“供应行为”，supplies复数表物资、补给品（高考完形高频）。 3. 易错错句：学生常误写supply sb sth（双宾语错误，无此结构）。 【对点训练】 1. The factory supplies fresh water ______ the nearby village.（填空） 2. Food and water ______ (supply) are badly needed in the flood area.（词形转换） 易错点03 shock形容词变形情感辨析 助记口诀： 人震惊 事惊， 状态定。 一句话辨异：We were shocked at the shocking news, and everyone was in great shock. 我们被这个令人震惊的消息吓到了，所有人都处于极度震惊之中。 【错因辨析】 1. shocked（adj.）：修饰人，“感到震惊的”；shocking（adj.）：修饰事物，“令人震惊的”。 2. 固定短语：in shock 处于震惊状态（零冠词固定搭配，不加a/the）。 3. 语法易错：shock作动词表“使震惊”，主语多为事物，宾语为人。 【对点训练】 1. The ______ (shock) accident made all the witnesses ______ (shock).（词形转换） 2. The survivors were ______ shock after the earthquake.（填空） 易错点04 trap被动语态固定搭配 助记口诀：困住陷入用被动， 记心中。 一句话辨异：Many villagers were trapped in the heavy snow and waiting for rescue. 许多村民被困在大雪中，等待救援。 【错因辨析】 1. 高考必考被动结构：be trapped in + 场景 被困在……、陷入困境。 2. 高频错误：学生误用主动语态trap in，忽略人是“被困住”的被动逻辑。 3. 词义拓展：trap n. 陷阱、困境，完形熟词生义高频。 【对点训练】 1. A lot of cars ______ (trap) in the traffic jam yesterday.（语法填空） 2. He was trapped ______ a difficult situation and had no way out.（填空） 易错点05 strike熟词生义+固定句型 助记口诀：击打罢工是熟义，灾害侵袭脑中忆， 句式记。 一句话辨异：It suddenly struck me that we should prepare for the coming typhoon. 我突然想到我们应该为即将到来的台风做好准备。 【错因辨析】 1. 熟词生义最高频：strike 表“（灾害、疾病）突然侵袭、爆发”，单元核心考点。 2. 黄金句型：It strikes sb that... 某人突然想到……（写作万能句型，语法填空必考）。 3. 基础词义：击打、罢工，时态变形易错（strike-struck-struck）。 【对点训练】 1. It suddenly ______ (strike) me that I forgot to lock the door.（语法填空） 2. A violent storm ______ (strike) the coastal city last night.（填空） 一、默写重点单词（汉译英） 1. ___________ n. 灾难；灾祸 2. ___________ vt. 摧毁；破坏 3. ___________ adj. 致命的；极度的 4. ___________ vt. 影响；使感动 5. ___________ v. 呼吸 6. ___________ v. 幸存；存活 7. ___________ v. 爆发；喷发 8. ___________ vt. 营救；救援 9. ___________ vt. 疏散；撤离 10. ___________ n. 紧急情况 二、词汇运用（根据句意及中文提示填空） 1. The flood is a natural ________(灾难) that caused great losses. 2. The whole village was completely ________(摧毁) by the storm. 3. This kind of virus is ________(致命的) to small animals. 4. Bad weather will greatly ________(影响) our travel plan. 5. It’s hard to ________(呼吸) in the thick smoke. 6. Only a few people ________(幸存) the terrible earthquake. 7. The volcano ________(爆发) suddenly last night. 8. Firefighters rushed to ________(营救) the trapped people. 9. People in the disaster area were ________(疏散) safely. 10. Please call for help in case of ________(紧急情况). 三、重点句型默写（根据中文补全句子） 1. The whole city lay ________________ after the big earthquake.（固定短语） 大地震过后，整座城市沦为废墟。 2. He stood there silently, ________________ by the terrible scene.（分词作状语） 他静静地站在那里，被惨烈的景象震惊到了。 3. We should learn to ________________ ourselves in face of disasters.（固定搭配） 面对灾难，我们要学会保护自己。 4. The government ________________ immediately to help the disaster area.（固定短语） 政府立刻采取行动援助灾区。 5. The strong wind ________________ many houses and trees.（固定短语） 大风摧毁了许多房屋和树木。 四、课文语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei several days before the earthquake. Water in village wells rose and fell repeatedly, and smelly gas came out of some wells. Animals became nervous, 1. (make) ________ people feel strange, but no one realised the danger. At 3:42 am on July 28, 1976, a terrible earthquake 2. (strike) ________ Tangshan. It seemed as if the world 3. (come) ________ to an end. The earthquake caused great damage. A large city lay 4. ________ ruins in less than one minute. More than 400,000 people were killed or badly 5. (injure) ________. People were 6. ________ shock at the destruction. Worse still, another big quake hit Tangshan later that afternoon, 7. (destroy) ________ more buildings. Food, water and electricity were hard 8. (get) ________. Fortunately, help arrived soon. Soldiers, doctors and volunteers came to rescue survivors and rebuild the city. Today, a new Tangshan 9. (stand) ________ in place of the old one, 10. (show) ________ people's power to fight disasters. 五、阅读理解 A Natural disasters are unavoidable in life, and they can cause great damage to human society. The 1976 Tangshan earthquake is one of the most deadly earthquakes in history. 　　Before the earthquake, strange natural signs appeared in Tangshan. The water in wells rose and fell repeatedly, and animals became extremely nervous. However, no one paid attention to these warnings. At 3:42 am on July 28, 1976, a terrible earthquake hit the city. In less than one minute, the whole city lay in ruins. A large number of people were killed or injured, and countless families lost their homes. 　　Though the disaster was devastating, people never lost hope. The army and medical workers rushed to support the rescue work. Local people united together to rebuild their hometown. Finally, a brand-new Tangshan stood on the ruins, showing the great power of unity and perseverance of Chinese people. 1. What can we learn from the natural signs before the earthquake? 　　A. People had predicted the disaster 　　B. Animals refused to move everywhere 　　C. Unusual changes took place in nature 　　D. The weather became extremely strange 2. What helped Tangshan rebuild after the earthquake? 　　A. Advanced modern technology 　　B. People’s unity and support from the government 　　C. Perfect urban construction plan 　　D. Foreign economic assistance 3. What is the main idea of the text? 　　A. The terrible damage of the Tangshan earthquake 　　B. Natural disasters in ancient and modern times 　　C. Disaster awareness and self-rescue skills 　　D. Disaster resilience and human perseverance B 完形填空（10空，满分15分） 　　The night of July 28, 1976 was an unforgettable night for Chinese people. A deadly earthquake __1__ Tangshan suddenly. Before the disaster, strange phenomena __2__ (occur) in the countryside. Water in wells rose and fell, and animals behaved abnormally. 　　The earthquake was so violent __3__ the whole city was destroyed in a short time. Many buildings fell down and roads were ruined. A huge number of people were trapped __4__ the ruins. People were totally __5__ shock at the sudden disaster. 　　__6__ (lucky), rescue teams arrived immediately. Soldiers worked hard to dig out survivors and bury the dead. Doctors and nurses provided timely medical care for the __7__ (injure). 　　Faced with the huge disaster, people chose to unite rather than __8__ (give) up. With joint efforts, Tangshan gradually recovered. It proves that nothing can defeat people who keep __9__ (positive) and unite together in the face of __10__ (difficult). 1. A. attacked　　B. knocked　　C. fought　　D. beat 2. A. occurred　　B. occurring　　C. occur　　D. occurs 3. A. which　　B. that　　C. what　　D. why 4. A. on　　B. in　　C. under　　D. above 5. A. in　　B. on　　C. at　　D. for 6. A. Luckily　　B. Unluckily　　C. Quickly　　D. Slowly 7. A. injury　　B. injured　　C. injuring　　D. injuries 8. A. giving　　B. gave　　C. give　　D. given 9. A. positive　　B. positivity　　C. positively　　D. posit 10. A. difficulty　　B. difficulties　　C. difficult　　D. difficultly 六、语法填空（10空，满分15分） 　　Several days before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, strange things1. (happen) ________ in northeastern Hebei. Wells had rising and falling water, and some gas 2. (come) ________ out of the well walls. Animals became too nervous 3. (eat) ________ or refused to stay indoors. 　　At 3:42 am, the earth shook violently. It seemed as if the world 4. (end) ________. The terrible earthquake destroyed most buildings and roads. More than 400,000 people were killed or badly 5. (injure) ________. 　　People were shocked6. ________ the great damage. Soon after the earthquake, a large number of soldiers and medical workers came 7. (offer) ________ help. They saved trapped people and built shelters 8. ________ survivors. 　　Today, Tangshan has become a modern city again. 9. ________ strong government support and people’s efforts, the city has regained its vitality. It shows the power of unity in 10. ________ (overcome) disasters. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 4 Natural Disasters 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. volcanic eruption 火山喷发 2. as if 似乎；好像；仿佛 3. in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪 4. in shock 震惊；吃惊 5. in the open air 露天；在户外 6. first aid kit 急救箱 7. on hand 现有（尤指帮助） 8. sweep away 消灭；彻底消除 二、写作词汇： 1. suffer from 遭受；忍受 2. take action 采取行动 3. give aid to 给予援助 4. calm down 冷静下来；使平静 5. protect ... from ... 保护……免受…… 6. deliver a speech 发表演讲 三、词汇变形： 1. disaster n. 灾难 → disastrous adj. 灾难性的 2. destroy vt. 摧毁 → destruction n. 破坏 → destructive adj. 破坏性的 3. die v. 死亡 → death n. 死亡 → dead adj. 死亡的 → deadly adj. 致命的 4. affect vt. 影响；打动 → effect n. 影响；效果 5. breathe v. 呼吸 → breath n. 气息；呼吸 6. survive v. 幸存；存活 → survival n. 幸存 → survivor n. 幸存者 7. erupt v. 爆发 → eruption n. 喷发；爆发 8. revive v. 苏醒；复活 → revival n. 振兴；复苏 四、拓展词汇 1. tornado n. 龙卷风；旋风 2. drought n. 旱灾；久旱 3. landslide n. 崩塌；滑坡 4. tsunami n. 海啸 5. flood n./v. 洪水；淹没 6. magnitude n. 震级；重大 7. rescue n./vt. 营救；救援 8. evacuate vt. 疏散；撤出 9. emergency n. 突发事件；紧急情况 10. summary n. 总结；概要 五、熟词生义 1. strike 【熟义】击打；罢工 【生义】vt.（灾害、疾病）突然侵袭 2. tap 【熟义】轻叩；轻敲 【生义】vt. 开发；利用（资源） 3. deliver 【熟义】递送 【生义】vt. 发表（演讲）；传递（观点） 4. supply 【熟义】供应 【生义】n. [pl.] 补给品；物资 写作 句型 11. It seemed as if the world were coming to an end! 译文：仿佛世界末日即将来临！ 2. Nearly one third of the whole nation felt it! 译文：全国几乎三分之一的地方均有震感。 3. Everywhere survivors looked, there was nothing but ruins. 译文：幸存者目及之处无一不是废墟。 4. ... the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 译文：……部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山，将受困群众从废墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。 5. In Sri Lanka, some 1,600 kilometres west of the quake centre, the number of deaths stood at 2,498 ... 译文：在斯里兰卡，震中以西约1600千米处，死亡人数高达2,498人…… 语法 定语从句（一）——关系代词 that / which / who / whom / whose 写作 自然灾害新闻报道总结 一、知识点精讲 1. damage v. 损害；伤害 n. 损害；损失 高考频次：2024-2026年考查6次（词义辨析必考） 例句：Strong storms may damage houses and public facilities. 强风暴可能损毁房屋与公共设施。 易混层级辨析（高考必考） damage：部分损坏，可修复；destroy：彻底摧毁，无法修复；ruin：彻底毁坏、破败（程度最重） 2. supply n. 补给；物资；供应 v. 供应；提供 高考频次：2024-2026年考查5次（完形、语法填空） 例句：Local people offered food and water supplies to disaster areas. 当地民众向灾区提供食物和饮水物资。 固定搭配 supply sb with sth = supply sth to sb 向某人提供某物 3. shock n. 震惊；冲击；电击 v. 使震惊 高考频次：2024-2026年考查5次（变形、短语） 例句：The sudden natural disaster shocked all the local residents. 突如其来的自然灾害震惊了所有当地居民。 词汇拓展 ①shocked adj. 感到震惊的 ②shocking adj. 令人震惊的 ③in shock 处于震惊状态 4. trap v. 困住；使陷入困境 n. 陷阱；困境 高考频次：2024-2026年考查4次（完形、被动语态） 例句：Some tourists were trapped in the mountains due to heavy rain. 部分游客因大雨被困山中。 固定搭配 be trapped in 被困在……；陷入……困境 5. bury v. 埋葬；埋藏；专心于 高考频次：2024-2026年考查4次（熟词生义） 例句：He buried himself in study to improve his grades. 他埋头学习以提升成绩。 高频搭配 be buried in 埋头于；专心于 6. strike v. 袭击；击打；突然想到；罢工 n. 罢工；袭击 高考频次：2024-2026年考查7次（熟词生义超高频） 例句：A heavy storm struck the coastal city last night. 昨晚一场强风暴袭击了这座沿海城市。 核心考点 It strikes sb that… 某人突然想到…… 7. deliver v. 递送；发表（演讲）；传递；接生 高考频次：2024-2026年考查5次（熟词生义、阅读） 例句：The teacher delivered a speech on environmental protection yesterday. 老师昨天发表了一场环保主题演讲。 词汇拓展 delivery n. 递送；交付；演讲风格 8. calm adj. 冷静的；平静的 v. 使平静；镇静 高考频次：2024-2026年考查6次（完形、写作） 例句：We should keep calm when facing unexpected dangers. 面对突发危险我们要保持冷静。 高频短语 calm down 冷静下来；平息 二、核心语法精讲 限制性定语从句（关系代词） 一、核心考点总览 限制性定语从句无逗号分隔，用于紧密修饰限定先行词，是高考语法填空、改错、写作核心考点。重点考查 who/whom/which/that/whose 五大关系代词的指代对象、句法成分，以及that的专属特殊用法。 二、五大关系代词核心精讲 1. who 用法：指代人，在从句中作主语或宾语，口语中作宾语可省略。 例句：Rescuers who stick to their posts during disasters are the most admirable people. 坚守救灾一线的救援人员是最令人敬佩的人。 2. whom 用法：指代人，仅在从句中作宾语，可省略，正式文体中不省略。 例句：The volunteers whom we met in flood-stricken areas devoted themselves to disaster relief work. 我们在灾区遇到的志愿者们全身心投入救灾工作。 3. which 用法：指代事物、物品、事件，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略。 例句：The disaster prevention knowledge which we learn at school can save lives in emergencies. 我们在校学习的防灾知识能在紧急情况下挽救生命。 4. that 用法：人、物通用，从句中可作主语、宾语，通用性最强。 例句：The supplies that are sent to disaster areas can meet people’s basic living needs. 送往灾区的物资能够保障人们的基本生活需求。 5. whose 用法：表所属关系（……的），人、物通用，后必须接名词，不可单独使用。 例句：The meteorological station whose forecasts are accurate helps people avoid natural disasters. 预报精准的气象站能帮助人们规避自然灾害。 三、高考必考：只用that、不用which/who的场景 1. 先行词被最高级、序数词、all/every/no/any等不定代词修饰时； 2. 先行词同时包含人+物时； 3. 先行词为nothing/everything/all等不定代词时。 例句：All that we can do is to provide timely support for disaster-affected people. 我们所能做的一切，就是为受灾群众提供及时的帮扶。 定语从句·关系代词专项练习 单选题 1. The club ______ I joined last month offers many interesting after-school activities. A. what　B. which　C. where　D. when 答案：B 解析：先行词为the club（事物），定语从句中joined为及物动词，句子缺少宾语，可用which/that。what不能引导定语从句，where、when是关系副词，不能充当宾语，故选B。 2. The student ______ is responsible for our class volunteer work is very helpful. A. who　B. which　C. whom　D. whose 答案：A 解析：先行词为the student（人），从句缺少主语，只能用关系代词who/that。whom仅作宾语，which指代事物，whose表所属，均不符合句式需求，故选A。 3. This is the best study plan ______ I have ever made to improve my grades. A. which　B. that　C. what　D. when 答案：B 解析：先行词study plan 被最高级the best修饰，属于定语从句必考规则，此时只能用that引导从句，禁止使用which，故选B。 4. The book ______ cover is blue teaches us a lot about travelling culture. A. that　B. which　C. whose　D. whom 答案：C 解析：句意表示“书本的封面”，是所属关系（……的）。whose是唯一可表示所属关系的关系代词，可指代人或物，故选C。 5. The problems ______ we are facing now are mainly about study pressure and time management. A. which　B. who　C. whose　D. where 答案：A 解析：先行词为the problems（事物），从句中facing后缺少宾语，用which/that。who指人、whose表所属、where为关系副词，均不适用，故选A。 三、单元写作清单 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 自然灾害 写作体裁：新闻报道概要（概要写作+应用文） 写作话题：A summary of a news report 自然灾害新闻报道总结 1. 话题分析 本话题为概要写作高频题型，要求客观、精炼概括新闻核心内容，无需主观抒情。写作需精准涵盖五大核心要素：灾害类型、发生时间与地点、灾害造成的损失与影响、救援措施、灾后情况。语言正式简洁、逻辑严谨，时态以一般过去时为主，贴合新闻报道客观、严谨的文体特点，重点考查信息提炼与语言概括能力。 2. 写作框架 第一段（开篇总括）：简要概括新闻核心事件，点明灾害类型、发生时间和地点。 第二段（主体详述核心信息）：介绍灾害带来的破坏（人员、建筑、经济损失）；阐述政府、救援人员开展的救援行动与应急措施。 第三段（结尾总结）：简述灾后现状、人们的应对态度及灾害带来的启示（团结互助、敬畏自然、防灾减灾）。 3. 写作素材 高频句型 ① A terrible natural disaster hit ... on ...（时间地点）. ② The disaster caused great damage to the local area. ③ A large number of buildings were destroyed and many people were injured. ④ Rescue teams arrived immediately to carry out rescue work. ⑤ The government took effective measures to help people in need. ⑥ People united together to face the disaster bravely. 高频词汇 natural disaster 自然灾害；cause damage to 造成破坏；in ruins 沦为废墟；carry out rescue work 开展救援工作；take effective measures 采取有效措施；survivor 幸存者；unite together 团结一心 4. 范文背诵 A Summary of a News Report A terrible earthquake struck a small city in Southwest China on July 10th, 2025, causing serious damage to the local area. The sudden earthquake destroyed a lot of houses and roads. Several people lost their lives and many residents were injured. A large number of people became homeless and trapped in the ruins. Fortunately, rescue teams and medical workers rushed to the disaster area immediately. They tried their best to save survivors, treat the injured and supply daily necessities for the victims. The local government also took effective measures to organize rescue and reconstruction work. Though the disaster brought huge losses, local people stayed strong and united. This news tells us the power of unity and the importance of disaster prevention and relief. 易错点01 damage/destroy/ruin层级辨析 助记口诀：damage可修部分损，destroy全毁无幸存，ruin破败毁终身。 一句话辨异：The storm damaged many houses, but none were destroyed or ruined completely. 暴风雨损毁了许多房屋，但没有一栋被彻底摧毁、沦为废墟。 【错因辨析】 高考词义辨析必考三级差异： 1. damage：部分损坏、可修复，程度最轻，可作动词/名词。 2. destroy：彻底摧毁、无法修复，瞬间毁灭性破坏，仅作动词。 3. ruin：长期破败、彻底荒废，侧重状态破败，程度最重。 4. 固定短语：in ruins 沦为废墟（固定搭配，不可改）。 【对点训练】 1. The ancient temple was ______ (ruin) by years of wind and rain.（语法填空） 答案：ruined 解析：长期风雨侵蚀导致破败，用ruin。 2. The accident caused slight ______ (damage) to his car.（填空） 答案：damage 解析：轻微损坏、可修复，用damage。 易错点02 supply搭配与单复数陷阱 助记口诀：供给搭配双结构，物资复数supplies，动词搭配不乱用。 一句话辨异：The government supplied the disaster-stricken area with daily supplies in time. 政府及时向灾区供应了日常物资。 【错因辨析】 1. 双固定搭配：supply sb with sth = supply sth to sb（向某人提供某物），介词不可混用。 2. 熟词生义+单复数陷阱：supply单数表“供应行为”，supplies复数表物资、补给品（高考完形高频）。 3. 易错错句：学生常误写supply sb sth（双宾语错误，无此结构）。 【对点训练】 1. The factory supplies fresh water ______ the nearby village.（填空） 答案：to 解析：supply sth to sb 固定搭配。 2. Food and water ______ (supply) are badly needed in the flood area.（词形转换） 答案：supplies 解析：表生活物资，必须用复数形式。 易错点03 shock形容词变形情感辨析 助记口诀：ed人震惊ing事惊，in shock状态定。 一句话辨异：We were shocked at the shocking news, and everyone was in great shock. 我们被这个令人震惊的消息吓到了，所有人都处于极度震惊之中。 【错因辨析】 1. shocked（adj.）：修饰人，“感到震惊的”；shocking（adj.）：修饰事物，“令人震惊的”。 2. 固定短语：in shock 处于震惊状态（零冠词固定搭配，不加a/the）。 3. 语法易错：shock作动词表“使震惊”，主语多为事物，宾语为人。 【对点训练】 1. The ______ (shock) accident made all the witnesses ______ (shock).（词形转换） 答案：shocking; shocked 解析：修饰事故用shocking，修饰目击者用shocked。 2. The survivors were ______ shock after the earthquake.（填空） 答案：in 易错点04 trap被动语态固定搭配 助记口诀：困住陷入用被动，be trapped in记心中。 一句话辨异：Many villagers were trapped in the heavy snow and waiting for rescue. 许多村民被困在大雪中，等待救援。 【错因辨析】 1. 高考必考被动结构：be trapped in + 场景 被困在……、陷入困境。 2. 高频错误：学生误用主动语态trap in，忽略人是“被困住”的被动逻辑。 3. 词义拓展：trap n. 陷阱、困境，完形熟词生义高频。 【对点训练】 1. A lot of cars ______ (trap) in the traffic jam yesterday.（语法填空） 答案：were trapped 解析：车辆被拥堵困住，用被动语态。 2. He was trapped ______ a difficult situation and had no way out.（填空） 答案：in 易错点05 strike熟词生义+固定句型 助记口诀：击打罢工是熟义，灾害侵袭脑中忆，It strikes sb that句式记。 一句话辨异：It suddenly struck me that we should prepare for the coming typhoon. 我突然想到我们应该为即将到来的台风做好准备。 【错因辨析】 1. 熟词生义最高频：strike 表“（灾害、疾病）突然侵袭、爆发”，单元核心考点。 2. 黄金句型：It strikes sb that... 某人突然想到……（写作万能句型，语法填空必考）。 3. 基础词义：击打、罢工，时态变形易错（strike-struck-struck）。 【对点训练】 1. It suddenly ______ (strike) me that I forgot to lock the door.（语法填空） 答案：struck 解析：固定句型，过去式表突然想到。 2. A violent storm ______ (strike) the coastal city last night.（填空） 答案：struck 解析：strike此处表“风暴侵袭城市”。 一、默写重点单词（汉译英） 1. ___________ n. 灾难；灾祸 2. ___________ vt. 摧毁；破坏 3. ___________ adj. 致命的；极度的 4. ___________ vt. 影响；使感动 5. ___________ v. 呼吸 6. ___________ v. 幸存；存活 7. ___________ v. 爆发；喷发 8. ___________ vt. 营救；救援 9. ___________ vt. 疏散；撤离 10. ___________ n. 紧急情况 【答案】1. disaster 2. destroy 3. deadly 4. affect 5. breathe 6. survive 7. erupt 8. rescue 9. evacuate 10. emergency 二、词汇运用（根据句意及中文提示填空） 1. The flood is a natural ________(灾难) that caused great losses. 2. The whole village was completely ________(摧毁) by the storm. 3. This kind of virus is ________(致命的) to small animals. 4. Bad weather will greatly ________(影响) our travel plan. 5. It’s hard to ________(呼吸) in the thick smoke. 6. Only a few people ________(幸存) the terrible earthquake. 7. The volcano ________(爆发) suddenly last night. 8. Firefighters rushed to ________(营救) the trapped people. 9. People in the disaster area were ________(疏散) safely. 10. Please call for help in case of ________(紧急情况). 【答案】1. disaster 2. destroyed 3. deadly 4. affect 5. breathe 6. survived 7. erupted 8. rescue 9. evacuated 10. emergency 三、重点句型默写（根据中文补全句子） 1. The whole city lay ________________ after the big earthquake.（固定短语） 大地震过后，整座城市沦为废墟。 2. He stood there silently, ________________ by the terrible scene.（分词作状语） 他静静地站在那里，被惨烈的景象震惊到了。 3. We should learn to ________________ ourselves in face of disasters.（固定搭配） 面对灾难，我们要学会保护自己。 4. The government ________________ immediately to help the disaster area.（固定短语） 政府立刻采取行动援助灾区。 5. The strong wind ________________ many houses and trees.（固定短语） 大风摧毁了许多房屋和树木。 【答案】 1. in ruins 2. shocked 3. protect 4. took action 5. swept away 四、课文语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Strange things were happening in the countryside of northeastern Hebei several days before the earthquake. Water in village wells rose and fell repeatedly, and smelly gas came out of some wells. Animals became nervous, 1. (make) ________ people feel strange, but no one realised the danger. At 3:42 am on July 28, 1976, a terrible earthquake 2. (strike) ________ Tangshan. It seemed as if the world 3. (come) ________ to an end. The earthquake caused great damage. A large city lay 4. ________ ruins in less than one minute. More than 400,000 people were killed or badly 5. (injure) ________. People were 6. ________ shock at the destruction. Worse still, another big quake hit Tangshan later that afternoon, 7. (destroy) ________ more buildings. Food, water and electricity were hard 8. (get) ________. Fortunately, help arrived soon. Soldiers, doctors and volunteers came to rescue survivors and rebuild the city. Today, a new Tangshan 9. (stand) ________ in place of the old one, 10. (show) ________ people's power to fight disasters. 【答案】 1. making 2. struck 3. was coming 4. in 5. injured 6. in 7. destroying 8. to get 9. stands 10. showing 五、阅读理解 A Natural disasters are unavoidable in life, and they can cause great damage to human society. The 1976 Tangshan earthquake is one of the most deadly earthquakes in history. 　　Before the earthquake, strange natural signs appeared in Tangshan. The water in wells rose and fell repeatedly, and animals became extremely nervous. However, no one paid attention to these warnings. At 3:42 am on July 28, 1976, a terrible earthquake hit the city. In less than one minute, the whole city lay in ruins. A large number of people were killed or injured, and countless families lost their homes. 　　Though the disaster was devastating, people never lost hope. The army and medical workers rushed to support the rescue work. Local people united together to rebuild their hometown. Finally, a brand-new Tangshan stood on the ruins, showing the great power of unity and perseverance of Chinese people. 1. What can we learn from the natural signs before the earthquake? 　　A. People had predicted the disaster 　　B. Animals refused to move everywhere 　　C. Unusual changes took place in nature 　　D. The weather became extremely strange 2. What helped Tangshan rebuild after the earthquake? 　　A. Advanced modern technology 　　B. People’s unity and support from the government 　　C. Perfect urban construction plan 　　D. Foreign economic assistance 3. What is the main idea of the text? 　　A. The terrible damage of the Tangshan earthquake 　　B. Natural disasters in ancient and modern times 　　C. Disaster awareness and self-rescue skills 　　D. Disaster resilience and human perseverance 答案与解析 1. 答案：C 解析：第二段讲述震前井水、动物出现异常自然现象，对应C选项“自然界出现异常变化”。A错误（无人重视预警）；B、D无中生有。 2. 答案：B 解析：末段提到军队、医护人员支援，民众团结重建，核心是众人团结与国家支持，ACD文中未提及。 3. 答案：D 解析：文章不仅讲述地震灾害，更重点讲述人类直面灾难、坚韧重建的精神，D最贴合主旨；A仅为细节，BC偏离主题 B 完形填空（10空，满分15分） 　　The night of July 28, 1976 was an unforgettable night for Chinese people. A deadly earthquake __1__ Tangshan suddenly. Before the disaster, strange phenomena __2__ (occur) in the countryside. Water in wells rose and fell, and animals behaved abnormally. 　　The earthquake was so violent __3__ the whole city was destroyed in a short time. Many buildings fell down and roads were ruined. A huge number of people were trapped __4__ the ruins. People were totally __5__ shock at the sudden disaster. 　　__6__ (lucky), rescue teams arrived immediately. Soldiers worked hard to dig out survivors and bury the dead. Doctors and nurses provided timely medical care for the __7__ (injure). 　　Faced with the huge disaster, people chose to unite rather than __8__ (give) up. With joint efforts, Tangshan gradually recovered. It proves that nothing can defeat people who keep __9__ (positive) and unite together in the face of __10__ (difficult). 1. A. attacked　　B. knocked　　C. fought　　D. beat 2. A. occurred　　B. occurring　　C. occur　　D. occurs 3. A. which　　B. that　　C. what　　D. why 4. A. on　　B. in　　C. under　　D. above 5. A. in　　B. on　　C. at　　D. for 6. A. Luckily　　B. Unluckily　　C. Quickly　　D. Slowly 7. A. injury　　B. injured　　C. injuring　　D. injuries 8. A. giving　　B. gave　　C. give　　D. given 9. A. positive　　B. positivity　　C. positively　　D. posit 10. A. difficulty　　B. difficulties　　C. difficult　　D. difficultly 答案与解析 1. 答案：A 解析：attack可用于自然灾害“袭击某地”；knock敲打，fight战斗，beat打败，均不用于灾害。 2. 答案：A 解析：讲述震前的过去现象，用一般过去时occurred。 3. 答案：B 解析：固定句型 so...that... 如此……以至于……。 4. 答案：C 解析：be trapped under the ruins 被困在废墟之下，符合地震场景。 5. 答案：A 解析：固定搭配 in shock 处于震惊中。 6. 答案：A 解析：救援队立刻赶到是幸运的事，luckily幸运地。 7. 答案：B 解析：the + 形容词表一类人，the injured 伤者、伤员。 8. 答案：C 解析：rather than 后接动词原形，表“而非、而不是”。 9. 答案：A 解析：keep后接形容词，keep positive 保持积极乐观。 10. 答案：B 解析：表示各类困难、磨难，difficulty为可数名词，用复数。 六、语法填空（10空，满分15分） 　　Several days before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, strange things1. (happen) ________ in northeastern Hebei. Wells had rising and falling water, and some gas 2. (come) ________ out of the well walls. Animals became too nervous 3. (eat) ________ or refused to stay indoors. 　　At 3:42 am, the earth shook violently. It seemed as if the world 4. (end) ________. The terrible earthquake destroyed most buildings and roads. More than 400,000 people were killed or badly 5. (injure) ________. 　　People were shocked6. ________ the great damage. Soon after the earthquake, a large number of soldiers and medical workers came 7. (offer) ________ help. They saved trapped people and built shelters 8. ________ survivors. 　　Today, Tangshan has become a modern city again. 9. ________ strong government support and people’s efforts, the city has regained its vitality. It shows the power of unity in 10. ________ (overcome) disasters. 答案与解析 1. 答案：had happened 解析：怪事发生在地震（过去式）之前，过去的过去，用过去完成时。 2. 答案：came 解析：全文叙述过去事件，用一般过去时。 3.答案：to eat 解析：固定句型 too...to... 太……而不能……。 4. 答案：would end 解析：as if 引导虚拟语气，表过去仿佛世界将要终结，用would end。 5. 答案：injured 解析：固定搭配 be injured 受伤。 6. 答案：at解析：固定搭配 be shocked at 对……感到震惊。 7. 答案：to offer 解析：不定式作目的状语，赶来是为了提供帮助。 8. 答案：for 解析：build shelters for survivors 为幸存者搭建避难所。 9. 答案：With 解析：with 表“凭借、在……的支持下”，伴随状语。 10. 答案：overcoming 解析：介词in后接动名词形式。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $