Unit 2 Sports culture（知识清单）英语译林版选择性必修第二册

该高中英语单元知识清单围绕“体育文化”主题，系统整合词汇、语法、写作三大核心模块，构建从基础词汇积累（含阅读、写作、变形等分类）到语法专项突破（过去进行时与过去完成时被动语态）再到写作能力提升（体育精神议论文框架）的递进式学习支架。 清单通过“词汇分层+语法对比+写作模板”的方式构建知识体系，如将“compete词族”设计为变形助记口诀，用表格对比三种被动语态差异，培养学生语言能力与思维品质。设置“易错点专项训练”和“写作素材库”，如“胜不骄败不馁”等表达直接适配议论文论证，既方便学生自主复习，也为教师提供精准教学资源。

Unit 2 Sports culture 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. opening ceremony 开幕式 2. track and field 田径运动 3. medal table 奖牌榜 4. mixed swimming relays 混合游泳接力 5. Youth Olympic Games 青年奥林匹克运动会 6. Fair Play Trophy 公平竞赛奖杯 7. bobsleigh competition 大雪橇比赛 8. sports idioms 体育习语 9. the 110-metre hurdles 110米跨栏赛 10. half-marathon race 半程马拉松比赛 11. amateur athlete 业余运动员 12. European Cup 欧洲杯 13. Tour de France 环法自行车赛 14. Chinese Grand Prix 中国大奖赛 15. heavyweight champion 重量级冠军 16. air crash 空难 17. goalpost n. 球门柱 18. curveball n. 曲线球 19. bobsleigh n. 大雪橇 20. fist n. 拳头 二、写作词汇： 1. call on 呼吁；邀请 2. side by side 并肩；密切合作 3. compete in 参加（比赛） 4. rank first 排名第一 5. demonstrate great talent 展现非凡天赋 6. be consistent with 与…… 一致 7. applaud sb for sth 因某事赞扬某人 8. proceed to do sth 继而做某事 9. keep sth in perspective 客观看待某事 10. walk on air 欢天喜地 11. win with humility 胜不骄 12. lose with grace 败不馁 13. without doubt 毫无疑问 14. date back to 追溯到 15. go to great lengths to do sth 竭尽全力做某事 三、词汇变形： 1. compete vi. 比赛；竞争 → competition n. 比赛 → competitor n. 竞争者 → competitive adj. 有竞争力的 2. diverse adj. 多种多样的 → diversity n. 多样性 3. demonstrate vt. 表现；证明 → demonstration n. 示范；证明 4. proceed vi. 接着做；继续 → procedure n. 程序；步骤 5. applaud v. 鼓掌；称赞 → applause n. 掌声；喝彩 6. consistent adj. 一致的；始终如一的 → consistently adv. 一贯地 → consistency n. 一致性 7. rank v. 排名；排列 n. 等级 → ranking n. 排名；名次 8. participate vi. 参加 → participation n. 参与 → participant n. 参与者 9. motivate vt. 激励 → motivation n. 动力；积极性 → motivated adj. 积极的 10. ambition n. 雄心；抱负 → ambitious adj. 有抱负的 11. limit n. 限制 vt. 限定 → limitation n. 局限 → limited adj. 有限的 12. celebrate v. 庆祝 → celebrated adj. 著名的 → celebrity n. 名人 13. oppose v. 反对 → opponent n. 对手 → opposing adj. 反对的；对立的 14. graceful adj. 优雅的 → grace n. 风度；优雅 → gracefully adv. 优雅地 15. dignity n. 尊严 → dignified adj. 有尊严的 四、拓展词汇 1. sports culture 体育文化 2. Olympic spirit 奥林匹克精神 3. sportsmanship n. 体育精神 4. fair play 公平竞赛 5. professional athlete 职业运动员 6. host city 主办城市 7. gold medal 金牌 8. team spirit 团队精神 9. sporting event 体育赛事 10. physical fitness 身体素质 11. role model 榜样 12. world record 世界纪录 五、熟词生义 1. rank n. 军衔；排 生义：vi.&vt. 排名；把…… 分等级 2. proceed vi. 行进；前往 生义：vi. 接着做；继而做 3. applaud v. 鼓掌 生义：vt. 称赞；赞许 4. track n. 轨道；小路 生义：n. 跑道；田径 5. handle n. 把手；柄 生义：vt. 处理；应付 6. court n. 法院；法庭 生义：n. 球场 7. match n. 比赛 生义：v. 匹配；比得上 8. call on 拜访（某人） 生义：呼吁；正式邀请 9. walk on air 在空中行走 生义：欢天喜地；得意扬扬 10. throw in the towel 扔进毛巾 生义：认输；承认失败 六、重点短语归纳 1. call on sb to do sth 呼吁 / 邀请某人做某事 2. side by side 并肩；并排 3. walk on air 欢天喜地，得意扬扬 4. keep sth in perspective 正确客观地看待 5. date back to 追溯到，始于 6. put sth in place 准备就绪 7. go to great lengths to do sth 竭尽全力做某事 8. wrestle with 努力处理，全力解决 9. without doubt 毫无疑问，的确 10. relate to 涉及，与…… 相关 11. find one’s way into 偶然来到；无意中进入 12. compete in 参加…… 比赛 写作 句型 1. By the time he died in 2016, Ali had been recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time. 到 2016 年离世时，阿里已被公认为有史以来最伟大的拳击手之一。 2. Her story is a remarkable example of how hard work and devotion can lead to sporting excellence. 她的人生经历是努力与付出成就体育卓越的绝佳范例。 3. The 2008 Beijing Olympics called on the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity with the slogan "One World, One Dream". 2008 年北京奥运会以 “同一个世界，同一个梦想” 为口号，号召全世界践行奥林匹克精神，共创人类美好未来。 4. Whether you come first or last, it is important to remember that at any sporting event, you face two opponents: your fellow competitors and yourself. 无论名次如何，都应牢记：在任何体育赛事中，你都有两个对手 —— 其他选手和你自己。 5. Sport teaches you character, it teaches you to play by the rules, it teaches you to know what it feels like to win and lose — it teaches you about life. 体育塑造品格，教会你遵守规则，让你体会胜负的滋味 —— 更教会你如何面对人生。 语法 过去进行时的被动语态与过去完成时的被动语态（Passive voice in the past continuous and past perfect tenses） 写作 写一篇关于体育精神的议论文（内涵阐释 - 事例论证 - 现实意义） 一、知识点精讲 1. compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争 Young athletes from different countries compete in a wide range of sports. 来自不同国家的年轻运动员参加各类体育项目的角逐。 【词汇拓展】 ① compete in... 参加…… 比赛 ② compete with/against sb 与某人竞争 ③ competition n. 比赛；竞争 ④ competitive adj. 有竞争力的 ⑤ competitor n. 竞争者；选手 2. demonstrate vt. 表现，表露；证明；示范 The athletes demonstrated great courage and determination in the match. 运动员们在比赛中展现出了非凡的勇气与决心。 【词汇拓展】 ① demonstrate sth to sb 向某人演示某物 ② demonstration n. 示范；证明 ③ demonstrate against... 示威反对…… 3. consistent adj. 一致的；始终如一的；连续的 The secret of her good performance is the consistent training she never misses. 她表现出色的秘诀是从不间断的系统训练。 【词汇拓展】 ① be consistent with 与…… 一致 ② consistently adv. 一贯地；始终如一地 ③ consistency n. 一致性；连贯性 4. applaud vt.&vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌 People across the world applaud athletes who devote themselves to sporting excellence. 全世界都为那些追求体育卓越的运动员喝彩。 【词汇拓展】 ① applaud sb for (doing) sth 因（做）某事称赞某人 ② applause n. 掌声；喝彩 【易混辨析】 applaud 侧重因敬佩、赞赏而鼓掌称赞； cheer 侧重因兴奋、加油而欢呼呐喊。 5. rank vi.&vt. 属于某等级；排列 n. 地位；等级 China ranked first in the medal table with 30 gold medals. 中国以 30 枚金牌位居奖牌榜榜首。 【词汇搭配】 ① rank first/second 排名第一 / 第二 ② rank among... 跻身…… 之列 ③ high rank 高地位；高级别 6. call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；呼吁某人做某事 The event called on young people to learn the spirit of perseverance from athletes. 该活动呼吁年轻人学习运动员坚持不懈的精神。 【易混辨析】 call on拜访（人）；呼吁，号召 call at拜访（某地） call for需要；接（人） call up打电话；使想起 7. proceed vi. 接着做，继而做；继续进行 Many talented young athletes will proceed to participate in the Olympic Games in the future. 许多有天赋的年轻运动员未来将继续征战奥运会。 【词汇搭配】 ① proceed to do sth 继而做某事 ② proceed with sth 继续进行某事 ③ procedure n. 程序；步骤 8. opponent n. 对手，竞争者；反对者 At any sporting event, your biggest opponent is actually yourself. 在任何体育赛事中，你最大的对手其实是你自己。 【词汇拓展】 ① oppose vt. 反对；对抗 ② opposing adj. 对立的；相反的 ③ be opposed to 反对…… 9. keep sth in perspective 正确客观地看待 It is important to keep victory and failure in perspective in sports. 在体育中正确看待胜负十分重要。 【拓展】 in perspective 正确地；符合透视法地 lose perspective 失去客观判断 10. throw in the towel 认输，承认失败 When you are faced with difficulties, never throw in the towel easily. 当你面临困境时，永远不要轻易认输。 【同义短语】give up, admit defeat 二、核心语法精讲 基本结构 1. 过去进行时的被动语态 肯定式：was/were + being + 过去分词 否定式：was/were + not + being + 过去分词 疑问式：Was/Were + 主语 + being + 过去分词？ 2. 过去完成时的被动语态 肯定式：had + been + 过去分词 否定式：had not + been + 过去分词 疑问式：Had + 主语 + been + 过去分词？ 核心用法 ① 过去进行时的被动语态：表示过去某一特定时刻 / 时间段内，某事正在被做，强调动作正在进行的被动状态。 常与 at that time, at 8 o'clock yesterday, this time last week 等时间状语连用。 A city half-marathon was being organized to raise money for charity six weeks ago. ② 过去完成时的被动语态：表示在过去某个时间 / 动作之前，某事已经被完成，即 “过去的过去” 的被动动作。 常与 by the end of + 过去时间、before + 过去时间 / 动作、by the time + 一般过去时从句 等连用。 By the time we arrived at the stadium, all the tickets had been sold out. 易混辨析：一般过去时被动 vs 过去进行时被动 vs 过去完成时被动 时态 核心含义 时间参照 一般过去时被动 过去某个时间发生的被动动作，强调动作完成 过去具体时间点（yesterday, last week） 过去进行时被动 过去某段时间正在进行的被动动作，强调过程 过去特定时刻（at that moment, this time yesterday） 过去完成时被动 过去的过去已经完成的被动动作，强调先后 过去动作 / 时间作参照（by the time..., before...） 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 本单元写作话题为 “体育精神”，属于品格素养类议论文，要求阐释体育精神的内涵、结合事例论证、分析其现实意义，考查辩证思维与论据组织能力，是高考读写任务与书面表达的高频话题。 2. 写作框架 开头段：点明话题，亮明观点。简述体育的价值，引出体育精神的重要性。 主体段： ① 内涵一：拼搏奋进，追求卓越（结合运动员事例）； ② 内涵二：公平竞争，尊重对手（结合公平竞赛事例）； ③ 内涵三：胜不骄败不馁，直面胜负。 结尾段：总结升华，联系现实。点明体育精神对人生的指导意义。 3. 写作素材 开头表达 The past decades have witnessed the boom of online news media. Nowadays, an increasing number of people turn to online news media for the latest information. 内涵表达 Hard work and devotion are the foundation of sporting excellence. True sportsmanship means respecting opponents and playing fair, even when the result matters a lot. Win with humility and lose with grace — this is the basic quality of a great athlete. 结尾升华 Sportsmanship teaches us valuable life lessons that will benefit us in the long run. The spirit of never giving up in sports will inspire us to overcome difficulties in daily life. 4. 范文背诵 The Power of Sportsmanship Sport plays an important role in our life, and what makes it truly touching is the sportsmanship behind every competition. It is not just about winning, but about the qualities shown in the process. On the one hand, sportsmanship means devotion and perseverance. Athletes spend years training consistently, pushing their limits to achieve excellence. For example, Jessica Ennis-Hill won an Olympic silver medal just two years after giving birth, which fully shows the power of hard work. On the other hand, sportsmanship requires fair play and respect for opponents. The story of Eugenio Monti lending his bobsleigh part to his competitor at the Olympics sets a good example. He lost the gold medal but won respect from the whole world. What's more, a true sportsperson can face victory and failure calmly — winning with humility and losing with grace. To sum up, sportsmanship is a valuable treasure. It teaches us to strive for our goals, respect others, and never give up when facing difficulties. This spirit will guide us not only on the sports field but also in every aspect of life. 易错点 01 过去进行时被动与过去完成时被动的误用 【一句话辨异】When we got to the playground, the football match was being played and the result had been decided. 当我们到达操场时，足球赛正在进行，而胜负已经决出了。 【错因辨析】 1. 核心区别： 过去进行时被动强调 “过去某一时刻动作正在被做”；过去完成时被动强调 “过去的过去动作已被完成”。 2. 判断方法： ① 找时间参照：有一般过去时动作，同时发生的被动动作用过去进行时被动；发生在其之前的被动动作用过去完成时被动。 ② 看标志词：at that time, this time yesterday 常搭配过去进行时被动；by + 过去时间、before + 过去动作 常搭配过去完成时被动。 【对点训练】 1. This time last week, the final of the basketball match ______ (broadcast) live on TV. A. was broadcast B. was being broadcast C. had been broadcast 【答案】B 【解析】this time last week 是过去特定时刻，强调当时比赛正在被直播，用过去进行时被动。 2. By the end of last month, three new sports centers ______ (build) in the city. A. were built B. have been built C. had been built 【答案】C 【解析】by the end of last month 是过去时间终点，“建成” 发生在其之前，用过去完成时被动。 易错点02 compete 词族变形混淆 【助记口诀】 动词 compete 去 e 加 ition，名词 competition 表 “比赛”；人是 competitor，形容词 competitive。 【错因辨析】 compete 动词，“比赛；竞争” competition 名词，“比赛；竞争” competitor 名词，“竞争者；选手” competitive 形容词，“有竞争力的” 易误写为 compitition、competor 等拼写错误。 【对点训练】 1. All the ______ (compete) are preparing for the final race. 【答案】competitors 【解析】此处表示 “竞争者”，且前面有 all，用复数形式 competitors。 2. The world of professional sports is highly ______ (compete). 【答案】competitive 【解析】此处作表语，用形容词形式 competitive，表示 “竞争激烈的”。 易错点 03 固定短语中介词的误用 【一句话辨异】We should call on people to side with those who play fair, not side against them. 我们应该呼吁人们支持公平竞赛的人，而非反对他们。 【错因辨析】 We should call on people to side with those who play fair, not side against them. 我们应该呼吁人们支持公平竞赛的人，而非反对他们。 【对点训练】 The teacher called on all the students ______ (learn) from the spirit of the athletes. 【答案】to learn 【解析】call on sb to do sth 为固定搭配，意为 “呼吁某人做某事”，后接不定式。 一、默写重点单词 1. ___________ vi. 参加比赛；竞争 2. ___________ adj. 多种多样的，不同的 3. ___________ vt. 表现，表露；证明 4. ___________ vi. 接着做，继而做；继续 5. ___________ vt.&vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌 6. ___________ adj. 一致的，始终如一的 7. ___________ vi.&vt. 排名；排列 n. 等级 8. ___________ n. 对手，竞争者 9. ___________ n. 谦逊，谦虚 10. __________ n. 尊严；自尊 【答案】1.compete 2. diverse 3. demonstrate 4. proceed 5. applaud 6. consistent 7. rank 8. opponent 9. humility 10. dignity 二、词汇运用 1. It is believed that hard work leads to ______ (sport) excellence. 2. The team showed ______ (consist) good performance throughout the season. 3. We should respect the ______ (compete) and play fair in the game. 4. The 2008 Beijing Olympics is a ______ (history) event for China. 5. The story of the athlete is really ______ (inspire) to all of us. 6. He is widely recognized as one of the ______ (great) players of all time. 【答案】1. sporting 2. consistently 3. competitors 4. historic 5. inspiring 6. greatest 三、重点句型 1. ________________________ the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future. 北京奥运会号召全世界传承奥林匹克精神，共建美好未来。 2. ________________________, Ali had been recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time. 到 2016 年去世时，阿里已被公认为有史以来最伟大的拳击手之一。 3. True sportsmanship means that we should ________________________. 真正的体育精神意味着我们应该胜不骄，败不馁。 【答案】1. The Beijing Olympics called on 2. By the time he died in 2016 3. win with humility and lose with grace 四、课文语法填空 Sport is an important part of human culture. The ancient Olympic Games, 1.______ date back to over 2,700 years ago, were held at Olympia in Greece every four years. Many athletes 2.______ (praise) for their devotion to sporting excellence. Muhammad Ali, for example, proceeded 3.______ (become) a world heavyweight champion and is still remembered today. Jessica Ennis-Hill won an Olympic silver medal just two years after 4.______ (give) birth to her child, which shows the power of hard work. China has made great progress in sports. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China ranked first in the medal table. The success 5.______ (build) on the efforts of generations of Chinese athletes. Since Xu Haifeng won China's first gold medal in 1984, the upward trend for Chinese sport 6.______ (be) unstoppable. Sport is about more than winning. True sportsmanship means 7.______ (play) fair and respecting opponents. The story of Eugenio Monti, 8.______ lent his bobsleigh part to his competitor, sets a good example for us all. 9.______ (sum) up, the Olympic spirit brings people together 10.______ (side) by side, regardless of their racial and cultural backgrounds. 【答案】1.which 2. are praised 3. to become 4. giving 5. is built 6. has been 7. playing 8. who 9. To sum 10. side 五、阅读理解 A Sports do not just develop our bodies, but also shape our minds. The values we learn on the sports field often stay with us for life. One of the most important values is teamwork. In team sports like basketball and football, no single player can win the game alone. Players must learn to work together, trust each other, and support their teammates. This spirit of cooperation is also useful in school, work and daily life. Another key lesson is respect. Good athletes respect their opponents, coaches and judges. They follow the rules and accept the result calmly, whether they win or lose. This quality helps people get along well with others and build good relationships. Perseverance is also a valuable spirit taught by sports. Athletes fail many times before they succeed. They get injured, lose games, and face all kinds of difficulties, but they never give up. This spirit helps us overcome challenges in our own lives. In short, sports teach us important life lessons. The spirit of teamwork, respect and perseverance makes us better people. 1．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A. Teamwork is an important value from sports. B. No player can win a game by himself. C. Team sports are more popular than individual sports. D. Cooperation is only useful in team sports. 2．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a value from sports? A. Teamwork. B. Respect. C. Honesty. D. Perseverance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A. Sports only help develop our physical health. B. The values from sports are useful in daily life. C. Good athletes never fail in competitions. D. Winning is the most important thing in sports. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 【解析】本文主要论述了体育塑造品格的作用，分别介绍了团队合作、尊重他人、坚持不懈三大体育精神的价值。 1. 段落主旨题。第二段首句点明主旨：团队合作是体育教会我们的重要品质之一，后文围绕其展开，故选 A。 2. 细节理解题。文中依次提到了 teamwork、respect 和 perseverance，未提及 honesty，故选 C。 3. 推理判断题。根据第一段 “The values we learn on the sports field often stay with us for life” 以及全文内容可知，体育带来的品格价值在日常生活中同样适用，故选 B。 B The marathon is a famous long-distance running race. It has a length of 42.195 kilometers. The race comes from a story in ancient Greece. After the Greek army won a battle against Persia at Marathon, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Athens to send the good news. He ran about 40 kilometers and died right after he delivered the message. The modern marathon became an Olympic event in 1896 at the first modern Olympic Games in Athens. At first, the distance was not fixed. It was not until the 1908 London Olympics that the distance was set at 42.195 kilometers. Today, marathons are held in many cities around the world. Millions of people take part in marathons every year. For most runners, winning is not the goal. They take part to challenge themselves, to keep fit, or to raise money for charity. Marathon is not just a sport. It is a test of willpower. Finishing a marathon requires months of training and strong determination. When runners cross the finish line, they feel a strong sense of achievement. 4．Where does the marathon race come from? A. A story of ancient Greece. B. A battle in ancient Rome. C. The first modern Olympic Games. D. The 1908 London Olympics. 5．When was the marathon distance fixed at 42.195 kilometers? A. In 1896. B. In 1908. C. In ancient Greece. D. In the 20th century. 6．Why do most people take part in marathons according to the passage? A. To win prize money. B. To become famous. C. To challenge themselves. D. To break world records. 7．What is the best title for the text? A. How to Train for a Marathon B. The History and Meaning of Marathon C. The Most Difficult Sport in the World D. Famous Marathon Runners 【答案】4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B 【解析】本文介绍了马拉松的起源、现代发展、参与现状以及精神内涵。 4. 细节理解题。根据第一段 “The race comes from a story in ancient Greece” 可知，马拉松起源于古希腊的故事，故选 A。 5. 细节理解题。根据第二段 “It was not until the 1908 London Olympics that the distance was set at 42.195 kilometers” 可知，1908 年伦敦奥运会确定了马拉松的标准距离，故选 B。 6. 细节理解题。根据第三段 “For most runners, winning is not the goal. They take part to challenge themselves...” 可知，大多数人参与马拉松是为了挑战自我，故选 C。 7. 主旨大意题。文章依次介绍了马拉松的起源、发展、参与意义，B 项最能概括全文主旨，故选 B。 六、七选五 Sportsmanship is an important quality for every athlete and sports lover. 1.______ It is not just about how well you play, but about how you behave when you win or lose. 2.______ When you win a game, you should not show off or laugh at your opponents. Instead, you should shake hands with them and speak highly of their performance. On the other hand, you should accept failure calmly. 3.______ Complaining about judges or making excuses will not make you a better player. What matters is to learn from failure and try harder next time. Respecting the rules is also a key part of sportsmanship. 4.______ Cheating to win will never bring real honor. True victory comes from fair play. 5.______ It teaches us to be humble in success and brave in failure. These qualities will benefit us both on and off the sports field. A. Winning gracefully is the first step. B. Everyone wants to win in competitions. C. In short, sportsmanship is a valuable life lesson. D. Good athletes always follow the rules of the game. E. It means respecting opponents, rules and yourself. F. Nobody can win all the time, and losing is part of sports. G. Sportsmanship is only important for professional athletes. 【答案】1. E 2. A 3. F 4. D 5. C 【解析】本文围绕体育精神展开，分别从体面获胜、坦然面对失败、遵守规则三个方面阐释体育精神的内涵，最后总结其人生价值。 1. 前文点明体育精神的重要性，后文解释其内涵。E 选项 “它意味着尊重对手、尊重规则、尊重自己” 承接上文，引出下文对体育精神的具体阐释，符合语境。 2. 后文讲获胜时不应炫耀，要尊重对手。A 选项 “体面地获胜是第一步” 总领本段，对应后文的获胜礼仪，符合语境。 3. 前文说要坦然接受失败，后文说抱怨和找借口无益。F 选项 “没有人能一直赢，失败是体育的一部分” 衔接上下文，解释坦然面对失败的原因，符合语境。 4. 前文讲遵守规则是体育精神的核心，后文说作弊赢来的胜利毫无荣誉。D 选项 “优秀的运动员总是遵守比赛规则” 承接本段主题，呼应前后文的规则意识，符合语境。 位于结尾，总结全文。C 选项 “总而言之，体育精神是宝贵的人生一课” 总结体育精神的价值，呼应开头，收束全文，符合语境。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 2 Sports culture 词汇 一、阅读词汇： 1. 开幕式 2. 田径运动 3. 奖牌榜 4. 混合游泳接力 5. 青年奥林匹克运动会 6. 公平竞赛奖杯 7. 大雪橇比赛 8. 体育习语 9. 110米跨栏赛 10. 半程马拉松比赛 11. 业余运动员 12. 欧洲杯 13. 环法自行车赛 14. 中国大奖赛 15. 重量级冠军 16. 空难 17. n. 球门柱 18. n. 曲线球 19. n. 大雪橇 20. n. 拳头 二、写作词汇： 1. 呼吁；邀请 2. 并肩；密切合作 3. 参加（比赛） 4. 排名第一 5. 展现非凡天赋 6. 与…… 一致 7. 因某事赞扬某人 8. 继而做某事 9. 客观看待某事 10. 欢天喜地 11. 胜不骄 12. 败不馁 13. 毫无疑问 14. 追溯到 15. 竭尽全力做某事 三、词汇变形： 1. vi. 比赛；竞争 → n. 比赛 → n. 竞争者 → adj. 有竞争力的 2. adj. 多种多样的 → n. 多样性 3. vt. 表现；证明 → n. 示范；证明 4. vi. 接着做；继续 → n. 程序；步骤 5. v. 鼓掌；称赞 → n. 掌声；喝彩 6. adj. 一致的；始终如一的 → adv. 一贯地 → n. 一致性 7. v. 排名；排列 n. 等级 → n. 排名；名次 8. vi. 参加 → n. 参与 → n. 参与者 9. vt. 激励 → n. 动力；积极性 → adj. 积极的 10. n. 雄心；抱负 → adj. 有抱负的 11. n. 限制 vt. 限定 → n. 局限 → adj. 有限的 12. v. 庆祝 → adj. 著名的 → n. 名人 13. v. 反对 → n. 对手 → adj. 反对的；对立的 14. adj. 优雅的 → n. 风度；优雅 → adv. 优雅地 15. n. 尊严 → adj. 有尊严的 四、拓展词汇 1. 体育文化 2. 奥林匹克精神 3. n. 体育精神 4. 公平竞赛 5. 职业运动员 6. 主办城市 7. 金牌 8. 团队精神 9. 体育赛事 10. 身体素质 11. 榜样 12. 世界纪录 五、熟词生义 1. rank n. 生义：vi.&vt. 2. proceed vi. 生义：vi. 3. applaud v. 生义：vt. 4. track n. 生义：n. 5. handle n. 生义：vt. 6. court n. 生义：n. 7. match n. 生义：v. 8. call on 生义： 9. walk on air 生义： 10. throw in the towel 生义： 六、重点短语归纳 1. 呼吁 / 邀请某人做某事 2. 并肩；并排 3. 欢天喜地，得意扬扬 4. 正确客观地看待 5. 追溯到，始于 6. 准备就绪 7. 竭尽全力做某事 8. 努力处理，全力解决 9. 毫无疑问，的确 10. 涉及，与…… 相关 11. 偶然来到；无意中进入 12. 参加…… 比赛 写作 句型 1. By the time he died in 2016, Ali had been recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time. 到 2016 年离世时，阿里已被公认为有史以来最伟大的拳击手之一。 2. Her story is a remarkable example of how hard work and devotion can lead to sporting excellence. 她的人生经历是努力与付出成就体育卓越的绝佳范例。 3. The 2008 Beijing Olympics called on the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity with the slogan "One World, One Dream". 2008 年北京奥运会以 “同一个世界，同一个梦想” 为口号，号召全世界践行奥林匹克精神，共创人类美好未来。 4. Whether you come first or last, it is important to remember that at any sporting event, you face two opponents: your fellow competitors and yourself. 无论名次如何，都应牢记：在任何体育赛事中，你都有两个对手 —— 其他选手和你自己。 5. Sport teaches you character, it teaches you to play by the rules, it teaches you to know what it feels like to win and lose — it teaches you about life. 体育塑造品格，教会你遵守规则，让你体会胜负的滋味 —— 更教会你如何面对人生。 语法 过去进行时的被动语态与过去完成时的被动语态（Passive voice in the past continuous and past perfect tenses） 写作 写一篇关于体育精神的议论文（内涵阐释 - 事例论证 - 现实意义） 一、知识点精讲 1. compete vi. 参加比赛；竞争 Young athletes from different countries compete in a wide range of sports. 来自不同国家的年轻运动员参加各类体育项目的角逐。 【词汇拓展】 ① compete in... 参加…… 比赛 ② compete with/against sb 与某人竞争 ③ competition n. 比赛；竞争 ④ competitive adj. 有竞争力的 ⑤ competitor n. 竞争者；选手 2. demonstrate vt. 表现，表露；证明；示范 The athletes demonstrated great courage and determination in the match. 运动员们在比赛中展现出了非凡的勇气与决心。 【词汇拓展】 ① demonstrate sth to sb 向某人演示某物 ② demonstration n. 示范；证明 ③ demonstrate against... 示威反对…… 3. consistent adj. 一致的；始终如一的；连续的 The secret of her good performance is the consistent training she never misses. 她表现出色的秘诀是从不间断的系统训练。 【词汇拓展】 ① be consistent with 与…… 一致 ② consistently adv. 一贯地；始终如一地 ③ consistency n. 一致性；连贯性 4. applaud vt.&vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌 People across the world applaud athletes who devote themselves to sporting excellence. 全世界都为那些追求体育卓越的运动员喝彩。 【词汇拓展】 ① applaud sb for (doing) sth 因（做）某事称赞某人 ② applause n. 掌声；喝彩 【易混辨析】 applaud 侧重因敬佩、赞赏而鼓掌称赞； cheer 侧重因兴奋、加油而欢呼呐喊。 5. rank vi.&vt. 属于某等级；排列 n. 地位；等级 China ranked first in the medal table with 30 gold medals. 中国以 30 枚金牌位居奖牌榜榜首。 【词汇搭配】 ① rank first/second 排名第一 / 第二 ② rank among... 跻身…… 之列 ③ high rank 高地位；高级别 6. call on sb to do sth 正式邀请某人做某事；呼吁某人做某事 The event called on young people to learn the spirit of perseverance from athletes. 该活动呼吁年轻人学习运动员坚持不懈的精神。 【易混辨析】 call on拜访（人）；呼吁，号召 call at拜访（某地） call for需要；接（人） call up打电话；使想起 7. proceed vi. 接着做，继而做；继续进行 Many talented young athletes will proceed to participate in the Olympic Games in the future. 许多有天赋的年轻运动员未来将继续征战奥运会。 【词汇搭配】 ① proceed to do sth 继而做某事 ② proceed with sth 继续进行某事 ③ procedure n. 程序；步骤 8. opponent n. 对手，竞争者；反对者 At any sporting event, your biggest opponent is actually yourself. 在任何体育赛事中，你最大的对手其实是你自己。 【词汇拓展】 ① oppose vt. 反对；对抗 ② opposing adj. 对立的；相反的 ③ be opposed to 反对…… 9. keep sth in perspective 正确客观地看待 It is important to keep victory and failure in perspective in sports. 在体育中正确看待胜负十分重要。 【拓展】 in perspective 正确地；符合透视法地 lose perspective 失去客观判断 10. throw in the towel 认输，承认失败 When you are faced with difficulties, never throw in the towel easily. 当你面临困境时，永远不要轻易认输。 【同义短语】give up, admit defeat 二、核心语法精讲 基本结构 1. 过去进行时的被动语态 肯定式：was/were + being + 过去分词 否定式：was/were + not + being + 过去分词 疑问式：Was/Were + 主语 + being + 过去分词？ 2. 过去完成时的被动语态 肯定式：had + been + 过去分词 否定式：had not + been + 过去分词 疑问式：Had + 主语 + been + 过去分词？ 核心用法 ① 过去进行时的被动语态：表示过去某一特定时刻 / 时间段内，某事正在被做，强调动作正在进行的被动状态。 常与 at that time, at 8 o'clock yesterday, this time last week 等时间状语连用。 A city half-marathon was being organized to raise money for charity six weeks ago. ② 过去完成时的被动语态：表示在过去某个时间 / 动作之前，某事已经被完成，即 “过去的过去” 的被动动作。 常与 by the end of + 过去时间、before + 过去时间 / 动作、by the time + 一般过去时从句 等连用。 By the time we arrived at the stadium, all the tickets had been sold out. 易混辨析：一般过去时被动 vs 过去进行时被动 vs 过去完成时被动 时态 核心含义 时间参照 一般过去时被动 过去某个时间发生的被动动作，强调动作完成 过去具体时间点（yesterday, last week） 过去进行时被动 过去某段时间正在进行的被动动作，强调过程 过去特定时刻（at that moment, this time yesterday） 过去完成时被动 过去的过去已经完成的被动动作，强调先后 过去动作 / 时间作参照（by the time..., before...） 三、单元写作清单 1. 话题分析 本单元写作话题为 “体育精神”，属于品格素养类议论文，要求阐释体育精神的内涵、结合事例论证、分析其现实意义，考查辩证思维与论据组织能力，是高考读写任务与书面表达的高频话题。 2. 写作框架 开头段：点明话题，亮明观点。简述体育的价值，引出体育精神的重要性。 主体段： ① 内涵一：拼搏奋进，追求卓越（结合运动员事例）； ② 内涵二：公平竞争，尊重对手（结合公平竞赛事例）； ③ 内涵三：胜不骄败不馁，直面胜负。 结尾段：总结升华，联系现实。点明体育精神对人生的指导意义。 3. 写作素材 开头表达 The past decades have witnessed the boom of online news media. Nowadays, an increasing number of people turn to online news media for the latest information. 内涵表达 Hard work and devotion are the foundation of sporting excellence. True sportsmanship means respecting opponents and playing fair, even when the result matters a lot. Win with humility and lose with grace — this is the basic quality of a great athlete. 结尾升华 Sportsmanship teaches us valuable life lessons that will benefit us in the long run. The spirit of never giving up in sports will inspire us to overcome difficulties in daily life. 4. 范文背诵 The Power of Sportsmanship Sport plays an important role in our life, and what makes it truly touching is the sportsmanship behind every competition. It is not just about winning, but about the qualities shown in the process. On the one hand, sportsmanship means devotion and perseverance. Athletes spend years training consistently, pushing their limits to achieve excellence. For example, Jessica Ennis-Hill won an Olympic silver medal just two years after giving birth, which fully shows the power of hard work. On the other hand, sportsmanship requires fair play and respect for opponents. The story of Eugenio Monti lending his bobsleigh part to his competitor at the Olympics sets a good example. He lost the gold medal but won respect from the whole world. What's more, a true sportsperson can face victory and failure calmly — winning with humility and losing with grace. To sum up, sportsmanship is a valuable treasure. It teaches us to strive for our goals, respect others, and never give up when facing difficulties. This spirit will guide us not only on the sports field but also in every aspect of life. 易错点 01 过去进行时被动与过去完成时被动的误用 【一句话辨异】When we got to the playground, the football match was being played and the result had been decided. 当我们到达操场时，足球赛正在进行，而胜负已经决出了。 【错因辨析】 1. 核心区别： 过去进行时被动强调 “过去某一时刻动作正在被做”；过去完成时被动强调 “过去的过去动作已被完成”。 2. 判断方法： ① 找时间参照：有一般过去时动作，同时发生的被动动作用过去进行时被动；发生在其之前的被动动作用过去完成时被动。 ② 看标志词：at that time, this time yesterday 常搭配过去进行时被动；by + 过去时间、before + 过去动作 常搭配过去完成时被动。 【对点训练】 1. This time last week, the final of the basketball match ______ (broadcast) live on TV. A. was broadcast B. was being broadcast C. had been broadcast 2. By the end of last month, three new sports centers ______ (build) in the city. A. were built B. have been built C. had been built 易错点02 compete 词族变形混淆 【助记口诀】 动词 compete 去 e 加 ition，名词 competition 表 “比赛”；人是 competitor，形容词 competitive。 【错因辨析】 compete 动词，“比赛；竞争” competition 名词，“比赛；竞争” competitor 名词，“竞争者；选手” competitive 形容词，“有竞争力的” 易误写为 compitition、competor 等拼写错误。 【对点训练】 1. All the ______ (compete) are preparing for the final race. 2. The world of professional sports is highly ______ (compete). 易错点 03 固定短语中介词的误用 【一句话辨异】We should call on people to side with those who play fair, not side against them. 我们应该呼吁人们支持公平竞赛的人，而非反对他们。 【错因辨析】 We should call on people to side with those who play fair, not side against them. 我们应该呼吁人们支持公平竞赛的人，而非反对他们。 【对点训练】 The teacher called on all the students ______ (learn) from the spirit of the athletes. 一、默写重点单词 1. ___________ vi. 参加比赛；竞争 2. ___________ adj. 多种多样的，不同的 3. ___________ vt. 表现，表露；证明 4. ___________ vi. 接着做，继而做；继续 5. ___________ vt.&vi. 称赞，赞许；鼓掌 6. ___________ adj. 一致的，始终如一的 7. ___________ vi.&vt. 排名；排列 n. 等级 8. ___________ n. 对手，竞争者 9. ___________ n. 谦逊，谦虚 10. __________ n. 尊严；自尊 二、词汇运用 1. It is believed that hard work leads to ______ (sport) excellence. 2. The team showed ______ (consist) good performance throughout the season. 3. We should respect the ______ (compete) and play fair in the game. 4. The 2008 Beijing Olympics is a ______ (history) event for China. 5. The story of the athlete is really ______ (inspire) to all of us. 6. He is widely recognized as one of the ______ (great) players of all time. 三、重点句型 1. ________________________ the whole world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future. 北京奥运会号召全世界传承奥林匹克精神，共建美好未来。 2. ________________________, Ali had been recognized as one of the greatest boxers of all time. 到 2016 年去世时，阿里已被公认为有史以来最伟大的拳击手之一。 3. True sportsmanship means that we should ________________________. 真正的体育精神意味着我们应该胜不骄，败不馁。 四、课文语法填空 Sport is an important part of human culture. The ancient Olympic Games, 1.______ date back to over 2,700 years ago, were held at Olympia in Greece every four years. Many athletes 2.______ (praise) for their devotion to sporting excellence. Muhammad Ali, for example, proceeded 3.______ (become) a world heavyweight champion and is still remembered today. Jessica Ennis-Hill won an Olympic silver medal just two years after 4.______ (give) birth to her child, which shows the power of hard work. China has made great progress in sports. At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China ranked first in the medal table. The success 5.______ (build) on the efforts of generations of Chinese athletes. Since Xu Haifeng won China's first gold medal in 1984, the upward trend for Chinese sport 6.______ (be) unstoppable. Sport is about more than winning. True sportsmanship means 7.______ (play) fair and respecting opponents. The story of Eugenio Monti, 8.______ lent his bobsleigh part to his competitor, sets a good example for us all. 9.______ (sum) up, the Olympic spirit brings people together 10.______ (side) by side, regardless of their racial and cultural backgrounds. 五、阅读理解 A Sports do not just develop our bodies, but also shape our minds. The values we learn on the sports field often stay with us for life. One of the most important values is teamwork. In team sports like basketball and football, no single player can win the game alone. Players must learn to work together, trust each other, and support their teammates. This spirit of cooperation is also useful in school, work and daily life. Another key lesson is respect. Good athletes respect their opponents, coaches and judges. They follow the rules and accept the result calmly, whether they win or lose. This quality helps people get along well with others and build good relationships. Perseverance is also a valuable spirit taught by sports. Athletes fail many times before they succeed. They get injured, lose games, and face all kinds of difficulties, but they never give up. This spirit helps us overcome challenges in our own lives. In short, sports teach us important life lessons. The spirit of teamwork, respect and perseverance makes us better people. 1．What is the main idea of the second paragraph? A. Teamwork is an important value from sports. B. No player can win a game by himself. C. Team sports are more popular than individual sports. D. Cooperation is only useful in team sports. 2．Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a value from sports? A. Teamwork. B. Respect. C. Honesty. D. Perseverance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A. Sports only help develop our physical health. B. The values from sports are useful in daily life. C. Good athletes never fail in competitions. D. Winning is the most important thing in sports. B The marathon is a famous long-distance running race. It has a length of 42.195 kilometers. The race comes from a story in ancient Greece. After the Greek army won a battle against Persia at Marathon, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Athens to send the good news. He ran about 40 kilometers and died right after he delivered the message. The modern marathon became an Olympic event in 1896 at the first modern Olympic Games in Athens. At first, the distance was not fixed. It was not until the 1908 London Olympics that the distance was set at 42.195 kilometers. Today, marathons are held in many cities around the world. Millions of people take part in marathons every year. For most runners, winning is not the goal. They take part to challenge themselves, to keep fit, or to raise money for charity. Marathon is not just a sport. It is a test of willpower. Finishing a marathon requires months of training and strong determination. When runners cross the finish line, they feel a strong sense of achievement. 4．Where does the marathon race come from? A. A story of ancient Greece. B. A battle in ancient Rome. C. The first modern Olympic Games. D. The 1908 London Olympics. 5．When was the marathon distance fixed at 42.195 kilometers? A. In 1896. B. In 1908. C. In ancient Greece. D. In the 20th century. 6．Why do most people take part in marathons according to the passage? A. To win prize money. B. To become famous. C. To challenge themselves. D. To break world records. 7．What is the best title for the text? A. How to Train for a Marathon B. The History and Meaning of Marathon C. The Most Difficult Sport in the World D. Famous Marathon Runners 六、七选五 Sportsmanship is an important quality for every athlete and sports lover. 1.______ It is not just about how well you play, but about how you behave when you win or lose. 2.______ When you win a game, you should not show off or laugh at your opponents. Instead, you should shake hands with them and speak highly of their performance. On the other hand, you should accept failure calmly. 3.______ Complaining about judges or making excuses will not make you a better player. What matters is to learn from failure and try harder next time. Respecting the rules is also a key part of sportsmanship. 4.______ Cheating to win will never bring real honor. True victory comes from fair play. 5.______ It teaches us to be humble in success and brave in failure. These qualities will benefit us both on and off the sports field. A. Winning gracefully is the first step. B. Everyone wants to win in competitions. C. In short, sportsmanship is a valuable life lesson. D. Good athletes always follow the rules of the game. E. It means respecting opponents, rules and yourself. F. Nobody can win all the time, and losing is part of sports. G. Sportsmanship is only important for professional athletes. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司1 / 10 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $