1.2.3 历史、社会及文化-【创新教程】2022-2026五年高考英语真题分类特训试卷

3.历史、社会及文化 [真题题组·实战集训1] Passage1(2026全国二卷，A篇) 题材华盛顿特区周边的优质中餐馆体裁应用文词数312 建议用时8'难度：l The Best Chinese Restaurants Around D.C. The D.C.area is home to many outstanding Chinese restaurants,but diners willing to travel out- side the city limits will also be rewarded. Panda Gourmet This not-so-hidden-anymore fine restaurant for Sichuan cuisine is inside the Days Inn off New York Avenue.Dandan noodles and mapo tofu are sure bets.Panda Gourmet offers online ordering for takeout,and delivery is now an option.Open from 11:00 am to 9:45 pm.Closed on Tuesday. 2700 New York Ave NE,Washington,DC 20002 Shanghai Taste Shanghai Taste offers arguably the best soup dumplings in the area.It also serves a variety of chef's specials,beef with rice cakes,and more.The restaurant is open from 11:00 am to 9:00 pm Tuesday through Sunday,offering call-in orders and pickups. 1121 Nelson St,Rockville,MD 20850 Gourmet Inspirations The spacious dining room is regularly filled with customers enjoying dumplings and a variety of noodle and rice dishes.Customers can also place pickup orders online for lunch or dinner until 8:00 pm six days a week.Closed on Tuesday. 2646 University Blvd W,Silver Spring,MD 20902 Queen's English This nice Cantonese restaurant in Columbia Heights quickly became a destination for chef Henji Cheung's Hong Kong-style cooking and co-owner Sarah Thompson's natural wine list that earned her a Michelin nod.Reserve a spot indoors,at its chef's counter,or covered dog-friendly patio(),with creative wine tastings in the mix.Dinner hours:Tuesday through Thursday 5:30 pm-9:00 pm(last seating);Friday and Saturday 5:00 pm-9:30 pm (last seating).Closed on Sunday and Monday. 3410 11th St NW,Washington,DC 20010 21.What service is available only at Panda Gourmet? A.Call-in orders. B.Free packing. C.Takeout delivery. D.Online pickup orders. 22.Which restaurant can you go to for beef with rice cakes? A.Panda Gourmet. B.Shanghai Taste. C.Gourmet Inspirations. D.Queen's English. 23.What do we know about the Cantonese restaurant in Columbia Heights? A.It is open only on weekdays. B.It adopts a no-pet policy. C.It takes no reservations. D.It serves only dinner. 38 Passage2(2025全国一卷，C篇) 题材 讨论“城市规划” 体裁议论文 词数 315建议用时7'难度：川 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years,transport stud- ies also show declines in pedestrian()mobility,especially among young children.Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school,so they pack them in- to the car instead. Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brommelstroet are bothered by facts like these.In their new book Movement:How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives,they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives. Life on city streets started to change decades ago.Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere.Some communities fought back. Most famously,a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacobs called on her mayor()to champion "New York as a decent place to live,and not just rush through.Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well. Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people,among the highest rate of car ownership in the world. We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through,but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can't move safely around our communi- ties?The authors of Movement have it right:it's time to think differently about that street outside your front door. 28.What phenomenon does the author point out in Paragraph 1? A.Cars often get stuck on the road. B.Traffic accidents occur frequently. C.People walk less and drive more. D.Pedestrians fail to follow the rules. 29.What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do? A.Keep their cities livable. B.Promote cultural diversity. C.Help the needy families. D.Make expressways accessible. 30.What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s? A.They boosted the sales of cars. B.They turned out largely ineffective. C.They won government support. D.They advocated building new parks. 31.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Why the Rush?B.What's Next? C.Where to Stay? D.Who to Blame? 39 [真题题组·实战集训2] Passage3(2025全国二卷，D篇) :题材将食材边角料加工成美味佳肴 体裁说明文词数334 建议用时 8难度： Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food?Mine does.Maybe that feel- ing comes from growing up in South Africa,where the phrase "there are children starving in Africa" was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant,supermarket,and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns,food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we're already growing.But last month,one popular New York City restau- rant tried a different way:It changed its menu to exclusively()offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March,Greenwich Village's Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED,and served items like fried skate cartilage,a juice pulp burger,and a dumpster diver's vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue(),and of that waste only 15.7%is donated or recy- cled.Up to 84.3%is simply thrown out.Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with ze- ro-waste systems,but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage. Instead,all the ingredients()used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs,fish collars,rejected sweet potatoes,and cucum- ber butts were all re-appropriated and,with the help of a number of good chefs,turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from the start as a short-lived ex- periment;Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu.Nevertheless,it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability,and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 32.What can be inferred about the author's early life? A.He witnessed food shortage. B.He enjoyed the local cuisine. C.He donated food to Africans. D.He helped to cook at home. 33.Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A.To customize dishes for guests. B.To make the public aware of food waste. C.To test a food processing method. D.To improve the UK's zero-waste systems. 34.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? A.Why the ingredients were used. B.Which dishes were best liked. C.What the dishes were made of. D.Where the ingredients were bought. 35.What can we learn about wastED? A.It has ended as planned. B.It is creating new jobs. C.It has regained popularity. D.It is criticized by top chefs. 40 Passage4(2025北京卷，D篇) 讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感 题材 体裁 说明文 词数 399 建议用时 9 之间的关系及如何改变个人故事 难度： The call to "know yourself"has been there since ancient times,but our sense of self doesn't al- ways match what others perceive.Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years,psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone's values,beliefs,goals and social roles.Then,in the 1980s,Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity,in which he proposes that,as we go through life,these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years,when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes,and begin to see ourselves as both 郑 the central character and,to a varying extent,the story's author.People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity,and they feel their life has more meaning,direction and sense of purpose.Such people show greater overall life satisfaction,too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes.He discov- ered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person's mental health.Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive mean- ing after stressful events."People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,"says 典郝 Johnson.His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions.The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green,another researcher,sounds a few notes of caution().For instance,hearing a- bout the power of redemptive(stories,many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events.She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf,though,one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant 製 date that signals the start of a new "chapter".Contrary to popular doubt,resolutions made on 1 Jan- uary are more effective for this reason.So,whether your goal is saving money or getting fit,there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny(). 31.What can be inferred about personal stories? A.They are unrelated to health. B.Consistent ones lead to stress. C.They are relevant to happiness. D.Thematic ones hold back change. 罩 32.What can we learn from this passage? A.Talking about gains from failure is negative. B.New Year resolutions are well received. C.The West tends to overvalue optimism. D.Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33.What does the author mainly do in this passage? A.Clarify a goal. B.Analyse an event. C.Make a comparison. D.Illustrate an approach. 34.What is the passage mainly about? A.How self-identity works. B.How story-tellers are made. C.How personal stories raise doubts. D.How timing affects personal identity. 41 [真题题组·实战集训3] Passage5(2024北京卷，D篇) 人类道德准则的形成过程及 题材 体裁 : 说明文 词数 365 建议用时 8' 难度： 人类建立道德准则的标准 Franz Boas's description of Inuit()life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.Here,norms()were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly,but were well understood and taken to heart.Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of;leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions.Conflict was often resolved in musical battles.Because arguing angrily leads to chaos,it was strongly discouraged.With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding,the Inuit's practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking,even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group's history and environment.Typically,cruelty and cheating are discouraged,while cooperation,humbleness and courage are praised.These universal norms far pre- date the concept of any moralising religion or written law.Instead,they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving.Our social instincts (include the intense desire to belong.The approval of others is rewarding,while their disap- proval is strongly disliked.These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community.More generally,social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care.Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid.Good habits save time,energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context.We learn to tell the truth,even when lying is self-serving;we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient.We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands:we must get along,but not put up with too much.Hence self-discipline is advantageous.In humans,a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world.These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language,which allows social practices to develop in extremely un- obvious ways. 32.What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit's moral code? A.Living conditions were the drive. B.Unwritten rules were the target. C.Social tradition was the basis. D.Honesty was the key. 33.What can we learn from this passage? A.Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B.Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C.Language capacity is limited by self-control. D.Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34.Which would be the best title for this passage? A.Virtues:Bridges Across Cultures B.The Values of Self-discipline C.Brains:Walls Against Chaos D.The Roots of Morality 42 Passage6(2024新课标I卷，B篇) 美国兽医采用中西医 题材 体裁 记叙文 词数 296 建议用时 6 结合疗法救治动物 难度： “I am not crazy,”says Dr.William Farber,shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸)ona rabbit."I am ahead of my time."If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh. He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians()now practicing "holistic" medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture,chiropractic()and herbal medicine. Farber,a graduate of Colorado State University,started out as a more conventional veterinari- an.He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture,an ancient Chi- nese practice,and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a vet- erinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So,after studying the techniques for a couple of years,he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tin- dale says,she was prepared to put him to sleep,but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse,Nappy,"moves more easily and rides more comfortably"after a chiropractic adjust- ment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if the past is any indication,he may be right:Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medi- cal Association has grown from 30 to over 700."Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,"he says."I will do anything to help an animal.That's my job. 24.What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him? A.He's odd. B.He's strict. C.He's brave. D.He's rude. 25.Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets? A.He was trained in it at university. B.He was inspired by another veterinarian. C.He benefited from it as a patient. D.He wanted to save money for pet owners. 26.What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B.The complexity of veterinarians'work. C.Examples of rare animal diseases. D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 27.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association? A.To prove Farber's point. B.To emphasize its importance. C.To praise veterinarians. D.To advocate animal protection. 43 [真题题组·实战集训l4] Passage7(2024新课标I卷，C篇) 题材纸质书阅读比数字阅读更有优势体裁议论文词数 339 建议用时8'难度： Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper?And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material?The answers to both questions are often "no".The reasons relate to a variety of factors,including reduced concentration,an entertainment mindset()and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content, When reading texts of several hundred words or more,learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks-like identifying the main idea in a reading passage-to ones that require mental abstraction-such as draw- ing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties.With paper,there is a literal laying on of hands,along with the visual geography of dis- tinct pages.People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called "shallowing hypothesis()".According to this theory,people approach digital texts with a mind- set suited to social media,which are often not so serious,and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio()and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies-say,assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However,psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories,they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts,audio and video all have educational roles,especially when providing resources not available in print.However,for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for,educa- tors shouldn't assume all media are the same,even when they contain identical words. 28.What does the underlined phrase "shine through"in Paragraph 2 mean? A.Seem unlikely to last. B.Seem hard to explain. C.Become ready to use. D.Become easy to notice. 29.What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A.Readers treat digital texts lightly. B.Digital texts are simpler to understand. C.People select digital texts randomly. D.Digital texts are suitable for social media. 30.Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A.They can hold students'attention. B.They are more convenient to prepare. C.They help develop advanced skills. D.They are more informative than text. 31.What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A.Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B.Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C.Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D.Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. 44 Passage8(2024浙江1月卷，B篇) 题材电话亭转变为“迷你社区图书馆”体裁记叙文词数338建议用时8难度： When was the last time you used a telephone box?I mean to make an actual phone call-not to shelter from the rain.Ages ago,right?The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was...2006.I was conducting auditions()for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing,I spread some throws o- ver the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more "young professional". As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets,the door swung shut behind me.Sudden- ly I was locked outside.My mobile phone was inside,but luckily there was a telephone box across the street.So,I called Directory Assistance,got put through to our landlady's managing agent,and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived. As it has been many years since I last used one,I should hardly be surprised that there are no longer any public telephones near my house.The last one standing has just been turned into a"mini community library":any passer-by can "borrow"a book from its shelves,and return it later,or re- place it with another title from their own collection. For a few months after the "library"opened,I didn't bother taking a look,as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheese love stories.Then I noticed fork conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there.And these books were free.This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying.And I've discovered some great books! If I ever get trapped outside my house again,my local telephone box will,sadly,no longer be a- ble to connect me with my keys.But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait for my wife to rescue me. 24.What does the underlined word "it"in the first paragraph refer to? A.The play. B.The shared house. C.The sofa. D.The telephone box. 25.Why did the author use the telephone box in 2006? A.To place an urgent call. B.To put up a notice. C.To shelter from the rain. D.To hold an audition. 26.What do we know about the“mini community library”？ A.It provides phone service for free. B.Anyone can contribute to its collection. C.It is popular among young readers. D.Books must be returned within a month. 27.Why did the author start to use the "library"? A.He wanted to borrow some love stories. B.He was encouraged by a close neighbour. C.He found there were excellent free books. D.He thought it was an ideal place for reading. 45 [真题题组·实战集训l5] Passage9(2024全国甲卷，C篇) 题材提供医疗服务的圣卢卡斯火车：体裁 说明文词数267 建议用时8难度： The Saint Lukas train doesn't accept passengers -it accepts only the sick.The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.Each stop lasts an average of two days,and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural()populations with basic medical care,X-ray scans and prescriptions. "People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,"says Emile Ducke,a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions()of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia's public health care service has been in serious need of modernization.The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem,particularly in the poorer,rural areas east of the Volga River,including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding finan- cial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasno- yarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.For 10 months every year,the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock().Then it starts all over again the next month.Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train's equipment allows for basic checkups."I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still sta- ying focused and very concerned,"says Ducke."They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want." 28.How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A.It runs across countries. B.It reserves seats for the seniors. C.It functions as a hospital. D.It travels along a river. 29.What can we infer from Paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A.It is heavily populated. B.It offers training for doctors. C.It is a modern city. D.It needs medical aid. 30.How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A.About a year. B.About ten months. C.About two months. D.About two weeks. 31.What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint Lukas'services? A.Appreciative. B.Doubtful. C.Ambiguous. D.Cautious. 46 Passage10(2023北京卷，C篇) 题材 短期主义的后果 体裁议论文词数278建议用时 6'难度： In recent years,researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a signifi- cant problem in industrialised societies.The inability to engage with longer-term causes and conse- quences leads to some of the world's most serious problems:climate change,biodiversity collapse, and more.The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where "only the pres- ent exists,a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an un- ending now”. It has been proved that people have a bias (towards the present,focusing on loud attrac- tions in the moment at the expense of the health,well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community.In business,this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions.And on slow-burning problems like climate change,it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices()to- day that could make a major difference tomorrow.Instead,all that matters is next quarter's profit,or satisfying some other near-term desires. These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause.It is fair to say,though,that our psychological biases play a major role.People's hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example,but there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the pres- ent affects decisions about the future.For instance,you might hear someone say:"It's cold this win- ter,so I needn't worry about global warming."Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance,making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more.This is when a pop star draws far more attention than,say,gradual biodiversity decline. As a psychologist once joked,if aliens()wanted to weaken humanity,they wouldn't send ships;they would invent climate change.Indeed,when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective "poor memory",and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.Older people today,for example,can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives.Children,on the other hand,have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically. 28.The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to A.draw a comparison B.introduce a topic C.evaluate a statement D.highlight a problem 29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A.Climate change has been forgotten. B.Lessons of history are highly valued. C.The human mind is bad at noting slow change. D.Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings. 30.What does the author intend to tell us? A.Far-sighted thinking matters to humans. B.Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices. C.Current policies facilitate future decision-making. D.Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires. 47 [真题题组·实战集训6] Passage11(2023全国甲卷，B篇) 题材善于自己动手的泰瑞·博尔顿体裁 记叙文词数278 建议用时 8'难度：ll Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself).Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture,she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd.From the age of six,Ter- ri,now 26,accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays.A day's work was rewarded with e5 in pocket money.She says:"I'm sure I wasn't much of a help to start with.But when Derek built our family house about eight years ago,I was heavily involved(),painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house.It took weeks and it was backbreaking work,but I know he 好 was proud of my skills. Terri,who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth,South West London,says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy()comes to an end.She adds:"I've moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures.So,it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved out. With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over the coming weeks,new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long,warm summer days to get jobs done.The average spend per project will be around f823.Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home.A fifth wish to increase the value of their house.Though DIY has tradi- tionally been seen as male hobby,the research shows it is women now leading the charge. 24.Which is closest in meaning to "a dab hand"in Paragraph 1? A.An artist. B.A winner. C.A specialist. D.A pioneer. 25.Why did Terri's grandfather give her 5 a day? A.For a birthday gift. B.As a treat for her work. C.To support her DIY projects. D.To encourage her to take up a hobby. 26.How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented? A.By making it look like before. B.By furnishing it herself. C.By splitting the rent with a roommate. D.By cancelling the rental agreement. 27.What trend in DIY does the research show? A.It is becoming more costly. B.It is getting more time-consuming. C.It is turning into a seasonal industry. D.It is gaining popularity among females. 48 Passage12(2023全国乙卷，A篇) 题材历史上四位杰出的女性医生 体裁 应用文 词数 298 建议用时 8' 难度： PRACTITIONERS Jacqueline Felice de Almania(c.1322)high- James Barry (c.1789-1865)was born lights the suspicion that women practicing medicine Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but,dressed as a faced.Born to a Jewish family in Florence,she man,she was accepted by Edinburgh University moved to Paris where she worked as a physician to study medicine.She qualified as a surgeon in and performed surgery.In 1322 she was tried for 1813,then joined the British Army,serving 数 practicing unlawfully.In spite of the court hear- overseas.Barry retired in 1859,having practiced her ing testimonials()of her ability as a doctor, entire medical profession living and working as she was banned from medicine. a man. Tan Yunxian(1461-1554)was a Chinese phy- Rebecca Lee Crum-pler (1831-1895) sician who learned her skills from her grandparents. worked as a nurse for eight years before stud- 典 辐 Chinese women at the time could not serve ap- ying in medical college in Boston in 1860.Four prenticeships(学徒期)with doctors..However, years later,she was the first African American Tan passed the official exam.Tan treated women woman to receive a medical degree.She moved from all walks of life.In 1511,Tan wrote a book,Say- to Virginia in 1865,where she provided medical ings of a Female Doctor,describing her life as a 如 care to freed slaves. physician. 阳 21.What did Jacqueline and James have in common? A.Doing teaching jobs. B.Being hired as physicians. C.Performing surgery. D.Being banned from medicine. 22.How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners? A.She wrote a book. B.She went through trials. C.She worked as a dentist. D.She had formal education. 23.Who was the first African American with a medical degree? A.Jacqueline Felice de Almania. B.Tan Yunxian. C.James Barry. D.Rebecca Lee Crumpler. 49 [真题题组·实战集训7] Passage13(2023全国乙卷，C篇) 题材英国人饮食和烹饪习惯的变化体裁 说明文词数 :375 建议用时8'难度： What comes into your mind when you think of British food?Probably fish and chips,or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables.But is British food really so uninteresting?Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine,it is producing more top class chefs who appear fre- quently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking hab- its.It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and col- leges.It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts,1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery pro- grammes on TV has encouraged them to try different food.Almost one third say they now use a wi- der variety of ingredients()than they used to,and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more con- fident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills,and young people are also getting more in- terested in cooking.The UK's obsession()with food is reflected through television scheduling.Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before.With an increasing number of male chefs on TV,it's no longer "uncool"for boys to like cooking. 28.What do people usually think of British food? A.It is simple and plain. B.It is rich in nutrition. C.It lacks authentic tastes. D.It deserves a high reputation. 29.Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV? A.Authoritative. B.Creative. C.Profitable. D.Influential. 30.Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now? A.20%. B.24%. C.25%. D.33%. 31.What might the author continue talking about? A.The art of cooking in other countries. B.Male chefs on TV programmes. C.Table manners in the UK. D.Studies of big eaters. 50 Passage14(2023全国乙卷，D篇) 题材 讲述历史需结合实物 体裁议论文词数463建议用时8′难度： If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world,for most of the time,has not.Writing is one of humanity's later achieve- ments,and until fairly recently even many literate()societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can't.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict,at Botany Bay,between Captain Cook's voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side,we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day.From the Australian side,we have only a wooden shield()dropped by a man in fight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day,the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides,there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted,especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Ab- originals,the African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact()between literate and non-literate so- cieties such as these,all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects. 32.What is the first paragraph mainly about? A.How past events should be presented. B.What humanity is concerned about. C.Whether facts speak louder than words. D.Why written language is reliable. 33.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in Paragraph 2? A.His report was significant. B.He represented the local people. C.He ruled over Botany Bay. D.His record was one-sided. 34.What does the underlined word "conversation"in Paragraph 3 refer to? A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society. 35.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World B.A Short History of Australia C.A History of the World in 100 Objects D.How Art Works Tell Stories 51 [真题题组·实战集训8] Passage15(2023新课标I卷，C篇) 题材如何建立数字极简生活方式体裁说明文： 词数 405 建议用时8'难度： The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism,including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works,and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you. To do so,I divided the book into two parts.In part one,I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism,starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimal- ism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one,I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so,I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a dig- ital declutter.You'll hear these participants'stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate ( a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters,I examine issues such as the importance of solitude()and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use.Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices,which are de- signed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. 28.What is the book aimed at? A.Teaching critical thinking skills. B.Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C.Solving philosophical problems. D.Promoting the use of a digital device. 29.What does the underlined word "declutter"in Paragraph 3 mean? A.Clear-up. B.Add-on. C.Check-in. D.Take-over. 30.What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A.Theoretical models. B.Statistical methods. C.Practical examples. D.Historical analyses. 31.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A.Use them as needed. B.Recommend them to friends. C.Evaluate their effects. D.Identify the ideas behind them. 52 Passage16(2023新课标I卷，D篇) 题材 群体智慧效应 体裁说明文词数428建议用时8′难度： On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds"effect.The experiment of estimation he con- ducted showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren't always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these er- rors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If peo- ple are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won't cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people's errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist()on this classic phe- nomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance,the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average ob- tained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confi- dent about their estimates?Did they follow those least willing to change their minds?This happened some of the time,but it wasn't the dominant response.Most frequently,the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned together".Somehow,these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A.The methods of estimation. B.The underlying logic of the effect. C.The causes of people's errors. D.The design of Galton's experiment. 33.Navajas'study found that the average accuracy could increase even if A.the crowds were relatively small B.there were occasional underestimates C.individuals did not communicate D.estimates were not fully independent 34.What did the follow-up study focus on? A.The size of the groups. B.The dominant members. C.The discussion process. D.The individual estimates. 35.What is the author's attitude toward Navajas'studies? A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving. 53 [真题题组·实战集训9] Passage17(2023新课标Ⅱ卷，B篇) 题材 学校园艺项目 体裁记叙文 词数 :379 建议用时 8难度：l Turning soil,pulling weeds,and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students de- velop science skills,environmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo's students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores."The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,"she says."They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful,insects are awful."Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt,most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts'classes,at two middle schools and two high schools,include hands-on experi- ments such as soil testing,flower-and-seed dissection,tastings of fresh or dried produce,and work in the garden.Several times a year,students cook the vegetables they grow,and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes."We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they're eating differently, Jaramillo says. She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gar- dening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides,working in the gar- den seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside,”she says,“and they feel successful.” 24.What do we know about Abby Jaramillo? A.She used to be a health worker. B.She grew up in a low-income family. C.She owns a fast food restaurant. D.She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 25.What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program? A.The kids'parents distrusted her. B.Students had little time for her classes. C.Some kids disliked garden work. D.There was no space for school gardens. 26.Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? A.Far-reaching. B.Predictable. C.Short-lived. D.Unidentifiable. 27.What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Rescuing School Gardens B.Experiencing Country Life C.Growing Vegetable Lovers D.Changing Local Landscape 54 Passage18(2022全国乙卷，D篇) 题材 对软饮料征收糖税 体裁说明文词数317建议用时8′难度： The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate,the first official data on the policy has shown. First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity().It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of the disease. Initially the sugar tax was expected to make f520m a year for the Treasury.However,data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount.At present it is expected to gen- erate f240m for the year ending in April 2019,which will go to school sports. It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manu- facturers(so they can avoid paying the tax.Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers'efforts to avoid the charge,according to Treasury figures.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the sugar content. However,some high sugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year. Today's figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities()and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance,and the in- dustry is playing its part. 32.Why was the sugar tax introduced? A.To collect money for schools. B.To improve the quality of drinks. C.To protect children's health. D.To encourage research in education. 33.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax? A.They turned to overseas markets. B.They raised the prices of their products. C.They cut down on their production. D.They reduced their products'sugar content. 34.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected? A.Most alcoholic drinks. B.Milk-based drinks. C.Fruit juices. D.Classic Coke. 35.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy? A.It is a short-sighted decision. B.It is a success story. C.It benefits manufacturers. D.It upsets customers. 55 Passage19(2022新高考I卷，B篇) 题材 减少食物浪费 体裁议论文 词数339建议用时9′难度： Like most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula()was to make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the aru- gula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much;I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry,"food waste goes against the moral grain,"as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story.It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away-from "ugly"(but quite eatable)vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water,fuel,and other resources used to grow it.That makes food waste an environmental problem.In fact,Royte writes,"if food waste were a country,it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world." If that's hard to understand,let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time-but for him,it's more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington,D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries?Volunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious,yet so often we just don't think."Everyone can play a part in reduc- ing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat,"Curtin says. 24.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A.We pay little attention to food waste. B.We waste food unintentionally at times. C.We waste more vegetables than meat. D.We have good reasons for wasting food. 25.What is a consequence of food waste according to the text? A.Moral decline. B.Environmental harm. C.Energy shortage. D.Worldwide starvation. 26.What does Curtin's company do? A.It produces kitchen equipment. B.It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C.It helps local farmers grow fruits. D.It makes meals out of unwanted food. 27.What does Curtin suggest people do? A.Buy only what is needed. B.Reduce food consumption. C.Go shopping once a week. D.Eat in restaurants less often. 56ing.The Socrates Express是一本有趣而尖锐的书，它以其 表面上的简单吸引着读者，并逐渐将他们拉进对欲望、孤 独和衰老的深层思考中。”可知，Weiner的书简单易懂，由 此可知，Weiner的书既幽默又简单易懂。 Passage 12 语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷 书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。 28.A推理判断题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段第一句 可知，本文主要是对这本书的内容的介绍。故推知，本 文最有可能摘自书的序言。 29.C细节理解题。通过文章第二段“.，，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the gen- erations.艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和 文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习 阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦，点。”可知， 选定的艺术品是关于书籍和阅读的。 30.A词义猜测题。根据划线词上文“.，，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the gen- erations..艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和 文化之间的联系。我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习 阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间联系的焦点。”以及 "These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago,but they record moments这些场景可能是数百年前 绘制的，但它们记录了一些时刻。”可推知，此处指书籍是 人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与划线短语“relate o”意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。 3l.A推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as in teractive as any battery-powered e-reader它仍然像任何 电池供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性”以及“· printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, ‘off-line'activity.印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的‘离 线’活动的机会。”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想 表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。 Passage 13 「语篇解读]这是一篇议论文。本文简要介绍了Dorothy Wickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。 24.A细节理解题。根据第一段“In1916,two girls of wealthy families,best friends from Auburn,N.Y.- Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood-traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.(1916年，来自纽约奥本市的两个富裕家 庭的女孩Dorothy Woodruff和Rosamond Under wood- 一来到落基山脉的一个定居点，在只有一个房 间的学校教书。)”可知，Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山 脉是为了去学校里教书。 25.D推理判断题。根据第三段“They moved in with a local family,the Harrisons,and,like them,had little privacy,rare baths,and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.(他们和一个当地家 庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐 私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪。)”以 "In spring,the snow was replaced by mud over ice (在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上。)”可知，女孩们的生 活条件非常艰苦，她们饱受磨难 26.C细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A hair-raising sec- tion concerns the building of the railroads,which en- tailed drilling through the Rockies,often in blinding snowstorms..(令人毛骨悚然的一段与铁路建设有关， 这涉及到在令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。)”可 知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一 部分是令人毛骨悚然的。 27.B推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn,.(这本书以 Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束。)”以及最后一段 "Wickenden is a very good storyteller.The sweep of the land and the stoicism of the people move her to some beautiful writing..（Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的 人。大地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的 作品。)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并 对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评。 Passage 14 [语篇解读]本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了文学概论 课程评分办法。 2l.C推理判断题。根据文章标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature(文学概论课程评分办法)” 和Essays(60%)部分“Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course(你的四篇主要文章将构成本课程评分的主要部 分)”可知，文章介绍了文学概论课程评分办法，可得出 本文是出自一个课程计划。 22.B细节理解题。根据黑体小标题“Essays(60%)”、 “Group Assignments(30%)”和“Daily Work/n-Class Writings and Tests/Groups Work/Homework (10%)" 可知，学生的最终成绩由3部分组成。 23.A推理判断题。根据“Late Work”部分“If it is not tured in by the 4th day after the due date,it will earn a zero. 果没有在截止日期后的第4天上交，将会得到零分。)”可 知，如果在截止日期后一周才交文章，你将会得零分。 3.历史、社会及文化 Passage I [语篇解读]本文主要介绍了华盛顿特区及周边四家知 名中餐馆的莱品、订餐方式、营业时间与详细地址信息。 2l.C细节理解题。根据Panda Gourmet部分中的“Panda Gourmet offers online ordering for takeout,and deliver- y is now an option,(熊猫美食家餐厅支持线上，点外卖， 如今也可以配送。)”可知，该店独有外卖配送服务。 22.B细节理解题。根据Shanghai Taste部分中的“It also serves a variety of chef's specials,beef with rice cakes, and more.(这家店还供应多款主厨特色菜、年糕牛肉以 及其他莱品。)”可知，想要吃年糕牛肉可以去Shanghai Taste。 23.D细节理解题。根据Queen's English部分中的“Din ner hours:Tuesday through Thursday 5:30 pm-9:00 pm(last seating);Friday and Saturday 5:00 pm-9:30 pm(last seating).Closed on Sunday and Monday. 营业时间：周二至周四下午5点30分到晚上9点：周 五、周六下午5点到晚上9点30分：周日、周一歌业。)” 可知，这家餐厅只供应晚餐。 Passage 2 [语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方 城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿童 步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街 道功能，重视城市宜居性。 28.C细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety im provements might have been made to our streets in re- cent years,transport studies also show declines in pe destrian()mobility,especially among young chil- dren.Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school,so they pack them into the car instead.(虽然近年来我们的街道 可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流 动性下降，尤其是少年儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通 太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩 子塞进车里。)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减 少、开车增多。 29.A推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously,a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Man- hattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the de- struction of her local park.Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway,Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长)to champion‘New York as a decent place to live,and not just rush through. 名的是，一位加拿大记者在20世纪50年代初举家迁往 曼哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在 描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jne Jacobs呼吁她的市长捍卫‘纽约作为适宜居住的地方， 而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道。)”可推知，加拿大记者和 其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。 30.B推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread,the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely rede- signed around the needs of the motor car.The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.(尽管这些 运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车 需求重新设计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增 加。)”可推知，20世纪60年代末和70年代澳大利亚的 活动未能阻止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。 31,A主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through,but we fail to account for the true costs.Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can't move safely around our communities？(我们在帮助我们快速 通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真 正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社 区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代 价吗？)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽 视行人需求的现象，A项“Why the Rush？(为何匆 匆？)”质问“rush through(匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合 主旨，最适合作为本文标题。 Passage 3 「语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费 问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例， 该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提 高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 32.A推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feel- ing comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase 'there are children starving in Africa'was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.(这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经 历 一在那里，‘非洲还有孩子在挨饿这句话与其说 是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒。)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此 可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。 33.B细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道莱都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认 识。)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将莱单改为 只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物 浪费的认识。 34.C主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technical- ly made from garbage.Instead,all the ingredients used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving.Things like kale ribs,fish collars,rejected sweet potatoes,and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and,with the help of a number of good chefs,turned into excellent cuisine.(值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单 上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材 都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产 品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东 西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美 味的菜肴。)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的 菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红 薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什 么做成的。 35.A推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wast ED received enthusiastic reviews,it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment;Blue Hill has since re- turned to its regular menu,.(尽管wastED餐厅收到了 热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目； 17 此后，Blue Hill餐厅已回归常规菜单。)”可知，wastED 从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规 菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结 束了。 Passage 4 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人 故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系及如何改变个人 故事。 3l.C细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of iden- tity,and they feel their life has more meaning,direction and sense of purpose.Such people show greater overall life satisfaction,too.(拥有更一致故事的人往往有更 强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有 方向、更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度 也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。 32.C推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lin- ing behind every cloud.(她说，西方文化已经促使人们 在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可知，西方倾向于 过度重视乐观主义。 33.D推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to 'know yourself'has been there since ancient times,but our sense of self doesn't always match what others perceive.Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. (‘认识你自己’这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认 知并不总是与他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲 述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变 自己的想法。)”和第二段中“Then,in the 1980s,Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity,in which he proposes that,as we go through life,these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20世纪80年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的 生活故事模型，他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特 征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过 这个故事来理解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes.(约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些 故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，文章主要阐述了个人故 事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何 通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作 者主要是在阐述一种方法。 34.A主旨大意题。根据尤其是由文章第一段“The call to 'know yourself'has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn't always match what others perceive.Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better.(‘认识你自 己’这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己认知并不总是与 他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己 的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)” 和第二段中“Then,in the1980s,Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity,in which he proposes that,as we go through life,these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives..(然后，在20世纪80年 代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提 出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起 构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们 的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联 系。)”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认 知并影响幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研 究。“How self-identity works..(自我认同是如何运作 的。)”符合题意。 Passage 5 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规 范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程 及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题 解决机制中。 32.C推理判断题。根据第一段“Here,norms(规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly,but were well understood and taken to heart.Dishonest and vio lent behaviours were disapproved of;leadership,mar- riage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions.Conflict was often resolved in musical battles.Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged.With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding,the Inuit's prac- tical approach to morality made good sense,(在这里，规 范是不成文的，很少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭 记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为：领导、婚姻以及与其他 群体的互动都受到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音 乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以被 强烈反对。在无情的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之 高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理。)”可知， 因纽特人的生活中，规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德 准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。 33.B细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law.Instead,they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving..(这些普遍规范远远早于 任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根 于人类基本需求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的 共同机制。)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需 求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即 人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。 34.D主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas's description of Inuit(因纽特人)life in the 19 th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans,.(弗朗兹·t博 厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可 能的道德准则。)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道 德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准 则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的 社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合 作为文章标题。 Passage 6 [语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述美国兽医威 廉·法伯(William Farber)在从针灸中受益后，将整体医学 疗法应用于动物疾病，并取得了显著成效并具有发展 前景。 24.A细节理解题。根据第一段的“If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even some of his cowork- ers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.(如果他 看起来有，点自卫，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会 嘲笑他不寻常的方法。)”可知，Farber的同事们有时会 嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。 25.C细节理解题。根据第二段的“Then he tried acupunc ture,an ancient Chinese practice,and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So,after studying the techniques for a couple of years,he began offer- ing them to pets,.(然后，他尝试了针灸，这是一种古老的中 国疗法，并惊讶地发现，经过两三次治疗，他的病情有所好 转。对兽医有效的方法似乎对他的病人也有效。因此，在 研究了这些技术几年后，他开始把它们提供给完物。)”可 知，Farber作为患者从针灸中受益，这促使他决定尝试 在宠物上使用针灸。 26.D主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale'sdog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale says,she was prepared to put him to sleep,but Farber's treatments eased her dog's 173 suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing re- ports that her horse,Nappy,'moves more easily and rides more comfortably'after a chiropractic adjust- ment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代 尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态， 但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它 多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告 说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，‘行动更 容易，骑起来更舒服’。)”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例 子，一个是Farber通过整体医学疗法帮助了患有严重 心脏病的狗Charlie,另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按 摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说 明整体医学疗法的有效性。 27.A推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication,he may be right:Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. 伯确信，随着时间的推移，整体医学疗法会越来越受欢 迎，如果过去有任何迹象的话，他可能是对的：自1982 年以来，美国整体兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到 700多个。)”可知，法伯认为整体医学疗法会越来越受 欢迎，随后作者列举了美国整体兽医协会的会员已经 从30个增加到700多个的例子，因此推断美国整体兽 医协会是为证明法伯的观点。 Passage 7 [语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了纸质书阅 读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。 28.D词义猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of sev eral hundred words or more,learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding..(当阅读几百 字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习 更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现。)”可知，在纸上 学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks -like identifying the main idea in a reading passage-to ones that require mental abstraction -such as drawing inferences from a text. (当实验人员从提出简单的任务（如识别阅读文章的主 旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务（如从文本中推断） 时。)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转 向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显 而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之 意，和D项意思相近。 29.A推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called‘shallowing hypothesis(假说)'.Accord- ing to this theory,people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,which are often not so serious,and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print,.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研 究人员提出了一个名为‘shallowing hypothesis'的理 论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触 数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时 相比，投入的精神努力也更少。)”可知，“shallowing hy pothesis”假说认为读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种 轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心 理努力。 30.A细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio(音频)and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies -say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person,(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学 教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如布置一个在线讲 座而不是一篇同一作者写的文章。)”可知，音频和视频 比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越 多地使用这些技术。 3l.C推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts,audio and video all have educational roles,especially when providing resources not available in print.However,for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for,educators shouldn't assume all media are the same,even when they contain identical words. 字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印 刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精力集 中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应 假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的文 字。)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一 定作用，但当需要精力集中和反思以最大化学习时，教 育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相 同的文字。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用 仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。 Passage 8 [语篇解读]这是一篇记叙文。随着手机的普及，电话亭 渐渐地被人们遗忘，作者家附近的最后一个电话亭被改造 成了“迷你图书馆”，作者偶然发现那里有很多不错的免费 书籍，这让作者觉得很棒。 24.B词义猜测题。根据第一段第五句“】was conducting auditions(试演)for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.(我当时在伦敦我那狭小的合租房子 里为我的剧本进行试演。)”可知，此处是指使“我”的合租 房看起来更“年轻专业”一点，所以t代指“合租房” 25.A细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“So,I called Di- rectory Assistance,got put through to our landlady's managing agent,and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors ar rived.(所以，我打电话给电话查号台，接通了女房东的 经纪人，他们给了我一把备用钥匙，刚好来得及在演员 们到来之前回去。)”可知，作者在2006年使用电话亭是 为了拔打紧急电话。 26.B细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The last one standing has just been turned into a'mini community li- brary':any passer-by can 'borrow'a book from its shelves,and return it later,or replace it with another ti- tle from their own collection.(最后一个被改造成了一 个‘迷你社区图书馆’：任何路过的人都可以从它的书 架上‘借’书，以后还回来，或者用自己收藏的另一本书 来替换。)”可知，任何人都可以为“迷你社区图书馆”捐 赠图书。 27.C细节理解题。根据第四段最后四句“Then1 noticed fork conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of volumi- nous books on various subjects there.And these books were free.This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never nor- mally consider buying.And I've discovered some great books!(然后我注意到福克正在进行春季大扫除，把各 种主题的大书一箱箱地扔到那里。而且这些书是免费 的。这个无与伦比的价格，点鼓励我尝试许多我通常不 会考虑购买的标题。我还发现了一些很棒的书！)”可 知，作者发现“迷你图书馆”里有很多免费的很棒的书， 所以开始使用。 Passage 9 [语篇解读]本文介绍了一辆只接收病人的列车。从而 引出了俄罗斯政府在贫困的农村地区，如伏尔加河以东的 克拉斯诺亚尔斯克，采取的一些解决公共医疗服务现代化 问题的措施。 28.C细节理解题。由第一段内容可知，圣卢卡斯火车不 接受普通乘客，只接收病人，并为乡村人口提供基本的 医疗服务。因此，它的功能类似于医院。 29.D推理判断题。由第三段内容可知，俄罗斯政府在贫 困的农村地区，如伏尔加河以东的克拉斯诺亚尔斯克， 采取了一些措施来解决公共医疗服务现代化的问题， 包括视频预约医生和扩展财政援助项目以激励医生在 偏远地区行医。这表明克拉斯诺亚尔斯克需要医疗 援助。 11 30.D细节理解题。由第四段中“For10 months every year,the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给).”可知，圣卢卡斯火车每次补给可以 持续大约两周的工作。 3l.A观，点态度题。由第五段Ducke的话“I was very im pressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned...They were the best chance for many rural peo- ple to get the treatment they want.”可知，Ducke对圣卢卡 斯火车提供的服务表示赞赏。 Passage 10 [语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。近年来，来自不同领域 的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个 重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为 代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或 社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。 28.D推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years,re searchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-ter- mism is now a significant problem in industrialised soci- eties..(近年来，来自不同领城的研究人员一致认为，短 期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一 个问题一短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where 'only the present exists,a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now'.(历史学家弗朗西斯·科尔(Francis Cole)认为，西方已经进入了一个‘只有现在存在的时 代，现在的特，点是瞬间的残酷和现在无休止的无 聊’。)”引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重 现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用 Francis Col的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。 29.C推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked,if aliens(外星人)wanted to weaken hu manity,they wouldn't send ships;they would invent climate change.Indeed,when it comes to environmen- tal transformations,we can develop a form of collective 'poor memory',and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary,.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想 削弱人类，他们不会派出飞船：他们会发明气候变化 的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的 “记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并 没有什么不同寻常的。)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩 笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变 化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化 形成一种集体的‘记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况 没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的 变化，故选C。 30.A推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years,researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industri- alised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一 致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问 题。)”提出一个问题一短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved that people have a bias()towards the present,focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health,well-being and financial sta- bility of their future selves or community.In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions.And on slow-burning problems like climate change,it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices ( today that could make a major difference tomorrow.( 实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注 于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的 健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决 策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿 意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生 4 重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害， 呼吁我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的 写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性， 故选A。 Passage 11 [语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位 DIY高手Terri Bolton的技能以及DIY项目可能会在女性 群体中变成一种潮流趋势。 24.C词义猜测题。根据文章第一段划线短语下文 "Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together fur- niture,she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.她擅长摆架子和拼接家具，从不付钱给别 人做她自己能做的工作。”可推知，此处指Terri Bolton 是一位DIY高手。C项“A specialist一位专业人员”最 接近划线短语“a dab hand”的意思。 25,B推理判断题。根据文章第二段“She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six,Terri,now 26,accompanied De- rek to work during her school holidays.A day's work was rewarded with￡5 in pocket money.她将这些技能 归功于她已故的祖父兼建筑工人Derek Lloyd。从六岁 起，现年26岁的Terri就在学校放假期间陪Derek去上 班。一天的工作得到了5英镑零花钱的奖励。”以及“It took weeks and it was backbreaking work,but I know he was proud of my skills.这花了几个星期的时间，是 项艰苦的工作，但我知道他为我的技能感到骄微。”可推 知，Teri的祖父每天给她5英镑是作为对她的工作的 鼓励。 26.A细节理解题。根据文章第三段“So,it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved out,所以，当我搬出去时，知道如 何掩盖漏洞并重新粉刷房间以避免产生任何费用，这是很 有用的。”可推知，Tei是通过粉饰房间，让它看起来像以 前一样，来避免被扣除租房的押金的。 27.D细节理解题。通过文章最后一段“the research shows it is women now leading the charge研究表明，现 在是女性主导了这项运动”可知，研究表明，DIY将在 女性中越来越受欢迎。 Passage 12 L语篇解读」本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四位 女医生的生平与事迹。 2l.C细节理解题。通过文章第一部分中的“Born to a Jewish family in Florence,she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. 生于佛罗伦萨的一个犹太家庭，搬到巴黎当医生并做 外科手术。”以及第二部分中的“She qualified as a sur- geon in 18l3她获得了做外科医生的资格”和“Barry re tired in 1859,having practiced her entire medical pro- fession living and working as a man.Barry于l859年退 休，她以男人的身份生活和工作，从事了整个医学职 业。”可知，Jacqueline和James的共同，点是都有资格进 行外科手术。 22.A推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第三部分中的 "Tan wrote a book,Sayings of a Female Doctor,de- scribing her life as a physician,Tan写了一本书《女医 杂言》，描述了她作为一名医生的生活。”可推知，Tan与 其他从业人员的不同之处在于她写了一本书。 23.D细节理解题。通过文章第四部分中的“Four years later,she was the first African American woman to re ceive a medical degree,.四年后，她成为第一位获得医学 学位的非裔美国女性。”可知，Rebecca Lee Crumpler是 第一位获得医学学位的非裔美国人。 Passage 13 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。介绍英国人在英国烹饪节 目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习惯。 28.A细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food?Probably fish and chips,or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. 11 But is British food really so uninteresting？当你想到英 国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条， 或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此 无趣吗？”可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼 薯条和周日晚餐，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物平淡 无奇。故选A。 29.D推理判断题。根据第二段的“It's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits..正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不 是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离‘一肉两莱’和 速食餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。”和“t seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking..”似乎电视节目帮助人们改 变了对烹饪的看法。可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变 英国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食中走出 来，并尝试新的京饪习惯，由此可推知英国的烹饪节目 具有很大的影响力。 30.D细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (than they used to几乎三分之一的人表示他们现在使用的配 料比以前更多。”可知，三分之一左右的人，也就是33% 左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。 3l.B推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an in creasing number of male chefs on TV,it's no longer ‘uncool’for boys to like cooking.随着电视上出现越来 越多的男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件‘不酷’ 的事了。”可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男 性厨师。 Passage 14 语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠 书面文字来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入 历史叙事以便更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。 32.A主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world,for most of the time,has not.Writing is one of humanity's later achievements,and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的)societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things,如果你想讲述整个世界的历史， 一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通 过文字来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经 被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里， 都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至 许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用实物来记录 他们需要的事情。”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史 应该如何呈现给我们。 33.D推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“ldeally a histo ry would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can't,理想情况下，历史应该将 文字和实物结合在一起，这本（历史）书的某些章节能 够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。”可 推断，作者认为历史应该是文字和实物相结合的产物， 但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下 "From the English side,we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day.From the Australian side,we have only a wooden shield ( dropped by a man in fight after his first experience of gunshot..在英国方面，我们有科学报告和库克船长对 那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只 有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在 战斗中扔下的。”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的 记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。 5 34.B词义猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals,the African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a his- tory told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact()between literate and non-lit- erate societies such as these,all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue. 勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以 及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都 可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大 的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当 我们考虑诸如此类的有文字社会和无文字社会之间的 接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有 对话的一半。”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects,如果我们要找到对话的另一半， 我们不仅要读文字，还要读物体。”可知，我们对过去历 史的了解，只是书写历史的人想要让我们了解的历史， 如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文 字也要读物体。所以conversation指的是“历史”。 35.C推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world,for most of the time,has not.如果你想讲述整个世界的历史， 段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过 文字来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被 文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都 没有。”结合最后一段的“If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不 仅要读文字，还要读物体。”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书 面文字来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历 史就要将文字和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有 可能选自《100件实物中的世界历史》。 Passage 15 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数宇 极简主义生活方式的优，点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。 28.B细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism,inclu- ding a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works,and then to teach you how to adopt this philoso- phy if you decide it's right for you.这本书的目标是为 数宇极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么 有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲 学。”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。 29.A词义猜测题。根据划线词下文“This process re- quires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value..这个过程要求你在30天内远 离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一 些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑 选的在线活动。”可推知，划线词“declutter”的意思是 “清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。 30.C推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one,I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so,I'll draw on an ex- periment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter,在第一部分的最 后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做 的过程中，我将借鉴我在20]8年进行的一项实验，在该实 验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理。”可推知，第一部分的 最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。 17 3l.A推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particu- lar circumstances,你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱， 旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生 活方式。”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况 使用第二部分中提及的实践。 Passage 16 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章陈述了“群体智 慧”效应及关于该效应的新发现。 32.B主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitali zes on the fact that when people make errors,those er- rors aren't always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their er rors won't cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people's es timates be independent.If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent,the ac- curacy of the estimate will go down.这种效应利用了这 样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相 同的。有些人常常会高估，有些人会低估。当这些误 差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵 消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯 同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专 业的角度来说，群体的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。 如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计 的准确性就会下降。”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错 误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵 消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如 何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主 要解释了“群体智慧”效应的底层逻辑。 33.D细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people's es timates be independent..从更专业的角度来说，群众的 智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independ- ent individuals.For instance,the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was sig- nificantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.这项研究的关键发现是，当 人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小 组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确」 例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显 比从20个独立个体中获得的平均值更准确。”可知，人 们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准 确的，说明即使在估计数值并非完全独立的情况下，准 确率提高也是可以做到的。 34.C推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates?Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？在一项针对 100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解 小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择 那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不 愿意改变主意的人吗？”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员 试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结 合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重，点是小组内的讨 论过程。 35.D推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many ques- tions remain,the potential implications for group dis- 6 cussion and decision-making are enormous.Navajas 领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论 和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。”可知，作者认为虽然N vas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组 讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于a vaas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。 Passage 17 [语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、 环保意识以及健康生活方式的Urban Sprouts花园项目， 让学生体验乡村生活，对学生影响深远」 24.D细节理解题。根据第一段的“And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-income schools.起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说，她和另一位老 师在四所低收入学校启动了‘Urban Sprouts’学校花园项 目。”可知，艾比·哈拉米洛是Urban Sprouts的创始人。 25.C推理判断题。根据第二段的“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful,dirt is awful,insects are awful.'Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt,most are eager to try some- thing new..‘他们来找我们，认为蔬莱很可怕，泥土很可 怕，昆虫也很可怕。’虽然有些人一开始害怕昆虫，对泥 土感到厌烦，但大多数人都渴望尝试新的东西。”可知， 项目之初，一些学生不喜欢园艺工作。 26.A推理判断题。根据最后一段“She adds that the program's benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo's special education students,many of whom have emotional control issues.'They get outside,'she says, “and they feel successful.她补充说，该计划的好处不 仅仅是提供有营养的食物。有些学生对园艺非常感兴 趣，他们把种子带回家开始种植自己的菜园。此外，在 花园里工作似乎对Jaramillo的特殊教育学生有镇静作 用，他们中的许多人都有情绪控制问题。‘他们走了出 去，’她说，‘他们觉得自己很成功。’”可知，这个项目不 仅给学生提供了有营养的食物，而且许多学生回家开 创了自己的菜园，对有情绪控制问题的学生也起到了 镇静作用，从而推知，该项目的影响是深远的。 27.C主旨大意题。根据第一段的“And at first it is,says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Ur- ban Sprouts,a school garden program at four low-in- come schools.The program aims to help students de- velop science skills,environmental awareness,and healthy lifestyles.起初是这样的，艾比·哈拉米洛说， 她和另一位老师在四所低收入学校启动了‘Urban Sprouts'学校花园项目。该项目带领学生们种植蔬菜， 很多学生开始对园艺感兴趣，成为蔬菜种植爱好者。 C项“蔬菜种植爱好者”符合文意，最适合作为本文 标题。 Passage 18 「语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国 政府对软饮料征收糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问 题，同时该收入用于学校体育。 32.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First an- nounced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity. 2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g 的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。)”可知，征收糖税 的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。 33.D细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid pay- ing the tax,(此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超 过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。)”可知，一些 饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。 人3 34.D细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However,some high sugar brands,like Classic Coca Cola,have accept- ed the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.Fruit juices,milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.(然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受 了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、 以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每 年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。)”可知，糖 税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。 35.B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today'sfig ures,according to one government official,show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising mil- lions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools..(根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显 示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮 食筹集了数百万英镑。)”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一 个成功的政策。 Passage 19 [语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章介绍了我们日常 生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执 行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。 24.B推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us,.1 try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大 多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物。)”及“But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much;I could have made six salads with what】threw out..(但随着时间的 推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了 太多东西：我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉。)”可推知， 作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意 间浪费食物。 25.B细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water,fuel,and other resources used to grow it.That makes food waste an environmen- tal problem.In fact,Royte writes,'if food waste were a country,it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.’(生产没人吃的食物会 浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食 物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，‘如 果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气 体排放国。)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个 后果是对环境的危害。 26.D细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CE) of DC Central Kitchen in Washington.D.C.,which re- covers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)pro duce,that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries?Volunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华 盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原， 变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集 有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则 这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清 洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使 用。)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作 食物。 27.A细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“‘Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purcha- sing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won'teat,’Curtin says.(‘每个人都可以在减少浪费方 面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食 物，还是要求餐馆不要提供你不吃的配菜，’科廷说。)”可 知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。