1.2.4 科学与技术-【创新教程】2024-2026三年高考英语真题分类特训试卷

4.科学与技术 Passage1(2026全国二卷，D篇) 题材 地铁再生制动能量的创新利用 体裁说明文词数 431 建议用时 8' 难度： The Barcelona subway pulls into the station,the doors slide open and passengers pour out to go about their daily business.Little do they know that as they do so,a burst of energy is sent up to street level to help charge an electric car. Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener,while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe's difficult shift to the pri- 餐 vately owned electric vehicle market. Sixteen stations of Barcelona's subway system are part of its new MetroCharge project whereby 郑 the energy from the underground trains'brakes ()is used to power the trains and the stations themselves,while the remainder is sent snaking through cables()to the surface to power plug-in stations for privately owned vehicles. Bernardo Espinoza,an engineer who takes the subway every day,owns an electric car."I am pleasantly surprised,because I am always looking for where to plug it in,"Espinoza said before catch- ing the subway in a working-class area of southern Barcelona."And if it is from energy from the trains' brakes,then even better. 典 Regenerative brakes have been in trains for decades and are also used in some cars.They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by con- ventional brakes.That energy can be immediately used to accelerate()the vehicle or,in the case of the Barcelona subway system,sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers. Alvaro Luna,a professor of electrical engineering,said that the system is innovative in so far as it 如 allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses-in this case,powering electric cars parked nearby.That,he said,boosts efficiency. 32.Why does Barcelona launch the MetroCharge project? A.To fuel the city's economy. B.To enhance passengers'experience. C.To promote green transportation. D.To raise the quality of electric cars. 33.What is Espinoza's concern? A.How to cut his travel expenses. B.Where to get a parking space. C.How to avoid rush-hour traffic. D.Where to find a charging point. 34.What aspect of regenerative brakes is discussed in Paragraph 5? A.Their operating conditions. B.Their conventional standard. C.Their potential risks. D.Their working mechanism. 35.What did Luna say about the system? A.It uses reclaimed energy creatively. B.It improves workers'efficiency. C.It prioritizes the safety of trains. D.It generates jobs for the locals. 33 Passage2(2025全国一卷，D篇) 题材 微塑料污染 体裁说明文词数 318建议用时8′难度：ll Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth-they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas,stuck inside volcanic rocks,filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even appearing inside humans. Now,new research suggests that a simple,cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap(水龙头)：boiling and filtering(过滤)it,In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science Technology Letters,researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes-then filtering it after it cools-could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially,this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate()to trap the plastics.In the study,boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics.But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.Additionally,the research didn't include all types of plastics.The team focused only on three common types-polystyrene,polyethylene and pol- ypropylene-and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still,the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure-a task that's becoming increasingly difficult.Even bottled water,scientists found earlier this year,contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are-but what they do know has raised concerns.The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake."The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice, Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research,tells New Scientist."We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics. 32.How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A.By quoting an expert. B.By defining a concept. C.By giving examples. D.By providing statistics. 33.What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A.The hardness of water. B.The length of cooling time. C.The frequency of filtering. D.The type of plastic in water. 34.What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in Paragraph 4? A.The importance of plastic recycling. B.The severity of the microplastic problem. C.The danger in overusing pure water. D.The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35.What is Gauchotte-Lindsay's suggestion about? A.Choice of new research methods. B.Possible direction for further study. C.Need to involve more researchers. D.Potential application of the findings. 34 Passage3(2025浙江1月卷，D篇) 题材 技术产品的性别化现象体裁说明文词数304建议用时7' 难度： As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities,there's been a push to make them genderless.“People are stereotyping(形成刻板印象)their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin,a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior.Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this.Yet as Martin has found in her work,gen- der is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects,particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study,Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male,female,and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as "Miuu".It was found that gender increased users'feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them.For ex- ample,participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing,it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity.The stereotypes commonly associated with men,such as competitive- ness and dominance,are more valued than those associated with women.These qualities,in turn,are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin's study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult.For instance,if an object's name was meant to sound genderless,like Miuu,participants would still assign a gender to it -they would assume Miuu was a“he”or“she”. Martin sees a silver lining,however:She believes that anthropomorphism(拟人化)“provides an opportunity to change stereotypes".When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies,it reduces negative stereotypes about women.Similarly,anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles-a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations,for instance. 32.What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A.To reduce stereotypes. B.To meet public demand. C.To cut production costs. D.To encourage competition. 33.What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A.Design a product. B.Respond to a survey. C.Work as assistants. D.Take a language test. 34.Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A.They cannot be mass-produced. B.Naming them is a challenging task. C.People assume they are unreliable. D.Gender is rooted in people's mind. 35.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A.The quality of genderless products. B.The upside of gendering a product. C.The meaning of anthropomorphism. D.The stereotypes of men and women. 35 Passage4(2024北京卷，C篇) 讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是 题材 体裁议论文词数 446 建议用时 9 由计算机模拟生成的 难度： The notion that we live in someone else's video game is irresistible to many.Searching the term “simulation hypothesis”(模拟假说)returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation-a concept that some scientists actually take seriously.Unfortunately,this is not a scientific question.We will probably never know whether it's true.We can,instead,use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in- themselves that are unknowable.While he held the notion that objective reality exists,he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions.Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory sys- tems and cognitive (functions in the brain.No one knows exactly what happens within this black box.If empirical (experience fails to reveal reality,reasoning won't reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social,cultural and psychological his- tories.Again,a black box. So,if we accept that the universe is unknowable,we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.And then,we can shift our inquiry from "Is the universe a computer simula- tion?"to "Can we model the universe as a computer simulation?"Modelling reality is what we do.To facilitate our comprehension of the world,we build models based on conceptual metaphors ( that are familiar to us.In Newton's era,we imagined the universe as a clock.In Einstein's,we uncov- ered the standard model of particle (physics. Now that we are in the information age,we have new concepts such as the computer,informa- tion processing,virtual reality,and simulation.Unsurprisingly,these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe.Models are not the reality,however.There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock,a set of particles or an output of computation.All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries.And the more tools we have,the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models,develo- ping the "computer simulation"metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28.What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A.Make an assumption. B.Illustrate an argument. C.Give a suggestion. D.Justify a comparison. 29.What does the phrase "contingent on"underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A.Accepted by. B.Determined by. C.Awakened by. D.Discovered by. 30.As for Kant's argument,the author is A.appreciative B.doubtful C.unconcerned D.disapproving 31.It is implied in this passage that we should A.compare the current models with the previous ones B.continue exploring the classical models in history C.stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D.turn simulations of the universe into realities up 36 Passage5(2024新课标I卷，D篇) 数字记录的物种观 题材 体裁 说明文 词数 358 建议用时 8 察数据存在偏差 难度：， In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct,researchers and citizen scien- tists have collected billions of records.Today,most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records.Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area,a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not per- fect. "With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,"said Barnabas Daru,who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences."These observations now out- number the primary data that comes from physical specimens(),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,insects,birds,and animals,Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏 data,like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.Moreover,these data are biased and favor certain regions,time periods,and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are of- ten citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.These data are also bi- ased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? "Quite a lot,"Daru explained."Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places-and even species-that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. 32.What do we know about the records of species collected now? A.They are becoming outdated. B.They are mostly in electronic form. C.They are limited in number. D.They are used for public exhibition. 33.What does Daru's study focus on? A.Threatened species. B.Physical specimens. C.Observational data. D.Mobile applications. 34.What has led to the biases according to the study? A.Mistakes in data analysis. B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C.Improper way of sampling. D.Unreliable data collection devices. 35.What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps? A.Review data from certain areas. B.Hire experts to check the records. C.Confirm the identity of the users. D.Give guidance to citizen scientists. 37 Passage6(2024新课标Ⅱ卷，C篇) 题材 巴比伦微型农场 体裁说明文词数268建议用时8'难度： We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However,most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer's mar- kets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF)shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally,it could serve a lar- ger audience such as a hospital,restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically,it's a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud,BMF is remotely monitored.Also,there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated,it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil,the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod()to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover,having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions() from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition,there's no need for pesticides and other chem- icals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office,they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic."We are passionate about reducing waste,carbon and chemicals in our en- vironment,said a BMF employee. 28.What can be learned about BMF from Paragraph 1? A.It guarantees the variety of food. B.It requires day-to-day care. C.It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D.It relies on farmer's markets. 29.What information does the convenient app offer? A.Real-time weather changes. B.Current condition of the plants. C.Chemical pollutants in the soil. D.Availability of pre-seeded pods. 30.What can be concluded about BMF employees? A.They have a great passion for sports. B.They are devoted to community service. C.They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D.They have a strong environmental awareness. 31.What does the text mainly talk about? A.BMF's major strengths. B.BMF's general management. C.BMF's global influence. D.BMF's technical standards. 38 Passage7(2024新课标Ⅱ卷，D篇) 题材 一本以人工智能为主题的书籍体裁说明文词数321建议用时8'难度： Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives,we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future,and this is where AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial In- Lelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(). In the wrong hands,such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code( that powers AI but,thankfully,Campbell has more than two decades'professional experience transla- ting the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as Al. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design,AI is already super-smart and will become more capable,moving from the current generation of "narrow-AI"to Artificial General Intelligence.From there,Campbell says,will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place.She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence,or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell's point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.She explains we are at a "tipping point"in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking,followed by global regulation,will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all,and if you only read one book on the subject,this is it. 32.What does the phrase "In the wrong hands"in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A.If read by someone poorly educated. B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C.If written by someone less competent. D.If translated by someone unacademic. 33.What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A.It is packed with complex codes. B.It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C.It provides step-by-step instructions. D.It is intended for AI professionals. 34.What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A.Observe existing regulations on it. B.Reconsider expert opinions about it. C.Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D.Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 35.What is the author's purpose in writing the text? A.To recommend a book on Al. B.To give a brief account of Al history. C.To clarify the definition of AI. D.To honor an outstanding AI expert. 39 Passage8(2024浙江1月卷，D篇) 题材 “棉花糖实验”的延伸 体裁说明文词数339建议用时8′难度： The Stanford marshmallow )test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat,selected by the child,was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We're not tempted()by sug- ary treats,but by our computers,phones,and tablets-all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world,and our 好 brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value-a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we've reshaped the world around us,dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories,we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago,and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn't eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a spe- cies was information-poor,so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombar- ded()with new information.Therefore,just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental "junk food"in order to manage our time most effectively. 32.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel's test? A.Take an examination alone. B.Show respect for the researchers. C.Share their treats with others. D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 33.According to Paragraph 3,there is a mismatch between A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 34.What does the author suggest readers do? A.Absorb new information readily. B.Be selective information consumers. C.Use diverse information sources. D.Protect the information environment. 35.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.Eat Less,Read More B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C.The Later,the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grownups 40the same,even when they contain identical words. 字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印 刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精力集 中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应 假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的文 字。)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一 定作用，但当需要精力集中和反思以最大化学习时，教 育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相 同的文字。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用 仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。 Passage 8 [语篇解读]这是一篇记叙文。随着手机的普及，电话亭 渐渐地被人们遗忘，作者家附近的最后一个电话亭被改造 成了“迷你图书馆”，作者偶然发现那里有很多不错的免费 书籍，这让作者觉得很棒。 24.B词义猜测题。根据第一段第五句“I was conducting auditions(试演)for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.(我当时在伦敦我那狭小的合租房子 里为我的剧本进行试演。)”可知，此处是指使“我”的合租 房看起来更“年轻专业”一点，所以t代指“合租房” 25.A细节理解题。根据第二段第四句“So,I called Di- rectory Assistance,got put through to our landlady's managing agent,and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors ar- rived.(所以，我打电话给电话查号台，接通了女房东的 经纪人，他们给了我一把备用钥匙，刚好来得及在演员 们到来之前回去。)”可知，作者在2006年使用电话亭是 为了拔打紧急电话。 26.B细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“The last one standing has just been turned into a 'mini community li- brary':any passer-by can 'borrow'a book from its shelves,and return it later,or replace it with another ti- tle from their own collection.(最后一个被改造成了一 个‘迷你社区图书馆’：任何路过的人都可以从它的书 架上‘借’书，以后还回来，或者用自己收藏的另一本书 来替换。)”可知，任何人都可以为“迷你社区图书馆”捐 赠图书。 27.C细节理解题。根据第四段最后四句“Then I noticed fork conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of volumi- nous books on various subjects there.And these books were free.This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never nor- mally consider buying.And I've discovered some great books！(然后我注意到福克正在进行春季大扫除，把各 种主题的大书一箱箱地扔到那里。而且这些书是免费 的。这个无与伦比的价格点鼓励我尝试许多我通常不 会考虑购买的标题。我还发现了一些很棒的书！)”可 知，作者发现“迷你图书馆”里有很多免费的很棒的书， 所以开始使用。 Passage 9 [语篇解读]本文介绍了一辆只接收病人的列车。从而 引出了俄罗斯政府在贫困的农村地区，如伏尔加河以东的 克拉斯诺亚尔斯克，采取的一些解决公共医疗服务现代化 问题的措施。 28.C细节理解题。由第一段内容可知，圣卢卡斯火车不 接受普通乘客，只接收病人，并为乡村人口提供基本的 医疗服务。因此，它的功能类似于医院。 29.D推理判断题。由第三段内容可知，俄罗斯政府在贫 困的农村地区，如伏尔加河以东的克拉斯诺亚尔斯克， 采取了一些措施来解决公共医疗服务现代化的问题， 包括视频预约医生和扩展财政援助项目以激励医生在 偏远地区行医。这表明克拉斯诺亚尔斯克需要医疗 援助。 30.D细节理解题。由第四段中“For10 months every year,the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给)，”可知，圣卢卡斯火车每次补给可以 持续大约两周的工作。 11 3l.A观，点态度题。由第五段Ducke的话“I was very im- pressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned...They were the best chance for many rural peo- ple to get the treatment they want..”可知，Ducke对圣卢卡 斯火车提供的服务表示赞赏。 4.科学与技术 Passage 1 [语篇解读]文章主要介绍了巴塞罗那推出的地铁能量 回收项目，利用列车刹车余能为电车充电桩供电，实现绿 色交通与能源高效利用。 32.C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Barcelona has put together a package of clean energy technologies to help public transportation go greener,while also doing its part to tackle climate change and aid Europe's difficult shift to the privately owned electric vehicle market.( 塞罗那整合了一整套清洁能源技术，助力公共交通走 向绿色环保，同时为应对气候变化出力，并助力欧洲艰 难转向私人电动汽车市场。)”可知，该项目目的是推广 绿色交通。 33.D细节理解题。根据第四段中的“‘】am pleasantly surprised,because I am always looking for where to plug it in,'Espinoza said before catching the subway in a working一class area of southern Barcelona,(埃斯皮 诺萨在巴塞罗那南部一处工人街区搭乘地铁前说道： ‘我又惊喜又开心，我总在四处找地方给车充电。’)”可 知，埃斯皮诺萨一直发愁找不到充电桩。 34.D段落大意题。根据第五段中的“They consist of an electric motor which collects energy used in the braking action that would be lost as heat by conventional brakes.That energy can be immediately used to accel- erate the vehicle or,in the case of the Barcelona subway system,sent along cables to supply electricity for the station or for electric car chargers.(它们由一个电动机 构成，该电动机会收集刹车动作中产生的能量一这 些能量在传统刹车系统中会以热量的形式散失掉。这 些能量可以立即用于加速车辆，或者在巴塞罗那地铁 系统的情况下，通过电缆输送，为车站或电动汽车充电 桩供电。)”可知，本段介绍了再生刹车的工作原理。 35.A细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Alvaro Luna,a professor of electrical engineering,said that the system is innovative in so far as it allows for recycled energy to be redirected to specific local uses -in this case powe- ring electric cars parked nearby,.(电气工程教授阿尔瓦 罗·卢纳表示，这套系统在某种程度上颇具创新性，原 因在于它能将回收的电能重新调配，用于当地特定用 途 一本案例中就是为停在附近的电动汽车供电。)” 可知，卢纳认为该系统创新性地利用了回收能源。 Passage 2 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一项关于减少 自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球， 甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟 并冷却后过滤。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质， 但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该 研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以 推广应用。 32.C推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth- they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks,filled the stomachs of sea- birds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow.They are even appearing inside humans..(微塑料已经成为地球上 常见的污染源一一它们出现在深海和喜马拉雅山上， 被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪 中。它们甚至出现了在人类身体里。)”可推断，作者通 过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。 5 33.A细节理解题。根据第三段的“Crucially,this process relies on the water containing enough calcium car bonate(碳酸钙)to trap the plastics.In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate,boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent..(至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够 碳酸钙的水来捕获塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300 毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。 但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了 25%的塑料含量。)”可知，决定在水中捕获微塑料的有 效性的是水的硬度。 34.B推理判断题。根据第四段的“Still,the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure-a task that's becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water,scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought,(尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微 塑料接触的潜在途径一这一任务正变得越来越困 难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其 微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可 推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。 35.D 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“‘The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,'Caroline Gauchotte-Lind- say,an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the re- search,tells New Scientist.'We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they re- move microplastics.’(苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程 师(Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay)没有参与这项研究，她 告诉《新科学家》杂志：‘他们展示的微塑料是如何通过 煮沸过程被捕获的方式很好。’‘我们应该考虑升级饮 用水处理厂，这样它们就能去除微塑料。’)”可知，Gu chotte-Lindsay提出了这项发现的潜在应用，升级饮用 水处理厂。 Passage 3 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈 现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物 体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化 或能改变刻板印象。 32.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereoty ping(形成刻板印象)their gendered objects in very tra- ditional ways,says Ashley Martin,a Stanford associ- ate professor of organizational behavior.Removing gen- der from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this.(斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马 丁说：‘人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻 板印象。’完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的 简单方法。)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印 象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。 33.B细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study,Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male,fe male,and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as‘Miuu',(在她的研究 中，马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu'的自 动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进 行评分。)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行 评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。 34.D细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin's study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance,if an object's name was meant to sound genderless,like Miuu,participants would still assign a gender to it-they would assume Miuu was a 'he'or ‘she’,(马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。 例如，如果一个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如 Miuu,参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别一他们会认 入 为Miu是‘他’或‘她’。)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂 固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无 性别，人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象 很困难。 35.B主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining,however:She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化)‘provides an opportunity to change stereo types’.(然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提 供了改变刻板印象的机会’。)”以及后文所举的例子可 知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即 可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。 Passage 4 [语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学 家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的 看法 28.C推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term simulation hypothesis’(模拟假说)returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation -a concept that some scientists actually take seriously.Unfortunately,this is not a scientific question.We will probably never know whether it's true.We can,instead,use this idea to advance scientific knowledge,(搜索‘模拟假说’这一术语会得到许多关于 宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果一一些科学家实 际上在认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科 学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相 反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识。)”可知， 作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议， 建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。 29.B词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical(实证的) experience fails to reveal reality,reasoning won't reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social,cultural and psychological histories,(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现 实，因为它依赖于由我们的社会、文化和心理历史决定 的概念和词语。)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从 句，指代先行词concepts and words,且结合常识，概念 和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线 短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。 30.A推理判断题。根据第二段“Thel8th-century phi- losopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately con sists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable.While he held the notion that objective reality exists,he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and sha- ping our perceptions.(1l8世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙 最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实 是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感 知方面发挥着必要的作用。)”以及第三段“So,if we ac- cept that the universe is unknowable,we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. 此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永 远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中。)”可知，作 者引用康德的观，点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构 建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论，点持欣赏的 态度。 3l.C推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in ar- guing if the universe is a clock,a set of particles or an output of computation.All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries.And the more tools we have,the more effective and insightful we can become..(争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子 还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都 是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具 越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力。)”以及第五 "It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models,developing the "computer simulation'metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建 6 科学模型的过程相比，开发基于‘计算机模拟”隐喻的 模型也将是一项非常有益的工作。)”可知，作者认为争 论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止 争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模 型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。 Passage 5 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦 福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏差， 建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 32.B细节理解题。根据第一段“Today,most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records..(今天，大多数生物多样性的记录 通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可 知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。 33.C细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本)，and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are re- sponding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable？(这些观察结果现在超过了来自实体标本的原 始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研 究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗？)” 和第四段“‘We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差)da ta,like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,)said Daru.(Daru说'我们特别感兴趣 的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科 学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的 草’。)”可知，Dru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过 移动应用记录的物种观察数据」 34.C细节理解题。根据第四段“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差)data,like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant in- stead of the grass right next to it,'said Daru.(Darui ‘我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的 方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片， 而不是它旁边的草’。)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists re- cording their encounters with species in areas nearby. (这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样 性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附 近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是 采样方式的不当。 35.D推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled ar- eas and lead them to places and even species -that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of obser- vational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their up- loaded image,(生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研 究结果来告知用户哪些区域被过度采样，并将他们引 导到未充分采样的地方，甚至是寻找未充分采样的物 种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序 还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身 份。)”可知，Daru建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学 家提供指导。 Passage 6 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比 伦微农场(BMF)的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距 离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化 学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等 28.C细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro- Farm(BMF)shortens it even more,(虽然农贸市场是 减少运输里程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场(BMF) √ 缩短的运输里程更甚。)”可知，巴比伦微型农场(BMF) 进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。 29.B细节理解题。根据第三段“Also,there is a conven ient app that provides growing data in real time,(此外， 还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供生长数据。)” 可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时 数据。 30.D推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office,they en- courage recycling and waste reduction by limiting gar- bage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.'We are pas- sionate about reducing waste,carbon and chemicals in our environment,’said a BMF employee.(BMF员工在 日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑 自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避 免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员 工表示：‘我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学 品。’)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。 3l.A主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro- Farm(BMF)shortens it even more,(虽然农贸市场是 减少运输里程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场(BMF) 缩短的运输里程更甚。)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud,BMF is remotely monitored.Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated,it signifi- cantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil,the system provides just the right amount to each plant,(通过云连 接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应 用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是 自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该 系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合 适的水量。)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office,they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. We are passionate about reducing waste,carbon and chemicals in our envi- ronment,'said a BMF employee.(BMF员工在日常生 活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车 上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次 性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表 示：‘我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。’)” 可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场(BMF)的一些主 要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监 控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工 的环保生活方式等。 Passage 7 [语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catri- ona Campbell Alby Design:A Plan for Living with Arti ficial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI苹命挑战 的实用指南，以商业视角阐述A】发展现状与前景，强调控 制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以 防潜在危机。 32.C词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (that powers Al but,thankfully,Campbell has more than two decades'professional experience transla- ting the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly acces- sible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as Al.(这样一本书可能 会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆 幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人焦躁 的晦涩内容转化为容易理解的内容。她从商业人士的 7 实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通 俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎 和人工智能一样聪明。)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是 通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样 了，推测划线短语表示“如果是由能力较差的人写的”。 33.B推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully,Camp bell has more than two decades'professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as Al. 庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人焦 躁的晦涩内容转化为容易理解的内容。她从商业人士 的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常 通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几 乎和人工智能一样聪明。)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人 焦躁的晦涩内容转化为容易理解的内容，这本书的特 点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。 34.C细节理解题。根据文章第三段“She says it is essen tial that we keep control of artificial intelligence,or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.(她说，我们必 须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更 糟的风险)”和文章第四段“We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out.Such structured thinking,followed by global regulation,will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall,(找们需 要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构 化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是 走向衰败。)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的 控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工 智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。 35.A推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonish ing potential of Al to transform our lives,we all need to take action to deal with our Al-powered future,and this is where Al by Design:A Plan for Living with Arti- ficial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming Al revolution (变革).（考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力， 我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这 Alby Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的 这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用指南，旨在应对即将 到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战。)”和文章最后一段 "Al will affect us all,and if you only read one book on the subject,this is it,(人工智能将影响我们所有人，如 果只让你读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书。)” 可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AIby Design:A Plan for Living with Arti ficial Intelli- gence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以 商业视角阐述A1发展现状与前景，强调控制A】的重 要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在 危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人 工智能的书。 Passage 8 [语篇解读]这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为 成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了 太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。 32.D细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,they would be given a second treat..(每个孩子都 被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第 二次奖励。)”可知，在米歌尔的测试中，孩子们需要在 吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。 33.C细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we've reshaped the world around us,dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories,we √ still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago,and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn'teat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大 大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍 然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力 抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可 知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变 的大脑之间存在不匹配。 34.B细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption,we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,resisting the temptation of the mental 'junk food'in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我 们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的 信息消耗，抵制精神‘垃圾食品’的诱惑，以便最有效地 管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的 信息消费者。 35.D主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a ver sion of the marshmallow test every day.We're not tempted()by sugary treats,but by our comput- ers,phones,and tablets -all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of in- formation that do to us what marshmallows do to pre- schoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测 试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平 板电脑一所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接 起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前 儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代 我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸 让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品” 主题语境3人与自然 1.自然生态 Passage 1 [「语篇解读]文章主要探讨了海拔高度的相对性，以及海 平面作为参考点的历史演变。作者通过个人经历引出对 海平面概念的思考，并介绍了其著作中关于平均海平面历 史的研究。 28.C细节理解题。根据第一段“But elevation is necessa rily relative:only the choice of a reference point allows us to express numerically the height of an object or a lo- cation.(但海拔必定是相对的：只有选择一个参考点， 我们才能用数字表达一个物体或位置的高度。)”可知， 作者在文章开头指出海拔的概念是相对的。 29.B段落大意题。根据第三段“Resting on a pass near the Pradidali hut,we began discussing the readings of- fered by our altimeters(测高仪).Why did they vary ever so slightly from one instrument to the next?This sense of uncertainty led me to think about the meaning of zero.This is how I began my search for the concep- tual history of sea level,.(在Pradidali小屋附近的山口 休息时，我们开始讨论测高仪上的读数。为什么不同 仪器之间的读数略有差异？这种不确定性让我开始思 考零的含义。这就是我开始探究海平面概念史的原 因。)”可推知，本段主要讲述了作者研究工作的起因。 30.C词义猜测题。根据最后一段“Since】began thinking about this project in August 2011,the issue of sea-level rise and the need to place it historically have only be come more urgent:between then and the end of 2022 the global sea rose by almost 5 centimeters,about half of the overall rise recorded by satellites since 1993. 从我在2011年8月开始思考这个项目以来，海平面上 升的问题以及将它置于历史背景下的必要性变得愈发 紧迫：从那时到2022年底，全球海平面上升了近5厘 米，约占自1993年以来卫星记录的总体上升幅度的一 半。)”可知，划线词“it”指代前文提到的“the issue of sea-level rise'”中的“the issue”,即海平面上升的问题。 8