语境25 科学与技术（一）科普知识-【高考领航】2027年高考英语一轮复习微专题速练

该高中英语高考复习学案聚焦“科学与技术”科普知识话题，系统整合话题词汇（如achieve/assume等及派生词）、核心词块（如advantages and disadvantages等）和功能句式（如It goes without saying that等），构建“词汇-词块-句式”三级知识网络，通过清单式背诵排查和问题链设计（如词汇题组练中的语境填空），引导学生自主梳理考点内在联系，形成结构化知识体系。 特色在于“诊断-提升”闭环设计与核心素养融合，如层级一设置重点词汇题组练（含语境填空、语法应用及汉译英），帮助学生自主诊断词汇掌握程度；层级二通过真题题型（阅读理解、七选五、语法填空）训练，提升语言能力和思维品质（如推理判断、逻辑衔接）。每个模块配有话题写作能力练，引导学生运用词块句式进行表达，培养学习能力。教师可依据学生精练结果精准定位薄弱环节，支持因材施教，有效提升备考实效。

语境25　科学与技术(一)　科普知识 清单式背诵——基础知识排查记 话题词汇 1.achieve vt.完成；达到 achievement n．成就 2．advance vt.& vi.前进；促进；提前n.前进；进步 advanced adj.先进的；高级的 3．advantage n．优势；优点；长处；有利条件 4．assume vt.假定；设想 assumption n．假定；设想 5．breakthrough n．重大进展；突破 6．creative adj.创造性的 7．develop v．发展 developed adj.发达的 developing adj.发展中的 development n．发展 8.disadvantage n．不利条件；弱点；劣势；短处 9．discovery n．发现 10．download vt.下载 11．drawback n．缺点；不利条件 12．educate vt.教育；培养 education n．教育 13．equip v．配备；装备 equipment n．设备 14．exist vi.发生；存在；生存 15．experiment n．实验 16．expert n．专家 17.explore vt.& vi.探索；探测；探究 exploration n．探索 explorer n．探险家；勘探者 18．foresee vt.(foresaw，foreseen)预见；预知 19．function n．& v．作用；功能；运转 20．fundamental adj.十分重大的；根本的 21．guarantee vt.& n．保证；担保 22．hopeful adj.有希望的；有前途的 23．industrial adj.工业的 24．introduce vt.介绍 introduction n．引进；介绍 话题词块 1.advantages and disadvantages 优缺点 2．be different from/differ from 与……不同 3．be faced with new opportunities and challenges 面临新的机遇和挑战 4．benefit from 得益于；从……获益 5．carry out scientific experiments 开展科学实验 6．catch/attract the attention of sb引起某人的注意 7．change one's life 改变人们的生活 8.come true 实现 9．conduct scientific research 进行科学研究 10．devote oneself to 致力于 11．have a great effect on 对……产生很大影响 12．have access to/be accessible to 能使用 13．improve the quality of life for humans 提高人类的生活质量 14．in many aspects 在诸多方面 话题句式 1.Social media can provide a platform to show our talent and release our pressure，thus making it more and more popular with high school students. 社交媒体能提供一个展示我们的天赋、释放压力的平台，因此使它越来越受高中生的欢迎。 2．It goes without saying that modern technology brings us convenience and comfort in life. 毫无疑问，现代科技给我们的生活带来方便和舒适。 3．With the development of the Internet，many individuals favour online shopping because it is more convenient and can save shoppers' time. 随着互联网的发展，很多人喜欢网上购物，因为它更方便而且能节省购物者的时间。 层级式精练——核心要点全练通 层级一　基础达标 Ⅰ.重点词汇题组练 1．advantage n．优势；优点；长处；有利条件 ①I will take full advantage ________ the chance to exchange views with them. ②The home team always have an advantage________their opponents. ③必须着重指出的是，我们应更好地理解其优缺点。 It must be stressed that we should have a good understanding of its________________________________． 2．assume vt.假定；设想 ①It is wrong ________(assume) arts groups cannot make a profit. ②________(assume) you are right，we'll make a great deal of money from the project. ③A lot of people make the________(assume) that poverty only exists in the third world. ④人们认为，喝中国茶不仅能提神，而且它还能提高我们的记忆力。 ________________ not only can drinking Chinese tea refresh ourselves but it can also strengthen our memory. 3．exist vi.发生；存在；生存 ①Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into ________ (exist)． ②Some strange ideas existed________ his mind. ③The man existed________ bread and water for over five months. ④虽然困难存在于我们的日常生活中，但是我们不应害怕它们。(应用文之劝慰信) ____________________________，we should not be afraid of them. 4. guarantee vt. & n．保证；担保 ①We guarantee ________ (refund) your money if you're not delighted with your purchase. ②My colour TV set is only one year old and it is still ________ guarantee. ③这样一顿美味的早餐保证会让他们的妈妈在母亲节快乐。 Such a tasty breakfast____________________________ on Mother's Day. Ⅱ.话题词汇快速练 1．Only by improving education and high technology can a country become an________(advance) one. 2．The notes are intended as an ________(introduce) to the course. 3．I came to realize that the key to success lay in trying to surround myself with ________ (create) people. 4．The average citizen in the________(develop) world uses over 155 kg of paper per year. 5．The company has been investing in new plant and________(equip)． 6．Only a short-sighted man will lose sight of the importance of ________ (educate)． 7．Researchers in this field have made some important new________(discovery)． 8．Faced ________ difficulties，they never give up but try their best to find a way out. Ⅲ.话题写作能力练 1．在最近的几十年，科技的发展令人惊叹。 Technology____________________in the last few decades. 2．在最近的几十年，医疗技术的进步已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。 In the last decades，advances in medical technology_________________ than in the past. 3．众所周知，iPad对我们的学习有很大的帮助，尤其是对我们的英语听力。 ____________________，iPad is of great help to our study，especially to our English listening. 层级二　能力提升 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Having hundreds of friends online is no substitute for a handful of close friends in real life.Researchers discovered that people with only a few friends were at least as happy as those with far more if many of theirs were online.The number of “peripheral others”，someone connected with online—former classmates and co-workers，for example—had no connection with how satisfied they felt. Scientists did their study using data from two online surveys conducted on 1，496 people by a non-profit research organization.People taking part in the study revealed their ages，the make-up of their social networks，how often they had different types of social interactions and their own feelings of well-being.They included details of how often and how they interacted with family or neighbors，and whether they included people who provided services for them in their networks.The number of close friends someone had was the only thing that influenced how satisfied they were with their social life. “Loneliness has less to do with the number of friends you have，but more to do with how you feel about your friends，” said Dr.Bruine，an expert of the study.“If you feel lonely，it may be more helpful to make a positive connection with a friend than to try and seek out new people to meet.” In the study，they found older people tended to have smaller social networks.Younger people's were larger but they were mostly made up of “peripheral others”—not true friends，just people they knew—and did not contribute to their happiness. Even variations in the number of family members or neighbors somebody spent time with did not affect how happy they were with their social life.Dr.Bruine said her research echoed other findings showing people would be happier if a larger proportion of their online friends were actually their friends in reality. She added，“Stereotypes of aging tend to paint older adults in many cultures as sad and lonely.But the research shows that older adults' smaller networks didn't weaken social satisfaction and well-being.In fact，older adults tend to report better well-being than younger adults.” 1．What has a good influence on one's happiness according to the study? A．Having impersonal networks of friends. B．Meeting close friends face to face. C．Helping familiar co-workers. D．Keeping in touch with family members online. 2．What did the 1，496 people taking part in the study have to do? A．Keep off using the Internet. B．Show their attitudes to happiness. C．Reveal their social life thoroughly. D．Find “peripheral others” from their friends. 3．Who is more likely to be attacked by loneliness according to the study? A．Parents living with their children. B．Older adults with fewer friends online. C．Those having fewer relatives or neighbors. D．Young people without friends in reality. 4．What does the underlined word “paint” in the last paragraph mean? A．Treat.　　　　　 B．Draw. C．Describe. D．Criticize. B Yes，having a big name in science will help get your paper published，a new study confirms.Involving hundreds of researchers reviewing an economics paper，the study found that reviewers were more likely to recommend acceptance when the paper was associated with a famous author compared to a lesser-known one. The Matthew effect，a term coined in 1968 to describe this prejudice，has been a topic of concern among scientists for years. However，previous efforts to document this prejudice had limitations such as small sample sizes or lack of randomization.To address these issues，a team from the University of Innsbruck conducted an extensive study. The team sent emails to about 3，300 researchers，inviting them to review an economics paper for a real journal. The paper had two authors: Vernon Smith，a Nobel Prize winner，and Sabiou Inoua，one of Smith's former Ph.D.students.The potential reviewers received one of three descriptions of the paper：one mentioning only Smith，another mentioning only Inoua，and a third with no author mentioned.Of the researchers who agreed to review the paper，Smith's fame influenced their responses.When given only Smith's name，38.5% accepted the invitation to review，while the figures were 30.7% for those given no name and 28.5% for those given only Inoua's name. To further avoid prejudice，the team randomly assigned the 313 reviewers who initially received no author's name to review one of three papers：one credited to Smith alone，another to Inoua alone，and a third with no authors listed.Reviewers rated the paper credited to Smith the highest，praising its inclusion of new information and data-supported conclusions.The version with no authors received recommendations for acceptance from 24% of reviewers，more than double the percentage for the version credited only to Inoua. The team warned against evaluating identical work differently based on the author's identity and suggested that double-blind reviews may reduce the prejudice.However，this approach may not be effective as reviewers can often identify authors through preprints or conference presentations. 5．What does the term “the Matthew effect” refer to according to this passage? A．A topic of public concern. B．A preference in publication. C．A document describing coins. D. A way to get papers accepted. 6．Why did the team from the University of Innsbruck carry out the extensive study? A．To review an economics paper. B．To find fault with prior studies. C．To further investigate an effect. D．To study how to release papers. 7．What are presented in paragraphs 3 and 4? A．Data reception and release. B．Paper description and scores. C．Research methods and findings. D．Authors' identities and responses. 8．What does the team suggest to reduce the prejudice? A．Revising the review method. B．Reading the online preprint. C．Assessing different works. D．Adding new information. Ⅱ.阅读七选五 Agriculture has come a long way from its ancient beginnings.Long ago，farmers would work hard on their individual plots of land，using simple tools or even their bare hands.They tended to their crops for many hours each day so that the crops grew well.__1__ For example，a single storm could destroy a whole year's work，while a summer of good weather could ensure a good harvest. Modern science and technology have helped to greatly reduce the back-breaking labour involved in farming，along with the reliance on luck and guesswork.__2__ Probably one of the most beneficial innovations is drip irrigation，which has made it possible to develop big，green farms in the middle of the desert.Simcha Blass，an Israeli scientist，discovered this new way of irrigation in the 1930s.Through this discovery，farmers can now produce crops on dry land without needing much water.__3__ The limited and focused use of just the right amount of water also denies moisture (水分) to weeds，keeping them from harming the crops. __4__ However，what if an area has plenty of water，but little usable soil? As it turns out，it is possible to grow plants without using soil at all.With hydroponics (水培)，plant roots are supported by rocks or a fiber mat.Nutrient-rich water is then provided so that the plants can grow.Recent research has centered on vertical hydroponics farming.With a vertical farm，the crops are planted in containers that are piled into plant skyscrapers.__5__ With such technological advances，the image of a farmer pushing a plough will eventually become a thing of the past. A．Luck played a great part in farming. B．Some areas would be too dry to grow crops. C．Drip irrigation deals with a lack of water in an area. D．There have been experiments to make drip irrigation a reality. E．This irrigation method uses far less water than other methods. F．Furthermore，nearly all hydroponic farms partially or fully automated. G．Farmers have benefited greatly from innovations in crop production. Ⅲ.语法填空 A new study reveals that plants have their own “bedtime alarm clock” that helps them survive the night. Researchers at the University of York have discovered that plants possess an internal signal which they believe tells them 1.________ amount of sugar they have in their systems at dusk.Plants use sunlight to make their own sugars from photosynthesis (光合作用) during the day and store them to provide energy during the night. Plants' ability to predict sunrise and estimate the 2.________(long) of the night，as well as adjust metabolism(新陈代谢) 3.________ (depend) on a biological time-keeper called a circadian clock.This is a network of genes which drives rhythms of 4.________ (rough) 24 hours.Biologists think it is this signal，or so-called “alarm”，5.________ gives plants the information they need to adjust their metabolism in the dark nighttime hours to stay 6.________ (live)． The researchers discovered a set of genes 7.________ (regulate) by the chemical compound superoxide，which 8.________ (associate)with metabolic activity.And they found by stopping the production of superoxide，they also stopped the effect of sugar 9.________ these circadian clock genes in the evening，10.________ (reveal) the plants' so-called “alarm”． 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 语境25　科学与技术(一)　科普知识 层级式精练 层级一　基础达标 Ⅰ. 1．①of　②over　③advantages and disadvantages 2．①to assume　②Assuming　③assumption　④It is assumed that 3．①existence　②in　③on　④Though difficulties exist in our daily life 4．①to refund　②under　③was guaranteed to make their mom joyful Ⅱ. 1．advanced　2.introduction　3.creative 4．developed　5.equipment　6.education 7．discoveries　8.with Ⅲ. 1．has seen some amazing developments　2.have made it possible for people to live longer　3.As is known to us 层级二　能力提升 Ⅰ. A 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，该研究发现在现实生活中拥有朋友比在网上拥有虚拟朋友能拥有更多的幸福感。而且与人们以往的成见不同的是，拥有少数真实朋友的老年人比拥有大量网上虚拟朋友的年轻人更有幸福感。 1．B　推理判断题。根据第一段第二、三句可知，有的人虽然朋友少，但比起那些朋友多但大多数通过网络来联系(如他们的前同学和前同事)的人而言，前者起码和后者一样快乐。由此可知，和亲密朋友在现实中接触会让人更幸福，故选B项。 2．C　细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，参与这项研究的人透露了他们的年龄、社交网络的构成、进行不同类型社交互动的频率以及他们自己的幸福感。由此可知，参与研究的1 496人需要详尽地提供关于他们社交生活的信息，故选C项。 3．D　推理判断题。根据文章最后三段的内容可知，研究发现老年人社交范围小，但大都是现实中的朋友；年轻人社交对象多，但虚拟世界中的朋友并没有为他们带来更多的幸福感。因此现实中没有朋友的年轻人更容易遭到孤独感的侵袭，故选D项。 4．C　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“as sad and lonely”可推知，画线词所在句意为：在许多文化中，对变老的刻板印象往往会把老年人描述为悲伤和孤独的人，故选C项。 B 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学界中马太效应的一个实证研究，该效应描述了在科学研究中对非著名作者存在的偏见，以及这种偏见对论文发表机会的影响并提出了减少这种偏见的可能方法。 5．B　推理判断题。根据文章第一、二段可知，“马太效应”被描述为“对非著名作者的偏见”和“基于作者身份对相同作品的不同评价”。它用来描述审稿人在接受与著名作者相关的论文时，相比于鲜为人知的作者，所表现出的偏见。这清楚地表明，它指的是出版过程中的偏好或偏见。故选B。 6．C　推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知，该团队进行了一项广泛的研究是为了深入调查这一效应，而不是简单地回顾一篇经济学论文、找先前研究的错误或研究如何发布论文。故选C。 7．C　段落大意题。根据文章第三段中的“The team sent emails to about 3，300 researchers，inviting them to review an economics paper for a real journal.”和第四段中的“To further avoid prejudice，the team randomly assigned the 313 reviewers who initially received no author's name to review one of three papers: one credited to Smith alone，another to Inoua alone，and a third with no authors listed.”可知，在这两段中，首先介绍了研究团队使用的实验方法，即他们模拟了经济学领域论文的同行评审过程，并详细说明了实验的具体步骤。接着，在第4段中，他们呈现了研究的发现，即论文的作者身份确实对审稿人的评分有显著影响，这进一步验证了“马太效应”的存在。因此，这两段主要介绍了研究方法和发现。故选C。 8．A　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知，研究人员认为减少偏见的办法是修改评审方法。因此，团队建议的是修改评审方法以减少偏见。故选A。 Ⅱ. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科学技术在农业中的应用，介绍了滴灌和水培农业及其优点。 1．A　上文“They tended to their crops for many hours each day so that the crops grew well.”指出农民们为了庄稼长得好，每天要花好几个小时照料庄稼，下文“For example, a single storm...ensure a good harvest.”以具体例子说明，突发天气状况会影响收成，由此可推知，空处应该是指出古代农业收成好坏也靠运气，A选项符合语境。 2．G　上文“Modern science and technology...luck and guesswork.”指出现代科技给农业带来的好处，空处也应该承接上文，继续描写现代科技给农业带来的好处，G选项符合语境。 3．E　上文“Through this discovery, farmers can now produce crops on dry land without needing much water.”指出滴灌的优点，农民不仅可以在旱地上种植，而且不需要太多水，下文“The limited and focused use...harming the crops.”指出滴灌使用有限而集中的水对农业的好处，由此可知，空处应承接上文，继续描写滴灌用水少这一优点，E选项符合语境。 4．C　由下文“However, what if an area has plenty of water...the plants can grow.”的However可知，空处和下文是对比关系，且结合上段提到用水少的滴灌可知，空处应该是对上文进行总结，同时和下文进行对比，即用滴灌能解决缺水地区的农业问题和水培能解决水多地区的问题做对比，C选项符合语境。 5．F　上文“Recent research has centered on...plant skyscrapers.”提出最近的研究都在垂直水培农业上，同时描述了垂直水培农作物的一些情况，空处应该继续描写垂直水培农作物的一些相关内容，F选项符合语境。 Ⅲ. 【语篇解读】　本文是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，植物也有自己的“睡前闹钟”，帮助它们度过夜晚。 1．the　考查冠词。the amount of...意为“……的数量”。故填the。 2．length　考查名词。由空前的“the”和空后的“of”可知，该空应用long的名词形式。故填length。 3．depends　考查时态和主谓一致。该句描述客观情况，用一般现在时；主语是Plants' ability，谓语动词用三单形式。故填depends。 4．roughly　考查副词。此处应用所给词的副词形式修饰24 hours，表示“大约”。故填roughly。 5．that　考查强调句。本句为强调句型。故填that。 6．alive　考查形容词。空格处在句中作表语，故此处应用live的形容词形式。故填alive。 7．regulated　考查非谓语动词。regulate与其逻辑主语a set of genes之间为被动关系，此处应用过去分词形式作后置定语。故填regulated。 8．is associated　考查时态、语态和主谓一致。该句主句时态为一般过去时，但which引导的定语从句描述的是客观情况，应用一般现在时；先行词为the chemical compound superoxide，谓语动词用三单形式。故填is associated。 9．on　考查介词。effect on表示“对……的影响”。故填on。 10．revealing　考查非谓语动词。reveal的逻辑主语为前面整句话，二者之间为主动关系，此处应用现在分词形式。故填revealing。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $