12 必修第三册 Unit 4 Scientists who changed the world（配套练习Word版）-【创新教程】2027年高考英语总复习大一轮课时作业（译林版）

课时冲关12　Unit 4　Scientists who changed the world 　学生课时P312

　　A team of scientists from the Center for Cognition and Sociality and the Data Science Group at the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) made an exciting discovery about how computers and human brains work similarly when remembering things. They found out that the way artificial intelligence (AI) models, like those in smart robots, store memories is a lot like how our brain's memory center, called the hippocampus (海马体), does it. This part of the brain is really important for feelings and memories.

Understanding how AI learns and keeps information is key to making it smarter. The scientists looked into how our brains learn and remember by focusing on a special process involving the NMDA receptor, a critical part of the hippocampus. This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering. It opens when certain brain chemicals are present, allowing the cell to receive signals and create memories. A specific element, magnesium, acts like a guard, only letting substances in under the right conditions.

Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a similar “guarding” method to manage its memory. They wondered if they could make the Transformer's memory better by copying the brain's process. By adjusting some settings in the Transformer to mimic (模拟、模仿) the brain's memory door, they improved its ability to remember things longterm, just like adjusting magnesium levels can affect how well we remember stuff.

This discovery is a big deal because it shows we can use what we know about the brain to make AI smarter. C. Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science. It opens up new ways to understand how the brain works and to create more advanced AI based on these insights.

So, in simple terms, scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us, which could help make them even smarter in the future.

1．What does the term “NMDA receptor” in Paragraph 2 most likely refer to?

A．A type of computer virus that attacks AI systems.

B．A new technology for making computers run faster.

C．A component in AI models that predicts future events.

D．A part of the human brain involved in learning and memory.

2．What did the team discover about Transformer?

A．It directly mimics the brain's memory process.

B．It is unaffected by changes in memory settings.

C．It uses a special method to manage memory.

D．It requires adjustments to enhance longterm memory.

3．What is the significance of the research findings according to C. Justin LEE?

A．It is a new approach to memory organization.

B．It is a crucial step in advancing AI and neuroscience.

C．It is a method for improving shortterm memory in AI.

D．It is a breakthrough in understanding AI emotional processing.

4．What is the main idea of the passage?

A．Exploring the NMDA receptor in the brain.

B．Discussing implications of neuroscience for AI.

C．Comparing computer and human memory processes.

D．Discovering similarities between AI and human memory.

[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家发现人工智能记忆存储方式与人脑海马体相似，并通过模仿大脑记忆机制改进了AI模型的记忆能力，促进了AI与脑科学的发展。

1．D　[细节理解题。根据第二段中“This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering.(这种受体就像我们大脑中的一扇智能门，帮助我们学习和记忆。)”可知，“NMDA receptor”是人脑中参与学习和记忆的一部分。 ]

2．C　[推理判断题。根据第三段中“Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a similar ‘guarding’ method to manage its memory.(有趣的是，研究小组发现，Transformer是一种人工智能模型，它使用类似的‘保护’方法来管理内存。)”可知，Transformer使用了一种类似于保护的特殊方法来管理其内存。]

3．B　[推理判断题。根据第四段中“C.Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science. (C. Justin LEE，该研究所的神经科学主任表示，这项研究对于人工智能和脑科学都是一个重大的进展。)”可知，他认为这些研究发现的重要意义在于这项研究发现推进了AI和神经科学的关键步骤。]

4．D　[主旨大意题。根据全文内容及最后一段“So, in simple terms, scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are surprisingly similar to us, which could help make them even smarter in the future.(所以，简单来说，科学家们已经发现计算机能够以和我们惊人相似的方式学习和记忆，这可能有助于它们在未来变得更加智能。)”可知，整篇文章的中心思想是关于在人工智能和人类记忆之间发现的相似性，D选项“发现人工智能与人类记忆之间的相似之处。”准确总结了文章的中心思想。]

Working mothers can breathe a sigh of relief when dropping off their little ones in formal

childcare. A French study has found children who go to nursery are better behaved and have fewer emotional problems than those cared for by family or a childminder.

__1__ The study, on the other hand, wanted to test what potential impact formal childcare settings from a young age could have on behaviour.

__2__ Those who had been looked after by a childminder were the most likely to have behavioral issues in both boys and girls, they found.

Scientists tracked children's emotional development from birth up to the age of eight. Parents were asked a series of questions about their children's behavioral and emotional problems at different ages, including any difficulties making friends, hyperactivity(多动症), poor attention, conduct, and social skills. __3__

Analysis showed those who received formal childcare were less likely to have emotional and behavioral problems, and more likely to have better social skills than those looked after by family or friends.

As women began entering the workforce in increasing numbers from the 1980s, some child development researchers have found that formal childcare and informal childcare appear. __4__ Researchers find that overall, children benefited a lot from formal childcare.

Boys who went to nursery had fewer emotional problems, but those looked after by a childminder had more behavioral problems. Girls in particular benefited from the more formal childcare. __5__

The authors conclude that access to high quality childcare in the first years of life may improve children's emotional and cognitive development, prevent later emotional difficulties and promote prosocial(亲社会的)behavior.

A．Lack of daily interaction may result in children being unwilling to socialize.

B．Those who had gone to nursery performed better academically later on at school.

C．Informal childcare has harmful outcome for children's social and emotional adjustment.

D．It's because they are more likely to being shy, nervous or upset, researchers suggest.

E．Children who get formal childcare were less likely to have behavioral problems later.

F．They were also questioned on what type of childcare their children had been provided.

G．A study has suggested early formal childcare may improve their academic performance.

[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了把幼儿放在托儿所会对他们今后的社会行为有更好的帮助。

1．G　[下文“The study, on the other hand, wanted to test what potential impact formal childcare settings from a young age could have on behaviour.(另外，研究者想要测验早期正规的儿童保育对儿童的行为还有什么潜在的影响。)”提到了研究者想研究儿童保育对儿童行为还会产生什么影响，说明已经有研究表明儿童保育对儿童产生了影响。G项“之前的研究表明，