必修第三册 Unit 3 The world of science(科技）-【高考快车道】2027年高考英语大一轮总复习高考真题单元话题分类汇编（外研版）

**基本信息** 精选2018-2024年高考英语真题，聚焦科技主题，涵盖阅读理解、七选五、语法填空，素材涉及AI发展、生物多样性研究、无人机铁路应用等前沿话题，注重语言能力与思维品质的综合考查。 **题型特征** |题型|题量/分值|知识覆盖|命题特色| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解|7篇28题|细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意|素材具时代性，如2024新课标Ⅱ卷探讨AI伦理，2022全国乙卷分析无人机铁路检测| |七选五|1篇5题|篇章结构、逻辑衔接|以社交网络话题（2021浙江卷）考查信息匹配能力| |语法填空|1篇10空|定语从句、时态语态、非谓语动词|结合环保主题（2022浙江卷），考查语法在真实语境中的应用|

Unit 3 The world of science （科技） 阅读理解 [2024·新课标Ⅰ卷] D 　　In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct,researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru,who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favour certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased towards certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” (　)32.What do we know about the records of species collected now? A.They are becoming outdated. B.They are mostly in electronic form. C.They are limited in number. D.They are used for public exhibition. (　)33.What does Daru􀆳s study focus on? A.Threatened species. B.Physical specimens. C.Observational data. D.Mobile applications. (　)34.What has led to the biases according to the study? A.Mistakes in data analysis. B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C.Improper way of sampling. D.Unreliable data collection devices. (　)35.What is Daru􀆳s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A.Review data from certain areas. B.Hire experts to check the records. C.Confirm the identity of the users. D.Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现,当前利用技术手段进行生物采样的过程可能存在偏差。文章说明了造成这些偏差的原因,并在最后说明如何完善生物采样数据的科学性。 32.B　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.”可知,现在大多数生物多样性的记录通常是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的。故选B。 33.C　推理判断题。根据第二段中“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”(这些观察结果现在超过了来自实物标本的原始数据,而且由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化,我想知道:它们能用吗?)和第四段“‘We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,’ said Daru.”(Daru说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面,比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,而不是它旁边的草。”)可知,Daru的研究聚焦于观测数据。故选C。 34.C　推理判断题。根据第四段“‘…like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,’ said Daru.”以及第五段“Moreover, these data…species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.”可知,收集生物采样数据的人,对于采集区域、 采样时段以及采样物种的选择有一定的主观性,这会导致收集到的数据产生偏差。故选C。 35.D　推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”可知,Daru认为生物多样性应用软件可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种,鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片的物种名称。因此,Daru 建议生物多样性应用软件给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 [2024·新课标Ⅱ卷] D Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades􀆳 professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.   As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell􀆳s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (　)32.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A.If read by someone poorly educated. B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C.If written by someone less competent. D.If translated by someone unacademic. (　)33.What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A.It is packed with complex codes. B.It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C.It provides step-by-step instructions. D.It is intended for AI professionals. (　)34.What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A.Observe existing regulations on it. B.Reconsider expert opinions about it. C.Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D.Learn from prior experience to slow it down. (　)35.What is the author􀆳s purpose in writing the text? A.To recommend a book on AI. B.To give a brief account of AI history. C.To clarify the definition of AI. D.To honour an outstanding AI expert. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著的AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景,强调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确保AI安全发展,以防潜在危机。 32.C　词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中“…but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades􀆳 professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.”可知,坎贝尔是一位有着二十多年专业经验的作家,撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的,故推测前面想表达的是如果由能力较差的人写的话,这本书会像驱动AI的计算机代码一样复杂难懂。故选C。 33.B　推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.”可知,坎贝尔从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发,撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南,故推测它采用了务实的写作风格。down-to-earth意为“务实的,切合实际的”。故选B。 34.C　细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.”和倒数第二段中“She explains we are at a ‘tipping point’ in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.”可知,坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力控制AI。故选C。 35.A　推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).”和最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.”可知,本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著的AI by Design:A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书,该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南,以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景,强调控制AI的重要性,呼吁各界协同确保AI安全发展,以防潜在危机,所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于AI的书。故选A。 [2024·浙江1月考] D The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We􀆳re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value—a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we􀆳ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn􀆳t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. (　)32.What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel􀆳s test? A.Take an examination alone. B.Show respect for the researchers. C.Share their treats with others. D.Delay eating for fifteen minutes. (　)33.According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between　　　　.  A.the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B.the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C.the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D.the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit (　)34.What does the author suggest readers do? A.Absorb new information readily. B.Be selective information consumers. C.Use diverse information sources. D.Protect the information environment. (　)35.Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.Eat less, read more B.The bitter truth about early humans C.The later, the better D.The marshmallow test for grown-ups 【文章大意】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在信息化时代,我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试,信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神上的“垃圾食品”。 32.D　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.”可知,在米歇尔的测试中,孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。 33.C　细节理解题。根据第三段中“But as we􀆳ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn􀆳t eat.”可知,丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。 34.B　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental ‘junk food’ in order to manage our time most effectively.”可知,作者建议读者做严格筛选的信息消费者。故选B。 35.D　主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We􀆳re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets—all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.”可知,文章主要是讲在信息化时代,我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试,信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神上的“垃圾食品”。故选D。 [2022·新高考全国II卷] C Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted(分心)driving was “only increasing, unfortunately.” “Big change requires big ideas,” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behaviour, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: they want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: an officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, e-mailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. “We need something on the books that can change people's behaviour,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cellphone.” (　)28.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US? A.Ineffective. B.Unnecessary. C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair. (　)29.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out? A.Where a driver came from. B.Whether a driver used their phone. C.How fast a driver was going. D.When a driver arrived at the scene. (　)30.What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to? A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws. (　)31.What is a suitable title for the text? A.To drive or not to drive? Think before you start B.Texting and driving? Watch out for the Textalyzer C.New York banning hand-held devices by drivers D.The next generation cellphone: the Textalyzer 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”,引发交通事故的问题,纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer(短信分析器)的技术来识别司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。 28.A　推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.”以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse.”可知,虽然美国大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机,可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”,与此相符。故选A。 29.B　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, e-mailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.”可知,Textalyzer能够确定司机是否使用了手机发短信、发邮件以及有其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“司机是否使用了手机。”与此相符,故选B。 30.D　代词指代题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behaviour…”可知,something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, ‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cellphone’.”可知,人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律时。受到法律的约束和惩罚,司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。 31.B　主旨大意题。纵观全文,第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机,可是问题却越来越严重”;第三段解释了该行为产生的部分原因;第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法,即利用Textalyzer技术来识别司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机;最后一段讲述的是相关人士呼吁该项技术只有成为法律才能真正改变人们的行为。文章整体是围绕关键字眼“Textalyzer”展开论述的,故从B和D中选。B选项(发短信还是在开车?防范短信分析器。)适合做文章的标题。故选B。D项偏离主题,故排除。 [2022·新高考全国II卷] B We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don't even realize it's new. For them, it's just normal. This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children's book to read. It had simple words and colourful pictures—a perfect match for his age.   Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger. What's up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid? Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colourful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that. Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It's an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I'm not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I've even built websites. There's one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I've spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. But that didn't stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province. Anyway, grandpa is now an Internet star—two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet. (　)24.What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in Paragraph 2? A.Provided shelter for me. B.Became very clear to me. C.Took the pressure off me. D.Worked quite well on me. (　)25.Why did the kid poke the storybook? A.He took it for a tablet computer. B.He disliked the colourful pictures. C.He was angry with his grandpa. D.He wanted to read it by himself. (　)26.What does the author think of himself? A.Socially ambitious. B.Physically attractive. C.Financially independent. D.Digitally competent. (　)27.What can we learn about the author as a journalist? A.He lacks experience in his job. B.He seldom appears on television. C.He manages a video department. D.He often interviews Internet stars. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者是一名记者,在春节期间,作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物,孙子却以为是平板电脑,不停地戳书的故事。 24.B　词义猜测题。根据文章第一段中的“We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don't even realize it's new. For them, it's just normal.”以及画线词后文“…as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday.”可知,作者是记者,生活在一个讲故事的新时代,有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说,这很正常。而作者在春节假期,和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上时,尤其清楚地认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。故选B。 25.A　细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的“He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colourful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that.”可知,作者孙子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A。 26.D　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段中的“Well, I may be old, but I'm not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I've even built websites.”中的关键词not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking可知,作者认为自己懂数码技术。故选D。 27.B　细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“There's one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I've spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio.”可知,作者作为记者很少上电视。故选B。 [2022·全国乙卷] C Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. (　)28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A.The use of drones in checking on power lines. B.Drones' ability to work at high altitudes. C.The reduction of cost in designing drones. D.Drones' reliable performance in remote areas. (　)29. What does “maintenance” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to? A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones. C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure. (　)30. What function is expected of the rail drones? A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically. C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation. (　)31. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A.What faults can be detected with drones B.How production of drones can be expanded C.What difficulty drone development will face D.How drones will change the future of railways 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了无人机的发展有目共睹,利用今天的“空中之眼”技术,无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。 28.A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.”可知,无人机已被用于检查高压电力线路,这使无人机用于检测铁路线路成为可能。故选A。 29.C　词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.”可知,花在maintenance (维修)上的费用包括派维修人员去检查和维修铁路基础设施。故选C。 30.A　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems.”可知,无人机可以在出现安全问题之前发现轨道或转辙器的故障,即可以起到预警作用。故选A。 31.D　主旨大意题。通读全文可知,本文主要介绍了在未来,无人机很可能被应用于保障铁路的安全性和可靠性。 人们能使用无人机检查铁路线路和其他重要的铁路基础设施,大幅节省维护成本,更好地保护铁路人员的安全,为铁路提供更高价值的服务等。由此可知,D项“无人机将怎样改变铁路的未来”最适合作为本文的标题。故选D。 D [2021·新高考全国II卷] An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labour shortage. Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyse the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, colour and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as corn and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry—and failed attempts to use technology—have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick. Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets. (　)32.What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry? A.Soil pollution. B.Lack of workers. C.Aging machines. D.Low profitability. (　)33.What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do? A.Monitor the quality of grass. B.Cure the diseased cattle. C.Move cattle to another field. D.Predict weather changes. (　)34.Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle? A.He wants to help them earn a living. B.He thinks men can do the job better. C.He is inexperienced in using robots. D.He enjoys the traditional way of life. (　)35.How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey? A.Increase the value of cattle. B.Bring down the cost of labour. C.Make the job more appealing. D.Keep cattle from being stolen. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人,用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。 32.B　细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labour shortage.”可知,养牛业现面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。 33.A　细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, colour and texture (质地) of grass.”可知,Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测牧草的质量。故选A。 34.B　推理判断题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry—and failed attempts to use technology—have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.”可知,皮特·邦兹仍然雇用牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。 35.D　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.”可知,机器人帮助照看牛,可以防止牛被偷,句中的cattle theft是解题的关键词。故选D。 [2020·全国卷I] D The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another,employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT. One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light,about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps. In the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch” where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight. Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. (　　)32.What is the first paragraph mainly about? A.A new study of different plants. B.A big fall in crime rates. C.Employees from various workplaces. D.Benefits from green plants. (　　)33.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers? A.To detect plants' lack of water. B.To change compositions of plants. C.To make the life of plants longer. D.To test chemicals in plants. (　　)34.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future? A.They will speed up energy production. B.They may transmit electricity to the home. C.They might help reduce energy consumption. D.They could take the place of power plants. (　　)35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A.Can we grow more glowing plants? B.How do we live with glowing plants? C.Could glowing plants replace lamps? D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free? 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。你有没有想过用发光的植物取代路灯?文章就此进行了相关说明。 32.D　段落大意题。文章第一段提到人与植物之间的关系一直是科学研究的主题。最近的研究已经发现一些正面效应。在俄亥俄州扬斯敦市进行的一项研究发现,城市中绿化更好的地区犯罪率更低。另一项研究发现,当员工的工作场所用室内植物装饰时,他们的工作效率提高了15%。由此可知,本段主要是介绍绿色植物带来的好处,故选D。 33.A　细节理解题。根据第二段“These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water…”可知,植物的叶子上印有传感器是为了探测它们是否缺水,故选A。 34.C　细节理解题。根据最后一段“Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.”可知,由于照明往往远离电源(例如从发电厂到偏远公路上的路灯的距离),因此在传输过程中会损失大量能源。然而发光植物可以缩短这段距离,从而节省能源。由此可推断,未来发光植物可能有助于减少能源消耗,故选C。 35.C　主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是根据文章最后几段的内容可知,本文主要介绍了发光的植物拥有很多对环境有利的优点,它可能会取代路灯,因此本文的最佳标题为C项。 [2019·全国卷I] C As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analysing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right. It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently. In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. 28.Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing. C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection. 29.What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible? A. Computers are much easier to operate. B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast. C. Typing patterns vary from person to person. D. Data security measures are guaranteed. 30.What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard? A. It'll be environment-friendly. B. It'll reach consumers soon. C. It'll be made of plastics. D. It'll help speed up typing. 31.Where is this text most likely from? A. A diary. B.A guidebook. C. A novel. D. A magazine. 【要点综述】 本文是一篇说明文。目前,数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍,但指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,这项技术通过记录用户的打字习惯来识别主人,为网络空间用户保护隐私。 28.D　细节理解题。由第一段“At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.”和第二段的“…they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.”可知,研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低保护网络空间隐私的成本。故选D。 29.C　细节理解题。由第二段“These patterns are unique to each person. Thus,the keyboard can determine people's identities…”可知,因为每个人打字的方式不同,所以智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。 30.B　推理判断题。由最后一段“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知,研究者们希望智能键盘能早日上市,也就是希望智能键盘能早日到达消费者手中。故选B。 31.D　推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e-space用户带来安全,由此可知,本文是一篇科技说明文,结合所给选项可知,本文可能出自一本科研杂志。故选D。 [2019·江苏卷] C Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes? It would not matter if these misjudgements were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. The fascination with the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “post-industrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector (制造业), with negative consequences for their economies. Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money. In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results. Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under-valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions. 61.Misjudgements on the influences of new technology can lead to 　　　　.  A.a lack of confidence in technology B.a slow progress in technology C.a conflict of public opinions D.a waste of limited resources 62.The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should 　　　　.  A.take people's essential needs into account B.make their programmes attractive to people C.ensure that each child gets financial support D.provide more affordable Internet facilities 63.What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations? A.Neglecting the impacts of technological advances. B.Believing that the world has become borderless. C.Ignoring the power of economic development. D.Over-emphasizing the role of international communication. 64.What can we learn from the passage? A.People should be encouraged to make more donations. B.Traditional technology still has a place nowadays. C.Making right career choices is crucial to personal success. D.Economic policies should follow technological trends. 【要点综述】 本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了盲目夸大新科技可能带来的严重后果。 61.D　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知,对新科技产生的影响的误判会导致稀有资源的误用,也就是说是有限的资源的浪费,故选D项。 62.A　推理判断题。根据第四段第四、五句“Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages. I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.”可知,捐助者与其投资一些花哨的项目,不如实际一点来满足人们的基本需要,故选A项。 63.B　细节理解题。根据第五段第一句及第三句可知,由于通信和交通技术的发展,很多政府认为当今世界是“无国界的”,从而忽视了必要的监管,故选B项。 64.B　推理判断题。通读全文可知,文章首句“Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine?”引出主题,说明洗衣机比因特网更重要。结合全文大意可知,文章主要阐述了盲目夸大新科技的影响可能带来的严重后果。文章通过两个事例说明了某些国家忽视制造业,也就是传统的产业,以及担心所谓的“数字鸿沟”,而忽视人们最基本的生活需求。所以无论科技如何发展,都不能盲从,传统的技术在如今仍旧有一席之地,故选B项。 [2018·全国卷I] D We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices—we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放)more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So what's the solution(解决方案)? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%. 32.What does the author think of new devices? A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old. C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly. 33.Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research? A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product. C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 34.Which of the following uses the least energy? A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop computer. 35.What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them. 【要点综述】 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别,说明了旧电子设备耗能高、不环保,所以作者主张使用新电子设备。 32.A　推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“That's bad news for the environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.”可知,使用旧的电子设备对环境和对我们的钱包来说都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。 33.D　细节理解题。 根据文章第二段中的“To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life…”可知,Babbitt的团队研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。 34.B　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.”可知,平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备,可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。 35.A　推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知,因为旧的电子设备耗能高、不环保,所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。 七选五 [2021·浙江卷6月考] You've got mail…and it's a postcard Paulo Magalhaes, a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer, loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly coloured picture of Rome's Colosseum. Or Africa's Victoria Falls. Or China's Great Wall. 31.　　　  “I often send postcards to family and friends,” he says to China Daily, “but you can imagine that after a while, you never receive as many as you send, and you realize that not everyone is into it.32.　　　　” Seeking other like-minded souls, however, Paulo started looking in a somewhat unlikely place: online. Many would say the Internet is a place for people who have given up on the traditional postal service, but Paulo's hunch(直觉) paid off.   Today his hobby has developed into the website postcrossing.com, a social network that has grown to 575,217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he started it 10 years ago. 33.　　　　 Running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.  Language is certainly a barrier for many people. For postcrossing to work worldwide, a common communication language is needed so that everyone can understand each other. As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese, the concept doesn't work if one doesn't understand it. 34.　　　　 So a common language is required and in postcrossing that's English since it's widely spoken.  “Many people in China have limited exposure to English. 35.　　　　That said,we know of many postcrossing members,including Chinese,who have actually improved their English skills through their use of postcrossing,” Paulo says.  A.And that's totally fine. B.That makes it extra hard to learn and practise it. C.He likes to think of sending postcards as a family-friendly hobby. D.Many love to make a connection with someone from across the world. E.On August 5, the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million. F.Similarly, if you speak only Chinese, receiving a card in Swedish takes part of the fun away. G.In short, he loves postcards, and the excitement of getting a hand-written note from someone far away. 【文章大意】 本文是记叙文,主要讲述了Paulo Magalhaes发起了一个网站,并鼓励人们在网上分享和交换明信片的故事。 31.G　根据上文“…Rome's Colosseum. Or Africa's Victoria Falls…”可知,Paulo非常喜欢收到印有各地风景名胜的明信片,而G项就是对上文的总结与概括。故选G项。 32.A　根据上文“I often send postcards to…you never receive as many as you send…not everyone is into it.”可知,Paulo经常给朋友们送明信片,但并不是所有人都喜欢。同时下文又提到“Seeking other like-minded souls, however…”故可推断虽然并不是所有人都喜欢明信片,但Paulo还是努力寻找志同道合的人,故A项能起到衔接上下文的作用。 33.E　结合上文“…grown to 575,217 registered users in 214 countries…10 years ago.”可知,此处说明该网站的注册用户很多,同时E项说明这些成员交换明信片的数量已经达到了3100万张。由此可知E项承接上文,故选E项。 34.F　根据上文“Language is certainly a barrier…”和下文“So a common language is required…”可知,该段主要讲述了明信片交换中的语言障碍,即如果不懂当地的语言,可能没有办法很好地理解和欣赏明信片上的内容的意义。F项是对上文这种现象的反方向描述,因此答案选F项。 35.B　根据上文“…have limited exposure to English.”和下文“That said, we know of many…improved their English…”可知,很多中国人对英语接触有限,这使得他们学习和练习英语非常困难,但通过交换明信片的方式,他们很多人逐渐地提升了英语能力。B项承上启下,故选B。 语法填空 [2022·浙江1月考] Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics 56.　　　　　　　 are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like—frequently by plane—57.　　　　　　 (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. But Cobb and others 58.　　　　　　　 (be) now questioning that idea—pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely and 59.　　　　　　　 (change) their personal behaviour to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis. On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, 60.　　　　　　(rough) 200 academics—many of them climate scientists—61.　　　　　　　　　　 (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.  Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 62.　　　　　　　 she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of 63.　　　　　　　 time, they agreed. When the answer was no, she declined the 64.　　　　　　　 (invite). That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans 65.　　　　　　　(continue) the practice. “It has been fairly rewarding,” she says—“a really positive change.”  【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了像Cobb一样的一小部分科研人员,为了更好地应对气候变化,努力减少坐飞机去参加各种会议的机会,而更多地选择以远程的方式参会。 56.who/that 　考查定语从句。句中的先行词是academics,意为“科研人员”,在从句中作主语,故填关系代词who/that。 57.is viewed/has been viewed 　考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子可知,主语是动名词短语“Travelling to…”,在逻辑上与view构成被动关系,此处可以用一般现在时表示客观事实,也可以用现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在,故填is viewed/has been viewed。 58.are 　考查时态和主谓一致。根据“now questioning”可知,此处是现在进行时,主语是“Cobb and others”,故填are。 59.changing　考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知,空处与pushing并列作句子的状语,故填changing。 60.roughly 　考查副词。此处表示“大约200个科研人员”,故填roughly。 61.have promised 　考查动词的时态。根据下文的“since the effort…”可知,主句用现在完成时,故填have promised。 62.whether/if 　考查宾语从句。根据句意“她问会议组织者她是否能够远程参会……”可知,此处用whether/if引导宾语从句。 63.the　考查冠词。根据上文的“three-quarters of…”可知,该时间为“特定的时间”,故填the。 64.invitation　考查名词。分析句子且根据上文的定冠词the可知,此处需用invite的名词形式作宾语,故填invitation。 65.to continue　考查非谓语动词。此处是固定搭配plan to do sth意为“打算去做某事”,故填to continue。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $