选择性必修第三册 Unit 3 War and peace（word练习）-【高考快车道】2027年高考英语大一轮总复习课时作业（外研版）

**基本信息** 以“人与自然”“人与社会”为核心主题，整合不同文体阅读理解与应用文写作，通过真实语料提升语言能力、文化意识及思维品质的综合训练。 **综合设计** |模块|题量/典例|题型特征|知识逻辑| |----|-----------|----------|----------| |阅读理解A|新闻报道（366词，4题）|细节理解、推理判断|以丹麦“打嗝与粪便税”切入，构建“问题-措施-挑战”逻辑链，关联环保政策与全球减排| |阅读理解B|说明文（344词，4题）|主旨归纳、信息对比|围绕“火砖储热技术”，展现“传统技术-现代应用-效益分析”脉络，衔接可再生能源与气候目标| |阅读理解C|记叙文（353词，4题）|词义猜测、人物评价|通过南丁格尔生平，串联“个人选择-社会贡献-职业价值”，体现人与社会的互动| |应用文写作|书信（1题）|情境交际、问题表达|以筹备诗歌大赛求助为情境，融合语言表达与跨文化沟通，强化学习能力中的策略运用|

Unit 3　War and peace ●ⅠA 【文章大意】 本文是一篇新闻报道,主要讲述了丹麦为了减少农业产生的气候污染而引入的创新排放税,并探讨了该税的背景、目的以及实施所面临的挑战。 1.C　推理判断题。根据第二段“And agriculture is becoming its largest share of climate pollution, putting lawmakers under intense public pressure to reduce it. So now, Denmark’s government has agreed to tax the methane emissions (甲烷排放) released by farm animals.”(农业正在成为气候污染的最大来源,这让立法者面临着巨大的公众压力,要求他们减少污染。所以现在,丹麦政府已经同意对农场动物排放的甲烷征税。)可知,丹麦要征收“打嗝和粪便税”是为了减少动物对气候的污染。故选C。 2.B　推理判断题。根据第四段“The tax is part of a larger package designed to clean up the country’s agricultural pollution and eventually restore some farmland to its natural form, like peat lands (泥炭地), which are exceptionally good at trapping planet-heating gases underground but were emptied decades ago.”(这项税收是一项更大的计划的一部分,该计划旨在清理该国的农业污染,并最终恢复一些农田的自然形态,比如泥炭地,这些土地特别擅长将地球加热的气体困在地下,但在几十年前就被清空了。)可知,新税的最终目标是恢复自然景观。故选B。 3.D　段落大意题。根据第六段“Globally, the food system accounts for a fourth of greenhouse gases, and reducing those emissions requires making tough choices on diets, jobs and industries. That makes food a particularly challenging climate problem to address.”(在全球范围内,粮食系统产生了四分之一的温室气体,减少这些排放需要在饮食、就业和工业方面做出艰难的选择。这使得食品成为一个解决起来特别具有挑战性的气候问题。)可知,第六段的主要内容是解释减少农业排放的挑战。故选D。 4.A　主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是由第一段“Denmark, known for its inventive restaurants and elegant design studios, is about to become known for something more basic:the world’s first belch (打嗝) and manure (粪便) tax.”(以创意餐厅和优雅设计工作室闻名的丹麦,即将以一项更基本的东西而闻名:世界上第一个打嗝和粪便税。)可知,本文主要讲的是丹麦即将实施的“打嗝和粪便税”,这是世界上首个针对农场动物甲烷排放的税收,因此本文主旨是A选项“Denmark’s groundbreaking emission tax.”(丹麦开创性的排放税。)。故选A。 B 【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了古老火砖技术如何通过储存热能,帮助实现工业过程的可再生能源使用,从而助力全球净零排放目标的实现。 5.A　段落大意题。根据第二段“The technology involves fitting heat-absorbing bricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they can store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use in industrial processes. The heat can then be released when needed by passing air through channels in the piles of ‘firebricks’, thus allowing cement, steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunshine are unavailable. These systems are a form of thermal energy (热能) storage.”(这项技术涉及在隔热容器中安装吸热砖,这些砖可以储存由太阳能或风能产生的热量,以便在工业过程中后续使用。当需要时,可以通过让空气穿过“耐火砖”堆中的通道来释放热量,从而使水泥、钢铁、玻璃和造纸厂能够在没有风和阳光的情况下依然依靠可再生能源运行。这些系统是热能存储的一种形式。)可知,本段详细说明了耐火砖储能技术是将吸热砖组装在隔热容器中,用来储存太阳能或风能产生的热量以便之后使用等内容,即这项技术的工作原理。故选A。 6.A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“‘The differences between firebrick storage and battery storage are that the firebricks store heat rather than electricity and that their cost is one-tenth the cost of batteries,’ said lead study author Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor at Stanford University.”(“耐火砖存储与电池存储的区别在于,耐火砖储存的是热量而不是电力,并且其成本仅为电池的十分之一,”该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学的教授马克·雅各布森说道。)可知,耐火砖储能与电池储能的差异在于耐火砖储存热量而非电力,且成本是电池的十分之一。故选A。 7.C　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The researchers found the scenario with firebricks could cut costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries, while reducing the demand for electrical energy and energy storage capacity from batteries.”(研究人员发现,使用耐火砖的场景可以在这149个国家中削减1.27万亿美元的成本,同时减少对电能的需求以及来自电池的储能容量需求。)可知,研究者用模型对比两种未来可再生能源场景,涉及耐火砖在其中的作用及优势,故推知,采用计算机模型是为了探索耐火砖的有效性。故选C。 8.D　主旨大意题。根据全文内容及第一段“A technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive approach to helping achieve the United Nations climate goal of net-zero emissions by 2050, according to recent Stanford-led research.”(根据最近由斯坦福大学主导的研究,一种可以追溯到青铜时代的科技可能提供了一种快速且成本低廉的方法来帮助实现联合国2050年净零排放的气候目标。)可知,文章主要介绍了一种可追溯到青铜时代的耐火砖储能技术,该技术有助于实现联合国净零排放目标,即能够助力向清洁能源的转变。因此,选项D“一项古老的技术可以助力向清洁能源转型”作为标题最为合适。故选D。 C 【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文,主要介绍了弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔这位伟大护士的生平事迹,包括她的成长背景、追求护士职业的决心以及在克里米亚战争期间对医疗保健的贡献等。 9.D　推理判断题。根据第一段中“It’s safe to say that Florence is the archetype (典型) of contemporary nurses.”可知,文章第一段提到弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔是为了说明现代护士应该是怎样的,因为她被视为当代护士的典型。故选D。 10.B　词义猜测题。根据第三段中“However, she craved for something worth doing instead of frittering away time on useless trifles. She determined to end suffering in this world as a nurse, but both of her parents disagreed with that, for nursing was considered inferior at that time. Florence over the next 12-13 years tried convincing her parents over and over again…”可知,弗洛伦斯想要成为护士,但她的父母不同意,她花了12到13年的时间试图说服他们,但他们没有“妥协”,由此推测,画线词budge意为“妥协”。故选B。 11.D　推理判断题。根据第四段中“Nightingale dedicated herself to improving health care during the Crimean War, which led to a huge reduction in the mortality (伤亡) rates.”以及最后一段中“Her work as well as her life represents the power of a single determined individual who is set on bringing a positive change to society.”可推知,弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔致力于改善医疗保健,为减少战争伤亡做出了巨大贡献,同时她的决心和行动也体现了她对社会带来积极改变的坚定信念,所以她是一个有奉献精神和富有同情心的人。故选D。 12.B　推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Florence didn’t know at the time that she was going to be dragged into one of the bloodiest conflicts in European history—the Crimean War. Nightingale dedicated herself to improving health care during the Crimean War, which led to a huge reduction in the mortality (伤亡) rates.”及最后一段可推知,弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔在战争期间拯救了很多人,她是一位改变局面的护士。故选B。 ●ⅡOne possible version: Dear Jim, How’s everything going? I’m writing to ask for your help. I’m currently organizing our school’s English Poetry Competition for next month, and it’s turning out more challenging than I expected. Given that you’ve successfully hosted similar events, your insights would be invaluable! Despite putting up postersand sharing updates online, only 15 students have signed up so far—most are seniors, while younger grades have shown little interest. The current plan includes a basic recitation round and a writing session, but feedback from classmates suggests it’s “too predictable”. What’s worse is that the local poets I contacted either lack international experience or are unavailable. I was wondering if you could share your insights on how to tackle these issues. Thanks in advance for your wisdom! Yours, Li Hua 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 3　War and peace (限时:35分钟) ●Ⅰ 阅读理解 A [2025·广东普通高中高三教学质量检测] 文体:新闻报道　主题:人与自然　词数:366 Denmark, known for its inventive restaurants and elegant design studios, is about to become known for something more basic: the world’s first belch (打嗝) and manure (粪便) tax. That’s because there are five times as many pigs and cows in Denmark as there are people. Nearly two-thirds of its land is taken up by farming. And agriculture is becoming its largest share of climate pollution, putting lawmakers under intense public pressure to reduce it. So now, Denmark’s government has agreed to tax the methane emissions (甲烷排放) released by farm animals. The measure was passed this month, making it the only such climate tax on farm animals in the world. “I think it’s good,” said Rasmus, a 31-year-old citizen who was shopping for dinner in Copenhagen. “It’s a gentle push to encourage plant-based diets, perhaps fewer pork choices.” The tax is part of a larger package designed to clean up the country’s agricultural pollution and eventually restore some farmland to its natural form, like peat lands (泥炭地), which are exceptionally good at trapping planet-heating gases underground but were emptied decades ago. Denmark’s effort is also a wake-up call for many agricultural nations, including the United States, as they face the same calls to reduce pollution from farms. Globally, the food system accounts for a fourth of greenhouse gases, and reducing those emissions requires making tough choices on diets, jobs and industries. That makes food a particularly challenging climate problem to address. No wonder that efforts to reduce agriculture’s climate emissions have faced strong resistance, from Brussels to Delhi to Wellington, where the New Zealand government proposed a burp tax in 2022 only tohave a later government overturn it. Even Denmark’s measure faced heated political debates and has been under negotiation for years. The measure was finally passed in November. Starting in 2030, it will charge farmers 300 Danish kroner (around $43) for every ton of carbon dioxide. By 2035, the tax will more than double to 750 kroner ($106). A bigger, more difficult dilemma still looms: Will Denmark continue to turn over so much of its land to cows and pigs? (　)1.Why did Denmark introduce a “belch and manure” tax? A.To boost its tourism through new taxes. B.To improve animal welfare on farms. C.To reduce climate pollution from animals. D.To take a lead role in environmental protection. (　)2.What can be inferred about the new tax? A.It is opposed by most citizens in Denmark. B.It aims to ultimately restore natural landscapes. C.It will quickly address the agricultural pollution. D.It has drawn inspiration from the United States. (　)3.What is the main idea of Paragraph 6? A.Praising Denmark’s successful tax measure. B.Comparing the food policies of different countries. C.Discussing the benefits of reducing farm emissions. D.Explaining the challenges in cutting farm emissions. (　)4.What does the text mainly talk about? A.Denmark’s groundbreaking emission tax. B.How Denmark reshapes global farming. C.The future of Denmark’s agricultural industry. D.Global struggle to reduce agricultural pollution. B [2025·福建福州高三一模] 文体:说明文　主题:人与自然　词数:344 A technology with roots going back to the Bronze Age may offer a fast and inexpensive approach to helping achieve the United Nations climate goal of net-zero emissions by 2050, according to recent Stanford-led research. The technology involves fitting heat-absorbing bricks in an insulated (隔热的) container, where they can store heat generated by solar or wind power for later use in industrial processes. The heat can then be released when needed by passing air through channels in the piles of “firebricks”, thus allowing cement, steel, glass, and paper factories to run on renewable energy even when wind and sunshine are unavailable. These systems are a form of thermal energy (热能) storage. The bricks are made from the same materials as the bricks that lined primitive kilns (窑) thousands of years ago. Batteries can store electricity and provide it to generate heat on demand. “The differences between firebrick storage and battery storage are that the firebricks store heat rather than electricity and that their cost is one-tenth the cost of batteries,” said lead study author Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor at Stanford University. “The materials are basically just the components of dirt.” The researchers adopted computer models to compare costs, land needs, health impacts, and emissions involved in two scenarios for an imagined future where 149 countries in 2050 are using renewable sources for all energy purposes. In one scenario, firebricks provide 90% of industrial process heat. In the other, there’s zero adoption of firebricks or other forms of thermal energy storage. The researchers found the scenario with firebricks could cut costs by $1.27 trillion across the 149 countries, while reducing the demand for electrical energy and energy storage capacity from batteries.　 Jacobson’s focus on firebricks is relatively new, inspired by a desire to identify effective solutions that could be adopted quickly. “Here I can see substantial benefits at low cost from multiple angles, from helping reduce air pollution deaths to making it easier to turn the world to clean energy,” he said. (　)5.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A.How firebrick storage technology works. B.How firebricks are produced sustainably. C.What thermal energy means scientifically. D.What thermal energy storage is used to do. (　)6.What advantages does firebrick have over battery? A.Firebrick can store heat and cost less. B.Firebrick can generate more electricity. C.Firebrick can provide heat more quickly. D.Firebrick is made of more advanced materials. (　)7.Why are the computer models adopted? A.To test the durability of firebricks. B.To cut the costs of firebricks. C.To explore the effectiveness of firebricks. D.To test energy storage capacity of firebricks. (　)8.What might be a suitable title for the text? A.The usage of firebricks can replace batteries　 B.Embracing renewable electricity becomes possible　 C.Innovative systems turn heat into electricity cheaply D.An old technology can aid the switch to clean energy C [2025·浙江天域全国名校协作体高三二模] 文体:记叙文　主题:人与社会　词数:353 Suppose I were to ask you to name some of the greatest nurses that the world has ever known. In that case, there is an extreme probability that you will mention Florence Nightingale, the wealthy woman who gave off her everything to serve the needy people of her time and become a nurse. It’s safe to say that Florence is the archetype (典型) of contemporary nurses. Florence was born on May 12th, 1820 and her journey to greatness started. She was born into privilege. She was a polymath genius who spoke multiple languages and pioneered the concepts of statistical analysis that are still used today. She even memorized the works of philosophy and would often debate with her father. She had the option of having a society life in a nice big house, with a staff of servants. However, she craved for something worth doing instead of frittering away time on useless trifles. She determined to end suffering in this world as a nurse, but both of her parents disagreed with that, for nursing was considered inferior at that time. Florence over the next 12-13 years tried convincing her parents over and over again, but they didn’t budge. When Florence turned 30, her dad was completely worn out from resisting and then sent her to Germany for nursing training. In 1853 her dream was completely realized and she undertook a job in London at a hospital. Florence didn’t know at the time that she was going to be dragged into one of the bloodiest conflicts in European history—the Crimean War. Nightingale dedicated herself to improving health care during the Crimean War, which led to a huge reduction in the mortality (伤亡) rates. It’s difficult to overstate the contributions that Florence Nightingale made to medicine, including her work on sanitation and hygiene and on organizational structures, and especially to nursing. Her work as well as her life represents the power of a single determined individual who is set on bringing a positive change to society. She pulled off the inevitable and became a legend and immortal in the pages of history. (　)9.Why is Florence Nightingale mentioned in Paragraph 1? A.To praise Nightingale’s genius in multiple fields. B.To present how tough Nightingale’s teenage life was. C.To introduce Nightingale’s impact during the Crimean War. D.To illustrate what modern-day nurses are supposed to be like. (　)10.What does the underlined word “budge” in Paragraph 3 mean? A.Obey.　　　　　　B.Compromise. C.Respect. D.Care. (　)11.Which of the following can best describe Florence Nightingale? A.Intelligent and reserved. B.Ambitious and sociable. C.Single-minded and innocent. D.Committed and compassionate. (　)12.What can we infer about Florence Nightingale from the last two paragraphs? A.Her contribution to the health care system was played down. B.She was a game-changing nurse in saving people during the war. C.She resisted her parents by devoting herself to a higher calling. D.She intended to participate in one of the cruelest wars in European history. ●Ⅱ 应用文写作 [2025·河北石家庄NT20名校联合体高三二模] 假定你是国际学校学生李华,你所在学校打算下个月举办英语诗歌大赛,需要你来筹备,但困难重重。请你给有相关经验的留学生好友Jim写信救助。内容包括: 1.写信目的; 2.你遇到的困难。 注意:词数80个左右。           词汇积累 1.emission n.排放;排放物;(光、热、气等的)发出;射出 2.gentle adj.温和的;温柔的;平缓的 3.trap vt.收集,吸收;夹住,卡住;使陷入困境;缠住 4.wake-up n.唤醒 5.resistance n.反对;阻力;抵抗,抵制 6.line vt.(在某物的内部)形成一层;沿……形成行(或列、排) n.线;路线;行 7.contemporary adj.当代的,现代的 8.privilege n.(富人或上层阶级的)权势;特权;荣幸 9.polymath n.博学者 10.crave v.渴望 11.fritter away浪费,挥霍 12.trifle n.琐事 13.sanitation n.公共卫生,环境卫生 14.pull off成功完成 15.immortal n.永垂不朽的人物 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $