内容正文:
Unit 5 A fine balance — 暑假预习讲义
01 课前导学
关键词
内容
学习目标
1. 能够正确使用 that/which 引导的定语从句(先行词指物)。
2. 能够读懂关于“没有人类的世界”的科普文章,理解生态平衡的重要性。
3. 能够运用所学词汇和句型讨论人与自然的关系。
4. 能够理解“顺其自然”的生态智慧,树立环保意识。
学习重点
1. that/which 引导的定语从句(先行词指物,作主语/宾语)。
2. 本单元核心词汇与短语。
3. 理解人类活动对生态系统的影响。
学习难点
1. that/which 在定语从句中作主语与作宾语时的省略规则。
2. 定语从句中关系词的选择(that/which 与 who 的区分)。
3. 理解“人类消失后自然恢复”的生态逻辑。
02 核心词汇
1. drop v. 降低,下降
2. tourist n. 游客
3. ecosystem n. 生态系统
4. balance n. 平衡 v. 保持平衡
5. smog n. 烟雾
6. admire v. 欣赏,钦佩
7. mark n. 痕迹,标记
8. farmland n. 农田,耕地
9. rapid adj. 快速的,迅速的
10. society n. 社会
11. till conj. 直到
12. cancel v. 取消
13. permit v. 允许,使成为可能
14. organisation n. 组织,机构
15. harm v./n. 损害,危害
16. punishment n. 惩罚手段,处罚
17. global adj. 全球的,全世界的
18. overfishing n. 过度捕捞
19. greenhouse n. 温室
20. gas n. 气,气体
21. control v./n. 控制
22. rubbish n. 垃圾
23. endangered adj. 濒危的
24. vulnerable adj. 脆弱的
25. protection n. 保护
26. environmental adj. 环境的
27. population n. 人口,生物数量
28. undoubtedly adv. 毫无疑问地
29. survival n. 生存,幸存
03 核心短语
1. stand still 停滞不前
2. get along with 与……和谐相处
3. cut down 砍伐
4. set up 建立,创立
5. benefit from 从……中受益
6. make great efforts 做出巨大努力
7. take up 占据
8. in danger 处于危险中
9. take care of 照顾
10. protect...from 保护……免受……
11. do harm to 对……造成伤害
12. drop to 降到……
13. admire sb for sth 因某事钦佩某人
14. keep the balance of 保持……的平衡
15. a balanced diet 均衡饮食
16. global warming 全球变暖
17. environmental protection 环境保护
04 重点句型
1. Streets, beaches and parks that are usually full of people remain empty.
平日里人声鼎沸的街道、海滩和公园变得空无一人。
2. Without humans, the noise would drop greatly as traffic stops.
如果没有人类,随着交通停止,噪音会大大降低。
3. It is no surprise that animals would soon increase in number.
动物的数量很快会增加,这一点不足为奇。
4. The Giant Panda National Park is three times as large as Yellowstone National Park.
大熊猫国家公园是黄石国家公园的三倍大。
5. We need to think more about how we get along with nature.
我们需要更多思考如何与自然和谐相处。
6. Let us permit nature to have her way.
让我们顺其自然。
7. Protecting pandas is undoubtedly helpful to the survival of a whole ecosystem.
保护大熊猫无疑有益于整个生态系统的生存。
05 语法精讲与考点梳理
考点1:that/which 引导的定语从句(先行词指物)
【定义】当定语从句修饰的先行词指物(而非人)时,用关系代词 that 或 which 引导定语从句。that 和 which 在从句中可以作主语,也可以作宾语。这是本单元的核心语法点。
【结构公式】先行词(指物)+ that/which + 定语从句
【用法分类】
用法1:关系代词作主语
that/which 在定语从句中作主语时,不能省略。
例句:Streets, beaches and parks that are usually full of people remain empty.
翻译:平日里人声鼎沸的街道、海滩和公园变得空无一人。
分析:先行词是 Streets, beaches and parks(指物),that 在从句中作主语,不能省略。
用法2:关系代词作宾语
that/which 在定语从句中作宾语时,可以省略。
例句:The book (that/which) you bought is interesting.
翻译:你买的那本书很有趣。
分析:先行词是 The book(指物),that/which 在从句中作 bought 的宾语,可以省略。
【要点详解】
先行词指物时,that 和 which 通常可以互换。
that 比 which 更常用,尤其是在口语中。
介词 + which 结构中,不能用 that 代替 which。
⚠️ 关系代词在从句中作主语时,不能省略。
【例句】
The tree that/which grows there is old.
The book that/which you lent me is very helpful.
The Giant Panda National Park is a place that protects endangered species.
❌ The book you bought is interesting.(作宾语时可省略,正确)
❌ The tree grows there is old.(作主语不能省略)
【练习1】The tree ______ grows there is old.
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
【答案】 C
【详解】 句意:长在那里的那棵树是古老的。本空考查that/which引导定语从句作主语。先行词 The tree 指物,从句中缺少主语,用 that 或 which。故选 C。
考点2:that/which 与 who 的区分
【定义】关系代词的选择取决于先行词指人还是指物。这是定语从句的基础考点。
【结构对比】
先行词
关系代词
例句
指人
who/that
The boy who helped me is kind.
指物
which/that
The book that I bought is interesting.
【要点详解】
先行词指人 → 用 who(或 that)
先行词指物 → 用 which(或 that)
that 可以指人也可以指物,是最通用的关系代词。
【练习1】The book ______ you lent me is very helpful.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
【答案】 C
【详解】 句意:你借给我的那本书很有帮助。本空考查which引导定语从句作宾语。先行词 The book 指物,在从句中作宾语,用 which(或 that)。故选 C。
考点3:without 引导的虚拟条件
【定义】“Without + 名词,主语 + would + 动词原形”结构表示假设,意为“如果没有……,……就会……”。这是课文中的重要句型,用于描述假设情境。
【结构公式】Without + 名词,主语 + would + 动词原形 + 其他.
【要点详解】
without 是介词,后接名词或代词。
主句用 would + 动词原形,表示假设的结果。
这是含蓄虚拟条件句的一种形式。
【课文例句】
Without humans, the noise would drop greatly as traffic stops.
如果没有人类,随着交通停止,噪音会大大降低。
【练习1】______ humans, the noise would drop greatly.
A. With B. Without C. For D. About
【答案】 B
【详解】 句意:如果没有人类,噪音会大大降低。本空考查without引导的虚拟条件。表示“没有……”,用 Without。故选 B。
考点4:倍数表达法
【定义】“主语 + be + 倍数 + as + 形容词原级 + as + 比较对象”表示“主语是比较对象的……倍”。这是课文中出现的倍数表达方式。
【结构公式】主语 + be + 倍数 + as + 形容词原级 + as + 比较对象
【课文例句】
The Giant Panda National Park is three times as large as Yellowstone National Park.
大熊猫国家公园是黄石国家公园的三倍大。
【练习1】The Giant Panda National Park is three times ______ large ______ Yellowstone National Park.
A. so; as B. as; as C. so; so D. as; so
【答案】 B
【详解】 句意:大熊猫国家公园是黄石国家公园的三倍大。本空考查倍数表达法。结构为“倍数 + as + 形容词原级 + as”。故选 B。
考点5:核心词汇精讲
1. balance /ˈbæləns/ n. 平衡 v. 保持平衡
【用法】既可作名词也可作动词。常见搭配:keep the balance of(保持……的平衡);a balanced diet(均衡饮食)。
【例句】
It’s important for us to keep the balance of nature.
A balanced diet is good for health.
2. drop /drɒp/ v. 降低,下降
【用法】不及物动词。常见搭配:drop to(降到……),drop below(降到……以下)。
【例句】
The temperature will drop to zero tonight.
Without humans, the noise would drop greatly.
3. admire /ədˈmaɪə/ v. 欣赏,钦佩
【用法】及物动词。常见搭配:admire sb for sth(因某事钦佩某人)。
【例句】
We all admire the heroes for their selfless spirit.
There wouldn’t be people to admire such an amazing world.
4. harm /hɑːm/ v./n. 伤害,危害
【用法】既可作动词也可作名词。常见搭配:do harm to(对……有害);harmful(形容词,有害的)。
【例句】
Smoking does great harm to our health.
Some people and organisations are harming the environment.
5. protection /prəˈtekʃn/ n. 保护
【用法】名词形式。常见搭配:environmental protection(环境保护);under protection(受到保护)。
【例句】
Environmental protection is our duty.
Protecting pandas is helpful to the survival of a whole ecosystem.
6. undoubtedly /ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli/ adv. 毫无疑问地
【用法】副词,放在句首或句中。同义词:without doubt。
【例句】
Undoubtedly, health is the most important thing.
Protecting pandas is undoubtedly helpful to the survival of a whole ecosystem.
06 重点归纳
一、定语从句(先行词指物)用法表
成分
关系词
能否省略
例句
主语
that/which
不能省略
The tree that grows there is old.
宾语
that/which
可以省略
The book (that) I bought is useful.
二、定语从句关系词选择对比
先行词
关系代词
例句
指人
who / that
The girl who/that is reading is my sister.
指物
which / that
The book which/that I read is interesting.
三、易错点
易错点
正确
错误
关系代词选择(指物)
The book which I bought...
The book who I bought...
关系代词作主语省略
The tree that grows...
The tree grows...
harmful与harm
Smoking is harmful. / Smoking does harm.
Smoking is harm.
07 过关检测
一、单项选择(共10题)
1. The tree ______ grows there is old.
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
2. The book ______ you lent me is very helpful.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
3. ______ humans, the noise would drop greatly.
A. With B. Without C. For D. About
4. The Giant Panda National Park is three times ______ large ______ Yellowstone National Park.
A. so; as B. as; as C. so; so D. as; so
5. Streets, beaches and parks ______ are usually full of people remain empty.
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
6. It is no surprise ______ animals would soon increase in number.
A. that B. which C. what D. if
7. We need to think more about how we get ______ with nature.
A. along B. away C. out D. up
8. Protecting pandas is ______ helpful to the survival of a whole ecosystem.
A. undoubted B. undoubtedly C. doubting D. doubtful
9. It’s important for us to ______ the balance of nature.
A. break B. lose C. keep D. drop
10. Some people are ______ the environment.
A. harming B. helping C. protecting D. admiring
二、用所给词的适当形式填空(共8题)
1. The tree ______ (that/which) grows there is old.
2. The book ______ (which/who) you lent me is very helpful.
3. ______ (With/Without) humans, the noise would drop greatly.
4. It is no surprise ______ (that/which) animals would increase.
5. We need to think about how we get along with ______ (nature).
6. Protecting pandas is ______ (undoubted) helpful.
7. Some people are ______ (harm) the environment.
8. It’s important to keep the ______ (balanced) of nature.
三、完成句子(共6题)
1. 长在那里的那棵树是古老的。
The tree ______ grows there is old.
2. 你借给我的那本书很有帮助。
The book ______ you lent me is very helpful.
3. 如果没有人类,噪音会大大降低。
______ humans, the noise would drop greatly.
4. 大熊猫国家公园是黄石国家公园的三倍大。
The Giant Panda National Park is three times ______ large ______ Yellowstone National Park.
5. 保护大熊猫无疑有益于整个生态系统的生存。
Protecting pandas is ______ helpful to the ______ of a whole ecosystem.
6. 我们需要更多思考如何与自然和谐相处。
We need to ______ more about how we ______ along with nature.
参考答案
一、单项选择
1. C【详解】先行词 The tree 指物,从句中缺少主语,用 that。故选 C。
2. C【详解】先行词 The book 指物,从句中作宾语,用 which。故选 C。
3. B【详解】without 表示“如果没有”。故选 B。
4. B【详解】倍数表达法:倍数 + as + 形容词原级 + as。故选 B。
5. C【详解】先行词指物,从句中作主语,用 that。故选 C。
6. A【详解】It is no surprise that... 固定句型。故选 A。
7. A【详解】get along with 表示“与……相处”。故选 A。
8. B【详解】修饰形容词 helpful 用副词 undoubtedly。故选 B。
9. C【详解】keep the balance 表示“保持平衡”。故选 C。
10. A【详解】harm the environment 表示“危害环境”。故选 A。
二、用所给词的适当形式填空
1. that(指物,作主语)
2. which(指物,作宾语)
3. Without(表示“没有”)
4. that(固定句型)
5. nature(名词)
6. undoubtedly(副词修饰形容词)
7. harming(现在进行时)
8. balance(名词)
三、完成句子
1. that/which(指物作主语)
2. that/which(指物作宾语)
3. Without(假设)
4. as; as(倍数表达)
5. undoubtedly; survival(副词;名词)
6. think; get(固定短语)
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