内容正文:
Unit 6 Live green — 暑假预习讲义
01 课前导学
关键词
内容
学习目标
1. 能够了解构词法(合成词、派生词、转化词)的基本规律,通过词根词缀理解词义。
2. 能够读懂关于塑料污染的科普文章,理解“从环境英雄到生态杀手”的转变。
3. 能够运用构词法分析并记忆本单元核心词汇。
4. 能够树立环保意识,思考如何在生活中践行绿色生活理念。
学习重点
1. 构词法(Word Formation):合成词、派生词(前缀/后缀)、转化词。
2. 本单元核心词汇与短语。
3. 被动语态在课文中的综合运用。
4. 理解塑料污染对生态环境的影响。
学习难点
1. 派生词中前缀和后缀的作用及判断方法。
2. 合成词的构成规律(名词+名词、形容词+名词等)。
3. 词汇变形在语篇中的灵活运用(如动词→名词、形容词→副词)。
02 核心词汇
1. plastic n. 塑料 adj. 塑料的
2. invent v. 发明,创造
3. consider v. 认为,考虑
4. amazing adj. 令人惊叹的,了不起的
5. replace v. 取代,替换
6. convenient adj. 方便的,便捷的
7. despite prep. 尽管,不管
8. waste n. 垃圾,废物
9. danger n. 危险,威胁
10. former adj. 昔日的,以前的
11. average adj. 平均的 n. 平均数
12. tiny adj. 极小的,微小的
13. nowhere adv. 无处,哪里都不
14. highlight v. 突出,强调
15. pollute v. 污染
16. pollution n. 污染
17. electronic adj. 电子的
18. industry n. 工业,产业
19. negative adj. 有害的,消极的
20. recycle v. 回收利用
21. noisy adj. 喧闹的
22. depth n. 深度
23. weight n. 重量
24. silent adj. 沉默的
25. peaceful adj. 和平的,宁静的
26. harmful adj. 有害的
03 核心短语
1. be considered as 被认为是……
2. back then 那时候,当时
3. thousands of 成千上万的
4. by mistake 错误地,误将
5. more than 超过,多于
6. on average 平均来看
7. plastic waste 塑料垃圾
8. solve the problem 解决问题
9. break down 分解
10. do harm to 对……造成伤害
11. in danger 处于危险中
12. at the same time 同时
13. turn into 变成
14. fill with 充满
15. not only... but also... 不仅……而且……
04 重点句型
1. When plastic was invented around 1870, it was considered an amazing material.
1870年左右塑料被发明时,它被视为一种令人惊叹的材料。
2. It was light, easy to shape, long-lasting and cheap.
它轻便、易于塑形、经久耐用且便宜。
3. Back then it was called an “environmental hero”!
那时候它被称为“环境英雄”!
4. Not surprisingly, plastic has now filled our lives.
毫不意外,塑料现在已充斥着我们的生活。
5. Despite all this, it has slowly and silently shown its dark side.
尽管如此,它还是慢慢悄无声息地展现出了它的黑暗面。
6. Plastic waste was first seen in the oceans in the 1960s.
塑料垃圾在20世纪60年代首次在海洋中被发现。
7. Since then, it has become a danger to sea animals.
从那时起,它就成了海洋动物的一大威胁。
8. The former “hero” kills more than 100,000 sea animals every year.
这位昔日的“英雄”每年杀死超过10万只海洋动物。
9. By 2050, there could be even more plastic in the sea than fish.
到2050年,海洋中的塑料甚至可能比鱼还多。
05 语法精讲与考点梳理
考点1:构词法(Word Formation)
【定义】
构词法是理解和记忆英语词汇的重要工具。通过掌握构词规律,可以快速扩大词汇量,准确推测生词含义。本单元集中学习三种主要的构词方式:合成词、派生词和转化词。
【用法分类】
一、合成词(Compounding)
由两个或多个单词组合成一个新词。
| 构成方式 | 例词 | 含义 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 名词 + 名词 | tooth+brush = toothbrush | 牙刷 |
| 名词 + 名词 | waste+bin = wastebin | 垃圾桶 |
| 形容词 + 名词 | green+house = greenhouse | 温室 |
| 副词 + 名词 | down+load = download | 下载 |
| 名词 + 动词 | sun+light = sunlight | 阳光 |
本单元重点合成词:
- toothbrush(牙刷)= tooth + brush
- plastic-free(无塑料的)= plastic + free(“无……的”)
- greenhouse(温室)= green + house
- loudspeaker(扬声器)= loud + speaker
- footstep(足迹)= foot + step
二、派生词(Derivation)
在词根基础上加前缀或后缀构成新词。派生词是本单元最核心的构词方式。
(1)常见后缀
| 后缀 | 作用 | 例词 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| -tion/-sion | 动词→名词 | invent→invention, pollute→pollution |
| -ment | 动词→名词 | develop→development |
| -er/-or | 动词→名词(人) | report→reporter, invent→inventor |
| -ful | 名词→形容词 | harm→harmful, peace→peaceful |
| -less | 名词→形容词(否定)| harm→harmless, fear→fearless |
| -ly | 形容词→副词 | silent→silently, cheap→cheaply, former→formerly |
| -al | 名词→形容词 | industry→industrial, nature→natural |
| -y | 名词→形容词 | noise→noisy, fog→foggy |
| -th | 形容词→名词 | deep→depth, warm→warmth |
| -able/-ible | 动词→形容词 | comfort→comfortable |
(2)常见前缀
| 前缀 | 作用 | 例词 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| re- | 再次、重新 | recycle, reuse, rebuild |
| un- | 不、相反 | unhealthy, unfair |
| pre- | 预先、之前 | preview, prehistoric |
| dis- | 否定、相反 | disappear, disadvantage |
本单元核心派生词示例:
- pollute(污染)→ pollution(污染,名词)→ polluted(被污染的,形容词)
- silent(沉默的)→ silently(沉默地,副词)→ silence(沉默,名词)
- deep(深的)→ depth(深度,名词)
- weigh(称重)→ weight(重量,名词)
- recycle(回收)→ recycled(回收的,形容词)→ recycling(回收,名词)
三、转化词(Conversion)
词形不变,词性改变。
- light(n.光/adj.轻的/v.点燃)→ 多种词性转换
- water(n.水/v.浇水)→ 名词变动词
- recycle(v.回收/n.回收利用)→ 动词变名词
【要点详解】
派生词是中考和期末考试的高频考点,掌握后缀含义可以快速判断词性和词义。
前缀改变词义,后缀改变词性。
合成词的两个部分通常都是独立单词。
【练习1】
The ________ (pollute) of the river is a serious problem.
A. pollute B. polluting C. pollution D. polluted
【答案】 C
【详解】 句意:这条河的污染是一个严重的问题。本空考查派生词——动词变名词。冠词 the 和介词 of 之间需要名词,pollute 的名词形式为 pollution。故选 C。
【练习2】
Please speak ________ (silent) in the library.
【答案】 silently
【详解】 句意:请在图书馆里安静地说话。本空考查派生词——形容词变副词。修饰动词 speak 需要用副词,silent 的副词形式为 silently。故填 silently。
考点2:被动语态复习
【定义】
本单元课文大量使用被动语态,描述塑料发明、使用和影响的过程。被动语态由“be动词 + 过去分词”构成。
【结构公式】
一般过去时被动:was/were + 过去分词
现在完成时被动:have/has been + 过去分词
含情态动词被动:情态动词 + be + 过去分词
【课文例句】
When plastic was invented around 1870, it was considered an amazing material.
1870年左右塑料被发明时,它被视为一种令人惊叹的材料。
Back then it was called an “environmental hero”!
那时候它被称为“环境英雄”!
Plastic waste was first seen in the oceans in the 1960s.
塑料垃圾在20世纪60年代首次在海洋中被发现。
【练习1】
Plastic ________ (invent) around 1870.
A. invented B. was invented C. is invented D. has invented
【答案】 B
【详解】 句意:塑料大约在1870年被发明。本空考查一般过去时被动语态。plastic 是“被发明”的承受者,且时间状语 around 1870 为过去时间,用 was invented。故选 B。
考点3:核心词汇精讲
1. consider /kənˈsɪdə/ v. 认为;考虑
【用法】常见搭配:be considered as(被认为是……),consider doing sth.(考虑做某事)。
【例句】
When plastic was invented, it was considered an amazing material.
She is considered as one of the best students in our class.
2. replace /rɪˈpleɪs/ v. 取代,替换
【用法】常见搭配:replace A with B(用B取代A)。
【例句】
Plastic quickly replaced wood and other natural materials.
We need to replace plastic bags with reusable ones.
3. fill /fɪl/ v. 填满,充满
【用法】常见搭配:fill...with...(用……填满),be filled with(充满……)。
【例句】
Not surprisingly, plastic has now filled our lives.
The room is filled with the smell of flowers.
4. despite /dɪˈspaɪt/ prep. 尽管,不管
【用法】介词,后接名词、代词或动名词,不能接从句(不同于 although)。
【例句】
Despite all this, it has slowly and silently shown its dark side.
Despite being tired, she continued to work.
5. danger /ˈdeɪndʒə/ n. 危险,威胁
【用法】常见搭配:in danger(处于危险中),a danger to(对……的威胁),dangerous(adj. 危险的)。
【例句】
Since then, it has become a danger to sea animals.
Smoking is a great danger to our health.
6. by mistake /baɪ mɪˈsteɪk/ 错误地,误将
【用法】介词短语,作状语,修饰动词。
【例句】
Some animals, such as whales, eat it by mistake and die.
I took her bag by mistake yesterday.
7. former /ˈfɔːmə/ adj. 昔日的,以前的
【用法】只作定语,不作表语。反义词:latter(后者的)。
【例句】
The former “hero” kills more than 100,000 sea animals every year.
Her former job was a teacher, but now she is a doctor.
06 重点归纳
一、构词法——派生词后缀总结
后缀
作用
例词
考试频率
-tion / -sion
动词→名词
pollute→pollution
★★★★★
-ly
形容词→副词
silent→silently
★★★★★
-ful
名词→形容词
harm→harmful
★★★★
-less
名词→形容词(否定)
fear→fearless
★★★★
-th
形容词→名词
deep→depth
★★★
-er / -or
动词→名词(人)
report→reporter
★★★
-al
名词→形容词
industry→industrial
★★★
-y
名词→形容词
noise→noisy
★★★
-ment
动词→名词
develop→development
★★★
二、本单元课文时间线
时间
事件
1870年左右
塑料被发明,被誉为“环境英雄”
20世纪60年代
海洋中首次发现塑料垃圾
现在
塑料污染海洋,威胁海洋动物
2050年(预测)
海中塑料可能比鱼还多
三、易错点
易错点
正确
错误
动词变名词
pollution
pollute(不可数名词)
形容词变副词
silently
silent(修饰动词要用副词)
despite 后接动词形式
despite being tired
despite she was tired
被动语态时态
was invented
invented(缺be动词)
合成词复数
toothbrushes
teethbrushes(复合名词复数规则)
07 过关检测
一、单项选择(共10题)
1. Plastic ________ around 1870.
A. invented B. was invented C. is invented D. has invented
2. It was light, easy to shape, long-lasting and ________.
A. cheap B. cheaply C. cheaper D. cheapest
3. Not surprisingly, plastic has now ________ our lives.
A. filled B. been filled C. filled with D. been filled with
4. ________ all this, it has slowly shown its dark side.
A. Although B. Despite C. Because D. If
5. The former “hero” kills ________ 100,000 sea animals every year.
A. more than B. less than C. as many as D. as much as
6. We should protect the environment ________ harm to it.
A. do B. to do C. from doing D. without doing
7. The ________ of the river is a serious problem.
A. pollute B. polluting C. pollution D. polluted
8. Please speak ________ in the library.
A. silent B. silently C. silence D. silenced
9. We should learn to ________ waste to save natural resources.
A. replace B. recycle C. review D. reuse
10. The factory made the once quiet village very ________.
A. noise B. noisy C. noisily D. noising
二、用所给词的适当形式填空(共8题)
1. The ________ (pollute) of the river is a serious problem.
2. Please speak ________ (silent) in the library.
3. Plastic ________ (invent) around 1870.
4. She is ________ (consider) one of the best students.
5. We should live a ________ (peace) life.
6. The ________ (deep) of the lake is about 20 meters.
7. The report ________ (high) the danger of water pollution.
8. We should buy ________ (recycle) products to protect the environment.
三、完成句子(共6题)
1. 1870年左右塑料被发明时,它被视为一种令人惊叹的材料。
When plastic ________ ________ around 1870, it ________ ________ an amazing material.
2. 它轻便、易于塑形、经久耐用且便宜。
It was light, easy to ________, ________ and cheap.
3. 那时候它被称为“环境英雄”。
________ ________ it ________ ________ an “environmental hero”.
4. 从那时起,它就成了海洋动物的一大威胁。
________ ________, it has become a ________ to sea animals.
5. 这位昔日的“英雄”每年杀死超过10万只海洋动物。
The ________ “hero” ________ more than 100,000 sea animals every year.
6. 到2050年,海洋中的塑料甚至可能比鱼还多。
________ 2050, there could be even more plastic in the sea ________ fish.
参考答案
一、单项选择
1. B【详解】塑料是“被发明”的承受者,且 around 1870 为过去时间,用 was invented。故选 B。
2. A【详解】light, easy to shape, long-lasting 和 cheap 并列作表语,都用形容词原级。故选 A。
3. A【详解】fill one’s life 表示“充斥某人的生活”,fill 是及物动词,主动形式。故选 A。
4. B【详解】despite 是介词,后接名词;although 引导从句,后面需接完整句子。故选 B。
5. A【详解】more than 表示“超过”。故选 A。
6. C【详解】protect...from doing 表示“保护……免受……”。故选 C。
7. C【详解】冠词 the 和介词 of 之间需要名词,pollution 为不可数名词。故选 C。
8. B【详解】修饰动词 speak 用副词 silently。故选 B。
9. B【详解】recycle waste 表示“回收垃圾”。故选 B。
10. B【详解】系动词 made 后接形容词作宾语补足语,noisy 为形容词。故选 B。
二、用所给词的适当形式填空
1. pollution(动词→名词,冠词后需名词)
2. silently(形容词→副词,修饰动词 speak)
3. was invented(被动语态,一般过去时)
4. considered(被动语态,be considered as)
5. peaceful(名词→形容词,修饰 life)
6. depth(形容词→名词)
7. highlights(动词,第三人称单数)
8. recycled(过去分词作形容词,表“被回收的”)
三、完成句子
1. was invented; was considered(被动语态)
2. shape; long-lasting(课文原句)
3. Back then; was called(被动语态)
4. Since then; danger(固定短语)
5. former; kills(课文原句)
6. By; than(时间状语,比较级)
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